U.S. patent number 7,666,193 [Application Number 10/901,555] was granted by the patent office on 2010-02-23 for delivery devices and methods for heart valve repair.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Guided Delivery Sytems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Mariel Fabro, Rodolfo A. Morales, Niel F. Starksen, John To, Michael F. Wei.
United States Patent |
7,666,193 |
Starksen , et al. |
February 23, 2010 |
Delivery devices and methods for heart valve repair
Abstract
Devices, systems and methods facilitate positioning of a cardiac
valve annulus treatment device, thus enhancing treatment of the
annulus. Methods generally involve advancing an anchor delivery
device through vasculature of the patient to a location in the
heart for treating the valve annulus, contacting the anchor
delivery device with a length of the valve annulus, delivering a
plurality of coupled anchors from the anchor delivery device to
secure the anchors to the annulus, and drawing the anchors together
to circumferentially tighten the valve annulus. Devices generally
include an elongate catheter having at least one tensioning member
and at least one tensioning actuator for deforming a distal portion
of the catheter to help it conform to a valve annulus. The catheter
device may be used to navigate a subannular space below a mitral
valve to facilitate positioning of an anchor delivery device.
Inventors: |
Starksen; Niel F. (Los Altos
Hills, CA), To; John (Newark, CA), Fabro; Mariel (San
Jose, CA), Wei; Michael F. (Redwood City, CA), Morales;
Rodolfo A. (Los Gatos, CA) |
Assignee: |
Guided Delivery Sytems, Inc.
(Santa Clara, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
46321605 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/901,555 |
Filed: |
July 27, 2004 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20060058817 A1 |
Mar 16, 2006 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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10792681 |
Mar 2, 2004 |
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10741130 |
Dec 19, 2003 |
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10656797 |
Sep 4, 2003 |
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10461043 |
Jun 13, 2003 |
6986775 |
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60462502 |
Apr 10, 2003 |
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60459735 |
Apr 1, 2003 |
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60445890 |
Feb 6, 2003 |
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60429288 |
Nov 25, 2002 |
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60388935 |
Jun 13, 2002 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
606/142;
623/2.11 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B
17/064 (20130101); A61B 17/0401 (20130101); A61F
2/2445 (20130101); A61B 17/00234 (20130101); A61F
2/2466 (20130101); A61B 17/0643 (20130101); A61B
17/0682 (20130101); A61B 17/0644 (20130101); A61B
17/068 (20130101); A61B 2017/0496 (20130101); A61M
2025/0096 (20130101); A61B 2017/00867 (20130101); A61B
2017/0414 (20130101); A61B 2017/0409 (20130101); A61B
2017/00783 (20130101); A61F 2/2451 (20130101); A61B
2017/00243 (20130101); A61B 2017/2905 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
17/10 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;606/142,2.11,2.23-2.37 |
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Primary Examiner: Ho; (Jackie) Tan-Uyen T.
Assistant Examiner: Anderson; Gregory
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Morrison & Foerster LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/792,681, filed on Mar. 2, 2004, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/741,130, filed on Dec. 19, 2003, which claims the benefit of
U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/459,735, filed on Apr.
1, 2003, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application
Ser. Nos. 10/656,797, filed on Sep. 4, 2003, and Ser. No.
10/461,043, filed on Jun. 13, 2003, the latter of which claims the
benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/388,935,
filed on Jun. 13, 2002; 60/429,288, filed on Nov. 25, 2002;
60/445,890, filed on Feb. 6, 2003; and 60/462,502, filed on Apr.
10, 2003. The full disclosures of all of the above-listed
references are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present application is also related to U.S. patent application
Ser. Nos. 10/900,980, Ser. No. 10/901,019, Ser. No. 10/901,555,
Ser. No. 10/901,554; and Ser. No. 10/901,444, all of which are
filed concurrently herewith, and all of which are hereby fully
incorporated by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A device for performing a procedure on subannular tissue of a
heart valve, the device comprising: a flexible, elongate catheter
having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the distal portion
having a pre-shaped proximal curve having a radius of curvature
between 0.5 inches and 1.5 inches and a pre-shaped distal curve
having a radius of curvature approximating the radius of curvature
of the heart valve, the pre-shaped distal curve having a plurality
of apertures along a length thereof for allowing passage of tissue
anchors therethrough; tissue anchors releasably housed within the
distal portion of the elongate catheter and slidably coupled to a
tether, wherein the tether enters and exits though each of the
plurality of apertures; and at least one anchor delivery member
housed in the distal portion for delivering the anchors from the
plurality of apertures to engage the subannular tissue.
2. A device as in claim 1, wherein the proximal and distal curves
of the distal portion orient a distal-most portion of the catheter
at an angle of between 45.degree. and 90.degree., relative to the
proximal portion of the catheter.
3. A device as in claim 1, wherein the distal curve of the distal
portion has a radius of curvature greater than a radius of
curvature of the heart valve, wherein the greater radius of
curvature causes the distal portion to press outward against the
subannular tissue.
4. A device as in claim 1, wherein at least one of the proximal and
distal curves of the distal portion has the same shape as a
corresponding curve in a guide catheter used for delivering the
elongate catheter into contact with the subannular tissue.
5. A device as in claim 4, wherein the proximal and distal curves
of the distal portion in the elongate catheter correspond to first
and second corresponding curves in the guide catheter.
6. A device as in claim 4 or 5, wherein the elongate catheter, when
advanced through the guide catheter, is oriented such that at least
one aperture of the plurality of apertures contacts the subannular
tissue.
7. A device as in claim 1, further comprising at least one
stabilizing member coupled with the elongate catheter for
maintaining the distal portion in contact with subannular
tissue.
8. A device as in claim 7, wherein the at least one stabilizing
member comprises a spiral-shaped member extending from the distal
portion to press against heart wall tissue, thus urging the distal
portion against the subannular tissue.
9. A device as in claim 8, wherein a distal end of the
spiral-shaped member is adapted to engage and press against a
junction of one or more papillary muscles and heart wall
tissue.
10. A device as in claim 7, wherein the at least one stabilizing
member comprises an arch-shaped shape-memory or spring-loaded
member extending from the distal portion to press against heart
wall tissue, thus urging the distal portion against the subannular
tissue.
11. A device as in claim 10, wherein a portion of the arch-shaped
member is adapted to engage and press against a junction of one or
more papillary muscles and heart wall tissue.
12. A device as in claim 10, further comprising an expandable
member coupled with the arch-shaped member for inflating to further
press against the heart wall tissue.
13. A device as in claim 7, wherein the at least one stabilizing
member comprises multiple springs extending from the distal portion
to press against heart wall tissue, thus urging the distal portion
against the subannular tissue.
14. A device as in claim 7, wherein the at least one stabilizing
member comprises a curved balloon coupled with the distal portion
of the catheter, the curved balloon having a greater radius of
curvature than a radius of curvature of the valve annulus, wherein
inflating the balloon urges the distal portion against the
subannular tissue.
15. A device as in claim 1, further comprising at least one
termination member for enhancing attachment of a terminal tissue
anchor to the subannular tissue.
16. A device as in claim 15, wherein the at least one termination
member is slidably couplable with the tether.
17. A device as in claim 16, wherein the at least one termination
member is coupled with the tether via a termination catheter
device.
18. A device as in claim 16, wherein the at least one termination
member comprises at least one deployable tissue attachment member
deployable from a retracted configuration for delivery to an
expanded configuration for attachment to the subannular tissue.
19. A device as in claim 18, wherein the at least one tissue
attachment member comprises a plurality of members selected from
the group consisting of barbs, points, needles, hooks, tines,
rakes, wires and teeth.
20. A device as in claim 19, wherein the plurality of members
comprise a shape-memory or super-elastic material.
21. A device as in claim 19, wherein the plurality of members are
disposed circumferentially about a cylindrical member adapted to
slide over the tether.
22. A device as in claim 19, wherein the plurality of members are
disposed along a portion of a cylindrical member adapted to slide
over the tether.
23. A device as in claim 18, wherein the at least one tissue
attachment member further includes a pusher for pushing the tissue
attachment member out of the elongate catheter and into the
subannular tissue.
24. A device as in claim 18, wherein the at least one tissue
attachment member is adapted to engage the terminal tissue
anchor.
25. A device as in claim 18, wherein the at least one tissue
attachment member is adapted to enter into the valve annulus tissue
in a direction from the terminal tissue anchor toward the other
tissue anchors.
26. A device as in claim 18, wherein the at least one tissue
attachment member further comprises a fiber, matrix, textile or
mesh disposed on at least a portion of the tissue attachment member
for enhancing tissue in-growth over the tissue attachment
member.
27. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of the tissue anchors
comprises at least one tissue engagement feature for preventing the
anchors from being pulled out of the subannular tissue when the
tether is cinched.
28. A device as in claim 27, wherein the at least one tissue
engagement feature comprises a barb on each end of each tissue
anchor.
29. A device as in claim 28, wherein the barb faces inward toward a
center of the anchor.
30. A device as in claim 28, wherein the barb faces outward away
from a center of the anchor.
31. A device as in claim 27, wherein the at least one tissue
engagement feature comprises a plurality of bends in each
anchor.
32. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of the tissue anchors
comprises at least one support member for preventing the anchors
from being pulled out of the subannular tissue when the tether is
cinched.
33. A device as in claim 32, wherein the support member comprises
an attachment point of one arm of each anchor to another arm of
each anchor, the attachment point positioned adjacent an eyelet of
the anchor.
34. A device as in claim 33, further comprising a constraining
member disposed over the attachment point.
35. A device as in claim 34, wherein the constraining member is
selected from the group consisting of a band, tie, sleeve and
belt.
36. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of the tissue anchors
comprises at least one tissue adhesion feature adapted to enhance
attachment of the tissue anchors to the subannular tissue.
37. A device as in claim 36, wherein the tissue adhesion feature
comprises one or more materials disposed over at least part of each
anchor, the material(s) selected to promote encapsulation of the
anchors within the subannular tissue.
38. A device as in claim 1, wherein the at least one anchor
delivery member comprises: an anchor contacting member for
contacting and urging the anchors out of the plurality of
apertures; and a pull cord coupled with the anchor contacting
member for applying force to the anchor contacting member to
contact and urge the anchors.
39. A method of constricting subannular tissue of a heart, the
method comprising: contacting a distal portion of an anchor
delivery catheter device comprising a pre-shaped proximal curve
having a radius of curvature between 0.5 inches and 1.5 inches, and
a pre-shaped distal curve having a radius of curvature
approximating the radius of curvature of the heart valve, the
pre-shaped distal curve having a plurality of apertures along a
length thereof; delivering a plurality of slidably coupled anchors,
wherein a tether enters and exits through each of the plurality of
apertures, from the anchor delivery device through the plurality of
apertures to secure the anchors to the annulus; drawing the anchors
together to circumferentially tighten the subannular tissue; and
promoting attachment of the anchors to subannular tissue to help
secure the anchors to the tissue over time.
