U.S. patent number 7,731,421 [Application Number 11/940,367] was granted by the patent office on 2010-06-08 for fluid level indication system and technique.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Schlumberger Technology Corporation. Invention is credited to Dylan H. Davies, Maxwell Richard Hadley.
United States Patent |
7,731,421 |
Hadley , et al. |
June 8, 2010 |
Fluid level indication system and technique
Abstract
A technique that is usable with a well includes changing the
temperature of a local environment of a distributed temperature
sensor, which is deployed in a region of the well and using the
sensor to acquire measurements of a temperature versus depth
profile. The region contains at least two different well fluid
layers, and the technique includes determining the depth of a
boundary of at least one of the well fluid layers based at least in
part on a response of the temperature versus depth profile to the
changing of the temperature.
Inventors: |
Hadley; Maxwell Richard
(Lyndhurst, GB), Davies; Dylan H. (Stroud,
GB) |
Assignee: |
Schlumberger Technology
Corporation (Sugar Land, TX)
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Family
ID: |
39637840 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/940,367 |
Filed: |
November 15, 2007 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20080317095 A1 |
Dec 25, 2008 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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11767576 |
Jun 25, 2007 |
7472594 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
374/136; 374/137;
374/131 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
47/047 (20200501); E21B 47/103 (20200501); E21B
36/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01K
13/00 (20060101); G01J 5/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;374/131,137,136
;73/152.01,152.13,295 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2393257 |
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Feb 2006 |
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GB |
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0107755 |
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Feb 2001 |
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WO |
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200503706 |
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Jan 2005 |
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WO |
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2005064297 |
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Jul 2005 |
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WO |
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2006010875 |
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Feb 2006 |
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WO |
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Primary Examiner: Verbitsky; Gail
Assistant Examiner: Jagan; Mirellys
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wright; Daryl R. Clark; Brandon S.
Warfford; Rodney V.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/767,576 entitled, "FLUID LEVEL INDICATION
SYSTEM AND TECHNIQUE," which was filed on Jun. 25, 2007, and is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A system usable with a well comprising a region that contains at
least two different well fluid layers, the system comprising: a
distributed temperature measurement subsystem comprising a
distributed temperature sensor to traverse the region and indicate
a temperature versus depth profile; a conduit to contain the
distributed temperature sensor; a heater adapted to be selectively
activated to change a temperature of a local environment of the
distributed temperature sensor; and a pump to selectively circulate
fluid through the conduit to change the temperature of the local
environment of the distributed temperature sensor, wherein the
distributed temperature measurement subsystem is adapted to observe
a response of the temperature versus depth profile to the
collective change in temperature caused by the selective activation
of the heating element and the selective circulation of the fluid
such that the response identifies at least one boundary of the well
fluid layers.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the heater comprises a heating
element deployed in a cable, the system further comprising: a power
source to selectively energize the heating element.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the heater comprises a heating
element deployed in a cable that contains another distributed
temperature sensor and does not contain the first distributed
temperature sensor, the system further comprising: a power source
to selectively energize the heating element.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the distributed temperature
measurement subsystem comprises a mandrel to traverse the region,
wherein the distributed temperature sensor is adapted to helically
extend around the mandrel.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the pump is adapted to be
selectively activated to circulate the fluid through the conduit
and subsequently halt the circulation of the fluid to cause the
temperature of the local environment to relax to allow
identification of said at least one boundary.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the pump is adapted to
continuously circulate the fluid through the conduit.
7. A system usable with a well that contains at least two well
fluid layers, the system comprising: a first cable to be deployed
in the region of the well, the first cable comprising a first
distributed temperature sensor, the first cable not including a
heating element; a second cable to be deployed in the region of the
well, the second cable comprising a second distributed temperature
sensor and a heating element; a power source adapted to selectively
activate the heating element and subsequently deactivate the
heating element to induce a temperature relaxation; and a
distributed temperature measurement subsystem coupled to the first
and second distributed temperature sensors to observe the
temperature relaxation to identify at least one boundary of the
well fluid layers.
8. The system of claim 7, further comprising: spacers to establish
a predefined distance between the first and second cables.
9. The system of claim 8, further comprising: a mandrel attached to
the spacers.
10. The system of claim 7, wherein the second distributed
temperature sensor comprises at least one optical fiber to
longitudinally extend along the second cable, and the heating
element comprises at least one electrical conductor to
longitudinally extend along the second cable.
Description
BACKGROUND
The invention generally relates to a fluid level indication system
and technique.
In oil fields it is typically important to know the levels of the
fluids in the reservoir and around wells, and in particular, it may
be important to know the depths of the interfaces between the gas,
oil and water layers. Such knowledge is particularly important in
secondary and tertiary recovery systems, for example, in steam
flooding applications in heavy oil reservoirs.
Traditionally, the depths of the interfaces between the fluid
levels are determined using pressure measurements. For example, one
approach involves using a single pressure sensor, which makes a
series of pressure measurements at multiple depths. The measured
pressure is plotted against the depth. In each of the gas, oil and
water layers, the pressure gradient is constant and proportional to
the density of the fluid. The depths of the fluid layer interfaces,
or boundaries, are identified by the intersections of the pressure
gradient lines. The above-described technique of identifying the
interface depths using a pressure sensor typically works well when
carried out in an intervention in the well using, for example, a
wireline-deployed tool.
For purposes of permanently monitoring the depths of the fluid
interfaces, an array of pressure sensors may be placed across the
gas, oil and water layers. In this regard, the pressure gradients
may be plotted and the analysis that is set forth above may be
applied. If the depths of the interfaces change over time, a large
number of pressure sensors may be required to accurately assess the
interface depths. A large number of pressure sensors may also be
required if the initial positions of the interfaces are unknown or
uncertain. However, several challenges may arise with the use of a
large number of pressure sensors, such as challenges related to
compensating the pressure readings for sensor offset and drift.
Furthermore, the cost of an array of pressure sensors can be high
and prohibitive.
