U.S. patent number 7,647,049 [Application Number 11/456,998] was granted by the patent office on 2010-01-12 for detection of high velocity movement in a telecommunication system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (publ). Invention is credited to Lennart Andersson, Karin Engdahl.
United States Patent |
7,647,049 |
Engdahl , et al. |
January 12, 2010 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Detection of high velocity movement in a telecommunication
system
Abstract
Whether relative velocity between a transmitter and a receiver
is higher than a predetermined amount is detected. This involves
using a Doppler estimation technique to generate an estimate of
Doppler spread, {circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), based on a
received signal, and using an alternative velocity estimation
technique to generate an estimate of velocity, {circumflex over
(v)}, based on the received signal, wherein the alternative
velocity estimation technique differs from the Doppler estimation
technique. A plurality of estimates, including at least the
estimate of Doppler spread and the estimate of velocity, are used
to detect whether the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount. The
alternative velocity estimation technique may, for example, be a
second Doppler estimation technique that differs from the other
Doppler estimation technique.
Inventors: |
Engdahl; Karin (Staffanstorp,
SE), Andersson; Lennart (Hjarnarp, SE) |
Assignee: |
Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
(publ) (Stockholm, SE)
|
Family
ID: |
37672246 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/456,998 |
Filed: |
July 12, 2006 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20080014881 A1 |
Jan 17, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
455/441;
455/426.1; 455/422.1; 375/344; 370/342; 342/461 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04B
1/7117 (20130101); H04L 2027/0055 (20130101); H04L
2027/0065 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04W
36/00 (20090101) |
Field of
Search: |
;455/441,426.1,422.1
;370/342 ;375/344 ;342/461 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
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May 2003 |
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2004/048998 |
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Jun 2004 |
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WO |
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Other References
Oh, Hyuk Jun et al., "An adaptive channel estimation scheme for
DS-CDMA systems" IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 6, Sep.
24, 2000, pp. 2839-2843, Piscataway, US, XP010525099. cited by
other .
Chien, Charles et al., "Adaptive Radio for Multimedia Wireless
Links" IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17,
No. 5, May 1999, pp. 793-813, Piscataway, US, XP011054951. cited by
other .
Mohanty, Shantidev et al., "An accurate velocity estimation
algorithm for resource management in next generation wireless
systems" IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vol. 3, Dec. 14,
2004, pp. 2848-2853, Piscataway, US, XP010794300. cited by other
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European Search Report, completed Jan. 31, 2007, in connection with
U.S. Appl. No. 11/456,998. cited by other .
Baddour, K.E. et al., "Robust Doppler Spread Estimation in
Nonisotropic Scattering Environments," IEEE Vehicular Technology
Conference-Fall, (VTC-Fall 2002), Vancouver, Canada, Sep. 24-28,
2002, pp. 2459-2464. cited by other .
Tepedelenlioglu, C. et al., "Estimation of Doppler Spread and
Signal Strength in Mobile Communications with Applications to
Handoff and Adaptive Transmission," Wireless Communications and
Mobile Computing, vol. 1, No. 2, Mar. 2001, pp. 221-242. cited by
other.
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Primary Examiner: Le; Danh C
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Potomac Patent Group PLLC
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of detecting that a relative velocity between a
transmitter and a receiver in a telecommunications system is higher
than a predetermined amount, the method comprising: using a Doppler
estimation technique to generate an estimate of Doppler spread,
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), based on a received signal;
using an alternative velocity estimation technique to generate an
estimate of velocity, {circumflex over (v)}, based on the received
signal, wherein the alternative velocity estimation technique
differs from the Doppler estimation technique; and using a
plurality of estimates to detect whether the relative velocity
between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than the
predetermined amount, wherein the plurality of estimates includes
at least the estimate of Doppler spread and the estimate of
velocity.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the Doppler estimation technique
is a first Doppler estimation technique; the estimate of Doppler
spread, {circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), is a first estimate of
Doppler spread; the alternative velocity estimation technique is a
second Doppler estimation technique that differs from the first
Doppler estimation technique; and the estimate of velocity is a
second estimate of Doppler spread, {circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2).
