U.S. patent number 7,682,718 [Application Number 12/114,921] was granted by the patent office on 2010-03-23 for fuel processor feedstock delivery system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Idatech, LLC. Invention is credited to Anthony J. Dickman, David J. Edlund, William A. Pledger.
United States Patent |
7,682,718 |
Dickman , et al. |
March 23, 2010 |
Fuel processor feedstock delivery system
Abstract
Fuel processing and fuel cell systems with feedstock delivery
systems that are designed to deliver a mixed component feed stream
to a hydrogen-producing region for the production of hydrogen gas
therefrom and to selectively deliver the feed stream to a heating
assembly for use as a combustible fuel stream for heating at least
the hydrogen-producing region. The feed stream contains water and a
carbon-containing feedstock, and may contain at least 31 vol %
water. In some embodiments, the feedstock delivery system may be
adapted to mix the components of the feed stream at a determined
mix ratio and to deliver this feed stream to the fuel processor(s).
The fuel processing system may also include one or more fuel cell
stacks that are adapted to produce an electric current from the
product hydrogen stream produced by the fuel processing system.
Inventors: |
Dickman; Anthony J. (Bend,
OR), Edlund; David J. (Bend, OR), Pledger; William A.
(Bend, OR) |
Assignee: |
Idatech, LLC (Bend,
OR)
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Family
ID: |
25401425 |
Appl.
No.: |
12/114,921 |
Filed: |
May 5, 2008 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20080248347 A1 |
Oct 9, 2008 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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11124029 |
May 6, 2008 |
7368194 |
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09893357 |
May 10, 2005 |
6890672 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
429/411; 422/625;
48/127.9 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C01B
3/34 (20130101); C01B 3/382 (20130101); C01B
3/32 (20130101); C01B 2203/066 (20130101); C01B
2203/82 (20130101); C01B 2203/0445 (20130101); C01B
2203/085 (20130101); C01B 2203/1247 (20130101); C01B
2203/1282 (20130101); C01B 2203/0475 (20130101); C01B
2203/0233 (20130101); C01B 2203/0465 (20130101); C01B
2203/1276 (20130101); C01B 2203/1223 (20130101); C01B
2203/0205 (20130101); C01B 2203/0866 (20130101); C01B
2203/1241 (20130101); C01B 2203/169 (20130101); C01B
2203/0485 (20130101); C01B 2203/0844 (20130101); C01B
2203/0405 (20130101); C01B 2203/1235 (20130101); C01B
2203/146 (20130101); C01B 2203/043 (20130101); C01B
2203/0811 (20130101); C01B 2203/143 (20130101); C01B
2203/147 (20130101); C01B 2203/0495 (20130101); C01B
2203/048 (20130101); C01B 2203/1258 (20130101); C01B
2203/0244 (20130101); C01B 2203/0816 (20130101); C01B
2203/1229 (20130101); C01B 2203/142 (20130101); C01B
2203/1217 (20130101); C01B 2203/047 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01M
8/04 (20060101); B01J 8/00 (20060101); H01M
8/06 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;429/24-26,17,19
;422/105,189,198,200,202,208 ;48/127.9 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1169753 |
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1065741 |
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1085261 |
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1061039 |
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2000-351607 |
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JP |
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2001-296017 |
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JP |
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WO 99/65097 |
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Dec 1999 |
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WO |
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WO 00/22690 |
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Apr 2000 |
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WO |
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WO 00/27518 |
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WO |
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WO 01/68514 |
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Sep 2001 |
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WO |
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WO 01/70376 |
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Sep 2001 |
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WO |
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WO 02/23089 |
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Mar 2002 |
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WO |
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Other References
English abstract of Japanese Patent No. 7057758, 1995. cited by
other .
English-language abstract of Japanese Patent No. 5132301, 1993.
cited by other .
English-language abstract of Japanese Patent No. 5147902, 1993.
cited by other .
English-language abstract of Japanese Patent No. 710910, 1995.
cited by other .
English-Language abstract of Japanese Patent No. 8287932, 1996.
cited by other .
English-language abstract of Japanese Patent No. 4-338101. cited by
other .
English-language abstract of Great Britain Patent No. 2,305,186.
cited by other .
Emonts, B., et al., "Compact Methanol Reformer Test for Fuel-Cell
Powered Light-Duty Vehicles," Fifth Grove Fuel Cell Symposium,
Commonwealth Institute, London, U.K., p. 42 (Sep. 22-25, 1997).
cited by other .
Fig. 1 of Taiwan Patent Publication No. 301473, undated, which was
cited in a communication received Jul. 21, 2004 from a foreign
patent office in a counterpart foreign application. cited by
other.
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Primary Examiner: Dove; Tracy
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Dascenzo Intellectual Property Law,
P.C.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuing patent application and claims
priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/124,029, which was
filed on May 6, 2005, issued on May 6, 2008 as U.S. Pat. No.
7,368,195, and which is a continuation of and claims priority to
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/893,357, which was filed on
Jun. 26, 2001, and issued on May 10, 2005 as U.S. Pat. No.
6,890,672. The complete disclosures of the above-identified patent
applications are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A hydrogen-producing fuel processing system, comprising: a fuel
processor having a hydrogen-producing region adapted to produce a
stream comprising hydrogen gas as a majority component from a feed
stream comprising water and a carbon-containing feedstock; a
heating assembly adapted to receive and combust a fuel stream to
produce a combustion exhaust stream for heating at least the
hydrogen-producing region to a hydrogen-producing operating
temperature of at least 250.degree. C.; a feedstock delivery system
comprising a reservoir and a pump assembly, wherein the reservoir
contains a liquid mixture that consists essentially of at least 31
vol % water and the carbon-containing feedstock; wherein the pump
assembly includes at least one pump adapted to draw liquid mixture
from the reservoir as the feed stream and to deliver the feed
stream to the hydrogen-producing region; and further wherein the
pump assembly includes at least one pump adapted to draw liquid
mixture from the reservoir as at least a portion of the fuel stream
and to deliver the fuel stream to the heating assembly.
2. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the feedstock
delivery system further comprises a sensor assembly adapted to
measure the amount of at least one of the water, the
carbon-containing feedstock, and the liquid mixture in the
reservoir and to detect at least one triggering event related to
the amount.
3. The fuel processing system of claim 2, wherein the feedstock
delivery system is adapted to regulate operation of the pump
assembly responsive to inputs from the sensor assembly.
4. The fuel processing system of claim 2, wherein the sensor
assembly is adapted to detect at least one triggering event related
to the gravimetric quantity of one or more of the feedstock
components in the reservoir.
5. The fuel processing system of claim 2, wherein the sensor
assembly is adapted to detect at least one triggering event related
to the volumetric quantity of one or more of the feedstock
components in the reservoir.
6. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the
carbon-containing feedstock is miscible in water.
7. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir
includes a mixing device adapted to promote mixing of the
carbon-containing feedstock and the water in the reservoir.
8. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the
carbon-containing feedstock is selected to form an emulsion with
water, and further wherein the feedstock delivery system includes
an emulsion-producing device adapted to produce an emulsion of the
water and the carbon-containing feedstock.
9. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the liquid
mixture contains the water and the carbon-containing feedstock in a
predetermined steam-to-carbon ratio.
10. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the liquid
mixture contains the water and the carbon-containing feedstock in a
predetermined steam-to-carbon ratio in the range of 1:1-1.5:1.
11. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the liquid
mixture contains the water and the carbon-containing feedstock in a
predetermined steam-to-carbon ratio that is greater than 1:1.
12. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the
hydrogen-producing region contains a steam reforming catalyst
adapted to produce the stream containing hydrogen gas as a majority
component by catalytic reaction of the feed stream at the
hydrogen-producing operating temperature.
13. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
pump adapted to draw liquid mixture from the reservoir as the feed
stream and to deliver the feed stream to the hydrogen-producing
region and the at least one pump adapted to draw liquid mixture
from the reservoir as at least a portion of the fuel stream and to
deliver the fuel stream to the heating assembly are the same
pump.
14. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
pump adapted to draw liquid mixture from the reservoir as the feed
stream and to deliver the feed stream to the hydrogen-producing
region and the at least one pump adapted to draw liquid mixture
from the reservoir as at least a portion of the fuel stream and to
deliver the fuel stream to the heating assembly are different
pumps.
15. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the fuel
processing system further includes a purification region adapted to
receive the stream containing hydrogen gas and to produce therefrom
a product hydrogen stream containing at least substantially pure
hydrogen gas and a byproduct stream containing a reduced
concentration of hydrogen gas than the stream containing hydrogen
gas.
16. The fuel processing system of claim 15, wherein the
purification region includes a pressure swing adsorption
assembly.
17. The fuel processing system of claim 15, wherein the
purification region includes at least one hydrogen-selective
membrane.
18. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the fuel
processing system includes means for vaporizing the feed
stream.
19. The fuel processing system of claim 1, wherein the fuel
processing system further includes a fuel cell stack adapted to
receive at least a portion of the stream containing hydrogen gas
and to produce an electric current therefrom.