Downhole distributed temperature sensing (DTS) involves the use of
a sensor that indicates a temperature versus depth distribution in
the downhole environment. DTS typically is used to identify and
quantify production from different injection/production zones of a
well.
For example, in a technique called "hot slug tracking," DTS may be
used to identify the permeable zones in a water injector well where
injected fluid enters the formation. The permeable zones typically
cannot be identified by DTS during normal injection. However, by
shutting off injection and allowing the water in the tubing or
casing above the injection zone to be heated up towards the
geothermal gradient, a heated "slug" may be created. When the
injection is re-started, the hot slug may be tracked versus time
using the DTS measurements to identify the permeable zones.
SUMMARY
In an embodiment of the invention, a technique that is usable with
a well includes changing the temperature of a local environment of
a distributed temperature sensor, which is deployed in a region of
the well and using the sensor to acquire measurements of a
temperature versus depth profile. The region contains at least two
different well fluid layers, and the technique includes determining
the depth of a boundary of at least one of the well fluid layers
based at least in part on a response of the temperature versus
depth profile to the changing of the temperature.
In another embodiment of the invention, a technique that is usable
with a well includes deploying first and second sensor cables in a
region of the well, which contains at least two well fluid layers.
The first sensor cable includes a first distributed temperature
sensor, and the second sensor cable includes a second distributed
temperature sensor and a heating element. The technique includes
activating the heating element and determining the depth of a
boundary of at least one of the well fluid layers based at least in
part on responses of temperature versus depth profiles that are
indicated by the first and second distributed temperature sensors
to the activation of the heater.
In another embodiment of the invention, a system that is usable
with a well includes a region that contains at least two different
well fluid layers. The system includes a distributed temperature
measurement subsystem and a second subsystem. The distributed
temperature measurement subsystem includes a distributed
temperature sensor to traverse the region and indicate a
temperature versus depth profile. The second subsystem changes the
temperature of a local environment of the distributed temperature
sensor. The distributed temperature measurement subsystem is
adapted to observe a response of the temperature versus depth
profile to the change in temperature such that the response
identifies at least one boundary of the well fluid layers.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, a system that is usable
with a well that contains at least two well fluid layers includes a
first cable, a second cable, a power source and a distributed
temperature measurement subsystem. The first cable is to be
deployed in a region of the well and includes a first distributed
temperature sensor. The second cable is to be deployed in the
region of the well and includes a second distributed temperature
sensor and a heating element. The power source is adapted to
selectively activate the heating element, and the distributed
temperature measurement subsystem is coupled to the first and
second distributed temperature sensors.
Advantages and other features of the invention will become apparent
from the following drawing, description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram generally depicting a technique to use a
distributed temperature sensor to determine the depth of at least
one well fluid layer boundary according to an embodiment of the
invention.
FIGS. 2, 10 and 13 are schematic diagrams of wells that have fluid
level indication subsystems according to different embodiments of
the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to determine the
depth of at least one well fluid layer based on temperature
relaxation according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are illustrations of temperature versus depth
profiles obtained by the distributed temperature sensor at
different times according to different embodiments of the
invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to use a distributed
temperature sensor to determine the depth of a boundary of at least
one well fluid layer using a steady state temperature measurement
technique according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to determine the
depth of at least one well fluid layer boundary using a combination
of distributed temperature sensing and different flow rates
according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to use a combination
of relaxation and steady state distributed temperature sensing
techniques to determine the depth of at least one well fluid layer
boundary according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to use a distributed
temperature sensor to identify a characteristic of at least one
fluid layer that is present in a container according to an
embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 11 and 12 are flow diagrams depicting techniques that heat
the local environment sensed by a distributed temperature sensor
for purposes of determining the depth of a boundary of at least one
well fluid layer according to embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 13
according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a lower sub assembly of FIG.
13 according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a conduit that contains a
distributed temperature sensor and a heating element according to
an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 17 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to use a heating
element to heat a distributed temperature sensor along its length
and determine the depth of at least one well fluid layer boundary
based on a response of the distributed temperature sensor to the
heating according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 18 and 19 are schematic diagrams of fluid level indication
subsystems according to other embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 20 is a flow diagram depicting a technique to use multiple
sensor cables that contain distributed temperature sensors and at
least one heating element to determine the depth of at least one
well fluid layer boundary according to an embodiment of the
invention.
FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating optical and electrical
connections of the fluid level indication subsystem of FIG. 19
according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In accordance with embodiments of the invention described herein,
the depths of different well fluid layer interfaces (interfaces
between oil, gas and water layers, as examples) are determined
using one or more distributed temperature sensing (DTS)
measurements. Each DTS measurement reveals a temperature versus
depth distribution, or profile, in a region of interest 71 of a
well, which traverses the well fluid layers. At least one
distributed temperature sensor (an optical fiber, for example) is
deployed downhole and extends along the region of interest 71, and
as described herein, the sensor(s) are locally heated or cooled.
The depths of the well fluid interfaces are determined based on the
response(s) of the sensor(s) to the local temperature change(s). As
described in more detail below, the local temperature of a
distributed temperature sensor that is deployed in the well may be
changed through fluid circulation and/or the activation of one or
more downhole heating elements.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the local
temperature of the distributed temperature sensor may be changed by
changing the temperature of a fluid in a conduit (pipe, tubing, or
control line, as just a few examples of a "conduit") that contains
the sensor. As set forth by way of specific examples herein, the
DTS measurements may be conducted in connection with two different
types of tests: 1.) a first test (called a "relaxation test"
herein) in which the measured temperature versus depth profile is
used to observe the fluid's temperature relaxation after
circulation of the fluid in the conduit has been halted; and 2.) a
second test (called a "steady state test" herein) in which the
temperature versus depth profile is used to observe the fluid's
steady state temperature while the fluid is being continuously
circulated in the conduit. The relaxation temperature versus depth
profile and the steady state temperature versus depth profile each
reveals the locations (i.e., depths) of the well fluid interfaces,
as further described below.