40. A method as in claim 39, wherein contacting the distal portion
comprises advancing the catheter device through a shaped introducer
device, a shape of the shaped distal portion corresponding to a
shape of the introducer device.
41. A method as in claim 40, wherein advancing the catheter device
through the introducer devices orients one or more apertures on the
catheter device with the subannular tissue, so that the anchors are
delivered into the tissue.
42. A method as in claim 39, further comprising stabilizing the
distal portion of the catheter device against the subannular
tissue.
43. A method as in claim 42, wherein stabilizing comprises
deploying at least one stabilizing member from the distal portion
of the catheter device to contact heart wall tissue of the
heart.
44. A method as in claim 39, further comprising securing at least
one termination member to the subannular tissue, to help maintain
attachment of the coupled anchors to the tissue.
45. A method as in claim 44, wherein securing the termination
member comprises: sliding the termination member along a tether
slidably coupled with the anchors; and deploying tissue engagement
means on the termination member from an unexpanded to an expanded
configuration to engage the subannular tissue.
46. A method as in claim 45, further comprising engaging the tissue
engagement means with at least a terminal anchor of the plurality
of anchors.
47. A method as in claim 39, wherein promoting attachment of the
anchors to the tissue comprises contacting at least one surface
feature of each anchor with the tissue.
48. A method as in claim 47, wherein contacting the surface feature
comprises contacting at least one of a porous surface, a roughened
surface, a coated surface and an abrasive surface with the tissue.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to medical devices and
methods. More particularly, the invention relates to devices,
systems and methods for enhancing cardiovascular valve repair,
especially the repair of heart valves such as the mitral and
tricuspid valves.
In recent years, many advances have been made to reduce the
invasiveness of cardiac surgery. In an attempt to avoid open,
stopped-heart procedures, which may be accompanied by high patient
morbidity and mortality, many devices and methods have been
developed for operating on a heart through smaller incisions,
operating on a beating heart, and even performing cardiac
procedures via transvascular access. Different types of cardiac
procedures, such as cardiac ablation techniques for treating atrial
fibrillation, stenting procedures for atherosclerosis, and valve
repair procedures for treating conditions such as mitral valve
regurgitation have experienced significant technological advances.
In implementing many minimally invasive cardiac surgery techniques,
especially beating-heart techniques, one of the most significant
challenges is positioning a treatment device (or multiple devices)
in a desired location in or around the heart for performing the
procedure. Another challenge, once a device is positioned, is to
effectively deploy a given treatment into or on the target cardiac
tissue.
One type of cardiac surgery which may benefit from less invasive
techniques is heart valve repair. Traditional treatment of heart
valve stenosis or regurgitation, such as mitral or tricuspid
regurgitation, typically involves an open-heart surgical procedure
to replace or repair the valve. Valve repair procedures typically
involve annuloplasty, a set of techniques designed to restore the
valve annulus shape and strengthen the annulus. Conventional
annuloplasty surgery generally requires a large incision into the
thorax of the patient (a thoracotomy), and sometimes a median
sternotomy (cutting through the middle of the sternum). These open
heart, open chest procedures routinely involve placing the patient
on a cardiopulmonary bypass machine for sustained periods so that
the patient's heart and lungs can be artificially stopped during
the procedure. Finally, valve repair and replacement procedures are
typically technically challenging and require a relatively large
incision through the wall of the heart to access the valve.
Due to the highly invasive nature of open heart valve repair or
replacement, many patients, such as elderly patients, patients
having recently undergone other surgical procedures, patients with
comorbid medical conditions, children, late-stage heart failure
patients, and the like, are often considered too high-risk to
undergo heart valve surgery and are relegated to progressive
deterioration and cardiac enlargement. Often, such patients have no
feasible alternative treatments for their heart valve
conditions.
To obviate this situation, a number of devices and methods for
repairing cardiac valves in a less invasive manner have been
described. Some devices provide for heart valve repair through
minimally invasive incisions or intravascularly, while others
improve upon open heart surgical procedures on beating hearts,
stopped hearts or both. As mentioned above, difficulties in
performing minimally invasive intracardiac surgery include
positioning a minimally invasive treatment device in a desired
location for performing a procedure and effectively deploying a
given treatment into or on the target cardiac tissue. In heart
valve repair procedures, for example, it is often essential for a
physician to secure one or more treatment devices to valve annulus
tissue. Annular tissue tends to be more fibrous than surrounding
muscular or valve leaflet tissue, thus providing a more suitable
location for securing such treatment devices, such as anchors, to
treat a heart valve. Positioning an anchor deliver device in a
desired location adjacent the annular tissue may often be
challenging, especially in an intravascular procedure when
visualization of the location is limited.
Devices and methods that address these difficulties are described
in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/792,681, Ser. No.
10/741,130, Ser. No. 10/656,797, Ser. No. 10/461,043, 60/388,935,
60/429,288, 60/445,890, 60/462,502 and 60/524,622, which were
previously incorporated by reference. For example, these references
describe devices and methods for exposing, stabilizing and/or
performing a procedure on a heart valve annulus, such as a mitral
valve annulus. Many of the devices and methods previously described
by the inventors have been found to be highly effective, but
improvements are still being sought.
Therefore, it would be beneficial to have improved methods, devices
and systems for enhancing heart valve annulus treatment procedures.
Ideally, such methods, devices and systems would facilitate
positioning of one or more devices in a left ventricle or elsewhere
for performing a procedure on a heart valve annulus, visualizing
the annulus and/or the like. Additionally, such methods, devices
and systems would ideally be introduced intravascularly. At least
some of these objectives will be met by the present invention.
2. Description of the Background Art
Published U.S. Application Nos. 2002/0156526, 2003/0220685,
2004/0019378, 2004/0003819, 2004/0030382 and 2004/0039442, and U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,629,534 and 6,619,291 describe catheter-based methods
for performing annuloplasty. Published U.S. Application
2002/0042621 describes a heart valve annuloplasty system with
constrictable plication bands which are optionally attached to a
linkage strip. Published U.S. Application 2002/0087169 describes a
remote controlled catheter system which can be used to deliver
anchors and a tether for performing an annuloplasty procedure.
Other patent publications of interest include WO01/26586;
US2001/0005787; US2001/0014800; US2002/0013621; US2002/0029080;
US2002/0035361; US2002/0042621; US2002/0095167; and US2003/0074012.
U.S. patents of interest include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,014,492;
4,042,979; 4,043,504; 4,055,861; 4,700,250; 5,366,479; 5,450,860;
5,571,215; 5,674,279; 5,709,695; 5,752,518; 5,848,969; 5,860,992;
5,904,651; 5,961,539; 5,972,004; 6,165,183; 6,197,017; 6,250,308;
6,260,552; 6,283,993; 6,269,819; 6,312,447; 6,332,893; and
6,524,338. Publications of interest include De Simone et al. (1993)
Am. J. Cardiol. 73:721-722, and Downing et al. (2001) Heart Surgery
Forum, Abstract 7025. All of the above cited references are hereby
incorporated by reference in the present application.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Devices, systems and methods of the present invention are generally
used to facilitate transvascular, minimally invasive and other
"less invasive" surgical procedures, by facilitating the delivery
of treatment devices at a treatment site. "Less invasive," for the
purposes of this application, means any procedure that is less
invasive than traditional, large-incision, open surgical
procedures. Thus, a less invasive procedure may be an open surgical
procedure involving one or more relatively small incisions, a
procedure performed via transvascular percutaneous access, a
transvascular procedure via cut-down, a laparoscopic or other
endoscopic procedure, or the like. Generally, any procedure in
which a goal is to minimize or reduce invasiveness to the patient
may be considered less invasive. Furthermore, although the terms
"less invasive" and "minimally invasive" may sometimes be used
interchangeably in this application, neither these nor terms used
to describe a particular subset of surgical or other procedures
should be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention.
Generally, devices and methods of the invention may be used in
performing or enhancing any suitable procedure.
The present application typically describes devices, systems and
methods for performing heart valve repair procedures, and more
specifically heart valve annuloplasty procedures such as mitral
valve annuloplasty to treat mitral regurgitation. Devices and
methods of the invention, however, may be used in any suitable
procedure, both cardiac and non-cardiac. For example, they may be
used in procedures to repair any heart valve, to repair an
atrial-septal defect, to access and possibly perform a valve repair
or other procedure from (or through) the coronary sinus, to place
one or more pacemaker leads, to perform a cardiac ablation
procedure such as ablating around pulmonary veins to treat atrial
fibrillation, and/or the like. In other embodiments, the devices
and methods may be used to enhance a laparoscopic or other
endoscopic procedure on any part of the body, such as the bladder,
stomach, gastroesophageal junction, vasculature, gall bladder, or
the like. Therefore, although the following description typically
focuses on mitral valve and other heart valve repair, such
description should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the
invention as defined by the claims.
That being said, the present invention generally provides devices,
systems and methods for enhanced treatment of a cardiac valve
annulus such as a mitral valve annulus. Methods generally involve
contacting an anchor delivery device with a length of a valve
annulus, delivering a plurality of coupled anchors from the anchor
delivery device to secure the anchors to the annulus, and drawing
the anchors together to circumferentially tighten the annulus. One
device generally includes an elongate catheter having a housing at
or near the distal end for releasably housing a plurality of
coupled anchors. The device may be positioned such that the housing
abuts or is close to valve annular tissue, such as at an
intersection of the left ventricular wall and one or more mitral
valve leaflets of the heart. Some embodiments include self-securing
anchors, which may change from undeployed to deployed
configurations. Anchors may be drawn together to tighten the
annulus by cinching a tether slidably coupled with the anchors
and/or by a self-deforming member coupled with the anchors. Another
device includes a steerable guide catheter for helping position the
anchor delivery device for treating a valve annulus.
In many cases, methods of the present invention will be performed
on a beating heart. Access to the beating heart may be accomplished
by any available technique, including intravascular, transthoracic,
and the like. Intravascular access to a heart valve may be achieved
using any suitable route or method. To perform a procedure on a
mitral valve, for example, in one embodiment a catheter may be
advanced through a femoral artery, to the aorta, and into the left
ventricle of the heart, to contact a length of the mitral valve.
Alternatively, access may be gained through the venous system, to a
central vein, into the right atrium of the heart, and across the
interatrial septum to the left side of the heart to contact a
length of the mitral valve. In either of these two types of
intravascular access, the catheter will often easily be advanced,
once it enters the left side of the heart, into a space defined by
the left ventricular wall, one or more mitral valve leaflets, and
chordae tendineae of the left ventricle. This space provides a
convenient conduit for further advancement of the catheter to a
desired location for performing mitral valve repair. In alternative
embodiments, a catheter device may access the coronary sinus and a
valve procedure may be performed directly from the sinus.