20. A method for producing hydrogen gas by catalytic reaction of
water and a carbon-containing feedstock, the method comprising:
drawing, from a supply containing a liquid mixture consisting
essentially of at least 31 vol % water and the carbon-containing
feedstock, a feed stream of the liquid mixture; combusting the feed
stream to produce a combustion exhaust stream; heating a
hydrogen-producing region of a fuel processor with the combustion
exhaust stream to a hydrogen-producing operating temperature of at
least 250.degree. C.; drawing the feed stream of the liquid mixture
from the supply; delivering at least a portion of the feed stream
to a hydrogen-producing region of a fuel processor; and producing a
stream containing hydrogen gas as a majority component from the
portion of the feed stream.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to fuel processing systems,
which contain a fuel processor adapted to produce hydrogen gas, to
fuel cell systems, which include a fuel processor and a fuel cell
stack, and more particularly, to an improved method and system for
supplying a mixed feedstock to a fuel processor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fuel processing systems include a fuel processor that produces
hydrogen gas or hydrogen-rich gas from common fuels such as a
carbon-containing feedstock. Fuel cell systems include a fuel
processor and a fuel cell stack adapted to produce an electric
current from the hydrogen gas. The hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas
produced by the fuel processor is fed to the anode region of the
fuel cell stack, air is fed to the cathode region of the fuel cell
stack, and an electric current is generated.
In some fuel processors, the feedstock to the fuel processor
includes only a single component. Examples of these fuel processors
include electrolysis units, in which the sole feedstock is water,
and pyrollysis and partial oxidation reactors, in which the sole
feedstock is a hydrocarbon or alcohol. In many fuel processors,
however, the feedstock includes more than one component, such as
water and a carbon-containing feedstock. Examples of
carbon-containing feedstocks include an alcohol and a hydrocarbon.
When the feedstock includes more than one component, these
components need to be mixed and delivered to the fuel processor.
Because the feedstock does not include a single component, the two
or more components forming the feedstock will be present in various
percentages or fractions, with the relative mix of these
percentages affecting the operation and/or efficiency of the fuel
processor and the makeup of the product streams.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention is directed to a feedstock mixing apparatus
for fuel processing systems, and fuel processing and fuel cell
systems incorporating the same. A fuel processing system according
to the present disclosure includes one or more fuel processors
adapted to produce a product hydrogen stream from a feed stream
containing water and a carbon-containing feedstock. The fuel
processing system further includes a feedstock delivery system that
is adapted to deliver a feed stream containing the feed stream to
the fuel processor(s). The fuel processing system may also include
one or more fuel cell stacks that are adapted to produce an
electric current from the product hydrogen stream produced by the
fuel processing system. When the fuel processing system includes at
least one fuel cell stack, it may be referred to as a fuel cell
system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell system with a
feedstock delivery system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a fuel processor suitable for use
in the fuel cell system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another fuel processor suitable
for use in the fuel cell system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell stack suitable for use
in the fuel cell system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of another feedstock delivery system
according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a suitable controller for use
with the feedstock delivery systems of FIGS. 1 and 5-11.
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a user interface for use with the
controller of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a fuel cell system including a
feedstock delivery system with a controller according to the
present invention.
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a suitable reformer for use with
the feedstock delivery systems according to the present
invention.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of another suitable reformer for use
with feedstock delivery systems according to the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF THE INVENTION
A fuel cell system according to the present invention is shown in
FIG. 1 and generally indicated at 10. System 10 includes at least
one fuel processor 12, at least one fuel cell stack 22 and a
feedstock delivery system 26. In FIG. 1, a fuel processing system
is also shown and generally indicated at 11. Fuel processing system
11 contains feedstock delivery system 26 and at least one fuel
processor 12 that is adapted to produce a product hydrogen stream
14 from a feed stream 16 delivered thereto by feedstock delivery
system 26. As used herein, it should be understood that the term
"fuel processing system" is used to refer to a system adapted to
produce hydrogen gas from a feed stream, and "fuel cell system" is
used to refer to a fuel processing system in combination with at
least one fuel cell stack that is adapted to receive at least a
portion of the product hydrogen stream from the fuel processing
system and to produce an electric current therefrom.
Feedstock delivery system 26 is adapted to receive two or more
streams 18 and 20 containing components to be delivered to fuel
processor 12 as a feed stream 16, and to deliver these components
in a predetermined ratio to the fuel processor. Fuel processor 12
is adapted to produce a product hydrogen stream 14 containing
hydrogen gas from feed stream 16. The fuel cell stack 22 is adapted
to produce an electric current from the portion of product hydrogen
stream 14 delivered thereto. In the illustrated embodiment, a
single fuel processor 12 and a single fuel cell stack 22 are shown,
however, it should be understood that more than one of either or
both of these components may be used and are within the scope of
the present invention. It should also be understood that these
components have been schematically illustrated and that the fuel
cell system may include additional components that are not
specifically illustrated in the figures, such as feed pumps, air
delivery systems, heating assemblies, heat exchangers, and the
like.
Fuel processor 12 includes any suitable device that is adapted to
produce hydrogen gas from feed stream 16. Preferably, the fuel
processor is adapted to produce substantially pure hydrogen gas,
and even more preferably, the fuel processor is adapted to produce
pure hydrogen gas. For the purposes of the present invention,
substantially pure hydrogen gas is greater than 90% pure,
preferably greater than 95% pure, more preferably greater than 99%
pure, and even more preferably greater than 99.5% pure. Suitable
fuel processors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,997,594,
5,861,137, and 6,221,117, and pending U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 09/802,361, which was filed on Mar. 8, 2001, and is entitled
"Fuel Processor and Systems and Devices Containing the Same," the
complete disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference
in their entireties for all purposes.
An illustrative example of a fuel processor 12 is schematically
illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown, fuel processor 12 includes a
hydrogen-producing region 32 in which a stream 36 containing
hydrogen gas is produced from feed stream 16, such as using one of
the above-described mechanisms. Stream 36 may contain pure hydrogen
gas, substantially pure hydrogen gas, or a mixed gas stream
containing hydrogen gas and other gases. In embodiments of fuel
processor 12 in which stream 36 is not of sufficient purity for the
intended use of the produced hydrogen gas, stream 36 may be
delivered to a purification region 38, in which at least a portion
of the other gases are removed from stream 36 to produce a purified
hydrogen stream 42, and in some embodiments, a byproduct stream 40.
In embodiments of fuel processor 12 that do not contain a
purification region, stream 36 forms product hydrogen stream 14 as
it exits the fuel processor. In embodiments having a purification
region, the purified hydrogen stream 42 forms product hydrogen
stream 14. It should be understood that fuel processor 12 may
include additional filtration or purification regions, such as
those involving chemical and/or mechanical separation of the other
gases and/or impurities from the stream forming product hydrogen
stream 14.
In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the above-described
regions are housed in a common shell 48. However, it is within the
scope of the present invention that the fuel processor may be
formed without a shell, that the regions may be housed in more than
one shell, and that at least one of the regions may partially or
completely extend beyond, or be located external to, shell 48.
In many embodiments, fuel processor 12 will operate at elevated
temperatures, such as a range between 200.degree. C. and
700.degree. C. Accordingly, fuel processor 12 may include a heating
assembly 44, such as shown in FIG. 3. Heating assembly 44 may take
any suitable form adapted to heat fuel processor 12, or selected
components thereof, to a sufficient operating temperature. Heating
assembly 44 may be included within shell 48, or may be located
external shell 48 and adapted to deliver heated fluid streams
thereto. In FIG. 3, assembly 44 is schematically illustrated
partially internal and external shell 48 to represent that the
heating assembly may be completely within the shell, completely
external the shell, or partially within the shell.
Typically, heating assembly 44 will receive a fuel stream 46, such
as shown in FIG. 3. Examples of suitable heating assemblies include
electric heaters 50, such as electric resistance heaters, that
receive a fuel stream 46 of electrical power and produce heat
therefrom to heat the fuel processor. The electrical power may come
from an external source, from fuel cell stack 22, from previously
stored power from stack 22, or combinations thereof.
Another example of a suitable heating assembly 44 is a combustion
device 52 that contains an ignition source 54 and which combusts a
fuel stream 46 containing a combustible fuel to produce heat
therefrom to heat the fuel processor. Examples of suitable
combustion devices 52 include burners and combustion catalyst beds,
which typically are used in conjunction with a combustion chamber
or region 55 in which the combustible fuel is mixed with air.
Examples of suitable ignition sources 54 include a spark plug, glow
plug, combustion catalyst, pilot light, and combinations thereof.
Examples of suitable fuel streams 46 for a heating assembly that
includes a combustion device include one or more of byproduct
stream 40, vented or exhaust gases from fuel processor 12 or fuel
cell stack 22, and a fuel stream from an external or self-contained
source of a combustible fuel, such as propane, gasoline, kerosene,
diesel, natural gas, etc. Additional examples include slipstreams
from product hydrogen stream 14, mixed gas stream 36 and/or feed
stream 16.
Also shown in FIG. 3 is an air delivery assembly 56, which is
adapted to deliver an air stream 58 to fuel processor 12, such as
to combustion region 55 from which a combustion exhaust stream 59
exits. Air delivery assembly 56 is schematically illustrated in
FIG. 3 and may take any suitable form. It should be understood that
fuel processor 12 and/or heating assembly 44 may be formed without
an air delivery assembly 56, such as depending upon the particular
mechanism by which the heating assembly operates.
As discussed with reference to FIG. 1, fuel cell systems 10
according to the present invention include one or more fuel cell
stacks 22 that are adapted to receive product hydrogen stream 14
from fuel processing system 11, and more specifically from fuel
processor 12. Fuel cell stack 22 may receive all of product
hydrogen stream 14. Alternatively, some or all of stream 14 may be
delivered, via a suitable conduit, for use in another
hydrogen-consuming process, burned for fuel or heat, or stored for
later use.
As schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, fuel cell stack 22 contains
at least one, and typically multiple, fuel cells 24 that are joined
together between common end plates 23, which contain fluid
delivery/removal conduits (not shown). Examples of suitable fuel
cells include proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and
alkaline fuel cells. Each fuel cell 24 is adapted to produce an
electric current from the portion of the product hydrogen stream 14
delivered thereto. This electric current may be used to satisfy the
energy demands, or applied load, of an associated energy-consuming
device 25. Illustrative examples of devices 25 include, but should
not be limited to, a motor vehicle, recreational vehicle, boat,
tools, lights or lighting assemblies, appliances (such as household
or other appliances), household, signaling or communication
equipment, etc. It should be understood that device 25 is
schematically illustrated in FIG. 1 and is meant to represent one
or more devices or collection of devices that are adapted to draw
electric current from the fuel cell system. By "associated," it is
meant that device 25 is adapted to receive electrical power
generated by stack 22. It is within the scope of the invention that
this power may be stored, modulated or otherwise treated prior to
delivery to device 25. Similarly, device 25 may be integrated with
stack 22, or simply configured to draw electric current produced by
stack 22, such as via electrical power transmission lines.
In FIG. 4, an illustrative example of a fuel cell stack is shown.
Stack 22 (and the individual fuel cells 24 contained therein)
includes an anode region 60 and a cathode region 62, which are
separated by an electrolytic membrane or barrier 64 through which
hydrogen ions may pass. The anode and cathode regions respectively
include anode and cathode electrodes 66 and 68. Anode region 60 of
the fuel cell stack receives hydrogen stream 14. Cathode region 62
of the fuel cell stack 22 receives an air stream 70, and releases a
cathode air exhaust stream 72 that is partially or substantially
depleted in oxygen. Electrons liberated from the hydrogen gas
cannot pass through barrier 64, and instead must pass through an
external circuit 74, thereby producing an electric current that may
be used to meet the electrical load applied by the one or more
devices 25, as well as to power the operation of the fuel cell
system.
Anode region 60 is periodically purged, and releases a purge stream
76, which may contain hydrogen gas. Alternatively, hydrogen gas may
be continuously vented from the anode region of the fuel cell stack
and re-circulated. An electric current is produced by fuel cell
stack 22 to satisfy an applied load, such as from device 25. Also
shown in FIG. 3 is an air delivery assembly 78, which is adapted to
deliver an air stream 82 to fuel cell stack 22, such as to cathode
region 62. Air delivery assembly 78 is schematically illustrated in
FIG. 3 and may take any suitable form. It is within the scope of
the present invention that air delivery assemblies 56 and 78 may be
a single device, or separate devices.
As discussed, feedstock delivery system 26 is adapted to receive
streams containing the components of feed stream 16 and to form
feed stream 16 from predetermined ratios of these components. As
shown in FIG. 5, system 26 is adapted to receive streams 18 and 20,
which respectively contain a first feedstock component 84, and a
second feedstock component 85. System 26 is further adapted to
deliver components 84 and 85 in a predetermined mix ratio to fuel
processor 12 via feed stream 16. Feed stream 16 and the streams
delivering the feedstock components to system 26 may be transported
by any suitable mechanism, such as by a pump assembly containing at
least one pump or by gravity. Similarly, any subsequently described
intermediate streams may also, be transported by these or any other
suitable mechanism.
It will be understood that while FIG. 5 shows only two streams 18
and 20 being delivered to system 26, feedstock delivery system 26
may be adapted to receive more than two streams containing
feedstock components and to deliver a predetermined mix ratio of
those components to the fuel processor 12. To illustrate this
point, a third stream is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 5 at 86 and
contains a third feedstock component 87. It is within the scope of
the present invention that more than three streams and/or
components may be used.
Feedstock components 84 and 85 (and 87) typically will contain one
or more substantially, if not completely, different compositions.
For example, one of streams 18 and 20 may contain a
carbon-containing feedstock, and the other may contain water. As a
further example, one of streams 18 and 20 may contain a mixture of
two or more carbon-containing feedstocks, and the other of streams
18 and 20 may contain water. As still a further example, one of
streams 18, 20 and 86 may contain water and the other two may
contain carbon-containing feedstocks. In yet another example, one
or more of streams 18, 20 (and/or 86) may include a corresponding
component 84, 85 (or 87) that is a mixture of two or more
compositions.
It should be understood that the above examples are meant to
illustrate just a few of the possible components 84, 85 and 87 that
may be used with the feedstock delivery system of the present
invention, and that these examples are not intended to be an
exhaustive list of all possible combinations and examples. In the
following discussion, system 26 will be described in the context of
receiving two streams, namely streams 18 and 20, with stream 18
containing a component 84 in the form of a carbon-containing
feedstock 88, and stream 20 containing a component 85 in the form
of water 89, such as shown in FIG. 6.
Examples of suitable carbon-containing feedstocks 88 include at
least one hydrocarbon or alcohol. Examples of suitable hydrocarbons
include methane, propane, natural gas, diesel, kerosene, gasoline
and the like. Examples of suitable alcohols include methanol,
ethanol, propanol, and polyols, such as ethylene glycol and
propylene glycol.
A single feed stream 16 is shown in FIG. 5, however, it is within
the scope of the invention that system 26 may deliver two or more
feed streams 16 to fuel processor 12 and that the feed streams may
have the same or different components. To illustrate this point, a
pair of feed streams 16 are shown in dashed lines in FIG. 5. When
the carbon-containing feedstock is miscible, or soluble, with
water, the feedstock components are typically delivered as a single
feed stream 16, such as shown in FIG. 5, or as two or more feed
streams having the same or essentially the same compositions, such
as shown in dashed lines in FIG. 5. When the carbon-containing
feedstock is immiscible or only slightly miscible with water, these
components are typically delivered to fuel processor 12 in separate
streams from separate reservoirs or supplies. In this case,
feedstock delivery system 26 may deliver a desired relative amount
of the components delivered to system 26 separately to fuel
processor 12. A benefit of a single feed stream 16 or a plurality
of feed streams 16 having the same components is that the relative
proportions, or mix ratio, of the components will not vary
depending upon the rate at which the stream or streams are
delivered to the fuel processor, or the operation of the pump or
other mechanism or mechanisms used to deliver the feed stream or
streams, etc. For example, if feed stream 16 is drawn from a
reservoir containing a homogenous mixture of the feedstock
components, such as components 84 and 85, then the predetermined
mix ratio is maintained regardless of the rate at which the fluid
is drawn from the reservoir and/or the number of feed streams 16
that are drawn from the reservoir.
An additional example of a feed stream 16 that is within the scope
of the present invention and which may be delivered to fuel
processor 12 in a single stream is an emulsion formed from water
and one or more carbon-containing feedstocks 88 that are not
miscible with water. In such an embodiment, the feedstock delivery
system will typically also receive a surfactant 91, either as a
separate stream, such as stream 86, or premixed with
carbon-containing feedstock 88 or water 89. In FIG. 6, surfactant
91 is indicated in dashed lines to show the latter delivery
mechanism. Any suitable surfactant or mixture of surfactants may be
used. A feedstock delivery system adapted to produce and deliver a
feed stream 16 containing an emulsion will typically include an
emulsion-producing device 94, such as a mechanical agitator. It is
within the scope of the invention that the term "emulsion-producing
device" is meant to include any suitable powered or non-powered
device that causes the water and carbon-containing feedstock
components to interact and form an emulsion therefrom. It should
similarly be understood that in embodiments of system 26 in which
the feedstock components are miscible, surfactant 91 and device 94
are not required.
Similar to a carbon-containing feedstock that is miscible with
water, an emulsion of a carbon-containing feedstock and water also
produces a generally homogenous mixture of the feedstock
components, thereby producing a stream, or plurality of streams,
that will have the same or essentially the same composition
regardless of when and from what location the stream is drawn from
the feedstock delivery system. In the emulsion- or
miscible-embodiments of the feedstock delivery system described
herein, the delivery system may be described as being adapted to
draw and deliver to a fuel processor one or more feed streams 16
from a reservoir containing a generally uniform or homogenous
mixture of the feedstock components, with the drawn streams having
the same or essentially the same composition as the liquid in the
mixture in the reservoir.
An example of a feedstock delivery system according to the present
invention that is adapted to receive feedstock components that are
miscible, or soluble, with each other is shown in FIG. 6. In the
illustrated embodiment, the feedstock delivery system 26 includes a
reservoir 90 that is adapted to receive streams containing the
feedstock components, such as streams 18 and 20. In the context of
a reformer, such as a steam or autothermal reformer, in which one
of the components is water, then the carbon-containing feedstock
should be water-soluble. Nonexclusive examples of water-soluble
carbon-containing feedstocks include methanol, ethanol, propanol,
ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Alternatively, the
carbon-containing feedstock should form an emulsion with water,
such as in the presence of a surfactant 91 and/or agitator or other
emulsion-producing device 94.
The feedstock delivery system further includes a sensor assembly 92
associated with the reservoir. By "associated," it is meant that
the sensor assembly is adapted to detect one or more predetermined
triggering events related to, or indicative of, the quantity of one
or more of the feedstock components in the reservoir. Sensor
assembly 92 includes at least one sensor 93, and in some
embodiments will include a plurality of sensors. It is within the
scope of the invention that the sensor assembly may be partially
within reservoir 90, completely within reservoir 90, or completely
external to reservoir 90. Regardless of the position of sensor
assembly 92 relative to reservoir 90, the sensor assembly is
adapted to measure the amount of one or more feedstock components
in reservoir 90 and detect the one or more triggering events
related thereto. To provide an example of illustrative
configurations for sensor assembly 92, FIG. 6 schematically depicts
sensor assembly 92 internal reservoir 90, FIG. 7 schematically
depicts sensor assembly 92 partially within and partially external
reservoir 90, and FIG. 8 schematically depicts sensor assembly 92
external reservoir 90. It should be understood that these
illustrative configurations are meant to provide graphical examples
of suitable configurations within the scope of the invention and
that feedstock delivery systems according to the present invention
may have any of these configurations, or others.