To generalize, FIG. 1 depicts a technique 10 that may be used in
accordance with embodiments of the invention. Pursuant to the
technique 10, a distributed temperature sensor is deployed (block
14) in a conduit that traverses a region of interest of a well, and
fluid is communicated through the conduit, as depicted in block 18.
The distributed temperature sensor is used to observe (block 22)
the temperature versus depth profile of the fluid; and based on the
observed temperature profile, the depth of at least one well fluid
layer boundary in the region of interest 71 may be identified,
pursuant to block 26.
FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary well 50, which uses a DTS-based system
100 (Sensa's DTS-800 system, for example), herein called the
"distributed temperature sensor measurement system 100." For
purposes of obtaining a temperature versus depth profile, the well
50 includes a downhole DTS subsystem, or fluid level indication
subsystem, which includes a distributed temperature sensor 87 (an
optical fiber, for example) that is disposed in a conduit 80 (a
control line, as an example). In accordance with some embodiments
of the invention, the distributed temperature sensor 87 may be
placed inside a small diameter control line (not depicted in FIG.
2), which extends downhole inside the conduit 80. In this regard,
the small diameter control line may be filled with an inert gas
(nitrogen, for example) or fluid (silicone oil, for example) for
purposes of protecting the distributed temperature sensor 87. More
specifically, if the distributed temperature sensor 87 is an
optical fiber, the fiber when placed in a fluid, such as water, may
degrade relatively quickly. Therefore, by disposing the optical
fiber inside a small diameter control line that extends inside the
conduit 80 and filling this conduit with the inert gas, the
lifetime of the optical fiber is extended.
The conduit 80 extends downhole in a wellbore 60 and traverses the
region of interest 71, which contains various fluid layers 70 such
as exemplary gas 70a, oil 70b and water 70c layers. As shown in
FIG. 2, the conduit 80 is U-shaped in that the fluid flows through
the conduit 80 downhole into the well 50 and returns uphole to the
well surface. More specifically, the conduit 80 receives (at an
inlet 82) a fluid flow, which is produced by a surface pump 96. The
fluid flows from the inlet 82, through the fluid layers 70 and
passes through a U-shaped bottom 84 of the conduit 80. At this
point, the fluid returns to the surface of the well 50 and thus,
passes through the layers 70 back to an outlet 86 of the conduit
80, which is located at the surface of the well. At the surface,
the fluid enters a reservoir 94, and from the reservoir 94 the
fluid returns via the pump 96 back into the well 50.
Thus, the conduit 80 forms a loop for circulating a fluid through
the well fluid layers 70. Depending on the particular embodiment of
the invention, the fluid in the conduit 80 may be water, toluene or
hydraulic oil, as just a few examples.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the sensor 87
may be retrievable from the well 50. For example, in embodiments of
the invention, in which the sensor 87 is an optical fiber, the
fiber may be pumped into position in the conduit 80. The overall
physical condition of the optical fiber may potentially degrade
over time. Therefore, it may become desirable to remove the optical
fiber from the conduit 80 (by pumping) and pump a replacement
optical fiber into the conduit 80.
It is noted that the well 50 is merely an example of one out of
many different types of wells that may use the techniques and
systems that are described herein. In this regard, although FIG. 2
depicts a vertical wellbore 60, it is understood that the systems
and techniques that are described herein may be applied to
deviated, lateral, or horizontal wellbore sections. Additionally,
the wellbore 60 may be cased or uncased, depending on the
particular embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, the well 50
may be a subterranean or subsea well, depending on the particular
embodiment of the invention. Thus, many variations are
contemplated, all of which fall within the scope of the appended
claims.
The distributed temperature sensor 87 may be disposed in the
downstream flowing portion of the conduit (as depicted in FIG. 2)
or the upstream flowing portion of the conduit 80, depending on the
particular embodiment of the invention. As another variation, in
accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the distributed
temperature sensor 87 of FIG. 2 may be installed in a double-ended
configuration, in which the sensor 87 extends in a U configuration
from the inlet 82 to the outlet 86 of the conduit 80. The
distributed temperature sensor 87 may be deployed with the conduit
80 (and thus, may be installed downhole with the conduit 80) or may
be subsequently pumped into the conduit 80 after the conduit 80 is
installed downhole, depending on the particular embodiment of the
invention. For embodiments of the invention in which the
distributed temperature sensor 87 is an optical fiber, the sensor
87 may be optically coupled to a DTS measurement system 100, which
may be located at the surface of the well 50.
By activating the pump 96, the temperature profile of the fluid in
the loop (i.e., in the conduit 80) can be changed, as fluid from a
region at one temperature is pumped to a region at a different
temperature. When pumping ceases, the temperature of the fluid
relaxes to the new local temperature. Since the efficiency of heat
transfer is different for different fluids, the relaxation rates
will differ from zone to zone. The distributed temperature profile
will change with time and will have distinct regions that are
separated by boundaries. These boundaries are located at the depths
of the interfaces between the different fluids in the well.
As a more specific example, FIG. 3 depicts a technique 150, which
is an example of the relaxation test, in accordance with some
embodiments of the invention. Pursuant to the technique 150, a
distributed temperature sensor is used (block 152) to determine an
initial steady state profile of region of interest prior to
circulation of fluid. The fluid is circulated (block 154) in a
conduit (e.g., the conduit 80 of FIG. 2), which traverses a region
of the well that contains well fluid layers. Circulation of the
fluid is then halted (block 158), e.g., the pump 96 is turned off.
From this time, the temperature versus depth profile (as indicated
by the DTS system) undergoes a temperature relaxation, in that the
local temperature of the fluid in the conduit returns to the
temperature of its surroundings at a rate that varies with the
thermal properties (thermal capacity and thermal conductivity) of
the surrounding environment.