Furthermore, in addition to beating heart access, methods of the
present invention may be used for intravascular stopped heart
access as well as stopped heart open chest procedures. Any suitable
intravascular or other access method is contemplated within the
scope of the invention.
In one aspect of the present invention, a device for performing a
procedure on heart valve annulus includes: a flexible, elongate
catheter having a proximal portion and a shaped distal portion, the
distal portion having at least one aperture for allowing passage of
tissue anchors; multiple tissue anchors releasably housed in the
shaped distal portion; at least one cinchable tether slidably
coupled with the tissue anchors; and at least one anchor delivery
member housed in the distal portion for delivering the anchors out
of the at least one aperture to engage tissue of the valve
annulus.
In some embodiments, the shaped distal portion comprises at least a
first curve. The first curve may have any suitable shape, radius of
curvature or the like, such as in one embodiment where the first
curve has a radius of curvature between 0.5 inches and 1.5 inches.
In some embodiments, the shaped distal portion further comprises a
second curve. The first and second curves may be adapted to orient
a distal-most portion of the catheter at an angle of between
45.degree. and 90.degree., relative to the proximal portion of the
catheter immediately adjacent the distal portion. In some
embodiments, the second curve has a radius of curvature
approximating a radius of curvature of the heart valve. In an
alternative embodiment, the second curve has a radius of curvature
greater than a radius of curvature of the heart valve, wherein the
greater radius of curvature causes the distal portion to press
outward against the valve annulus. Optionally, at least one of the
first and second curves may have the same shape as a corresponding
curve in a guide catheter used for delivering the elongate catheter
into contact with the valve annulus. For example, first and second
curves in the elongate catheter may correspond to first and second
corresponding curves in the guide catheter. In such embodiments,
the elongate catheter, when advanced through the guide catheter, is
oriented such that the at least one aperture contacts the valve
annulus tissue.
Some embodiments of the device further include at least one
stabilizing member coupled with the elongate catheter for
maintaining the distal portion in contact with valve annulus
tissue. In some embodiments, for example, the stabilizing member
comprises a spiral-shaped member extending from the distal portion
to press against heart wall tissue, thus urging the distal portion
against the annulus tissue. Optionally, a distal end of the
spiral-shaped member may be adapted to engage and press against a
junction of one or more papillary muscles and heart wall tissue. In
other embodiments, the stabilizing member comprises an arch-shaped
shape-memory or spring-loaded member extending from the distal
portion to press against heart wall tissue, thus urging the distal
portion against the annulus tissue. In one embodiment, a portion of
the arch-shaped member is adapted to engage and press against a
junction of one or more papillary muscles and heart wall tissue.
The device may optionally further include an expandable member
coupled with the arch-shaped member for inflating to further press
against the heart wall tissue. In other embodiment, the stabilizing
member comprises multiple springs extending from the distal portion
to press against heart wall tissue, thus urging the distal portion
against the annulus tissue. Alternatively, the stabilizing member
may include a curved balloon coupled with the distal portion of the
catheter, the curved balloon having a greater radius of curvature
than a radius of curvature of the valve annulus. Inflating the
balloon thus urges the distal portion against the annulus
tissue.
In some embodiments, the device further includes at least one
termination member for enhancing attachment of a terminal tissue
anchor to the heart valve annulus. In some embodiment, the
termination member is slidably couplable with the tether. In some
embodiments, the termination member is coupled with the tether via
a termination catheter device. The termination member may include,
for example, at least one deployable tissue attachment member
deployable from a retracted configuration for delivery to an
expanded configuration for attachment to the valve annulus tissue.
The tissue attachment members may include a plurality of members,
such as but not limited to barbs, points, needles, hooks, tines,
rakes, wires, teeth and/or the like. In some embodiments, the
tissue attachment members comprise a shape-memory or super-elastic
material. The tissue attachment members may, for example, be
disposed circumferentially about a cylindrical member adapted to
slide over the tether. Alternatively, the tissue attachment members
may be disposed along a portion of a cylindrical member adapted to
slide over the tether.
In some embodiments, the tissue attachment members further include
a pusher for pushing the tissue attachment member out of the
elongate catheter and into the valve annulus tissue. In some
embodiments, the tissue attachment members are adapted to engage
the terminal tissue anchor. In one embodiment, the tissue
attachment members are adapted to enter into the valve annulus
tissue in a direction from the terminal tissue anchor toward the
other tissue anchors. Optionally, the tissue attachment members may
further include a fiber, matrix, textile or mesh disposed on at
least a portion of the tissue attachment member for enhancing
tissue in-growth over the tissue attachment member.
In some embodiments, each of the tissue anchors comprises at least
one tissue engagement feature for preventing the anchors from being
pulled out of the valve annulus tissue when the tether is cinched.
For example, the tissue engagement feature(s) may include a barb on
each end of each tissue anchor. Such a barb may face inward toward
a center of the anchor or outward away from the center. In another
embodiment, the tissue engagement features comprise a plurality of
bends in each anchor. Optionally, each of the tissue anchors may
include at least one support member for preventing the anchors from
being pulled out of the valve annulus tissue when the tether is
cinched. For example, the support member may comprise an attachment
point of one arm of each anchor to another arm of each anchor, the
attachment point positioned adjacent an eyelet of the anchor.
Optionally, a constraining member may be disposed over the
attachment point to provide further support. The constraining
member may include, for example, a band, tie, sleeve, belt or the
like. In some embodiments of the device, each of the tissue anchors
comprises at least one tissue adhesion feature adapted to enhance
attachment of the tissue anchors to the valve annulus tissue. For
example, the tissue adhesion feature may comprise one or more
materials disposed over at least part of each anchor, the
material(s) selected to promote encapsulation of the anchors within
the valve annulus tissue. In one embodiment, the anchor delivery
member comprises an anchor contacting member for contacting and
urging the anchors out of the at least one aperture and a pull cord
coupled with the anchor contacting member for applying force to the
anchor contacting member to contact and urge the anchors.
In another aspect of the invention, a device for constricting a
valve annulus in a heart includes a plurality of slidably coupled
tissue anchors, each anchor including at least one tissue
attachment feature for enhancing attachment of the anchor to valve
annulus tissue, and at least one cinchable tether slidably coupled
with at least some of the tissue anchors and fixedly attached to at
least a first of the anchors. The tissue attachment features may
comprise any of a number of suitable features. In one embodiment,
for example, a surface feature is included along at least a portion
of each anchor, such as a porous, textured or coated surface. In
other embodiments, the attachment feature comprises at least one
circular or hooked portion of each anchor having a small radius of
curvature. Alternatively or additionally, the attachment feature
may comprise a barb at each end of each anchor.
In another aspect of the invention, a method of constricting a
valve annulus in a heart involves: contacting a shaped distal
portion of an anchor delivery catheter device with a length of the
valve annulus; delivering a plurality of slidably coupled anchors
from the anchor delivery device to secure the anchors to the
annulus; drawing the anchors together to circumferentially tighten
the valve annulus; and promoting attachment of the anchors to valve
annulus tissue to help secure the anchors to the tissue over time.
In some embodiments, contacting the distal portion comprises
advancing the catheter device through a shaped introducer device, a
shape of the shaped distal portion corresponding to a shape of the
introducer device. In such embodiments, advancing the catheter
device through the introducer devices may orient one or more
apertures on the catheter device with the valve annulus tissue, so
that the anchors are delivered into the tissue.
In some embodiments, the method includes stabilizing the distal
portion of the catheter device against the valve annulus tissue.
For example, stabilizing may involve deploying at least one
stabilizing member from the distal portion of the catheter device
to contact heart wall tissue of the heart. Optionally, the method
may further include securing at least one termination member to the
valve annulus tissue, to help maintain attachment of the coupled
anchors to the tissue. In one embodiment, for example, securing the
termination member involves sliding the termination member along a
tether slidably coupled with the anchors and deploying tissue
engagement means on the termination member from an unexpanded to an
expanded configuration to engage the valve tissue. Some embodiments
further include engaging the tissue engagement means with at least
a terminal anchor of the plurality of anchors.
Promoting attachment of the anchors to the tissue may be achieved
via any of a number of different methods in various embodiments.
For example, in one embodiment promoting anchor attachment
comprises contacting at least one surface feature of each anchor
with the tissue. The surface features may include one or more of
those described above, such as a porous surface, a roughened
surface, a coated surface and/or an abrasive surface.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for contacting
a shaped distal portion of an anchor delivery catheter with a
mitral valve annulus of a heart involves advancing the anchor
delivery catheter through a shaped guide catheter into the left
ventricle to contact the mitral valve. In this method, at least one
bend in the shaped distal portion of the delivery device has
approximately the same radius of curvature at least one
corresponding bend in the guide catheter, so that advancing the
distal portion of the delivery catheter through the at least one
corresponding bend positions one or more anchor delivery apertures
of the anchor delivery catheter in contact with the mitral valve
annulus.