A "triggering event" according to the present invention is a
measurable event in which a predetermined threshold value or range
of values representative of a predetermined amount of one or more
of the components forming feed stream 16 is reached or exceeded,
thereby indicating that a preselected quantity of the one or more
components are present in the reservoir. As used herein, "exceeded"
is meant to include deviation from the threshold value or range of
values in either direction, such as depending upon the particular
threshold event being measured. For example, a threshold event
corresponding to the reservoir containing the predetermined maximum
volume of fluid would be exceeded when more than this volume is
added to the reservoir. On the other hand, a triggering event
corresponding to the predetermined minimum fluid-level in the
reservoir is exceeded when the fluid level drops below this
level.
Examples of triggering events include the mass, volume and/or flow
of one or more of the components or of the total mass and/or volume
of the components within reservoir 90. Other triggering events are
related to the physical properties of the total liquid, or mixed
feedstock components, in the reservoir, such as the refractive
index, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, optical
absorbance, and electrical conductivity of the liquid in the
reservoir.
The number and type of sensors 93 in a particular sensor assembly
are at least partially determined by the type of triggering event
to be detected. For example, if the triggering event is a
predetermined volume of liquid inside the reservoir, the sensor
assembly may include any suitable device adapted to measure the
volume of liquid inside the reservoir. An example of a suitable
sensor 93 includes a level detector or switch, such as a float,
optical level detector, and the like. If the triggering event is a
selected mass of liquid inside the reservoir, the sensor assembly
may include at least one sensor 93 in the form of a suitable
gravimetric measurement device, such as a pressure transducer or a
mass transducer. If the triggering event is a selected physical
property of the liquid in reservoir 90, suitable sensors include
one or more devices adapted to measure that physical property, such
as a refractive index sensor, thermal conductivity sensor,
densitometer (density sensor), viscometer (viscosity sensor),
spectrophotometer (optical absorbance sensor), or electrical
conductivity sensor. These sensors may also be used as volumetric
sensors by placing the sensor at the desired volumetric level
within reservoir 90. Otherwise, the physical property sensors will
typically be located at a level beneath the maximum predetermined
volume level in the reservoir.
It should be understood that sensor assembly 92 may include a
single sensor or more than one sensor, and may include at least one
redundant sensor, i.e., partial or total redundancy of sensors. For
example, assembly 92 may include at least one sensor associated
with the triggering event(s) of each component, at least one sensor
associated with the triggering event(s) of the first component
delivered to the reservoir, and/or at least one sensor associated
with the triggering event(s) of the total amount of liquid in the
reservoir.
Responsive to the detection of a triggering event, feedstock
delivery system 26 is adapted to regulate the flow of the feedstock
components into and/or out of reservoir 90 to obtain a
predetermined ratio of the components in feed stream 16. Typically,
the ratio will be a predetermined molar ratio between the
components because it is the molar ratio of carbon to oxygen atoms
in feed stream 16 that affects the efficiency of fuel processor 12.
However, because the desired, or predetermined, molar ratio and the
compositions forming feed stream 16 are predetermined, the mix
ratio of the components may be expressed in other terms, such as by
the relative mass or volume of the components to each other and/or
to the total volume of the components in the reservoir or
reservoirs.
For example, in the embodiment of feedstock delivery system 26
shown in FIG. 6, in which feedstock components 88 and 89 (and in
some embodiments 91) are mixed in a common reservoir 90, the
components will typically be delivered to the reservoir
sequentially, and especially when a gravimetric or volumetric
sensor is used. Accordingly, a first stream 18 is delivered to
reservoir 90 until a corresponding triggering event corresponding
to the desired amount of a first feedstock component, such as
carbon-containing feedstock 88 (or other component 84), is detected
by sensor assembly 92. Upon detection of the triggering event,
delivery of stream 18 is halted and delivery of a second feedstock
component, such as water (or other component 85), from stream 20,
is commenced. The second feedstock component is delivered to
reservoir 90 until such time as the sensor assembly 92 detects a
second triggering event corresponding to the predetermined amount
of the second component. Upon detection of a second triggering
event, delivery of the second feedstock component is halted. This
cycle may be repeated until all desired feedstock components have
been delivered to reservoir 90, at which time the feedstock mix
within the reservoir may be delivered to fuel processor 12 as one
or more feed stream(s) 16. It should be understood that the order
in which the components are delivered does not matter, so long as
the feedstock delivery system is configured to receive the
components in the selected order. Because the feed streams are
delivered from reservoir 90 and because the feedstock components
are miscible with each other or formed into an emulsion, the
predetermined mix ratio will be maintained regardless of the rate
or position at which the feed stream or streams are drawn from the
reservoir.
When system 26 includes a mechanical agitator or other
emulsion-producing device, the feedstock components may be
constantly agitated as the components are being added to reservoir
90, agitated after the first or second feedstock components are
introduced into the reservoir, or agitated after all of the
feedstock components have been added in their desired amounts. For
purposes of brevity, the following discussion will refer to a
mixture of a carbon-containing feedstock, such as methanol, that is
miscible with water. In the following discussion, it should be
understood that a carbon-containing feedstock that is not miscible
with water, such as a hydrocarbon, but forms an emulsion therewith,
such as with a surfactant and/or mechanical agitation, may be used
as well.
An example of a sensor assembly 92 adapted to measure triggering
events corresponding to volumetric measurements is shown in FIG. 7.
As shown, reservoir 90 includes a sensor assembly 92 having a
plurality of sensors 93 that are adapted to detect triggering
events corresponding to the volume of fluid in the reservoir.
Sensor assembly 92 includes a first sensor 93' adapted to detect
when the predetermined volume of a first feedstock component is
present in the reservoir, and a second sensor 93'' to detect when a
predetermined volume of a second feedstock component is present in
the reservoir, namely when the total volume of the components in
the reservoir reaches a predetermined volume. As discussed, the
order of delivery of the feedstock components may vary, so long as
the sensors are positioned to receive the feed components in the
selected order. After the desired amounts of the feedstock
components are present in the reservoir, the mixed components may
be delivered to a holding tank, or may be delivered to fuel
processor 12. Prior to the delivery of the mixed components to the
holding tank or fuel processor, the components may be further mixed
or agitated to promote the homogeneity of the mixture forming feed
stream 16.
Sensor assembly 92 may further include a third sensor 93''' adapted
to detect when the reservoir contains less than a predetermined
minimum volume of liquid, thereby indicating that the filling
process should be repeated. The minimum fluid level may correspond
to when the reservoir is empty. However, because the volumes of
sensors 93', 93'' and 93''' are predetermined relative to each
other, the order in which the feedstock components will be added
and the predetermined mix ratio, the minimum volume may correspond
to some predetermined amount of fluid in the reservoir.
Sensor assembly 92 may, but does not necessarily, include another
sensor 93'''' that is adapted to detect when the reservoir contains
more than a predetermined maximum volume of liquid. Sensor 93''''
indicates a volume greater than the total predetermined volume of
the feedstock components, and as such provides a safety mechanism.
More specifically, sensor 93'''' only detects a triggering event if
the reservoir is nearing or at a volume that exceeds the capacity
of the reservoir. Actuation of sensor 93'''' may cause one or more
of the following: immediate stoppage of feedstock components from
being introduced to reservoir 90, immediate stoppage of feed
streams 16 from being delivered to fuel processor 12, shut down or
idling of fuel processor 12, isolation of fuel cell stack 22, and
actuation of a user-alert device, such as an alarm, siren,
light-emitting device, output on a monitor, etc.
An example of a feedstock delivery system 26 with a sensor assembly
92 adapted to measure triggering events corresponding to
gravimetric (pressure and/or mass) measurements of the amount of
the feedstock components present in reservoir 90 is shown in FIG.
8. As shown, reservoir 90 includes a sensor assembly 92 having a
sensor 93 that is adapted to detect triggering events corresponding
to the mass or pressure of fluid in the reservoir. Similar to the
embodiment discussed in FIG. 6, a first feedstock component is
delivered until the sensor assembly detects a triggering event
corresponding to a predetermined amount of the component, and then
a second component is delivered until a corresponding second
triggering event is detected. In further similarity to the above
volumetric-embodiment, the order in which the feedstock components
is delivered may vary, so long as sensor assembly 92 is configured
to receive the feedstock components in the selected order.
The triggering events for a gravimetric system are determined by
the desired mass or pressure of liquid in the reservoir, such as
the mass or pressure corresponding to a predetermined amount of the
first feedstock component, the mass or pressure corresponding to
the combined first and second components, etc. When reservoir 90
has a uniform cross-sectional area, the mass of liquid in the
reservoir is equal to the density of the liquid times the
cross-sectional area of the reservoir times the height of the
liquid in the reservoir. The pressure of a liquid measured at the
bottom of the reservoir is equal to the density of the liquid times
the acceleration of gravity (g) times the height of the liquid in
the reservoir. Furthermore, the mass and pressure of a liquid in
the reservoir are proportional, in that the mass is equal to the
pressure times a proportionality constant, namely, the
cross-sectional area of the reservoir divided by the acceleration
of gravity.