More specifically, FIG. 4 depicts an illustration 200 of three
exemplary temperature versus depth profiles 204, 210 and 220, which
are associated with different stages of the relaxation test. Prior
to the pumping of fluid, the temperature versus depth profile is
similar to the profile 220. While the fluid circulates in the
conduit 80 (FIG. 2) at a sufficiently fast rate, the temperature
versus depth profile resembles the exemplary profile 204, which is
generally linear. After the pump is turned off, the relatively cool
fluid is heated by the surrounding fluid layers, thereby changing
the temperature versus depth profile, as the local temperatures
rise. Because the well fluid layers 70 have different thermal
conductivities and capacities, the rate of warming is locally
different in the different layers 70 during the warming, or
relaxation period, as illustrated by exemplary profile 210.
Due to the differences in the thermal properties, the profile 210
is discontinuous at each well fluid layer interface. Thus, the
boundary between the upper gas layer 70a and the middle oil layer
70b, according to the temperature profile 210, occurs at depth
D.sub.1; and the interface between the middle oil layer 70b and the
lower water layer 70c occurs at a depth D.sub.2. The arrows
adjacent the profile 210 indicate the direction that the profile
210 moves over time.
Eventually, the transient effects, which are present during the
relaxation period, pass so that the fluid in the loop warms up to
the temperature of the surrounding fluid. At this point, the
temperature versus depth profile resembles the exemplary profile
220, which is generally linear throughout all of the well fluid
layers 70 and represents the geothermal gradient (unless secondary
tertiary recovery schemes such as steam flooding is used in which
case the profile is not linear). When thermal equilibrium around
the loop has been established, the above-described process may be
repeated. Several relaxation temperature versus depth profiles may
be stacked for purposes of improving the overall signal-to-noise
ratio. The stacking of successive relaxation profiles is valid
because the fluid levels in a well may vary relatively slowly with
time.
Many variations are contemplated and are within the scope of the
appended claims. For example, in accordance with other embodiments
of the invention, the well may not have a reservoir at the surface
for purposes of storing the fluid that is circulated through the
conduit 80. In this regard, instead of pumping relatively colder
fluid from the surface of the well, relatively warmer fluid may be
pumped through the loop across the reservoir. The warmer fluid may
also be supplied, for example, by a surface heating system or from
a downhole pump. Thus, with circulation of the fluid through the
loop being halted, the local temperature of the fluid cools
(instead of being heated) as a function of the thermal
conductivities and capacities of the surrounding fluid layers.
As a more specific example, FIG. 5 depicts an illustration 229 of
exemplary temperature versus depth profiles 230, 234 and 240, which
are associated with the fluid circulation, no fluid flow and end of
relaxation stages, respectively, when the warmer fluid is
circulated, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.
As shown, when the pumping first ceases, the temperature versus
depth profile resembles the exemplary generally linear profile 230.
During the relaxation, the localized fluid temperature is a
function of the thermal properties of the local environment; and as
such, the temperature versus depth profile resembles the exemplary
profile 234, which has discontinuities that identify the well fluid
interfaces. Eventually at the end of the relaxation, the
temperature versus depth profile transitions to the exemplary
profile 240, which is generally linear.
It is noted that the systems that are described herein may be used
in applications in which steam is pumped into the reservoir to
reduce the viscosity of the oil. In this case, the initial
temperature versus depth profile may not be linear but instead may
exhibit an increase in temperature higher up in the well.
Nevertheless, a change in temperature on pumping the fluid and a
relaxation to the initial profile are still revealed. Irrespective
of the initial profile, the local rate of relaxation is dependent
on the thermal properties of the well fluid at the particular
depth.
The relaxation of the local temperature measured by DTS depends on
the local thermal conductivity (k) and the specific heat capacity
(cp) of the material surrounding the conduit in which the sensor is
contained. Faster relaxation occurs with higher thermal
conductivity and higher specific heat capacity of the surrounding
material; and therefore, in an approximation, the relaxation time
decreases with their product (k*cp). Table 1 depicts typical values
of thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity (cp) and their
product (k*cp) for water, typical oil, methane, steam and air.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Water Oil Methane Steam Air Specific Heat
4.18 1.6-2.4 2.2-2.8 2 1.01 capacity (cp) J g-1 K-1 Average cp 4.18
2 2.5 2 1.01 J g-1 K-1 Thermal 0.55-0.67 0.15 0.03 0.016 0.024
Conductivity (k) W K-1 m-1 Average 0.61 0.15 0.03 0.016 0.024 k W
K-1 m-1 Product (average 2.55 0.3 0.075 0.032 0.024 cp) * (average
k)
The product k*cp is approximately an order of magnitude higher for
water than for oil, which in turn is almost an order of magnitude
higher than for any of the gases (methane, steam, air). This
indicates that the location of the oil/water and gas/oil fluid
interfaces in a well may be identified by changes or
discontinuities in relaxation of the temperature versus depth
profile after pumping hotter or colder fluid across the
reservoir.
FIG. 6 depicts a steady state technique 250 in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention and may be used as an alternative to
the relaxation test or may be used in conjunction with the
relaxation test, as further described below. Unlike the relaxation
test, the steady state test involves taking a DTS measurement while
the fluid is circulating in the conduit 80. The rate at which the
fluid is being circulated in the conduit 80 (FIG. 2) is such that
the observed temperature versus depth profile contains
discontinuities at the well fluid interfaces. More specifically,
pursuant to the technique 250, a distributed temperature sensor is
deployed (block 254) in a well to observe a temperature versus
depth profile in a region of interest. A distributed temperature
sensor is used (block 255) to determine an initial steady state
profile prior to the circulation of a fluid in the conduit that
contains the sensor. The fluid is then circulated through a conduit
that traverses a region of the well, which contains well fluid
layers, pursuant to block 258. The temperature versus depth profile
is then allowed to reach steady state, pursuant to block 262. Based
on the observed temperature versus depth profile, the depth of at
least one well fluid layer interface is determined, pursuant to
block 266.