3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the first Doppler estimation
technique comprises utilizing information about a part of the
received signal associated with a strongest path between the
transmitter and the receiver; and the second Doppler estimation
technique comprises: excluding information about a part of the
received signal associated with the strongest path between the
transmitter and the receiver; and utilizing information about a
part of the received signal associated with a secondary path
between the transmitter and the receiver.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein using the plurality of estimates
to detect whether a relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount comprises:
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount if
({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)>.tau..sub.high)OR(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)>.tau..sub.high)AND(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))>.tau..sub.r)); and concluding that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is lower
than the predetermined amount if ({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)<.tau..sub.low)AND(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)<.tau..sub.low)OR(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))<.tau..sub.r)), wherein r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)) is a parameter indicating the reliability of
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2), .tau..sub.high is a threshold
representing a minimum Doppler value associated with a relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is higher
than the predetermined amount, .tau..sub.low is a threshold
representing a maximum Doppler value associated with a relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is lower
than the predetermined amount, and .tau..sub.r is a threshold
representing a minimum required value of reliability.
5. The method of claim 2, comprising: detecting whether there
exists uninterrupted rotation of a channel estimate over a
predetermined period of time; and in response to detecting the
existence of uninterrupted rotation of the channel estimate over
the predetermined period of time, concluding that the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount.
6. The method of claim 5, comprising: in response to detecting that
the relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount, operating an automatic
frequency controller at a high update rate; and changing operation
of the automatic frequency controller to a low update rate in
response to determining that a magnitude of a frequency error
generated by the automatic frequency controller has continuously
remained below a predetermined threshold value for a predetermined
period of time.
7. The method of claim 2, comprising: determining a residual
frequency offset value, f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), f.epsilon.F, wherein
F represents a set of RAKE receiver fingers involved in automatic
frequency control operation; determining a function of the residual
frequency offset value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)); and
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount in response to
determining that the function of the residual frequency offset
value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)), is greater than a
predetermined threshold value.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein using the plurality of estimates
comprises concluding that the relative velocity between the
transmitter and the receiver is not higher than the predetermined
amount only if none of the plurality of estimates indicates that
the relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alternative velocity
estimation technique comprises: detecting whether there exists
uninterrupted rotation of a channel estimate over a predetermined
period of time; and in response to detecting the existence of
uninterrupted rotation of the channel estimate over the
predetermined period of time, concluding that the relative velocity
between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than the
predetermined amount.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the alternative velocity
estimation technique comprises: determining a residual frequency
offset value, f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), f.epsilon.F, wherein F
represents a set of RAKE receiver fingers involved in automatic
frequency control operation; determining a function of the residual
frequency offset value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)); and
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount in response to
determining that the function of the residual frequency offset
value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)), is greater than a
predetermined threshold value.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein: .zeta..function..di-elect
cons..times. ##EQU00012##
12. The method of claim 10, wherein:
.zeta..function..times..di-elect cons..times. ##EQU00013##
13. The method of claim 1, comprising: setting receiver parameters
based on whether the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is detected to be higher than the predetermined
amount.
14. The method of claim 1, comprising: setting automatic frequency
control parameters based on whether the relative velocity between
the transmitter and the receiver is detected to be higher than the
predetermined amount.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in a
user equipment.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in a
base station of the telecommunication system.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein: the telecommunication system is
a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) telecommunications
system; and the method is performed in a device associated with the
WCDMA telecommunications system.
18. An apparatus for detecting that a relative velocity between a
transmitter and a receiver in a telecommunications system is higher
than a predetermined amount, the apparatus comprising: a Doppler
estimator that generates an estimate of Doppler spread, {circumflex
over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), based on a received signal; an alternative
velocity estimator that generates an estimate of velocity,
{circumflex over (v)}, based on the received signal; and logic that
uses a plurality of estimates to detect whether the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount, wherein: the plurality of estimates
includes at least the estimate of Doppler spread and the estimate
of velocity; the Doppler estimator uses a Doppler estimation
technique; the alternative velocity estimator uses an alternative
velocity estimation technique; and the Doppler estimation technique
differs from the alternative velocity estimation technique.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the Doppler estimation
technique is a first Doppler estimation technique; the estimate of
Doppler spread, {circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), is a first
estimate of Doppler spread; the alternative velocity estimation
technique is a second Doppler estimation technique that differs
from the first Doppler estimation technique; and the estimate of
velocity is a second estimate of Doppler spread, {circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2).