In a gravimetric system, the reservoir does not need to be
completely emptied between fillings, or cycles, so long as the
sensor assembly, or controller associated with the sensor assembly,
is zeroed between cycles. Alternatively, the mass of feedstock
components added to the reservoir may be determined by the
difference from an initial, or starting, value obtained prior to
delivery of any or a particular feedstock components. It is within
the scope of the invention that the sensor assembly, or controller
associated with the controller assembly, may or may not be zeroed
between cycles or between the introduction of feedstock components.
Because any remaining liquid in reservoir 90 after a particular
cycle contains a homogenous or generally homogenous mixture of the
feedstock components, each fraction of the mixture, including any
residual amount in the reservoir, should have the same or
approximately the same compositions. Therefore, if the
predetermined amounts of the feedstock components are added to the
reservoir in addition to any remaining amount of the components,
the predetermined mix ratio will be maintained, subject to the
sensor assembly being zeroed, or reset, between fillings and the
capacity of the reservoir to contain the predetermined amounts
being added in addition to any residual from the prior cycle. This
also applies to a volumetric system, except that the sensors of a
volumetric system would need to either be repositioned to account
to the residual volume of liquid in the reservoir or be present in
sufficient redundancy to have sensors prepositioned for more than
one possible sequential order in which the feedstream components
are delivered to the reservoir.
Advantages of the gravimetric method include the method's
insensitivity to temperature and the ease of accurately sensing
pressure or weight. Another advantage of the gravimetric method
when preparing feedstock for a fuel processor is that the ratio of
feed stream components can be changed while the fuel processor is
operating. For example, a controller can be programmed to change
the gravimetric set points for the carbon-containing feedstock and
water (e.g., to increase or decrease the ratio of carbon-containing
feedstock to water). This change may be in response to an external
factor, such as an increase in pressure drop through the reforming
catalyst bed of the fuel processor that indicates carbon deposition
on the catalyst, or it may be programmed to occur at preset
intervals as preventative maintenance. Passing a feed stream 16
containing water without carbon-containing feedstock, or a high
ratio of water to carbon-containing feedstock through the hot
reforming catalyst bed may be used to remove carbon from reforming
catalysts. Furthermore, additional feedstock components may be
added to the reservoir without making changes to the sensor
assembly or reservoir.
The controller may also be programmed to supply a high ratio of
water to carbon-containing feedstock to the fuel processor when it
is first operated following a replacement of the catalyst. This
water-rich feedstock mixture allows the activity of the reforming
catalyst to be increased, with the additional water making it less
likely that the reforming catalyst will be overheated. The
controller may be programmed for these functions or receive an
appropriate user input to deliver this feed ratio.
FIG. 7 also provides an example of a feedstock delivery system 26
in which the streams containing the feedstock components and the
one or more feed streams 16 are each delivered to or removed from
the reservoir through separate inputs and outputs. It is within the
scope of the invention, however, that the system may include a
manifold 96 through which streams 18 and 20 (and any other streams
delivering feedstock components) deliver the components to the
reservoir, and through which one or more feed streams 16 are
removed from the reservoir. An example of such an embodiment is
shown in FIG. 8 for purposes of illustration. Also shown in FIG. 7
are various flow-regulating devices 104, which are shown to
illustrate that feedstock delivery systems according to the present
invention will typically include flow-regulating devices 104 in the
form of valve assemblies 106 to regulate the flow into and/or out
of the tanks and reservoirs described and illustrated herein.
Similarly, a flow-regulating device 104 in the form of a pump 108
is also schematically illustrated to demonstrate that pumps may be
used to transport the feed streams and feedstock component
described herein. It should be understood that these
flow-regulating devices have been schematically illustrated to
demonstrate examples of suitable devices and placements for the
devices, and that all of the feedstock delivery systems described
herein will incorporate some suitable form of flow-regulating
devices. Preferably, some or all of the devices communicate with
the sensor assemblies so that detection of a triggering event
causes a predetermined response in at least one corresponding
flow-regulating device. Examples of typical responses include
causing one or more of the valve assemblies to open or close, and
causing a pump to start or stop pumping fluid. The communication
between the sensor assemblies and the flow-regulating devices may
be via any suitable mechanical and/or electrical communication.
As discussed, feedstock delivery system 26 is adapted to receive
two or more streams containing feedstock components, optionally mix
these streams together to form a homogenous or generally uniform
mixture of the components, and then deliver at least one feed
stream 16 to a fuel processor 12 containing a predetermined mix
ratio of the feedstock components. While the predetermined mix
ratio may be measured based on the volumetric amount of the
components to be delivered, the gravimetric amount of the
components to be delivered, or the physical properties of the
mixture of the components to be delivered, these amounts generally
are based upon a preselected molar ratio of carbon and oxygen in
feed stream 16. For example, consider a fuel processor in the form
of a steam or autothermal reformer in which a carbon-containing
feedstock is reacted with water in the presence of a reforming
catalyst to produce hydrogen gas and various byproducts. If the
carbon-containing feedstock is methanol, the ideal reaction
stoichiometry is as follows: CH.sub.3OH+H.sub.2O=CO.sub.2+3H.sub.2
As shown, one mole of water is required for each mole of methanol.
Similarly, one mole of water is required for each mole of carbon.
Volumetrically, approximately 31-33% water may be mixed with
approximately 67-69% methanol to achieve this mix ratio. This range
avoids a mix that is deficient in water, namely, a mix that
contains less than the ideal stoichiometric amount of water shown
in the above equation. For example, 4.5 liters of water may be
mixed with 10 liters of methanol. Gravimetrically, 18 grams of
water may be mixed with 32 grams of methanol to achieve this
stoichiometric mix ratio (i.e. 64 wt % methanol).
In comparison, the reaction follows the following ideal
stoichiometry if the carbon-containing feedstock is ethanol:
CH.sub.3CH.sub.2OH+3H.sub.2O=2CO.sub.2+6H.sub.2 As shown, three
moles of water are required for each mole of ethanol. In terms of
carbon atoms, 1.5 moles of water are required for each mole of
carbon, or overall, 2 moles of oxygen atoms are required for each
mole of carbon. Volumetrically, 54 mL of water may be mixed with
58.3 mL of ethanol at room temperature to produce this
stoichiometric mix ratio. Gravimetrically, 54 grams of water may be
mixed with 46 grams of ethanol to produce this stoichiometric mix
ratio. Of course, these relative volumetric and gravimetric
measurements are provided as illustrated examples and may be scaled
up or down proportionally depending upon such factors as the volume
of reservoir 90, the desired total volume to be produced, and/or
the rate at which the feed stream is delivered to the fuel
processor.
As a further example, consider an emulsion formed from hexane and
water, which reacts according to the following ideal stoichiometry
in a reformer: C.sub.6H.sub.14+12H.sub.2O=6CO.sub.2+19H.sub.2 In
terms of carbon atoms, 2 moles of water are required for each mole
of carbon, or overall, expressed in terms of carbon and oxygen
atoms, 2 moles of oxygen atoms are required for each mole of
carbon.
It is within the scope of the present invention that mix ratios
other than a stoichiometric mix ratio may be used, including mix
ratios that are greater and lower than the stoichiometric mix
ratios described above. For a reformer, such as a steam or
autothermal reformer, the mix ratio is preferably at or above the
stoichiometric mix ratio. When less than the stoichiometric mix
ratio is used, meaning that there is less water than the
stoichiometric amount of water required per mole of carbon, the
feed stream may be referred to as being "water lean." Such a feed
stream will tend to produce carbon deposits, or coke, which may
block the reaction sites on the reforming catalyst and thereby
increasing the pressure drop through the reforming region and/or
otherwise decrease the efficiency of the hydrogen-producing region,
which typically includes one or more reforming catalyst beds. To
guard against coke reformation, the feed stream may be "water
rich," which means that the feed stream contains more than the
stoichiometric ratio of water to carbon. In fact, it may be
periodically desirable to use a feed stream 16 that contains an
excess of water (more than 50% greater than the stoichiometric mix
ratio) to remove accumulated coke. As used herein, an "excess
water" mix ratio refers to a mix ratio that contains at least 50%
more water than the stoichiometric mix ratio. It is within the
scope of the present invention that an excess water mix ratio may
be 100% extra water, or more. However, a tradeoff with the
prevention and/or removal of coke resulting from using excess water
is the increased energy required to vaporize this excess water,
thereby increasing the energy requirements of the reformer. As used
herein, the term "stoichiometric" and "stoichiometry" are used to
refer to ideal reactions, although it should be understood that the
actual reactions that occur may differ from the ideal
stoichiometry.
In view of the above coke and energy considerations, a reformer
typically will be operated with a mix ratio that ranges from the
stoichiometric mix ratio to approximately 10-50% greater water on a
molar basis than the stoichiometric mix ratio, and for many
carbon-containing feedstocks at a molar mix ratio that ranges from
10-25% greater water than the stoichiometric mix ratio. For others,
such as methanol in which coke formation is not as likely to occur,
a mix ratio that ranges between the stoichiometric mix ratio and
10% greater water (on a molar basis), or preferably, 2-4% greater
water (on a molar basis) may be used.