Thus, instead of pumping fluid from a hotter or colder zone and
then stopping and measuring the temperature relaxation, the pumping
may instead be continuous. The temperature versus depth profile in
the loop reaches steady state when the local flow of heat into and
out of the loop is balanced. At steady state, there is a
discontinuity in the temperature versus depth profile for each
point where the loop crosses the boundary between two fluid
layers.
The advantages of the steady state test may include one or more of
the following, depending on the particular embodiment of the
invention. The steady state test allows data to be recorded over a
longer period; and the data may be stacked and averaged over time,
thereby giving greater temperature resolution and greater
sensitivity. This steady state test may possibly be easier to
automate than the relaxation test. The steady state test may
provide a more reliable identification of the interface depths when
there is a non-uniform temperature distribution with depth, such
as, for example, in steam flood wells where a hot gas layer may
overlay cooler oil and water zones. If there are conduction effects
in the loop, which may degrade the DTS measurement, the steady
state approach may be less susceptible to this degradation.
Referring to FIG. 7, variations of the above-described steady state
test may be performed in other embodiments of the invention. For
example, several steady state tests may be performed, where a
different circulation flow rate is used for each test. Thus,
pursuant to a technique 300, fluid may be circulated in a conduit
at a first flow rate (block 304), and the steady state test may be
used to obtain a corresponding temperature versus depth profile,
pursuant to block 308. If another profile is desired (diamond 312),
the flow rate is changed (block 316) before the steady state test
is used again to observe a corresponding temperature versus depth
profile, pursuant to block 308. After several temperature versus
depth profiles have been obtained, the temperature versus depth
profiles may be interpreted (block 320) to determine the depth of
at least one well fluid layer interface. The generation of multiple
temperature versus depth profiles may provide a better
interpretation of the positioning of the well fluid layers and the
corresponding interfaces.
As an example of another embodiment of the invention, referring to
FIG. 8, a technique 360 may include using both the relaxation
(block 364) and steady state (block 368) tests to determine the
depth of at least one well fluid interface. Results of the
relaxation and steady state tests may then be combined to identify
one or more of the characteristics, pursuant to block 372.
Depending on the geometry and the nature of the fluid and
materials, the determination of different fluid interfaces may be
more sensitive to one test than to the other. Thus, by using the
combination of the steady state and relaxation tests, as outlined
in FIG. 8, the positioning of the well fluid layers and interfaces
may be more accurately determined.
In fields where steam flooding is employed, a layer of fresh water
may be produced from condensed saline formation water. Thus, there
may be in effect, a fourth fluid layer. Knowledge of the position
of this layer may be useful. However, determining the boundaries of
the fresh and saline water layers may be more difficult than the
determination of the other boundaries because the fresh and saline
water have very similar thermal conductivities and thermal
capacities. Therefore, the use of a more sensitive technique (such
as the technique 300 (FIG. 7), for example) may be able to
distinguish the fresh and saline layers and the interface in
between.
Other systems and techniques are contemplated and are within the
scope of the appended claims. For example, referring to FIG. 9, a
technique 400 in accordance with some embodiments of the invention
includes deploying a distributed temperature sensor in a container
inside a conduit that extends through fluid layers present in the
container, pursuant to block 404. The distributed temperature
sensor is used (block 413) to determine the initial steady state
profile prior to the circulation of a fluid that is contained in
the conduit. The fluid is then communicated (forced through by a
pump, for example) through the conduit, pursuant to block 412; and
the distributed temperature sensor is used to observe a temperature
profile of fluid in the conduit, pursuant to block 414. Thus, the
particular profile observed depends on whether the relaxation test,
the steady state test or a combination thereof is used. Based on
the observed temperature profile, a characteristic of at least one
of the fluid layers is identified, pursuant to block 416.
As another variation, in accordance with some embodiments of the
invention, the DTS system described herein may be combined with
other downhole sensor-based subsystems. In this regard, in
accordance with some embodiments of the invention, one or more
pressure sensors (as an example) may be disposed downhole in the
well to measure pressure(s) of the well fluid layer(s).
In general, using fluid circulation alone to change the local
temperature of the distributed temperature sensor may present
challenges relating determining the exact rate of heat transfer at
each point, which complicates the process of estimating the
surrounding fluid properties and determining the fluid boundary
interfaces. Additionally, the variation of temperature along the
conduit may be too small for a practicable rate of fluid
circulation to induce measurably large rates of heating or cooling
at all regions of interest along the distributed temperature
sensor. Therefore, as described below, in accordance with
embodiments of the invention, techniques and systems may be
employed to increase the achievable range of temperature variations
above those of the ambient environment, for the purposes of
providing more accurate fluid level indications.
As a more specific example, a downhole heating element may be used
in connection with the circulating fluid for purposes of
introducing a larger temperature change in the local environment of
the distributed temperature sensor. In this regard, referring to
FIG. 10, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a
well 450 includes a fluid level indication system that is similar
to the fluid level indication system of FIG. 2 (with like reference
numerals being used to denote similar components), except that the
fluid level detection system of FIG. 10 includes a downhole heater
460, which may be powered, for example, by a surface electrical
power source 452.
The heater 460 is positioned (circumscribes the conduit 80, for
example) to heat the fluid in the conduit 80 in response to the
power source 452 energizing (i.e., communicating electrical power
to) the heater 460. The distributed temperature sensor 87 traverses
the region of interest 71, and thus, the well fluid layers 70. The
pump 96 is operated to circulate fluid from the fluid reservoir 94
through the conduit 80, and the electrical power source 452 is
activated to deliver electrical power through electrical
communication lines 456 to the downhole heater 460. The electrical
heater 460 heats the circulating fluid as the fluid passes near the
heater 460, thereby inducing temperature changes in the local
environment of the distributed temperature sensor 87 in the region
of interest 71.