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein: the first Doppler estimator
comprises logic that utilizes information about a part of the
received signal associated with a strongest path between the
transmitter and the receiver; and the second Doppler estimation
technique comprises: excluding information about a part of the
received signal associated with the strongest path between the
transmitter and the receiver; and utilizing information about a
part of the received signal associated with a secondary path
between the transmitter and the receiver.
21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the logic that uses the
plurality of estimates to detect whether a relative velocity
between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than the
predetermined amount comprises: logic that concludes that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount if ({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)>.tau..sub.high)OR(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)>.tau..sub.high)AND(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))>.tau..sub.r)); and logic that concludes that
the relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
not higher than the predetermined amount if ({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)<.tau..sub.low)AND(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)<.tau..sub.low)OR(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))<.tau..sub.r)), wherein r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)) is a parameter indicating the reliability of
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2), .tau..sub.high is a threshold
representing a minimum Doppler value associated with relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is higher
than the predetermined amount, .tau..sub.low is a threshold
representing a maximum Doppler value associated with a relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is lower
than the predetermined amount, and .tau..sub.r is a threshold
representing a minimum required value of reliability.
22. The apparatus of claim 19, comprising: logic that detects
whether there exists uninterrupted rotation of a channel estimate
over a predetermined period of time; and logic that, in response to
detecting the existence of uninterrupted rotation of the channel
estimate over the predetermined period of time, concludes that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, comprising: logic that, in response
to detecting that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount, operates an
automatic frequency controller at a high update rate; and logic
that changes operation of the automatic frequency controller to a
low update rate in response to determining that a magnitude of a
frequency error generated by the automatic frequency controller has
continuously remained below a predetermined threshold value for a
predetermined period of time.
24. The apparatus of claim 19, comprising: logic that determines a
residual frequency offset value, f.sub.err,f.sup.(res),
f.epsilon.F, wherein F represents a set of RAKE receiver fingers
involved in automatic frequency control operation; logic that
determines a function of the residual frequency offset value,
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)); and logic that concludes that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount in response to determining
that the function of the residual frequency offset value,
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)), is greater than a predetermined
threshold value.
25. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the logic that uses the
plurality of estimates comprises logic that concludes that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is not
higher than the predetermined amount only if none of the plurality
of estimates indicates that the relative velocity between the
transmitter and the receiver is higher than the predetermined
amount.
26. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the alternative velocity
estimator comprises: logic that detects whether there exists
uninterrupted rotation of a channel estimate over a predetermined
period of time; and logic that, in response to detecting the
existence of uninterrupted rotation of the channel estimate over
the predetermined period of time, concludes that the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount.
27. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the alternative velocity
estimator comprises: logic that determines a residual frequency
offset value, f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), f.epsilon.F, wherein F
represents a set of RAKE receiver fingers involved in automatic
frequency control operation; logic that determines a function of
the residual frequency offset value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res));
and logic that concludes that the relative velocity between the
transmitter and the receiver is higher than the predetermined
amount in response to determining that the function of the residual
frequency offset value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)), is greater
than a predetermined threshold value.
28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein: .zeta..function..di-elect
cons..times. ##EQU00014##
29. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein:
.zeta..function..times..di-elect cons..times. ##EQU00015##
30. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising: logic that sets receiver
parameters based on whether the relative velocity between the
transmitter and the receiver is detected to be higher than the
predetermined amount.
31. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising: logic that sets
automatic frequency control parameters based on whether the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
detected to be higher than the predetermined amount.
32. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the apparatus is part of a
user equipment.
33. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the apparatus is part of a
base station of the telecommunication system.
34. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the telecommunication
system is a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
telecommunications system; and the apparatus is part of a device
associated with the WCDMA telecommunications system.
Description
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to mobile telecommunication systems,
and more particularly to methods and apparatuses that determine
high velocity relative movement between a transmitter and a
receiver in a telecommunication system.