These and other aspects and embodiments are described more fully
below with reference to the drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a heart with a flexible anchor
delivery device being positioned for treatment of a mitral valve
annulus, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views of a portion of a heart,
schematically showing positioning of a flexible device for
treatment of a mitral valve annulus, according to one embodiment of
the present invention;
FIGS. 2C and 2D are cross-sectional views of a portion of a heart,
showing positioning of a flexible anchor delivery device for
treatment of a mitral valve annulus, according to one embodiment of
the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a distal portion of an anchor
delivery device, according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a segment of a distal portion of an
anchor delivery device, with anchors in an undeployed shape and
position;
FIG. 5 is a different perspective view of the segment of the device
shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a segment of a distal portion of an
anchor delivery device, with anchors in a deployed shape and
position;
FIGS. 7A-7E are cross-sectional views of an anchor delivery device,
illustrating a method for delivering anchors to valve annulus
tissue, according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 8A and 8B are top-views of a plurality of anchors coupled to
a self-deforming coupling member or "backbone," with the backbone
shown in an undeployed shape and a deployed shape;
FIGS. 9A-9C are various perspective views of a distal portion of a
flexible anchor delivery device according to one embodiment of the
present invention;
FIGS. 10A-10F demonstrate a method for applying anchors to a valve
annulus and cinching the anchors to tighten the annulus, using an
anchor delivery device according to an embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 11 shows a heart in cross-section with a guide catheter device
advanced through the aorta into the left ventricle according to an
embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 11A shows a distal end of an anchor delivery device passing
through a guide catheter according to an embodiment of the
invention;
FIG. 11B shows middle portions of an anchor delivery device and a
guide catheter having corresponding orientation portions according
to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 12A-12D show various embodiments of support members for
supporting an anchor delivery device against a valve annulus;
FIGS. 13A-13C show a device and method for facilitating termination
and load distribution of a series of anchors according to one
embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 14A-14F demonstrate a method for advancing an anchor delivery
device to a position for treating a heart valve according to an
embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 15A and 15B are side cross-sectional views of a guide
catheter device for facilitating positioning of an anchor delivery
device according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 16A-16E show improved tissue anchors according to various
embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 17A-17C show a self-forming anchor attaching to tissue of a
valve annulus according to one embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 18 shows a self-forming anchor attaching to tissue of a valve
annulus according to another embodiment of the present
invention;
FIG. 19A shows an anchor device having a sleeve between two
adjacent anchors according to one embodiment of the invention;
and
FIG. 19B shows an anchor device having a sleeve between three
anchors according to one embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Devices, systems and methods of the present invention are generally
used to facilitate transvascular, minimally invasive and other
"less invasive" surgical procedures, by facilitating the delivery
of treatment devices at a treatment site. Although the following
description focuses on use of devices and methods of the invention
for mitral valve repair, the devices and methods may be used in any
suitable procedure, both cardiac and non-cardiac. When used for
treatment of a cardiac valve annulus, the inventive methods
generally involve contacting an anchor delivery device with a
length of the valve annulus, delivering a plurality of coupled
anchors from the anchor delivery device, and drawing the anchors
together to tighten the annulus. Devices include an elongate
catheter having a housing at or near the distal end for releasably
housing a plurality of coupled anchors, as well as delivery devices
for facilitating advancement and/or positioning of an anchor
delivery device. Devices may be positioned such that the housing
abuts or is close to valve annular tissue, such as in a location
within the left ventricle defined by the left ventricular wall, a
mitral valve leaflet and chordae tendineae. Self-securing anchors
having any of a number of different configurations may be used in
some embodiments. Additional devices include delivery devices for
facilitating delivery and/or placement of an anchor delivery device
at a treatment site.
In many cases, methods of the present invention will be performed
on a beating heart. Access to the beating heart may be accomplished
by any available technique, including intravascular, transthoracic,
and the like. In addition to beating heart access, the methods of
the present invention may be used for intravascular stopped heart
access as well as stopped heart open chest procedures.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a heart H is shown in cross section, with
an elongate anchor delivery device 100 introduced within the heart
H. Generally, delivery device 100 comprises an elongate body with a
distal portion 102 configured to deliver anchors to a heart valve
annulus. (In FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B, distal portion 102 is shown
diagrammatically without anchors or anchor-delivery mechanism to
enhance clarity of the figures.) In some embodiments, the elongate
body comprises a rigid shaft, while in other embodiments it
comprises a flexible catheter, so that distal portion 102 may be
positioned in the heart H and under one or more valve leaflets to
engage a valve annulus via a transvascular approach. Transvascular
access may be gained, for example, through the internal jugular
vein (not shown) to the superior vena cava SVC to the right atrium
RA, across the interatrial septum to the left atrium LA, and then
under one or more mitral valve leaflets MVL to a position within
the left ventricle (LV) under the valve annulus (not shown).
Alternatively, access to the heart may be achieved via the femoral
vein and the inferior vena cava. In other embodiments, access may
be gained via the coronary sinus (not shown) and through the atrial
wall into the left atrium. In still other embodiments, access may
be achieved via a femoral artery and the aorta, into the left
ventricle, and under the mitral valve. This access route will be
described in further detail below. Any other suitable access route
is also contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
In other embodiments, access to the heart H may be transthoracic,
with delivery device 100 being introduced into the heart via an
incision or port on the heart wall. Even open heart surgical
procedures may benefit from methods and devices of the invention.
Furthermore, some embodiments may be used to enhance procedures on
the tricuspid valve annulus, adjacent the tricuspid valve leaflets
TVL, or any other cardiac or vascular valve. Therefore, although
the following description typically focuses on minimally invasive
or less invasive mitral valve repair for treating mitral
regurgitation, the invention is in no way limited to that use.
With reference now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a method for positioning
delivery device 100 for treating a mitral valve annulus VA is
depicted diagrammatically in a cross-sectional view. First, as in
FIG. 2A, distal portion 102 is positioned in a desired location
under a mitral valve leaflet L and adjacent a ventricular wall VW.
(Again, distal portion 102 is shown without anchors or
anchor-delivery mechanism for demonstrative purposes.) The valve
annulus VA generally comprises an area of heart wall tissue at the
junction of the ventricular wall VW and the atrial wall AW that is
relatively fibrous and, thus, significantly stronger that leaflet
tissue and other heart wall tissue.
Distal portion 102 may be advanced into position under the valve
annulus by any suitable technique, some of which are described
below in further detail. Generally, distal portion 102 may be used
to deliver anchors to the valve annulus, to stabilize and/or expose
the annulus, or both. In one embodiment, using a delivery device
having a flexible elongate body as shown in FIG. 1, a flexible
distal portion 102 may be passed from the right atrium RA through
the interatrial septum in the area of the foramen ovale (not
shown--behind the aorta A), into the left atrium LA and thus the
left ventricle LV. Alternatively, flexible distal portion 102 may
be advanced through the aorta A and into the left ventricle LV, for
example using access through a femoral artery. Oftentimes, distal
portion 102 will then naturally travel, upon further advancement,
under the posterior valve leaflet L into a space defined above a
subvalvular space 104 roughly defined for the purposes of this
application as a space bordered by the inner surface of the left
ventricular wall VW, the inferior surface of mitral valve leaflets
L, and cordae tendineae CT connected to the ventricular wall VW and
the leaflet L. It has been found that a flexible anchor delivery
catheter, such as the delivery devices of the present invention,
when passed under the mitral valve via an intravascular approach,
often enters subvalvular space 104 relatively easily and may be
advanced along space 104 either partially or completely around the
circumference of the valve. Once in space 104, distal portion 102
may be conveniently positioned at the intersection of the valve
leaflet(s) and the ventricular wall VW, which intersection is
immediately adjacent or very near to the valve annulus VA, as shown
in FIG. 2A. These are but examples of possible access routes of an
anchor delivery device to a valve annulus, and any other access
routes may be used.
In some embodiments, distal portion 102 includes a shape-changing
portion which enables distal portion 102 to conform to the shape of
the valve annulus VA. The catheter may be introduced through the
vasculature with the shape-changing distal portion in a generally
straight, flexible configuration. Once it is in place beneath the
leaflet at the intersection between the leaflet and the interior
ventricular wall, the shape of distal portion 102 is changed to
conform to the annulus and usually the shape is "locked" to provide
sufficient stiffness or rigidity to permit the application of force
from distal portion 102 to the annulus. Shaping and optionally
locking distal portion 102 may be accomplished in any of a number
of ways. For example, in some embodiments, a shape-changing portion
may be sectioned, notched, slotted or segmented and one of more
tensioning members such as tensioning cords, wires or other
tensioning devices coupled with the shape-changing portion may be
used to shape and rigidify distal portion 102. A segmented distal
portion, for example, may include multiple segments coupled with
two tensioning members, each providing a different direction of
articulation to the distal portion. A first bend may be created by
tensioning a first member to give the distal portion a C-shape or
similar shape to conform to the valve annulus, while a second bend
may be created by tensioning a second member to articulate the
C-shaped member upwards against the annulus. In another embodiment,
a shaped expandable member, such as a balloon, may be coupled with
distal portion 102 to provide for shape changing/deforming. In
various embodiments, any configurations and combinations may be
used to give distal portion 102 a desired shape.
In transthoracic and other embodiments, distal portion 102 may be
shaped, and the method may simply involve introducing distal
portion 102 under the valve leaflets. The shaped distal portion 102
may be rigid or formed from any suitable super-elastic or shape
memory material, such as nitinol, spring stainless steel, or the
like.
In addition to delivering anchors to the valve annulus VA, delivery
device 100 (and specifically distal portion 102) may be used to
stabilize and/or expose the valve annulus VA. Such stabilization
and exposure are described fully in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/656797, which was previously incorporated by reference. For
example, once distal portion 102 is positioned under the annulus,
force may be applied to distal portion 102 to stabilize the valve
annulus VA, as shown in FIG. 2B. Such force may be directed in any
suitable direction to expose, position and/or stabilize the
annulus. For example, upward and lateral force is shown in FIG. 2B
by the solid-headed arrow drawn from the center of distal portion
102. In other cases, only upward, only lateral, or any other
suitable force(s) may be applied. With application of force to
distal portion 102, the valve annulus VA is caused to rise or
project outwardly, thus exposing the annulus for easier viewing and
access. The applied force may also stabilize the valve annulus VA,
also facilitating surgical procedures and visualization.
Some embodiments may include a stabilization component as well as
an anchor delivery component. For example, some embodiments may
include two flexible members, one for contacting the atrial side of
a valve annulus and the other for contacting the ventricular side.
In some embodiments, such flexible members may be used to "clamp"
the annulus between them. One of such members may be an anchor
delivery member and the other may be a stabilization member, for
example. Any combination and configuration of stabilization and/or
anchor delivery members is contemplated.
Referring now to FIGS. 2C and 2D, an anchor delivery device 108 is
shown delivering an anchor 110 to a valve annulus VA. Of course,
these are again representational figures and are not drawn to
scale. Anchor 110 is shown first housed within delivery device 108
(FIG. 2C) and then delivered to the annulus VA (FIG. 2D). As is
shown, in one embodiment anchors 110 may have a relatively straight
configuration when housed in delivery device 108, perhaps with two
sharpened tips and a loop in between the tips. Upon deployment from
delivery device 108, the tips of anchor 110 may curve in opposite
directions to form two semi-circles, circles, ovals, overlapping
helices or the like. This is but one example of a type of
self-securing anchor which may be delivered to a valve annulus.
Typically, multiple coupled anchors 110 are delivered, and the
anchors 110 are drawn together to tighten the valve annulus.
Methods for anchor delivery and for drawing anchors together are
described further below.
Although delivery device 108 is shown having a circular
cross-sectional shape in FIGS. 2C and 2D, it may alternatively have
any other suitable shape. In one embodiment, for example, it may be
advantageous to provide a delivery device having an ovoid or
elliptical cross-sectional shape. Such a shape may help ensure that
the device is aligned, when positioned between in a corner formed
by a ventricular wall and a valve leaflet, such that one or more
openings in the delivery device is oriented to deliver the anchors
into valve annulus tissue. To further enhance contacting of the
valve annulus and/or orientation of the delivery device, some
embodiments may further include an expandable member, coupled with
the delivery device, which expands to urge or press or wedge the
delivery device into the corner formed by the ventricle wall and
the leaflet to contact the valve annulus. Such enhancements are
described further below.