As a still further example of the embodiment described above, when
a methanol-water feedstock is used, a desired molar ratio is often
1:1. This molar ratio is obtained by mixing predetermined masses or
volumes of methanol or water. As an example, this predetermined
ratio is obtained by mixing 10 liters of methanol and 4.5 liters of
water. Continuing the above example, when adding methanol to the
reservoir before water, the sensor assembly may be adapted to
detect when the reservoir contains 10 liters of liquid and 14.5
liters of liquid. (Alternatively, when adding water before
methanol, the sensor assembly could be adapted to detect when the
reservoir contains 4.5 liters of liquid and 14.5 liters of liquid.)
As will be understood, other appropriate volumes could be used to
obtain the same molar ratio. Volumetrically speaking, a 1:1 molar
ratio is approximately 69% methanol to 31% water.
Table 1, below, lists illustrative examples of desired
stoichiometric and excess water ratios for mixing water-soluble
carbon-containing feedstocks with water. It is within the scope of
the invention, however, that ratios other than those presented in
the table may be used. For example, in some embodiments, ratios
between the listed stoichiometric and excess water ratios may be
useful. It is also within the scope of the invention that ratios
outside of these ratios may be used.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary Mix Ratios for Water-Soluble
Carbon-Containing Feedstocks and Water Carbon-Containing
Stoichiometric Ratio Excess Water Ratio Feedstock (oxygen:carbon)
(oxygen:carbon) Methanol 1:1 2-3:1 Ethanol 2:1 3:1 Ethylene Glycol
2:1 3:1 Propylene Glycol 2:1 3:1
For example, for feed streams containing ethanol and water, 58.4 mL
of ethanol may be mixed with 54 mL of water to achieve the
above-indicated stoichiometric ratio, and 58.4 mL of ethanol may be
mixed with 90 mL of water to achieve the above-indicated excess
water ratio. For feed streams containing ethylene glycol and water,
55.8 mL of ethylene glycol may be mixed with 36 mL water to achieve
the above-indicated stoichiometric ratio and 55.8 mL of ethylene
glycol may be mixed with 72 mL of water to achieve the
above-indicated excess water ratio. For feed streams containing
propylene glycol and water, 73.2 mL of propylene glycol may be
mixed with 72 mL of water to achieve the above-indicated
stoichiometric ratio and 73.2 mL of propylene glycol may be mixed
with 126 mL of water to achieve the above-indicated excess water
ratio. It should be understood that system 26 may be adapted to
deliver feed streams containing oxygen:carbon ratios other than the
2:1 and 3:1 ratios described above, such as ratios between these
values, above these values or below these values. Similarly, molar
ratios may be selected that are based upon relationships other than
moles of oxygen to carbon, such as moles of a particular
carbon-containing feedstock to moles of water, or moles of a first
component to a second component.
As discussed previously, feedstock delivery system 26 adapted to
produce an emulsion from water and a carbon-containing feedstock
that is not (or is only slightly) miscible with water will
typically include a mechanical agitator or other emulsion-producing
device 94. In embodiments of system 26 in which the feedstock
components are miscible with each other, the reservoir may
optionally include one or more mixing devices 98 that are adapted
to promote mixing of the feedstocks, thereby generating increased
homogeneity within the reservoir. Examples of suitable mixing
devices 98 are static devices 100, such as baffles, helical fins,
and the orientation at which the streams containing the feedstock
components are directed into the reservoir. For example, orienting
the streams tangential to the sidewalls of the reservoir will
promote mixing within the reservoir. Other examples of mixing
devices 98 are dynamic devices 102, such as devices that move
responsive to the flow of the feedstock compositions striking the
device, such as a vane or other movable baffle, and electrically
powered devices that stir the liquid in the reservoir. A benefit of
static devices is that they do not require power to operate and/or
are less prone to failure because of their general absence of
moving parts. Examples of mixing devices 98 are schematically
illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8. It should be understood that any of
the feedstock delivery systems discussed herein may include a
mixing device 98, and that the systems shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may
be formed without a mixing device.
From reservoir 90, one or more feed streams 16 may be delivered to
fuel processor 12 to deliver the feedstock components thereto in
the predetermined mix ratio, such as illustrated in FIGS. 6-8. It
is also within the scope of the invention that the mixed feedstock
components may be delivered to a holding tank prior to delivery to
the reformer or other fuel processor. An example of such a
feedstock delivery system is shown in FIG. 9. As shown, stream 110
fluidly connects reservoir 90 to a holding tank 112, which may be
any vessel adapted to receive the mixed feedstock components and
from which one or more feed streams 16 may be selectively drawn to
deliver the components to fuel processor 12. Stream 110, and the
other streams discussed herein, may be delivered via any suitable
mechanism, such as by gravity flow, by pumping, etc. Typically,
holding tank 112 will have at least as large of a capacity as
reservoir 90. Tank 112 may also be referred to as a sequential
reservoir, in which case the feedstock delivery system may be
described as having at least two sequential reservoirs adapted to
receive and mix the feedstock components prior to delivery of the
feed stream in the predetermined mix ratio to fuel processor
12.
Transferring the mixed feedstock components to a holding tank prior
to delivering the feed streams to fuel processor 12 provides an
opportunity to increase the mixing of the feedstock components,
such as while flowing from reservoir 90 to tank 112, as well as
when being introduced into tank 112. For example, because the
feedstock components are already present in the predetermined mix
ratio as they are introduced into tank 112, any swirling or other
agitation of the fluid promotes mixing, whereas no mixing occurs in
reservoir 90 until two feedstock components are present in the
reservoir.
In use, tank 112 enables a batch of mixed feedstock components at
the predetermined mix ratio to be selectively dispensed to fuel
processor 12 while another batch of feedstock components at a
predetermined mix ratio is being prepared. This increases the
ability of the fuel cell system or fuel processing system to be
able to meet an applied demand, and especially to do so while
maintaining the predetermined mix ratio.
Tank 112 preferably includes a sensor assembly 114 containing at
least one sensor 116 adapted to detect one or more triggering
events within the tank. Sensor assembly 114 and sensors 116 may
have any suitable structure and location, such as those discussed
above with respect to assembly 92 and sensors 93. An example of
such a triggering event is when the amount of mixed feedstock
components in the holding tank is less than a selected minimum
amount. For example, a sensor 116', such as a gravimetric or
volumetric sensor, may be used to detect this triggering event.
Similarly, physical property sensors positioned to function as
level sensors may also be used. Responsive to the detection of this
event, the feedstock delivery system may deliver more mixed
feedstock components from reservoir 90 and/or prepare another batch
of premixed feedstock components. At least with respect to the
above-described triggering event, a lesser degree of accuracy may
be used because the responsiveness of the sensor assembly will not
affect the mix ratio of the feedstock components. Similar to
reservoir 90, tank 112 may include more than one sensor, such as a
sensor 116'' that is adapted to detect a triggering event
corresponding to when the volume of liquid in the tank exceeds a
predetermined maximum volume. Responsive to detection of this
triggering event, system 26 may stop the flow of mixed feedstock
components from reservoir 90, increase the flow rate of streams 16,
and/or deliver at least a portion of the feedstock components in
reservoir 90 or tank 112 to an auxiliary source, such as an
additional holding tank, combustion source, disposal or the like.
Tank 112 may, but does not necessarily, include an
emulsion-producing device 94 and/or mixing device 98, such as
schematically illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 9.
In FIGS. 6-9, feedstock delivery system 26 is adapted to fill a
single reservoir 90 with the feedstock components. It is within the
scope of the invention that system 26 may include more than one
reservoir, such as an embodiment of the system that includes a
primary reservoir (such as reservoir 90) and a secondary or
downstream reservoir (such as tank 112) into which the contents of
the primary reservoir are emptied prior to delivery to fuel
processor 12. It is also within the scope of the invention that the
feedstock delivery system may include more than one primary
reservoir and/or a primary reservoir that is partitioned into a
plurality of regions.
For example, in FIG. 10, an embodiment of a feedstock delivery
system is shown in which the streams containing the feedstock
components are each delivered to a separate primary reservoir. For
purposes of illustration the streams and compositions previously
shown and discussed with respect to FIG. 5 are shown in FIG. 10. As
discussed, however, stream 86 may be omitted and one of
compositions 84 and 85 should include water 89 and the other should
include a carbon-containing feedstock 88. In the illustrated
embodiment, system 26 includes reservoirs 90', 90'' and 90''', each
of which is adapted to receive a predetermined amount of the
corresponding feedstock component and to deliver a stream 110',
110'' and 110''' containing that component to a secondary
reservoir, or holding tank 112. As shown, each of the primary
reservoirs includes a sensor assembly 92 with at least one sensor
93, and holding tank 112 includes sensor assembly 114 with at least
one sensor 116.
As a variation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the delivery
system may be formed without tank 112, and feed stream 16 may be
formed from discrete streams from each reservoir that are delivered
as a unit to fuel processor 12. Such an embodiment is suitable for
use in which the feedstock components are not miscible and are not
formed into an emulsion. In such an embodiment, the streams are
preferably, but not necessarily, delivered via a mechanism in which
the relative flow rate of each stream is controlled to correspond
to the relative flow rates of the other streams, thereby
maintaining the predetermined mix ratio even though the streams
contain different components that are not mixed until delivery to
fuel processor 12. An example of such a mechanism is a dual- or
multi-headed pump, such as disclosed in copending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/190,917, which was filed on Nov. 12, 1998,
is entitled "Fuel Cell System," and the complete disclosure of
which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
In FIG. 11, an embodiment of a partitioned reservoir 90 is shown
and generally indicated at 120. As shown, reservoir 120 includes a
partition 122 that separates the reservoir into a pair of regions
124 and 126. Unless otherwise discussed, each of the reservoirs
disclosed herein (and regions thereof) may include a sensor
assembly 92 having one or more sensors 93 adapted to detect one or
more selected triggering events. Preferably, at least region 124 is
sized to correspond to the amount of the first feedstock component
to be added to the reservoir. This selective sizing of the
reservoir enables greater accuracy in a volumetric measurement
because the volume of the first feedstock component may be measured
at a conduit, or neck portion, 128 that interconnects the regions
and which has a reduced cross-sectional area compared to regions
124 and 126. When sensor assembly 92 is adapted to detect
triggering events corresponding to volumetric measurements, it may
be desirable for both of the regions to be sized to correspond to
the volume of fluid to be contained therein for the predetermined
mix ratio and to include a conduit or neck portion 128 of reduced
cross-sectional area in which the volumetric measurements are made.