Digital communication systems include time-division multiple access
(TDMA) systems, such as cellular radio telephone systems that
comply with the GSM telecommunication standard and its enhancements
like GSM/EDGE, and Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems,
such as cellular radio telephone systems that comply with the
IS-95, cdma2000, and Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) telecommunication
standards. Digital communication systems also include "blended"
TDMA and CDMA systems, such as cellular radio telephone systems
that comply with the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) standard, which specifies a third generation (3G) mobile
system being developed by the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) within the International Telecommunication Union's
(ITU's) IMT-2000 framework. The Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) promulgates the UMTS standard. This application
focuses on WCDMA systems for economy of explanation, but it will be
understood that the principles described in this application can be
implemented in other digital communication systems.
WCDMA is based on direct-sequence spread-spectrum techniques, with
pseudo-noise scrambling codes and orthogonal channelization codes
separating base stations and physical channels (user equipment or
users), respectively, in the downlink (base-to-user equipment)
direction. User Equipment (UE) communicates with the system
through, for example, respective dedicated physical channels
(DPCHs). WCDMA terminology is used here, but it will be appreciated
that other systems have corresponding terminology. Scrambling and
channelization codes and transmit power control are well known in
the art.
FIG. 1 depicts a mobile radio cellular telecommunication system
100, which may be, for example, a CDMA or a WCDMA communication
system. Radio network controllers (RNCs) 112, 114 control various
radio network functions including for example radio access bearer
setup, diversity handover, and the like. More generally, each RNC
directs UE calls via the appropriate base station(s) (BSs). The UE
and BS communicate with each other through downlink (i.e.,
base-to-UE or forward) and uplink (i.e., UE-to-base or reverse)
channels. RNC 112 is shown coupled to BSs 116, 118, 120, and RNC
114 is shown coupled to BSs 122, 124, 126. Each BS serves a
geographical area that can be divided into one or more cell(s). BS
126 is shown as having five antenna sectors S1-S5, which can be
said to make up the cell of the BS 126. The BSs are coupled to
their corresponding RNCs by dedicated telephone lines, optical
fiber links, microwave links, and the like. Both RNCs 112, 114 are
connected with external networks such as the public switched
telephone network (PSTN), the Internet, and the like through one or
more core network nodes like a mobile switching center (not shown)
and/or a packet radio service node (not shown). In FIG. 1, UE 128
is shown communicating with BS 118. UE 130 is shown communicating
with plural base stations, namely BSs 120 and 122. A control link
between RNCs 112, 114 permits diversity communications to/from UE
130 via BSs 120, 122.
At the UE, the modulated carrier signal (Layer 1) is processed to
produce an estimate of the original information data stream
intended for the receiver. The composite received baseband spread
signal is commonly provided to a RAKE processor that includes a
number of "fingers", or de-spreaders, that are each assigned to
respective ones of selected components, such as multipath echoes or
streams from different base stations, in the received signal. Each
finger combines a received component with the scrambling sequence
and the appropriate channelization code so as to de-spread a
component of the received composite signal. The RAKE processor
typically de-spreads both sent information data and pilot or
training symbols that are included in the composite signal.
In a typical wireless communication system, each device (e.g. UE,
BS) has its own local oscillator which defines a time reference. It
is crucial that the local oscillators of devices communicating with
each other be aligned as precisely as possible, otherwise their
time references will drift in relation to each other. This drift
could lead to the devices no longer being capable of receiving
information properly from each other, which in turn causes degraded
receiver performance. Ultimately, the connection may be lost due to
loss of synchronization between the UE and BS.
This applies in particular to wireless telecommunication systems
such as WCDMA. In such systems, the UE applies an automatic
frequency control (AFC) mechanism to adjust its local oscillator in
a manner that keeps it well aligned with the local oscillators of
the base station(s) it is connected to.