With reference now to FIG. 3, one embodiment of a portion of an
anchor delivery device 200 suitably includes an elongate shaft 204
having a distal portion 202 configured to deliver a plurality of
anchors 210, coupled with a tether 212, to tissue of a valve
annulus. Tethered anchors 210 are housed within a housing 206 of
distal portion 202, along with one or more anchor retaining
mandrels 214 and an expandable member 208. Many variations may be
made to one or more of these features, and various parts may be
added or eliminated, without departing from the scope of the
invention. Some of these variations are described further below,
but no specific embodiment(s) should be construed to limit the
scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Housing 206 may be flexible or rigid in various embodiments. In
some embodiments, for example, flexible housing 206 may be
comprised of multiple segments configured such that housing 206 is
deformable by tensioning a tensioning member coupled to the
segments. In some embodiments, housing 206 is formed from an
elastic material having a geometry selected to engage and
optionally shape or constrict the valve annulus. For example, the
rings may be formed from super-elastic material, shape memory alloy
such as Nitinol, spring stainless steel, or the like. In other
instances, housing 206 could be formed from an inflatable or other
structure can be selectively rigidified in situ, such as a
gooseneck or lockable element shaft, any of the rigidifying
structures described above, or any other rigidifying structure.
"Anchors," for the purposes of this application, is defined to mean
any fasteners. Thus, anchors 210 may comprise C-shaped or
semicircular hooks, curved hooks of other shapes, straight hooks,
barbed hooks, clips of any kind, T-tags, or any other suitable
fastener(s). In one embodiment, as described above, anchors may
comprise two tips that curve in opposite directions upon
deployment, forming two intersecting semi-circles, circles, ovals,
helices or the like. In some embodiments, anchors 210 are
self-deforming. By "self-deforming" it is meant that anchors 210
change from a first undeployed shape to a second deployed shape
upon release of anchors 210 from restraint in housing 206. Such
self-deforming anchors 210 may change shape as they are released
from housing 206 and enter valve annulus tissue, to secure
themselves to the tissue. Thus, a crimping device or other similar
mechanism is not required on distal end 202 to apply force to
anchors 210 to attach them to annular tissue.
Self-deforming anchors 210 may be made of any suitable material,
such as a super-elastic or shape-memory material like Nitinol or
spring stainless steel. In other embodiments, anchors 210 may be
made of a non-shape-memory material and made be loaded into housing
206 in such a way that they change shape upon release.
Alternatively, anchors 210 that are not self-deforming may be used,
and such anchors may be secured to tissue via crimping, firing or
the like. Even self-securing anchors may be crimped in some
embodiments, to provide enhanced attachment to tissue. In some
embodiments, anchors 210 may comprise one or more bioactive agent.
In another embodiment, anchors 210 may comprise electrodes. Such
electrodes, for example, may sense various parameters, such as but
not limited to impedance, temperature and electrical signals. In
other embodiments, such electrodes may be used to supply energy to
tissue at ablation or sub-ablation amounts. Delivery of anchors may
be accomplished by any suitable device and technique, such as by
simply releasing the anchors by hydraulic balloon delivery as
discussed further below. Any number, size and shape of anchors 210
may be included in housing 206.
In one embodiment, anchors 210 are generally C-shaped or
semicircular in their undeployed form, with the ends of the C being
sharpened to penetrate tissue. Midway along the C-shaped anchor
210, an eyelet may be formed for allowing slidable passage of
tether 212. To maintain anchors 210 in their C-shaped, undeployed
state, anchors 210 may be retained within housing 206 by two
mandrels 214, one mandrel 214 retaining each of the two arms of the
C-shape of each anchor 210. Mandrels 214 may be retractable within
elongate catheter body 204 to release anchors 210 and allow them to
change from their undeployed C-shape to a deployed shape. The
deployed shape, for example, may approximate a complete circle or a
circle with overlapping ends, the latter appearing similar to a key
ring. Such anchors are described further below, but generally may
be advantageous in their ability to secure themselves to annular
tissue by changing from their undeployed to their deployed shape.
In some embodiments, anchors 210 are also configured to lie flush
with a tissue surface after being deployed. By "flush" it is meant
that no significant amount of an anchor protrudes from the surface,
although some small portion may protrude.
Tether 212 may be one long piece of material or two or more pieces
and may comprise any suitable material, such as suture, suture-like
material, a Dacron strip or the like. Retaining mandrels 214 may
also have any suitable configuration and be made of any suitable
material, such as stainless steel, titanium, Nitinol, or the like.
Various embodiments may have one mandrel, two mandrels, or more
than two mandrels.
In some embodiments, anchors 210 may be released from mandrels 214
to contact and secure themselves to annular tissue without any
further force applied by delivery device 200. Some embodiments,
however, may also include one or more expandable members 208, which
may be expanded to help drive anchors 210 into tissue. Expandable
member(s) 208 may have any suitable size and configuration and may
be made of any suitable material(s). Hydraulic systems such as
expandable members are known in the art, and any known or as yet
undiscovered expandable member may be included in housing 206 as
part of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, a segment of a distal portion 302
of an anchor delivery device suitably includes a housing 306,
multiple tensioning members 320 for applying tension to housing 306
to change its shape, two anchor retaining mandrels 314 slidably
disposed in housing 306, multiple anchors 310 slidably coupled with
a tether 312, and an expandable member 308 disposed between anchors
310 and housing 306. As can be seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, housing 306
may include multiple segments to allow the overall shape of housing
306 to be changed by applying tension to tensioning members 320. As
also is evident from the drawings, "C-shaped" anchors 310 may
actually have an almost straight configuration when retained by
mandrels 314 in housing 306. Thus, for the purposes of this
application, "C-shaped" or "semicircular" refers to a very broad
range of shapes including a portion of a circle, a slightly curved
line, a slightly curved line with an eyelet at one point along the
line, and the like.
With reference now to FIG. 6, the same segment of distal portion
302 is shown, but mandrels 314 have been withdrawn from two mandrel
apertures 322, to release anchors 310 from housing 306.
Additionally, expandable member 308 has been expanded to drive
anchors out of housing 306. Anchors 310, having been released from
mandrels 314, have begun to change from their undeployed, retained
shape to their deployed, released shape.
Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7E, a cross-section of a distal portion
402 of an anchor delivery device is shown in various stages of
delivering an anchor to tissue of a valve annulus VA. In FIG. 7A,
distal portion 402 is positioned against the valve annulus, an
anchor 410 is retained by two mandrels 414, a tether 412 is
slidably disposed through an eyelet on anchor 410, and an
expandable member 408 is coupled with housing 406 in a position to
drive anchor 410 out of housing 406. When retained by mandrels 414,
anchor 410 is in its undeployed shape. As discussed above, mandrels
414 may be slidably retracted, as designated by the solid-tipped
arrows in FIG. 7A, to release anchor 410. In various embodiments,
anchors 410 may be released one at a time, such as by retracting
mandrels 414 slowly, may be released in groups, or may all be
released simultaneously, such as by rapid retraction of mandrels
414.
In FIG. 7B, anchor 410 has begun to change from its undeployed
shape to its deployed shape (as demonstrated by the hollow-tipped
arrows) and has also begun to penetrate the annular tissue VA.
Empty mandrel apertures 422 demonstrate that mandrels 414 have been
retracted at least far enough to release anchor 410. In FIG. 7B,
expandable member 408 has been expanded to drive anchor 410
partially out of housing 406 and further into the valve annulus VA.
Anchor 410 also continues to move from its undeployed towards its
deployed shape, as shown by the hollow-tipped arrows. In FIG. 7D,
anchor 410 has reached its deployed shape, which is roughly a
completed circle with overlapping ends or a "key ring" shape. In
FIG. 7E, delivery device 402 has been removed, leaving a tethered
anchor in place in the valve annulus. Of course, there will
typically be a plurality of tethered anchors secured to the annular
tissue. Tether 412 may then be cinched to apply force to anchors
410 and cinch and tighten the valve annulus.
With reference now to FIGS. 8A and 8B, a diagrammatic
representation of another embodiment of coupled anchors is shown.
Here, anchors 510 are coupled to a self-deforming or deformable
coupling member or backbone 505. Backbone 505 may be fabricated,
for example, from Nitinol, spring stainless steel, or the like, and
may have any suitable size or configuration. In one embodiment, as
in FIG. 8A, backbone 505 is shaped as a generally straight line
when held in an undeployed state, such as when restrained within a
housing of an anchor deliver device. When released from the
delivery device, backbone 505 may change to a deployed shape having
multiple bends, as shown in FIG. 8B. By bending, backbone 505
shortens the longitudinal distance between anchors, as demonstrated
by the solid-tipped arrows in FIG. 8B. This shortening process may
act to cinch a valve annulus into which anchors 510 have be
secured. Thus, anchors 510 coupled to backbone 505 may be used to
cinch a valve annulus without using a tether or applying tethering
force. Alternatively, a tether may also be coupled with anchors 510
to further cinch the annulus. In such an embodiment, backbone 505
will be at least partially conformable or cinchable, such that when
force is applied to anchors 510 and backbone 505 via a tether,
backbone 505 bends further to allow further cinching of the
annulus.
Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9C, in one embodiment a flexible distal
portion of an anchor delivery device 520 suitably includes a
housing 522 coupled with an expandable member 524. Housing 522 may
be configured to house multiple coupled anchors 526 and an anchor
contacting member 530 coupled with a pull cord 532. Housing 522 may
also include multiple apertures 528 for allowing egress of anchors
526. For clarity, delivery device 520 is shown without a tether in
FIGS. 9A and 9C, but FIG. 9B shows that a tether 534 may extend
through an eyelet, loop or other portion of each anchor 526, and
may exit each aperture 528 to allow for release of the plurality of
anchors 526. The various features of this embodiment are described
further below.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A-9C, anchors 526 are relatively
straight and lie relatively in parallel with the long axis of
delivery device 522. Anchor contacting member 530, which may
comprise any suitable device, such as a ball, plate, hook, knot,
plunger, piston, or the like, generally has an outer diameter that
is nearly equal to or slightly less than the inner diameter of
housing 522. Contacting member 530 is disposed within the housing,
distal to a distal-most anchor 526, and is retracted relative to
housing 522 by pulling pull cord 532. When retracted, anchor
contacting member 530 contacts and applies force to a distal-most
anchor 526 to release cause that anchor 526 to exit housing 522 via
one of the apertures 528. Contacting member 530 is then pulled
farther proximally to contact and apply force to the next anchor
526 to deploy that anchor 526, and so on.