It is noted that, depending on the particular embodiment of the
invention, the heater 460 may be energized intermittently while the
fluid circulation remains continuous; the heater 460 may be
continuously energized while the pump 96 runs intermittently; or
the heat 460 and the pump 96 may be both operated intermittently.
Thus, many variations are contemplated and are within the scope of
the appended claims.
The relative position of the heater 460 with respect to the region
of interest 71 may be chosen to suit the thermal conditions in the
well 450. More specifically, the heater 460 may be placed in a part
of the well 450 where the ambient temperature is greater than the
temperature in the region of interest 71, so that the thermal
energy that is contributed by the heater 460 aids the local heating
arising from the fluid circulation from a hotter part of the well
450 to a cooler part of the well 450.
For the arrangement that is depicted in FIG. 10, it is assumed that
the upper part of the well 450 is hotter than the lower part, such
as a condition that may arise from steam heating. Thus, the fluid
is communicated from the fluid reservoir 94, passes through the
heater 460, raises the temperature in the region of interest 71 and
then returns to the reservoir 94. Alternatively, if the lower part
of the well is hotter, the heater 460 may be placed below the
region of interest 71, and the direction of fluid circulation may
be reversed.
If the thermal conditions in the well 450 are known to be subject
to change, two or more heaters may be installed at different
locations to suit each mode of operation. As a more specific
example, the well 450 may be switched between injection and
production modes, and thus, the electrical heating and fluid
circulation directions are varied, depending on whether the well
450 is in the injection mode or in the production mode.
The depths of one or more of the well fluid interfaces may be
determined based on the response of the distributed temperature
sensor 87 to the heating of the fluid, using the relaxation
technique, the steady state technique or a combination of these
techniques, as described above.
Thus, to summarize, a technique 480, which is depicted in FIG. 11,
may be used in accordance with some embodiments of the invention to
determine the depth of at least one fluid boundary in the region of
interest 71. Pursuant to the technique 480, a distributed
temperature sensor is deployed (block 484) in a conduit that
traverses a region of interest of the well, and fluid is
communicated through the conduit, pursuant to block 488. A heater
is used, pursuant to block 492, to heat the fluid that is
communicated through the conduit, and the distributed temperature
is used (block 496) to observe the response of the temperature
versus depth profile measured by the temperature sensor to the
heating/communication of the fluid. Based on the observed response,
the depth of at least one fluid boundary in the region of interest
is determined, pursuant to block 498.
The above-described techniques of fluid circulation and fluid
heating are at least two different ways that may be used
independently or together to induce a temperature change in the
local environment of the distributed temperature sensor. Therefore,
in general, a technique 510 (see FIG. 12) in accordance with
embodiments of the invention includes deploying a distributed
temperature sensor in a region of interest of a well, pursuant to
block 514. A temperature change is induced along the distributed
temperature sensor (e.g., by fluid circulation and/or heating of
the fluid), pursuant to block 518. The distributed temperature
sensor is used (block 522) to observe a response of a temperature
versus depth profile measured by the sensor to the temperature
change, pursuant to block 522; and based at least in part on the
observed response, the depth of at least one fluid boundary in the
region of interest is determined, pursuant to block 526.
In accordance with other embodiments of the invention, other
systems and techniques may be used to heat the local environment of
the distributed temperature sensor without directly exposing the
distributed temperature sensor to fluids, which may potentially
degrade the sensor over time. In this regard, FIG. 13 depicts a
well 550, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.
Certain components of the well 550 are similar to the components of
the well 50 (FIG. 2) and are therefore denoted by like reference
numerals. Unlike the well 50, however, the well 550 includes a
fluid level indication subsystem 568, which includes a sensor cable
580 that, in turn, includes an encapsulated distributed temperature
sensor. In general, the sensor cable 580 is constructed to traverse
the region of interest 71, and the sensor cable 580 contains a
built-in heater to selectively heat the distributed temperature
sensor so that the response to the temperature change may be
observed to determine the depths of the well fluid interfaces.
More specifically, the sensor cable 580 connects upper 570 and
lower 584 sub assemblies of the fluid level indication subsystem
568. In general, the sensor cable 580 longitudinally traverses the
region of interest 71, where several fluid interfaces are expected,
such as interfaces between the gas 70a, oil 70b and water 70c
layers.
Referring to FIG. 14 in conjunction with FIG. 13, in accordance
with some embodiments of the invention, the sensor cable 580
includes two longitudinally extending optical fibers 575 and two
longitudinally extending resistive heating elements 565, which may
be, as an example, electrical wires that have relatively high
electrical resistances. As an example, the sensor cable 580 may
include a dielectric material 590 which encapsulates the optical
fibers 575 and heating elements 565. The sensor cable 580 may be
protected by an outer sheath (not shown), which protects the
components of the cable 580 (such as the optical fibers 575 and
heating elements 565) from the well environment.
Referring to FIG. 15 in conjunction with FIG. 13, the lower sub
assembly 584 optically and electrically connects the optical fibers
575 and heating elements 565 at the bottom of the fluid level
indication subsystem 580. More specifically, the lower sub assembly
584 includes a pressure housing 600, which provides environmental
protection for the optical and electrical connections. Furthermore,
the lower sub assembly 584 may serve as a weight to aid in
extending the sensor cable 580 across the region of interest 71. As
depicted in FIG. 15, inside the pressure housing 600, the optical
fibers 575 may be connected together at their lower ends by an
optical splice 610; and the heating elements 565 may be connected
together at their lower ends by an electrical connector 604.
Referring to FIG. 13, inside the upper sub assembly 570, the two
optical fibers 575 of the sensor cable 580 are spliced to a second
pair of optical fibers 574, which are part of a lead in/lead out
cable 578 that extends to the distributed temperature sensor
measurement system 100 at the surface. Likewise, inside the upper
sub assembly 570, the heating elements 565 of the sensor cable 580
are spliced to a pair of electrical conductors 564 of a lead
in/lead out cable 566 that extends to a surface located electrical
power source 560.