Typical operation of the AFC comprises analyzing a characteristic
(e.g., complex channel estimates) over time, and attempting to
adjust the local oscillator such that no rotation of the channel
estimates are detected in the complex plane. This algorithm is
based on the fact that rotation corresponds to relative frequency
drift, which in turn corresponds to relative time reference
drift.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the parts of a UE involved in AFC
operation. Of particular relevance to this discussion is the local
oscillator (VCXO) 201 which generates the frequencies necessary for
operating the Front End Receiver (RX Fe) 203 and Front End
Transmitter (not shown) sections. An AFC 205 generates a digital
control signal (f.sub.err) that, after conversion to an analog
control voltage by a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) 207 adjusts
the output frequency of the local oscillator 201.
The AFC 205 may be selectively operated in one of a plurality of
different speed modes. The speed mode may be set by a Doppler
estimator 209.
Consider an example in which there are two different speed modes.
In an exemplary low speed mode, one channel estimate per finger is
collected in each slot, and in an exemplary high speed mode five
channel estimates per finger are collected in each slot. The
value
.times..function. ##EQU00001## (where "*" denotes complex
conjugation) is calculated and then filtered according to
y.sub.filt=.lamda.(y-y.sub.filt.sup.(previous))+y.sub.filt.sup.(previous)
(2) where .lamda. is a filter parameter, f denotes the fingers
involved in AFC operation, and h.sub.f and h.sub.f.sup.(previous)
are the current and previous channel estimates, respectively, for
finger f, each generated by a channel estimator 211. The filter
state is appropriately reset whenever an update of the UE frequency
reference (f.sub.UE) or a speedmode change occurs. The reported
frequency error f.sub.err is calculated as
.phi..function..phi..times..times..pi..times..times..DELTA..times..times.
##EQU00002## where .DELTA.t is the time interval between two
consecutive updates of the AFC (i.e., two consecutive collected
channel estimates), for example 1/1500 seconds in low speed mode
and 1/7500 seconds in high speed mode.
In the arrangement as described above, there is a high risk of AFC
wrap-around in certain situations. The wrap-around occurs when
.DELTA..times..times.>.times..times..DELTA..times..times.
##EQU00003## where .DELTA.f is the frequency error caused by the
Doppler shift together with the difference between the BS transmit
frequency reference and the UE receive frequency reference, and
.DELTA.t is the time interval between two consecutive updates of
the AFC (i.e., two consecutive collected channel estimates). The
inequality expressed in Equation (4) corresponds to a situation in
which the channel estimates rotate more than .+-..pi. between two
consecutive channel estimates collected by the AFC, which results
in the frequency error f.sub.err reported by the AFC being
erroneous by a multiple of
.DELTA..times..times..times..times. ##EQU00004## As an example, a
UE can be designed in which the AFC is updated once every slot in
low speed mode, whereby
.times..times..DELTA..times..times..times..times. ##EQU00005## In
an exemplary high speed mode, the UE's AFC can be updated five
times every slot, whereby
.times..times..DELTA..times..times..times..times. ##EQU00006## It
can be seen that the AFC is substantially more tolerant of
frequency errors in high speed mode than in low speed mode. It is
noted that in other embodiments that call for a different number of
channel estimates per slot, different values of .DELTA.t are
obtained. Further, as mentioned earlier, the number of speed modes
may be higher than two.
It should be noted that, in current applications of WCDMA, the UE
goes out-of-sync if the correct frequency reference is not restored
within approximately 50-150 slots.
A scenario that is especially vulnerable to AFC wrap-around when
the UE is moving at high relative velocities (assuming that the AFC
is operating in low speed mode) is that in which the UE is passing
a base station closely (less than 10 m or so).
In such a scenario, a wrap-around event can occur for relative
velocities around and above 185 km/h (i.e., the UE's velocity
relative to the base station) for embodiments in which .DELTA.t=
1/1500.
FIGS. 3(a)-(c) through 5(a)-(c) are graphs depicting exemplary
results obtained by simulating the above-described scenario,
employing a one-tap line-of-sight (LOS) channel without fading or
interference.
In this simulation, the UE is assumed to pass the base station at a
distance of 2 m. The UE frequency reference is shown without the
carrier frequency component. The same settings apply to all
simulations shown in this specification.