Retracting contacting member 530 to push anchors 526 out of
apertures 528 may help cause anchors 526 to avidly secure
themselves to adjacent tissue. Using anchors 526 that are
relatively straight/flat when undeployed allows anchors 526 with
relatively large deployed sizes to be disposed in (and delivered
from) a relatively small housing 522. In one embodiment, for
example, anchors 526 that deploy into a shape approximating two
intersecting semi-circles, circles, ovals, helices, or the like,
and that have a radius of one of the semi-circles of about 3 mm may
be disposed within a housing 522 having a diameter of about 5
French (1.67 mm) and more preferably 4 French (1.35 mm) or even
smaller. Such anchors 526 may measure about 6 mm or more in their
widest dimension. In some embodiments, housing 522 may have a
diametrical dimension ("d") and anchor 526 may have a diametrical
dimension ("D") in the deployed state, and the ratio of D to d may
be at least about 3.5. In other embodiments, the ratio of D to d
may be at least about 4.4, and more preferably at least about 7,
and even more preferably at least about 8.8. These are only
examples, however, and other larger or smaller anchors 526 may be
disposed within a larger or smaller housing 522. Furthermore, any
convenient number of anchors 526 may be disposed within housing
522. In one embodiment, for example, housing 522 may hold about
1-20 anchors 526, and more preferably about 3-10 anchors 526. Other
embodiments may hold more anchors 526.
Anchor contacting member 530 and pull cord 532 may have any
suitable configuration and may be manufactured from any material or
combination of materials. In alternative embodiments, contacting
member 530 may be pushed by a pusher member to contact and deploy
anchors 526. Alternatively, any of the anchor deployment devices
and methods previously described may be used.
Tether 534, as shown in FIG. 9B, may comprise any of the tethers
534 or tether-like devices already described above, or any other
suitable device. Tether 534 is generally attached to a distal-most
anchor 526 at an attachment point 536. The attachment itself may be
achieved via a knot, weld, adhesive, or by any other suitable
attachment means. Tether 234 then extends through an eyelet, loop
or other similar configuration on each on each of the anchors 526
so as to be slidably coupled with the anchors 526. In the
embodiment shown, tether 534 exits each aperture 528, then enters
the next-most-proximal aperture, passes slidably through a loop on
an anchor 526, and exits the same aperture 528. By entering and
exiting each aperture 528, tether 534 allows the plurality of
anchors 526 to be deployed into tissue and cinched. Other
configurations of housing 522, anchors 526 and tether 534 may
alternatively be used. For example, housing 522 may include a
longitudinal slit through which tether 534 may pass, thus allowing
tether 534 to reside wholly within housing before deployment.
Expandable member 524 is an optional feature of anchor delivery
device 520, and thus may be included in some embodiments and not in
others. In other words, a distal portion of anchor delivery device
520 may include housing, contents of housing, and other features
either with or without an attached expandable member. Expandable
member 524 may comprise any suitable expandable member currently
known or discovered in the future, and any method and substance(s)
may be used to expand expandable member 524. Typically, expandable
member 524 will be coupled with a surface of housing 522, will have
a larger radius than housing 522, and will be configured such that
when it is expanded as housing 522 nears or contacts the valve
annulus, expandable member 524 will push or press housing 522 into
enhanced contact with the annulus. For example, expandable member
524 may be configured to expand within a space near the corner
formed by a left ventricular wall and a mitral valve leaflet.
With reference now to FIGS. 10A-10F, a method is shown for applying
a plurality of tethered anchors 526 to a valve annulus VA in a
heart. As shown in FIG. 10A, an anchor delivery device 520 is first
contacted with the valve annulus VA such that openings 528 are
oriented to deploy anchors 526 into the annulus. Such orientation
may be achieved by any suitable technique. In one embodiment, for
example, a housing 522 having an elliptical cross-sectional shape
may be used to orient openings 528. As just described, contact
between housing 522 and the valve annulus VA may be enhanced by
expanding expandable member 524 to wedge housing within a corner
adjacent the annulus.
Generally, delivery device 520 may be advanced into any suitable
location for treating any valve by any suitable advancing or device
placement method. Many catheter-based, minimally invasive devices
and methods for performing intravascular procedures, for example,
are well known, and any such devices and methods, as well as any
other devices or method later developed, may be used to advance or
position delivery device 520 in a desired location. For example, in
one embodiment a steerable guide catheter is first advanced in
retrograde fashion through an aorta, typically via access from a
femoral artery. The steerable catheter is passed into the left
ventricle of the heart and thus into the space formed by the mitral
valve leaflets, the left ventricular wall and cordae tendineae of
the left ventricle. Once in this space, the steerable catheter is
easily advanced along a portion (or all) of the circumference of
the mitral valve. A sheath is advanced over the steerable catheter
within the space below the valve leaflets, and the steerable
catheter is removed through the sheath. Anchor delivery device 520
may then be advanced through the sheath to a desired position
within the space, and the sheath may be removed. In some cases, an
expandable member coupled to delivery device 520 may be expanded to
wedge or otherwise move delivery device 520 into the corner formed
by the left ventricular wall and the valve leaflets to enhance its
contact with the valve annulus. Of course, this is but one
exemplary method for advancing delivery device 520 to a position
for treating a valve, and any other suitable method, combination of
devices, etc. may be used.
As shown in FIG. 10B, when delivery device 520 is positioned in a
desired location for deploying anchors 526, anchor contacting
member 530 is retracted to contact and apply force to a most-distal
anchor 526 to begin deploying anchor 526 through aperture 528 and
into tissue of the valve annulus VA. FIG. 10C show anchor 526
further deployed out of aperture 528 and into valve annulus VA.
FIG. 10D shows the valve annulus VA transparently so that further
deployment of anchors 526 can be seen. As shown, in one embodiment
of the invention, anchors 526 include two sharpened tips that move
in opposite directions upon release from housing 522 and upon
contacting the valve annulus VA. Between the two sharpened tips, an
anchor 526 may be looped or have any other suitable eyelet or other
device for allowing slidable coupling with a tether 534.
Referring now to FIG. 10E, anchors 526 are seen in their fully
deployed or nearly fully deployed shape, with each pointed tip (or
"arm") of each anchor 526 having curved to form a circle or
semi-circle. Of course, in various embodiments anchors 526 may have
any other suitable deployed and undeployed shapes, as described
more fully above. FIG. 10F shows anchors 526 deployed into the
valve annulus VA and coupled with tether 534, with the distal-most
anchor 526 coupled attached fixedly to tether 524 at attachment
point 536. At this stage, tether 534 may be cinched to tighten the
annulus, thus reducing valve regurgitation. In some embodiments,
valve function may be monitored by means such as echocardiogram
and/or fluoroscopy, and tether 534 may be cinched, loosened, and
adjusted to achieve a desired amount of tightening as evident via
the employed visualization technique(s). When a desired amount of
tightening is achieved, tether 534 is then attached to a
most-proximal anchor 526 (or two or more most-proximal anchors
526), using any suitable technique, and tether 534 is then cut
proximal to the most-proximal anchor 526, thus leaving the cinched,
tethered anchors 526 in place along the valve annulus VA.
Attachment of tether 534 to the most-proximal anchor(s) 526 may be
achieved via adhesive, knotting, crimping, tying or any other
technique, and cutting tether 534 may also be performed via any
technique, such as with a cutting member coupled with housing
522.
In one embodiment, cinching tether 534, attaching tether 534 to
most-proximal anchor 526, and cutting tether 534 are achieved using
a termination device (not shown). The termination device may
comprise, for example, a catheter advancable over tether 534 that
includes a cutting member and a nitinol knot or other attachment
member for attaching tether 534 to most-proximal anchor. The
termination catheter may be advanced over tether 534 to a location
at or near the proximal end of the tethered anchors 526. It may
then be used to apply opposing force to the most-proximal anchor
526 while tether 534 is cinched. Attachment and cutting members may
then be used to attach tether 534 to most-proximal anchor 526 and
cut tether 534 just proximal to most-proximal anchor 526. Such a
termination device is only one possible way of accomplishing the
cinching, attachment and cutting steps, and any other suitable
device(s) or technique(s) may be used.
In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to deploy a first
number of anchors 526 along a first portion of a valve annulus VA,
cinch the first anchors to tighten that portion of the annulus,
move the delivery device 520 to another portion of the annulus, and
deploy and cinch a second number of anchors 526 along a second
portion of the annulus. Such a method may be more convenient, in
some cases, than extending delivery device 520 around all or most
of the circumference of the annulus, and may allow a shorter, more
maneuverable housing 522 to be used.
In an embodiment similar to that shown in FIGS. 10A-10F, an
analogous method may be used but anchors 526 may be driven out of
delivery device 520 through a biocompatible material attached to
delivery device 520, thereby attaching the biocompatible material
to the valve annulus VA. For example, in one embodiment a Dacron
strip may be attached to delivery device 520, extending along
device 520 and covering apertures 528. Anchors 526 are then driven
out of delivery device 520, through the Dacron strip, into the
valve annulus VA, thus detaching the Dacron strip from device 520
and attaching it to the valve annulus VA. Such a biocompatible
material may facilitate tissue ingrowth of anchors 526 and may
enhance attachment generally to the valve annulus VA. In an
alternative embodiment, multiple pieces of biocompatible material,
such as separate pieces of material disposed over each of apertures
528, may be used. For example, in one embodiment multiple discs of
Dacron material are disposed over multiple apertures 528.
In another embodiment, a distal portion of delivery device 520 may
be detachable from a proximal portion of delivery device 520. Such
an embodiment may be configured such that when anchors 526 are
deployed from device 520, the distal portion of device 520 detaches
from the proximal portion and is attached, via anchors 526, to the
valve annulus VA. In one embodiment, for example, anchors 526 may
pierce through the distal portion of device 520, rather than
exiting device 520 through apertures 528. The distal portion may be
detachable via any suitable means, such as perforations or the
like.
Referring now to FIG. 11, a cross-sectional depiction of a heart H
is shown with an anchor delivery device guide catheter 550 advanced
through the aorta A and into the left ventricle LV. In a preferred
embodiment, this access route to the subannular space and the valve
annulus may used. Guide catheter 550 is generally a flexible
elongate catheter which may have one or more curves or bends toward
its distal end to facilitate placement of the distal end of
catheter 550 in a subannular space 552. Subannular space 552, which
has been described above in detail, is generally defined by the
left ventricular wall, the mitral valve leaflets MVL, and cordae
tendiniae, and travels along most or all of the circumference of
the valve annulus. The distal end of guide catheter 550 may be
configured to be positioned at an opening into space 552 or within
space 552, such that subsequent catheter devices may be passed
through guide catheter 550 into space 552. In some embodiments, it
may be advantageous to provide guide catheter 550 with a curvable
portion with a radius in an expanded/curved state that is greater
than a radius of the valve annulus. For example, in one embodiment
guide catheter 550 in the expanded state has a radius about 25%-50%
larger that the valve annulus.