Due to the above-described optical and electrical connections, an
optical loop is formed, which creates at least one distributed
temperature sensor. The optical loop begins at the distributed
temperature system 100, extends downhole through one of the optical
fibers 574 of the cable 578, and extends downhole through one
optical fiber 575 of the sensor cable 580 to the midpoint of the
loop, which is located at the lower sub assembly 584. From the
lower sub assembly 584, the optical loop extends upwardly through
the other optical fiber 575 of the sensor cable 580 and returns via
the other optical fiber 574 of the cable 578 to the surface to
connect to the distributed temperature measurement system 100.
Likewise, an electrically resistive heating loop is created to
communicate a current when the electrical power source 560 is
activated. The heating loop extends downhole from the electrical
power source 560, through one of the electrical conductors 564 of
the cable 566, through one heating element 565 of the sensor cable
580, and has its midpoint at the lower sub assembly 584. From the
midpoint of the lower sub assembly 584, the heating loop extends
uphole through the other heating element 565 of the sensor cable
580 and returns via the other electrical conductor 564 of the cable
566 to the surface to connect to the electrical power source
560.
The electrical power source 560 may be operated either continuously
or intermittently to communicate a current through the heating
elements 565 of the sensor cable 580. Because the heating elements
565 have higher resistances than the electrical conductors 564 of
the cable 566, a significant portion of the power that is delivered
by the electrical power source 560 is transferred into heat in the
sensing cable 580 and thus, heats the local environment of the
distributed temperature sensor.
If the resistance per unit length of the heating element 565 is
substantially constant, then the heat input per unit length along
the sensor cable 580 is also substantially constant. The
distributed temperature sensor(s) (created by the optical fibers
575) measure the response of the surrounding medium to the
intermediate or continuous heat input.
Many variations are contemplated and are within the scope of the
appended claims. For example, in accordance with other embodiments
of the invention, the lower sub assembly 584 does not splice the
lower ends of the optical fibers 575 together, but instead, the
sensor cable 580 contains one or possibly two single-ended mode
distributed temperature sensors.
Regardless of whether a single-ended distributed temperature
sensor, double-ended distributed temperature sensor, a single
distributed temperature sensor or multiple distributed temperature
sensors are used as part of the sensor cable 580, a technique 630,
which is depicted in FIG. 17, may be used in accordance with some
embodiments of the invention. Pursuant to the technique 630, a
distributed temperature sensor (i.e., at least one distributed
temperature sensor) is deployed in a region of interest of a well,
pursuant to block 632. A heater is also deployed, which extends
along the distributed temperature sensor in the region of interest,
pursuant to block 634. The heater is used (block 636) to heat the
distributed temperature sensor, and the distributed temperature
sensor is used (block 638) to observe a temperature versus depth
profile in the region of interest, pursuant to block 638. Based at
least in part on a response of the temperature versus depth profile
to the temperature change that is introduced by the heater, the
depth of at least one fluid boundary in the region of interest is
determined, pursuant to block 640. Thus, the relaxation technique,
the steady state technique, or a combination of these techniques
may be used to determine the fluid interface depth(s), as described
above.
It is noted that the heating element may be deployed in a structure
other than a sensor cable, in accordance with other embodiments of
the invention. For example, FIG. 16 depicts a cross-sectional view
of a conduit 620, which may contain the optical fibers 575 and the
resistive heating elements 565, in accordance with other
embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the conduit 620
provides mechanical protection and support and may be filled with
an inert and thermally conductive fluid 624. The fluid 624 may or
may not be circulated during the use of the distributed temperature
sensor, depending on the particular embodiment of the invention.
However, if the conduit 620 is designed to support circulation,
then the optical fibers 575 may be removed and replaced, for
example, for purposes of replacing a damaged optical fiber.
It is noted that the conduit 620 may replace the sensor cable 580
of FIG. 13 between the upper 570 and lower 584 sub assemblies, or
alternatively, the conduit 620 may extend from the region of
interest 71 to the surface of the well. Thus, many variations are
contemplated and are within the scope of the appended claims.
FIG. 18 depicts a fluid level indication subsystem 650 in
accordance with another embodiment of the invention. In this
embodiment of the invention, a sensor cable or conduit (represented
by reference numeral 654) spirally, or helically, extends around a
longitudinally extending mandrel 656, which supports the cable or
conduit 654. the cable or conduit may contain any of the heater,
optical and/or fluid elements that are described herein, and may be
used with any of the techniques that are disclosed herein.
The mandrel 656 serves to support the lower sub assembly 584. The
construction of the mandrel 656 permits free circulation of the
fluid about the sensing cable or conduit 654; and the mandrel 656
is designed to have a relatively low thermal conductivity in the
vertical direction.
The helical winding of the cable or conduit 654 is characterized by
a helix angle called ".alpha.," which is chosen so that the spacing
between the turns of the helix is substantially greater than the
diameter of the sensor cable or conduit 654. If a conduit is used
(instead of a cable) then the conduit may be formed into a
self-supporting helix, and in accordance with some embodiments of
the invention, the mandrel 656 may be eliminated.
The helical arrangement increases the fluid level resolution of the
fluid level indication subsystem 650, relative to a fluid level
subsystem in which the distributed temperature subsystem
longitudinally extends through the region of interest. More
specifically, every distributed temperature sensor has a minimum
distance resolution, which is defined as the smallest separation
between two points that can measure, or indicate, different
temperatures. For a linear arrangement, this distance resolution is
determinative of the minimum fluid level measurement distance.
Thus, for a vertical sensing (i.e., longitudinally extending) cable
or conduit, the minimum resolvable distance of the distributed
temperature sensor is the same as the minimum fluid level
measurement.