Reservoir 120 may alternatively be described as a pair of primary
reservoirs that are fluidly connected so that liquid overflowing
from the first reservoir (90') flows into the second reservoir
(90'').
For example, as stated above, the desired methanol-water molar
ratio is often 1:1 and this ratio is obtainable by mixing 10 liters
of methanol with 4.5 liters of water. Thus, when adding methanol
before water, region 124 may have a 10-liter capacity and region
126 may have a 4.5-liter capacity. In this embodiment, the sensor
assembly may include volumetric sensors 93, such as level
indicators, positioned at the top of each region, indicating when
each portion is filled. As will be appreciated, the regions may
have capacities other than those discussed above, so long as the
predetermined mix ratio is obtainable. For example, at least one of
the regions may have a capacity that exceeds the desired volume of
liquid to be received in the region. In such an embodiment, a
sensor or sensor assembly associated with that region may be
positioned to measure when the desired volume has been
achieved.
In FIG. 11, reservoir 120 (and 90'') is shown including a vent 130
through which excess fluid in the reservoir may be exhausted. Vent
130 may exhaust any feedstock components passing thereto to the
environment, or deliver the components to a combustion source.
However, vent 130 preferably forms a portion of a self-contained
spill-prevention assembly 132. By "self-contained," it is meant
that the spill-prevention assembly is adapted to deliver, via an
overflow stream 136, any fluid passing therethough to a containment
structure. For example, overflow stream 136 may deliver any fluid
passing therethrough to a spill tank, such as a tank 134 that is
configured solely to contain waste or vented feedstock components,
to mix tank 112, or to fuel processor 12. A benefit of a dedicated
disposal unit, such as spill tank 134 is that the vented feedstock
components are not introduced into the fuel processor. However, and
especially when system 26 is adapted to detect a triggering event
in the form of a flow of feedstock components in vent stream 136,
the amount of feedstock components in stream 136 should typically
be fairly small and therefore should have only a negligible effect
on the predetermined mix ratio.
Feedstock delivery systems 26 according to the present invention
may, but do not necessarily, include a controller 140. Controller
140 is adapted to monitor selected operating parameters such as
detection of the preselected triggering event(s) by the sensor
assembly in the feedstock delivery system and/or the pressures,
temperatures, and flow rates of the fuel cell or fuel processing
system and direct the relative flow of the feedstock components and
feed stream 16 to and from the feedstock delivery system 26 at
least partially in response to monitored values. An example of a
controller is schematically illustrated in FIG. 12. As shown,
controller 140 includes a processor 142, which communicates with
sensors 144 and controlled-devices 146 via communication linkages
148. Communication linkage 148 may be any suitable wired or
wireless mechanism for one- or two-way communication between the
corresponding devices, such as input signals, command signals,
measured parameters, etc.
Illustrative examples of controlled devices 146 include the
flow-regulating devices 104 discussed herein, such as valves and
pumps. Other examples include compressors, heating assemblies, fuel
processor 12, and fuel cell stack 22. Illustrative examples of
sensors 144 include sensors 93 and/or 116. However, processor 142
may communicate with additional sensors 144, such as to monitor
other operating conditions of the feedstock delivery system and/or
other components of the fuel processing or fuel cell system.
Similarly, the processor may communicate with various sensors
adapted to measure the compositions of one or more streams to
determine whether the measured composition corresponds to the
expected composition. In addition to the sensors described above,
other examples of suitable sensors include temperature sensors,
ammeters, and sensors adapted to measure the composition of a
particular stream.
Processor 142 may have any suitable form, such as including a
computerized device, software executing on a computer, an embedded
processor, programmable logic controllers or functionally
equivalent devices. The controller may also include any suitable
software, hardware, or firmware. For example, the controller may
include a memory device 150 in which preselected, preprogrammed
and/or user-selected operating parameters are stored. The memory
device may include a volatile portion, nonvolatile portion, or
both.
It should be understood that the particular form of communication
between the processor, sensors and controlled elements may take any
suitable configuration. For example, the sensors may constantly or
periodically transmit measured values to the processor, which
compares these measured values to stored threshold values or ranges
of values to determine if the measured value exceeds a
preprogrammed or stored value or range of values. If so, the
processor may send a command signal to one or more of the
controlled devices. In another example, the sensors themselves may
measure an operating parameter and compare it to a stored or
predetermined threshold value or range of values and send a signal
to the processor only if the measured value exceeds the stored
value or range of values. By "exceeds," it is meant that the
measured value deviates from the preselected or stored value or
range of values in either direction, and that this deviation may
alternatively include a selected tolerance, such as a deviation by
more than 5%, 10%, 25%, etc.
Examples of operating parameters measured by the sensors include
the above-discussed triggering events. Preferably, the controller's
memory device includes threshold values or ranges of values
corresponding to more than one set of triggering events. For
example, for a particular set of feedstock components, the
controller may contain threshold values corresponding to the
stoichiometric mix ratio, excess water mix ratio, and perhaps
additional mix ratios between or beyond these ratios. Responsive to
user inputs to the subsequently described user interface, or to
measured parameters detected by the sensors, the controller may
switch between these stored mix ratios and corresponding threshold
values. Similarly, the controller may include one or more sets of
threshold values or ranges of values for the set of feedstock
components when the components are delivered to the feedstock
delivery system in a different order. As another example, the
controller may include one or more sets of threshold values or
ranges of value corresponding to a different set of feedstock
components. Each of these sets of threshold values may be stored in
the controller's memory device.
Another example of an operating parameter to be measured by
controller 140 is the time it takes for various amounts of the
feedstock components and/or the intermediate or feed streams to
travel into, within, or out of feedstock delivery system 26. More
specifically, controller 140 may provide an additional safety check
by measuring the time it takes for a predetermined amount of liquid
to flow within the feedstock delivery system and comparing this
time to a stored threshold value. The time may be measured, for
example, from when a flow-regulating device 104 is actuated to
begin the flow of the liquid, and when a triggering event
corresponding to the predetermined amount of the liquid being
present should be received. If this time is exceeded, or exceeded
by more than a selected tolerance, then this time period itself
becomes a triggering event indicative of a malfunction within the
feedstock delivery system.
As discussed, the operation of system 26 may be controlled at least
in part by the measured parameters detected by sensors 144. The
processor compares the measured parameters to the stored threshold
values, and if one or more measured parameters exceeds its
corresponding threshold value or range of values, the processor
sends a control signal to one or more controlled devices 146 within
the feedstock delivery system, and/or within the complete fuel cell
or fuel processing system.
Controller 140 may also include a user interface through which a
user may monitor and/or interact with the operation of the
controller. An example of a user interface is shown in FIG. 13 and
indicated generally at 150. As shown, interface 150 includes a
display region 152 with a screen 154 or other suitable display
mechanism in which information is presented to the user. For
example, display region 152 may display the current values measured
by one or more of sensors 142, the current operating parameters of
the system, the stored threshold values or ranges of values.
Previously measured values may also be displayed. Other information
regarding the operation and performance of the fuel processing
system may also be displayed in region 152.
User interface 150 may also include a user input device 156 through
which a user communicates with, such as by sending commands to, the
controller. For example, input device 156 may enable a user to
input commands to change the operating state of the fuel processing
of the fuel cell system, to change the mix ratio to be used, the
order in which the feedstock components are delivered to the
feedstock delivery system, to change one or more of the stored
threshold values and/or operating parameters of the system, and/or
to request information from the controller about the previous or
current operating parameters of the system. Input device 156 may
include any suitable device for receiving user inputs, including
rotary dials and switches, push-buttons, keypads, keyboards, a
mouse, touch screens, etc. Also shown in FIG. 13 is a
user-signaling device 158 that alerts a user when an acceptable
threshold level has been exceeded. Device 158 may include an alarm,
lights, or any other suitable mechanism or mechanisms for alerting
users.
It should be understood that it is within the scope of the present
invention that the feedstock delivery system may include a
controller without a user interface, and that it is not required
for the user interface to include all of the elements described
herein. The elements described above have been schematically
illustrated in FIG. 13 collectively, however, it is within the
scope of the present invention that they may be implemented
separately. For example, the user interface may include multiple
display regions, each adapted to display one or more of the types
of user information described above. Similarly, a single user input
device may be used, and the input device may include a display that
prompts the user to enter requested values or enables the user to
toggle between input screens.
In FIG. 14, controller 140 is shown being in communication with
sensor assemblies 92 and 114. Controller 140 may also be in
communication with various sensors 144 located throughout fuel
processing system 11 and the fuel cell system 10. As will be
understood, controller 140 may be located within, external to, or
partially within and partially external to feed stock delivery
system 26.