With reference now to FIG. 11A, a distal portion of guide catheter
550 is shown, with an anchor delivery device 558 extending through
it and out of its distal end. As shown, in one embodiment guide
catheter 550 includes at least one bend 551 or curvature, and
anchor delivery device 558 is pre-shaped to include at least one
corresponding bend 553, that has approximately the same radius of
curvature as the bend 551 in guide catheter 550. In some
embodiments (not shown), guide catheter 550 may have multiple bends
551, and anchor delivery device 558 may have multiple corresponding
bends 553. In the embodiment shown, anchor delivery device 558
includes a proximal bend 553, which corresponds to the bend 551 in
guide catheter 550, and a distal bend 555. By matching the radii of
curvature of the proximal bend 553 and the guide catheter bend 551,
the distal portion of anchor delivery device 558 becomes
automatically oriented (when advanced through guide catheter 550)
such that one or more anchor delivery apertures 557 are in contact
with the valve annulus (not shown). Moreover, distal bend 555 may
have a radius of curvature that matches approximately a radius of
curvature of a valve annulus. Alternatively, distal bend 555 may
have a radius of curvature greater than a valve annulus radius of
curvature, such that the distal portion of anchor delivery device
558 tends to push radially outward, enhancing contact of the device
558 with valve annulus tissue. Such greater radii of curvature are
described in greater detail below. Proximal bend 553 and distal
bend 555 may therefore have any suitable angles relative to one
another and relative to the more proximal portion of anchor
delivery device 558. In some embodiments, anchor delivery device
558 is also steerable.
With reference now to FIG. 11B, in the embodiment described
immediately above and/or in alternative embodiments, an anchor
delivery device 588 and a guide catheter 590 may include one or
more corresponding (or "registering") bends or orientation portions
592a, 592b at other locations along their lengths. In other words,
although bends 551, 553, 555 are shown in FIG. 11A at or near the
distal ends of guide catheter 550 and anchor delivery device 558,
similar bends could be formed at more proximal locations. For
example, FIG. 11B shows guide catheter 590 with orientation portion
592a having a chosen shape when relaxed. The chosen shape may lie
along a two-dimensional or three-dimensional path. Anchor delivery
device 588 has a corresponding orientation portion 592b along its
length which is complementary to the shape of orientation portion
592a. The chosen shape may also be created by the application of
energy, mechanical manipulation or the like. Such orientation
portions 592a, 592b could be used for further registering or
orienting delivery device 588 to a desired orientation. Typically,
when orientation portions 592a, 592b are axially aligned, which can
be indicated by orientation markers at the proximal ends of guide
catheter 590 and anchor delivery device 588 external of the
patient, proper rotary orientation can be sensed tactically by the
physician to help insure the distal end of anchor delivery device
588 is properly oriented. Delivery device 588 may be rotated,
advanced or moved in any suitable fashion within guide catheter 590
to achieve a desired orientation. The use of one or more
complementary orientation portions 592a, 592b may be used with any
of a number of various embodiments of guide catheters and anchor
delivery devices.
In a number of cases, and with reference now to FIGS. 12A-12D, it
may be advantageous to provide further support to an anchor
delivery device 658, to support the device 658 against valve
annulus tissue and/or to push the device 658 against valve annulus
tissue to enhance contact with, and anchor delivery into, the
tissue. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12A, a helical support
member 652 may be coupled with a distal end of anchor delivery
device 658 and may be extended into the left ventricle of a heart
(or other heart chamber in other embodiments) to contact the heart
wall 651 and thus support anchor delivery device 658 against the
valve annulus tissue. In alternative embodiments, helical support
member 651 may extend out of a guide catheter 650 to contact the
heart wall 651 and support anchor delivery device 658. Any suitable
means may be used for extending helical member 652 into the left
ventricle or other chamber. For example, helical member 652 is
pushed out of guide catheter 650 in one embodiment, but may
alternatively be extended out of anchor delivery device 658.
Helical member 652 may be made of any suitable material, such as
but not limited to Nitinol, stainless steel or the like.
In an alternative embodiment, pictured in FIG. 12B, a deployable
U-shaped support member 662 may be movably coupled with a distal
portion of an anchor delivery device 668, both of which are
advanceable through a guide catheter 660. Upon being advanced out
of the distal end of guide catheter 660, U-shaped member 662 may
automatically spring out, or alternatively may be manually
manipulated to extend outward, to contact the inner surface of the
heart wall and/or to contact a papillary muscle 663. As shown in
FIG. 12B, in one embodiment U-shaped member 663 contacts an
intersection of a papillary muscle 663 with the heart wall, and
thus provides upward support (solid-tipped arrows) to anchor
delivery device 668. Again, such a U-shaped member 662 may
automatically deform from a straight configuration for delivery
through guide catheter 660 into a U-shaped configuration, such as
if member 662 is made of Nitinol, spring stainless steel, or other
shape memory or super-elastic material. Alternatively, U-shaped
member 662 may be connected to anchor delivery device 668 at or
near the distal end of the device 668 and may be pushed distally to
force the U-shaped member 662 to expand into its U-shape. In an
alternative embodiment, U-shaped member 662 may be attached
proximally and may be pulled into its expanded configuration. Any
suitable method for changing the shape of U-shaped member 662 from
straight to U-shaped may be used in various embodiments.
As shown in FIG. 12C, U-shaped member 662 may optionally include an
expandable member 667, such as an inflatable balloon. Expandable
member 667 may be expanded to provide further force against and
support of anchor delivery device 668, to enhance its contact with
valve annulus tissue. In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 12D,
multiple spring members 672 may be coupled with a distal end of an
anchor delivery device 678 to provide force against an inner
surface of a heart wall (solid tipped arrows) to thus support
anchor delivery device 678 against annulus tissue (hollow tipped
arrows). Thus, various embodiments of the invention may include any
of a number of suitable support devices for enhancing support of an
anchor delivery device against valve annulus tissue, thus enhancing
the ability of the delivery device to delivery tissue anchors into
the annulus.
Referring now to FIGS. 13A-13C, in some embodiments it may be
advantageous to provide one or more devices to enhance the
attachment of a terminal tissue anchor 710 to valve annulus tissue
VA. Typically, in attaching tissue anchors to valve annulus tissue
VA, a first tethered anchor (not shown) is attached, and subsequent
anchors are then attached, ending in a final or terminal anchor
710. A tether 718 is then cinched, to apply force between the
attached anchors (hollow arrow), thus cinching the valve annulus
VA. Tether 718 is then typically attached by any suitable means to
terminal anchor 710 and then cut or otherwise detached proximal to
the terminal anchor 710, leaving the cinched, tethered anchors in
place, attached to the valve annulus VA. To relieve some of the
tension placed on terminal anchor 710 and/or to provide additional
attachment/anchoring strength to the terminal end of the tethered
anchors, one or more locking members 714 may be deployed at or near
the terminal end. For example, in one embodiment locking member 714
comprises a cylinder slidably disposed over tether 718, with prongs
712 extending from one end of the cylinder. Locking member 714 is
deployed out of the distal end of a termination catheter, guide
catheter or the like (not shown) and is then slid along tether 718,
such that prongs 712 contact and enter into valve annulus tissue
VA. In one embodiment, a pusher member 716, such as a ball slidably
disposed over tether 718, may be used to push locking member 714
forward and into engagement with tissue, as shown in FIG. 13B and
as designated by solid tipped arrows. In some embodiments, locking
member 714 engages with terminal anchor 710, as shown in FIGS. 13B
and 13C, though such engagement is not required. Once locking
member 714 is fully engaged with valve tissue VA, tether 718 is cut
proximal to locking member 714. In some embodiments, pusher member
716 remains in place, while in others it may be removed before
cutting tether 718.
A number of different variations of locking members are
contemplated in various embodiments. For example, a two-pronged
member may be used, with the prongs deployable from a delivery
position to and expanded configuration, and with the prongs
optionally engaging with the terminal anchor 710. In another
embodiment, multiple prongs may be aligned in a linear fashion
along a locking member, such as in a rake-like configuration. Yet
another embodiment include two prongs for engaging with the
terminal anchor 710 and another prong for engaging with valve
annulus tissue VA. Thus, any of a number of different embodiments
may be employed as part of the present invention. Such locking
members may be constructed from any suitable material or
combination of materials, such as Nitinol, spring stainless steel
and/or other shape memory or super-elastic materials.
FIGS. 14A-14F demonstrate a method for advancing an anchor delivery
device to a position for treating a mitral valve MV. The mitral
valve MV, including mitral valve leaflets MVL are represented
diagrammatically from an inferior perspective looking up, to depict
a method for delivering a device into subannular space 552. In FIG.
14A, first guide catheter 550 is show extending up to or into
subannular space 552, as in FIG. 11. As shown in FIG. 14B, in one
method a second guide catheter 554 may be advanced through first
guide catheter 550 to pass through/along subannular space 554. This
second guide catheter 554 is steerable in one embodiment, as will
be described further below, to help conform second guide catheter
554 to subannular space 552.
Next, as in FIG. 14C, a guide sheath 556 may be passed over second
guide catheter 554 to extend along subannular space. Sheath 556 is
generally a flexible, tubular member that can be passed over second
guide catheter 554 and within first guide catheter 550. To enhance
passage and exchange, any of these and other described catheter
members, sheath members, or the like may be manufactured from
and/or coated with one or more friction resistant materials. Once
sheath 556 is in place, second guide catheter 554 may be withdrawn,
as shown in FIG. 14D. As shown in FIG. 14E, an anchor delivery
device 558 may then be advanced through sheath 556 to a position
for treating the mitral valve MV. Sheath 556 may then be withdrawn,
as in FIG. 14F, leaving anchor delivery device 558 in place for
performing a treatment. A valve annulus treatment may be performed,
as described extensively above, and anchor delivery device 558 may
be withdrawn. In some embodiments, anchor delivery device 558 is
used to treat one portion of the valve annulus and is then moved to
another portion, typically the opposite side, to treat the other
portion of the annulus. In such embodiments, any one or more of the
steps just described may be repeated. In some embodiments, anchor
delivery device 558 is withdrawn through first guide catheter 550,
and first guide catheter 550 is then withdrawn. In alternative
embodiments, first guide catheter 550 may be withdrawn before
anchor delivery device 558.