However, when the sensor cable or conduit is formed into a helix as
shown in FIG. 18, the fluid level resolution is increased, i.e.,
the minimum fluid level measurement distance is decreased. This
relationship may be described as follows:
.function..alpha..times. ##EQU00001## where "l" represents the
change in length along the sensing optical fiber (i.e., the
distributed temperature sensor); "h" represents the change in fluid
level; and ".alpha." represents the helix angle. Thus, as shown in
Eq. 1, forming the sensor cable or conduit into a helix
consequently significantly improves the fluid level resolution of
the sensor.
FIG. 19 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a fluid level detection
subsystem 680 in accordance with yet another embodiment of the
invention. The subsystem 680 includes two sensor cables 684 and
688, which extend between the upper 570 and lower 584 sub
assemblies. Each sensor cable 684, 688, in turn, includes at least
one distributed temperature sensor, similar to the sensor cable 580
of FIG. 13.
The two sensor cables 684 and 688 longitudinally extend downhole
and are maintained a fixed distance apart by an arrangement of
spacers 694 that radially extend from a longitudinally extending
mandrel 690. The spacing of the sensor cables 684 and 688 allows
free circulation of the surrounding fluid in the region of
interest.
The material and construction of the mandrel 690 and spacers 694
are chosen to minimize the thermal conduction between the two
sensor cables 684 and 688, other than the thermal conduction that
occurs via the fluid medium, which surrounds the cables 684 and
688. At least one of the sensor cables 684 and 688 contains a
heating element. Thus, for example, one of the sensor cables 684,
688 may be of similar construction to the sensor cable 580 of FIG.
13; and the other sensor cable 684, 688 may contain a distributed
temperature sensor and not contain a heating element, or at least
the heating element of this other sensor cable 684, 688 is not
used.
Referring to FIG. 21 in conjunction with FIG. 19, in accordance
with some embodiments of the invention, the sensor cables 684 and
688 may be optically and electrically connected according to a
schematic connection diagram 750. For this example, the sensor
cable 688 includes optical fibers 575 and the sensor cable 684
includes optical fibers 575 that are connected together at optical
splices 754, 758, 764, 768 and 770 to form an optical loop.
The optical loop begins at the surface of the well, extends through
one of the optical fibers 574 of the cable 578; extends downhole
through one of the optical fibers 575 of the sensor cable 688 to
the lower sub assembly 584; returns uphole through the other
optical fiber 575 of the sensor cable 688; and is connected at its
upper end to the upper end of one of the optical fibers 575 of the
sensor cable 684. From this point, the optical loop follows the
optical fibers 575 of the sensor cable 684 downhole to where the
lower end of this optical fiber 574 is spliced to the lower end of
the other optical fiber 575 of the sensor cable 684. The optical
path then continues uphole through the other optical fiber 575 of
the sensor cable 684, where the optical path extends to the surface
of the well through the other optical fibers 574 of the cable
578.
As also depicted in FIG. 21 for this example, the sensor cable 688
does not contain any heating elements, and the sensor cable 684
contains heating elements 565. The heating elements 565 are
connected together at their lower ends by an electrical connector
784. The upper ends of the heating elements 565 are connected via
electrical connectors 782 to the electrical conductors 564 of the
cable 578 that extends to the surface of the well to an electrical
power source. Thus, a resistive heating loop is formed in the
sensor cable 684.
For the arrangement that is depicted in FIGS. 19 and 21, a surface
electrical power source may be operated intermittently to heat the
sensor cable 684 such that the temperatures of both sensor cables
684 and 688 may be measured by their respective distributed
temperature sensors.
More specifically, the temperature measurement that is acquired via
the distributed temperature sensor of the sensor cable 684, which
is the heated cable, depends primarily on the product of the
thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity of the
surrounding medium. The temperature measurement that is acquired by
the distributed temperature sensor of the unheated sensor cable 688
is a function of the actual temperature rise of the heated sensor
cable 684, which is known from the measurements obtained from the
cable 684 and the thermal conductivity of the intervening medium.
From these two temperature measurements, the two properties of
thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity may be separately
determined to provide an improved discrimination of the fluid at
each level in the region of interest. This may be of particular
benefit in determining the positions of the fluid levels, where the
properties of each of the two fluids are similar. Thus, in effect,
two independent determinations of the fluid level location may be
obtained.
It is noted that the temperature responses may be measured during
the heating phase, during the cooling down period after the heat
input is removed, or during both phases, depending on the
particular embodiment of the invention.
Thus, referring to FIG. 20, a technique 700 may be used in
accordance with some embodiments of the invention for purposes of
identifying the depth at least one fluid layer in a region of
interest. Pursuant to the technique 700, first and second
distributed temperature sensors are deployed in a region of
interest of a well, pursuant to block 704. A heater is activated
(block 708) to introduce temperature changes to the first and
second distributed temperature sensors, and the temperature versus
depth profiles, which are indicated by the first and second
distributed temperature sensors are observed, pursuant to block
712. Based at least in part on the responses of the temperature
versus depth profiles to the temperature changes that introduced
due to the activation of the heater, the depth of at least one
fluid boundary in the region of interest is determined, pursuant to
block 716.
In embodiments of the invention where the sensor cable or conduit
contains a pair of optical fibers and the fibers are configured as
a loop, the distributed temperature sensor effectively provides two
temperature versus depth profiles of the region of interest (i.e.,
the cable/conduit has two distributed temperature sensors).
Provided that these two measurements have statistically independent
sources of error, as is generally the case with optical distributed
temperature sensors, the two measurements at each depth may be
averaged to improve the resolution of the measured temperature.
It is noted that the distributed temperature sensor measurement
system 100 or another system may contain a processor-based
subsystem to conduct the distributed temperature sensor
measurements and determine the depths of the fluid interfaces in
accordance with any of the techniques and systems that are
described herein. Thus, the processor-based system may control a
fluid pump, electrical power source, downhole heater element,
optical signal generation, optical signal sensing, optical signal
processing, etc., for purposes of implementing the systems and
performing the techniques that are disclosed herein.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a
limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the
benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate numerous modifications
and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims
cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true
spirit and scope of this present invention.
* * * * *