FIGS. 3a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC 205
when it remains in a low speed mode (speedmode equals zero, meaning
low speed mode, for all slots as depicted in the graph of FIG. 3c)
at a relative velocity of 150 km/h. FIG. 3a allows a comparison to
be made between the true Doppler shift (graph 301) and the shift in
the UE frequency (graph 303). FIG. 3b allows a comparison to be
made between the true frequency error (graph 305) and the reported
frequency error (graph 307) generated by the AFC 205. It can be
seen that, at this relative velocity, the UE is able to follow the
Doppler shift caused frequency change even when the AFC update rate
is low.
FIGS. 4a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC 205
when it remains in a low speed mode (speedmode equals zero, meaning
low speed mode, for all slots as depicted in the graph of FIG. 4c)
but the relative velocity increases to 350 km/h. FIG. 4a allows a
comparison to be made between the true Doppler shift (graph 401)
and the shift in the UE frequency (graph 403). FIG. 4b allows a
comparison to be made between the true frequency error (graph 405)
and the reported frequency error (graph 407) generated by the AFC
205. As can be seen, at this relative velocity the AFC 205 is
incapable of tracking the Doppler shift caused frequency change
when it is updated at the low rate.
FIGS. 5a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC 205
when it operates at a high speed mode (speedmode equals one,
meaning high speed mode, for all slots as depicted in the graph of
FIG. 5c) and the relative velocity is 350 km/h. FIG. 5a allows a
comparison to be made between the true Doppler shift (graph 501)
and the shift in the UE frequency (graph 503). FIG. 5b allows a
comparison to be made between the true frequency error (graph 505)
and the reported frequency error (graph 507) generated by the AFC
205. As can be seen, even at this relative velocity the AFC 205 is
able to track the Doppler shift caused frequency change when it is
updated at the high rate.
In an exemplary UE, wrap-around occurs when .DELTA.f>3750 Hz if
the AFC 205 is operating in high speed mode. Hence, wrap-around
would occur around and above 935 km/h for the above-described
scenario. This indicates that if the AFC were in high speed mode at
the proper moments in time, the wrap-around problem would be
resolved for all currently realistic velocities. However, it may be
undesirable to run the AFC in high speed modes at all times because
the AFC may become more sensitive to noise, which can result in
unnecessary toggling in UE frequency compensations in high speed
mode. This is one reason why a Doppler estimator 209 is employed in
the exemplary UE shown in FIG. 2: The Doppler estimator 209
determines the state of speedmode, which in turn governs whether
the AFC update rate will be high or low. (The Doppler estimator 209
also may be used for other purposes in the receiver chain, such as
setting parameters for, e.g., filters for channel estimation, SIR
estimation, and the like; and turning on and off algorithms, e.g.,
GRAKE in low speed mode and RAKE in high speed mode.) Different
Doppler estimation algorithms can be considered for this purpose,
such as the level crossing algorithm and the argument (or zero)
crossing algorithm. As will be explained, however, both of these
algorithms have problems with detecting high speed situations under
line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, since the algorithms measure fading
properties (which are related to the Doppler spread) and not
velocity itself. A Doppler estimate is related to the fading
characteristics of the channel, and is assumed to be approximately
proportional to the relative velocity of the device, which is true
for Rayleigh fading channels, but not at all for channels with
little (e.g., Ricean) or no fading (e.g., Additive White Gaussian
Noise, or "AWGN").
The level crossing algorithm counts the number of times the
absolute value of, for example, the complex channel estimate or an
estimated signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) value crosses a given
level, and converts the number of registered level crossings into a
Doppler estimate.
The level crossing algorithm is based on the assumption that the
higher the relative velocity is, the faster the fading is, and
hence the number of level crossings per time unit should correspond
to the relative velocity. This is a quite accurate method as long
as the paths involved are all Rayleigh distributed. However, in LOS
conditions, the strongest path is typically very dominant and has a
Ricean distribution (hence it can be fading very weakly or hardly
at all). Using a level crossing Doppler estimator in such a
situation would result in high relative velocity situations not
being detected and the AFC remaining in low speed mode.
In one of its variants, the argument crossing algorithm counts the
number of times the complex channel estimate crosses any of the
imaginary or real axes, and converts the number of registered axes
crossings into a Doppler estimate.