In various embodiments, alternative means may be used to urge
anchor delivery device 558 into contact with the valve annulus. For
example, in one embodiment an expandable member is coupled with
anchor delivery device 558 and expanded within the subannular space
552. In an alternative embodiment, a magnet may be coupled with
anchor delivery device 558, and another anchor may be disposed
within the coronary sinus, in proximity to the first magnet. The
two magnets may attract one another, thus pulling the anchor
delivery device 558 into greater contact with the annulus. In
another embodiment, anchor delivery device 558 in an expanded (or
deployed) state may have a radius of curvature that is larger than
the radius of curvature of the mitral valve annulus, thus causing
device 558 to be urged against the annulus. In one embodiment, for
example, the radius of curvature of device 558 in the
expanded/deployed state is about 25%-50% larger than the radius of
curvature of the mitral valve annulus.
Various embodiments may also include visualizing the annulus using
a visualization member coupled with the anchor delivery device 558
or separate from the device 558. In some embodiments, anchors may
be driven through a strip of detachable, biocompatible material,
such as Dacron, that is coupled with anchor delivery device 558 but
that detaches to affix to the valve annulus via the anchors. In
some embodiments, the strip may then be cinched to tighten the
annulus. In other embodiments, the anchors may be driven through a
detachable, biocompatible, distal portion of the guide sheath 556,
and guide sheath 556 may then remain attached to the annulus via
the anchors. Again, in some embodiments, the detached sheath may be
cinched to tighten the annulus.
Of course, the method just described is but one embodiment of a
method for delivering an anchor delivery device to a location for
treating a valve annulus. In various alternative embodiments, one
or more steps may be added, deleted or modified while achieving a
similar result. In some embodiments, a similar method may be used
to treat the mitral valve from a superior/right atrial position or
to treat another heart valve. Additionally, other devices or
modifications of the system just described may be used in other
embodiments.
With reference now to FIGS. 15A and 15B, one embodiment of a
steerable catheter device 560 is shown. Steerable catheter device
560 may be used in a method such as that just described in
reference to FIGS. 14A-14F, for example in performing a function
similar to that performed by second guide catheter 554. In other
embodiments, catheter device 560 may perform any other suitable
function. As shown, catheter device 560 suitably includes an
elongate catheter body having a proximal portion 562 and a distal
portion 564. At least one tensioning member 568, such as but not
limited to a tensioning cord, extends from proximal portion 562 to
distal portion 564 and is coupled with the distal portion 564 and
at least one tensioning actuator 570/572 on the proximal portion.
Tensioning actuator 570/572 may include, for example, a knob 570
and a barrel 572 for wrapping and unwrapping tensioning member 568
to apply and remove tension. Tensioning member 568 is coupled with
distal portion 564 at one or more connection points 580. In some
embodiments, catheter device 560 includes a proximal housing 571,
handle or the like, coupled to the proximal end of proximal portion
562 via a hub 576 or other means. Housing 571 may be coupled with
tensioning actuator 570/572 and may include one or more arms 574
for infusing fluid or for other functions. In the embodiment shown,
arm 574 and housing 571 include a lumen 567 that is in fluid
communication with a fluid lumen 566 of the catheter body. Fluid
may be introduced through arm 574 to pass through fluid lumen 566
to provide, for example, for contrast material at the distal tip of
catheter device 560 to enhance visualization of device 560 during a
procedure. Any other suitable fluid(s) may be passed through lumens
567/566 for any other purpose. Another lumen 578 may be included in
distal portion 564, through which tensioning member 568 passes
before attaching at a distal location along distal portion 564.
FIG. 15B shows catheter device 560 in a deformed/bent
configuration, after tension has been applied to distal portion 564
by applying tension to tensioning member 568, via knob 570 and
barrel 572. The bend in distal portion 564 will allow it to conform
more readily to a valve annulus, while catheter device 560 in its
straight configuration will be more amenable to passage through
vasculature of the patient. Tensioning member 568 may be
manufactured from any suitable material or combination of
materials, such as but not limited to Nitinol, polyester, nylon,
polypropylene and/or other polymers. Some embodiments may include
two or more tensioning members 568 and/or two or more tensioning
actuators 570/572 to provide for changes in shape of distal portion
564 in multiple directions. In alternative embodiments, knob 570
and barrel 572 may be substituted with any suitable devices, such
as a pull cord, button, lever or other actuator. Various
alternatives may also be substituted for tensioning member 568 in
various embodiments. For example, shaped expandable members, shape
memory members and/or the like may be used to change the shape of
distal portion 564.
Generally, proximal portion 562 of the catheter body is less
flexible than distal portion 564. Proximal portion 562 may be made
of any suitable material, such as PEBAX, FEP, nylon, polyethylene
and/or the like, and may include a braided material, such as
stainless steel, to provide stiffness and strength. Distal portion
564 may be made of similar or other materials, but the braided
material is typically not included, to provide for greater
flexibility. Both proximal and distal portions 562/564 may have any
suitable lengths, diameters, overall configurations and the like.
In one embodiment the catheter body is approximately 140 cm in
length and 6 French in diameter, but any other suitable sizes may
be used in other embodiments. Either proximal portion 562, distal
portion 564 or preferably both, may be made from or coated with one
or more friction resistant or lubricating material to enhance
passage of device 560 through an introducer catheter and/or to
enhance passage of a sheath or other device over catheter device
560.
With reference now to FIGS. 16A-16E, another aspect of the present
invention includes improved tissue anchors for enhancing anchor
attachment to valve annulus tissue. Such improved anchors typically
include one or more features to help prevent the anchors from
pulling out of tissue, when the anchors are placed under tension
from a cinched tether, and/or to help promote tissue ingrowth of
the anchors to further enhance attachment. In one embodiment, as
shown in FIG. 16A, a tissue anchor 810 includes outwardly facing
hooks 812 or bends at the ends of the two arms of anchor 810. In
another embodiment, as in FIG. 16B, a tissue anchor 820 includes
inwardly facing hooks 822. In a related embodiment, shown in FIG.
16D, a tissue anchor 840 includes multiple bends 842. In any of
these embodiments, hooks 812, 822 or bends 842 have been found to
enhance attachment of anchors 810, 820, 840 to tissue and thus
prevent anchor pullout. In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 16C,
two arms of a tissue anchor 830 are attached at an attachment point
832. The attachment point 832 may be formed by any suitable
technique, such as soldering or the like. In another embodiment, as
in FIG. 16E, a belt 852 may be disposed over a tissue anchor 850 to
hold the two arms of the anchor together. In either of the
embodiments shown in FIGS. 16C and 16E, holding the two arms of the
anchor together has be found to reduce pullout of the anchors 830,
850 from tissue.
In the embodiments just described or in alternative embodiments,
tissue anchors may also have one or more features designed to
enhance ingrowth and/or encapsulation of the anchors into annular
tissue. Such features, for example, may include a coating, a porous
and/or rough surface, an attachment such as a polyester band or
belt, or any other suitable surface feature or added feature. By
promoting encapsulation of tissue anchors, attachment strength of
the anchors to tissue is enhanced.
Referring now to FIGS. 17A-17C, in many embodiments, self-forming
anchors 900 are stored in the delivery device in a straightened
configuration, coupled with a tether 902, as shown in FIG. 17A.
Basically, anchors 900 are held or restrained in that straightened
state, while their natural configuration is curved. Thus, when the
straightened anchor 900 is released from the delivery device into
tissue T, the anchor 900 actually pulls itself into the tissue T,
as shown in FIG. 17B, due to the storage of potential energy in the
straightened state and the tendency of each of the arms 901 of
anchors 900 to drive the tip of the arm into the tissue as
illustrated. Arms 901 are joined together at a junction 903. Each
arm 901 is braced against the other arm so that forces exerted by
tissue T on each arm 901 are opposed by the other arm 901 wherein
the arms are joined to one another. This eliminates the need for an
anchor driving device, such as required with staples, thus
substantially simplifying the assembly and method. In addition,
bracing arms 901 against one another also helps to reduce or
eliminate problems associated with tissue deflection. As shown by
the hollow-tipped arrows in FIG. 17B, the anchor 900 pulls itself
into tissue T as it assumes its natural, curved shape, and exerts
forces in vertical, horizontal and curved directions. Finally,
after pulling itself into tissue and assuming its natural shape, as
in FIG. 17C, anchor 900 is fully embedded in the tissue T.
In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18, anchors 910 may
have one curved arm and one straight arm. Such an anchor 910 will
still pull itself into tissue T, thus embedding itself and
positioning the tether 912 flush with the tissue T.
Referring now to FIG. 19A, some embodiments of a valve annulus
anchor device may include anchors 922, a tether 924, a distal force
applying member 927 coupled with the tether 924, a termination
member 926 and one or more force distributing sleeves 920 disposed
over the tether 924 and between adjacent anchors 922. In one
embodiment, as shown, a separate sleeve 920 may be disposed between
two adjacent anchors 922a, 922b. Additional sleeves 920 may
optionally be disposed between other sets of two anchors, such as
anchors 922b and 922c. In FIG. 19A, only three anchors 922 are
shown for simplicity, but any number of anchors 922 and sleeves 920
between anchors may be used in various embodiments. Sleeve 920 acts
to distribute force applied between two adjacent anchors 922, to
help prevent such anchors 922 from pulling out of tissue when force
is applied to tether 924. Sleeve 922 may be made of any suitable
material, such as but not limited to metals, such as Nitinol,
polymers, fabrics and the like. Sleeve 922 may be a solid
cylindrical member, or alternatively may have patterned cut-outs,
like a stent, or be made of ribbed, woven, braided, porous,
nonporous or any other suitable material, pattern, configuration or
the like. Sleeve 920 may be essentially rigid and axially
incompressible, while in other embodiments it may be axially
compressible. In one embodiment, sleeve 920 may be configured as
two rings, disposed adjacent two anchors 922, with the rings being
connected by a rod or shaft, so that tether 924 is not encircled by
the sleeve 922.
With reference now to FIG. 19B, in an alternative embodiment, a
sleeve 930 may be disposed over a tether 934 so as to extend
between more than two anchors 932. Such a sleeve 930 may thus
distribute force applied between a termination member 936 and a
force applying member 937 so as to help prevent anchor pull-out
from tissue. Such a sleeve 930 may include one or more openings
through which one or more middle anchors may extend. Again, sleeve
930 may have any suitable configuration, size, shape or the like
and be made of any suitable material or combination of materials.
Sleeve 930 may extend between three, four, five or any suitable
number of anchors 932 in various embodiments. In an alternative
embodiment, sleeve 930 may be pierced by one or more of the anchors
932 and thus attached to valve annulus tissue.
Although the foregoing is a complete and accurate description of
the present invention, the description provided above is for
exemplary purposes only, and variations may be made to the
embodiments described without departing from the scope of the
invention. Thus, the above description should not be construed to
limit the scope of the invention as described in the appended
claims.
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