It should be understood that the flow-regulating devices shown in
FIG. 14 may be, but are not necessarily, controlled devices within
the scope of the present invention. For example, valves 106 are
shown associated with control supply streams 18 and 20,
intermediate stream 110 and feed stream 16. Controller 140 may
communicate with and control valves 106, as well as sensor
assemblies 92 and 114. In addition, controller 140 may control mix
pump 108. System 10 may include less than all of these
communication lines, and may also include many more lines of
communication throughout the fuel cell system. Controller 140 may
direct the mixing and delivery of the feedstock to the fuel
processor system using the above-described system.
An example of a suitable fuel processor 12 suitable for use in
systems 10 and 11 is a steam reformer. An example of a suitable
steam reformer is shown in FIG. 15 and indicated generally at 230.
Reformer 230 includes a hydrogen-producing region 32 that includes
a steam reforming catalyst 234. In the context of a steam reformer,
hydrogen-producing region 32 may be referred to as a reforming
region. Alternatively, reformer 230 may be an autothermal reformer
that includes an autothermal reforming catalyst. In reforming
region 32, a mixed gas stream 36 containing hydrogen gas and other
gases is produced from feed stream 16. In the context of a steam
reformer, stream 36 may also be referred to as a reformate stream.
Stream 36 is delivered to a separation region, or purification
region, 38, where the hydrogen gas is purified. In separation
region 38, the hydrogen-containing stream is separated into one or
more byproduct streams, which are collectively illustrated at 40,
and a hydrogen-rich stream 42 by any suitable pressure-driven
separation process. In FIG. 15, hydrogen-rich stream 42 is shown
forming product hydrogen stream 14.
An example of a suitable structure for use in separation region 38
is a membrane module 244, which contains one or more
hydrogen-selective metal membranes 246. Examples of suitable
membrane modules formed from a plurality of hydrogen-selective
metal membranes are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/291,447, which was filed on Apr. 13, 1999, is entitled "Fuel
Processing System," and the complete disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In that
application, a plurality of generally planar membranes are
assembled together into a membrane module having flow channels
through which an impure gas stream is delivered to the membranes, a
purified gas stream is harvested from the membranes and a byproduct
stream is removed from the membranes. Gaskets, such as flexible
graphite gaskets, are used to achieve seals around the feed and
permeate flow channels. Also disclosed in the above-identified
application are tubular hydrogen-selective membranes, which also
may be used. Other suitable membranes and membrane modules are
disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/618,866, which was
filed on Jul. 19, 2000 and is entitled "Hydrogen-Permeable Metal
Membrane and Method for Producing the Same," and U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/812,499, which was filed on Mar. 19, 2001
and is entitled "Hydrogen-Selective Metal Membrane Modules and
Method of Forming the Same," the complete disclosures of which are
hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all
purposes. Other suitable fuel processors are also disclosed in the
incorporated patent applications.
The thin, planar, hydrogen-permeable membranes are preferably
composed of palladium alloys, most especially palladium with 35 wt
% to 45 wt % copper. These membranes, which also may be referred to
as hydrogen-selective membranes, are typically formed from a thin
foil that is approximately 0.001 inches thick. It is within the
scope of the present invention, however, that the membranes may be
formed from hydrogen-selective metals and metal alloys other than
those discussed above, hydrogen-permeable and selective ceramics,
or carbon compositions. The membranes may have thicknesses that are
larger or smaller than discussed above. For example, the membrane
may be made thinner, with commensurate increase in hydrogen flux.
The hydrogen-permeable membranes may be arranged in any suitable
configuration, such as arranged in pairs around a common permeate
channel as is disclosed in the incorporated patent applications.
The hydrogen permeable membrane or membranes may take other
configurations as well, such as tubular configurations, which are
disclosed in the incorporated patents.
Another example of a suitable pressure-separation process for use
in separation region 38 is pressure swing absorption (PSA). In a
pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process, gaseous impurities are
removed from a stream containing hydrogen gas. PSA is based on the
principle that certain gases, under the proper conditions of
temperature and pressure, will be adsorbed onto an adsorbent
material more strongly than other gases. Typically, it is the
impurities that are adsorbed and thus removed from reformate stream
36. The success of using PSA for hydrogen purification is due to
the relatively strong adsorption of common impurity gases (such as
CO, CO.sub.2, hydrocarbons including CH.sub.4, and N.sub.2) on the
adsorbent material. Hydrogen adsorbs only very weakly and so
hydrogen passes through the adsorbent bed while the impurities are
retained on the adsorbent. Impurity gases such as NH.sub.3,
H.sub.2S, and H.sub.2O adsorb very strongly on the adsorbent
material and are therefore removed from stream 36 along with other
impurities. If the adsorbent material is going to be regenerated
and these impurities are present in stream 36, separation region 38
preferably includes a suitable device that is adapted to remove
these impurities prior to delivery of stream 36 to the adsorbent
material because it is more difficult to desorb these
impurities.
Adsorption of impurity gases occurs at elevated pressure. When the
pressure is reduced, the impurities are desorbed from the adsorbent
material, thus regenerating the adsorbent material. Typically, PSA
is a cyclic process and requires at least two beds for continuous
(as opposed to batch) operation. Examples of suitable adsorbent
materials that may be used in adsorbent beds are activated carbon
and zeolites, especially 5 .ANG. (5 angstrom) zeolites. The
adsorbent material is commonly in the form of pellets and it is
placed in a cylindrical pressure vessel utilizing a conventional
packed-bed configuration. It should be understood, however, that
other suitable adsorbent material compositions, forms and
configurations may be used.
Reformer 230 may, but does not necessarily, further include a
polishing region 252, such as shown in FIG. 16. Polishing region
252 receives hydrogen-rich stream 42 from separation region 38 and
further purifies the stream by reducing the concentration of, or
removing, selected compositions therein. For example, when stream
42 is intended for use in a fuel cell stack, such as stack 22,
compositions that may damage the fuel cell stack, such as carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide, may be removed from the hydrogen-rich
stream. Region 252 includes any suitable structure for removing or
reducing the concentration of the selected compositions in stream
42. For example, when the product stream is intended for use in a
PEM fuel cell stack or other device that will be damaged if the
stream contains more than determined concentrations of carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide, it may be desirable to include at least
one methanation catalyst bed 254. Bed 254 converts carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide into methane and water, both of which will not
damage a PEM fuel cell stack. Polishing region 252 may also include
another hydrogen-producing device 256, such as another reforming
catalyst bed, to convert any unreacted feedstock into hydrogen gas.
In such an embodiment, it is preferable that the second reforming
catalyst bed is upstream from the methanation catalyst bed so as
not to reintroduce carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide downstream of
the methanation catalyst bed.
In FIGS. 15 and 16, reformer 230 is shown including a shell 48 in
which the above-described components are contained. Shell 48, which
also may be referred to as a housing, enables the fuel processor,
such as reformer 230, to be moved as a unit. It also protects the
components of the fuel processor from damage by providing an
exterior cover and reduces the heating demand of the fuel processor
because the components of the fuel processor may be heated as a
unit, and heat generated by one component may be used to heat other
components. Shell 48 may, but does not necessarily, include an
interior layer of an insulating material 250, such as a solid
insulating material or an air-filled cavity. It is within the scope
of the invention, however, that the reformer may be formed without
a housing or exterior shell, or alternatively, that one or more of
the components may either extend beyond the shell or be located
external the shell. For example, and as schematically illustrated
in FIG. 15, polishing region 252 may be external shell 48 and/or a
portion of reforming region 32 may extend beyond the shell. Other
examples of fuel processors demonstrating these configurations are
illustrated in the incorporated references.
Fuel cell systems 10 according to the present invention may be
combined with an energy-consuming device, such as device 25, to
provide the device with an integrated, or on-board, energy source.
Examples of such devices include a motor vehicle, such as a
recreational vehicle, automobile, boat or other seacraft, and the
like, a dwelling, such as a house, apartment, duplex, apartment
complex, office, store or the like, or self-contained equipment,
such as a microwave relay station, transmitting assembly, remote
signaling or communication equipment, etc.
Finally, it is within the scope of the invention that the
above-described fuel processor and feedstock delivery system may be
used independent of a fuel cell stack. In such an embodiment, the
system may be referred to as a fuel processing system and may be
used to provide a supply of pure or substantially pure hydrogen.
This supply may be stored, delivered to an integrated or separate
hydrogen-consuming device, or otherwise used.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention is applicable in any fuel processing system
or fuel cell system in which hydrogen gas is produced from a feed
stream that includes at least two components.
It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses
multiple distinct inventions with independent utility. While each
of these inventions has been disclosed in its preferred form, the
specific embodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein
are not to be considered in a limiting sense as numerous variations
are possible. The subject matter of the inventions includes all
novel and non-obvious combinations and subcombinations of the
various elements, features, functions and/or properties disclosed
herein. Where the disclosure or subsequently filed claims recite
"a" or "a first" element or the equivalent thereof, it should be
within the scope of the present inventions that such disclosure or
claims may be understood to include incorporation of one or more
such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such
elements.
Applicants reserve the right to submit claims directed to certain
combinations and subcombinations that are directed to one of the
disclosed inventions and are believed to be novel and non-obvious.
Inventions embodied in other combinations and subcombinations of
features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed
through amendment of those claims or presentation of new claims in
that or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether
they are directed to a different invention or directed to the same
invention, whether different, broader, narrower or equal in scope
to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the
subject matter of the inventions of the present disclosure.
* * * * *