The argument crossing algorithm assumes that the phase variations
become faster the higher the relative velocity is, and hence the
number of crossings per time unit should correspond to the relative
velocity. This is also a quite accurate method as long as the paths
involved are all Rayleigh fading. In LOS conditions, however, the
strongest path typically experiences a rotation due to Doppler
shift, and this rotation typically dominates over the random phase
variations. Then the argument crossing Doppler estimator will
mainly register the rotation due to changes in the Doppler shift.
This creates a severe risk of the relative velocity being
underestimated, which may result in, for example, the AFC remaining
in low speed mode when it should be switching to high speed
mode.
Since none of the conventional Doppler estimation algorithms will
detect high speed situations in a LOS environment, their use in the
Doppler estimator 209 could keep the AFC 205 in low speed mode when
it should be in high speed mode, thereby creating a high risk of
AFC wrap-around in these situations.
In addition to the above application, Doppler estimation is also
used in wireless communication devices (e.g., a UE) to define other
operations (e.g., filter constants) for such things as channel
estimation, SIR estimation, and the like.
Therefore, there is a need for methods and apparatuses that can
detect high speed movement in LOS situations.
SUMMARY
It should be emphasized that the terms "comprises" and
"comprising", when used in this specification, are taken to specify
the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components; but
the use of these terms does not preclude the presence or addition
of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or
groups thereof.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the
foregoing and other objects are achieved in methods and apparatuses
that detect whether a relative velocity between a transmitter and a
receiver in a cellular telecommunications system is higher than a
predetermined amount. In one aspect, this involves using a Doppler
estimation technique to generate an estimate of Doppler spread,
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), based on a received signal;
and using an alternative velocity estimation technique to generate
an estimate of velocity, {circumflex over (v)}, based on the
received signal, wherein the alternative velocity estimation
technique differs from the Doppler estimation technique. A
plurality of estimates are then used to detect whether the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount, wherein the plurality of estimates
includes at least the estimate of Doppler spread and the estimate
of velocity.
In some embodiments, the Doppler estimation technique is a first
Doppler estimation technique; the estimate of Doppler spread,
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), is a first estimate of Doppler
spread; the alternative velocity estimation technique is a second
Doppler estimation technique that differs from the first Doppler
estimation technique; and the estimate of velocity is a second
estimate of Doppler spread, {circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2).
In such embodiments, the first Doppler estimation technique
comprises utilizing information about a part of the received signal
associated with a strongest path between the transmitter and the
receiver. Further, the second Doppler estimation technique
comprises excluding information about a part of the received signal
associated with the strongest path between the transmitter and the
receiver; and utilizing information about a part of the received
signal associated with a secondary path between the transmitter and
the receiver.
In still another aspect, using the plurality of estimates to detect
whether a relative velocity between the transmitter and the
receiver is higher than the predetermined amount comprises
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount if
({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)>.tau..sub.high)OR(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)>.tau..sub.high)AND(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))>.tau..sub.r)); and
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is lower than the predetermined amount if ({circumflex
over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1)<.tau..sub.low)AND(({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)<.tau..sub.low)OR(r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))<.tau..sub.r)), wherein r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)) is a parameter indicating the reliability of
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2), .tau..sub.high is a threshold
representing a minimum Doppler value associated with a relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is higher
than the predetermined amount, .tau..sub.low is a threshold
representing a maximum Doppler value associated with a relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver that is lower
than the predetermined amount, and .tau..sub.r is a threshold
representing a minimum required value of reliability.
In another aspect, detecting whether the relative velocity between
a receiver and a transmitter is higher than a predetermined amount
involves detecting whether there exists uninterrupted rotation of a
channel estimate over a predetermined period of time; and in
response to detecting the existence of uninterrupted rotation of
the channel estimate over the predetermined period of time,
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is higher than the predetermined amount.
In still another aspect, in response to detecting that the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount, an automatic frequency controller is
operated at a high update rate. Operation of the automatic
frequency controller is changed to a low update rate in response to
determining that a magnitude of a frequency error generated by the
automatic frequency controller has continuously remained below a
predetermined threshold value for a predetermined period of
time.
In yet another aspect, detecting whether the relative velocity
between a receiver and a transmitter is higher than a predetermined
amount involves determining a residual frequency offset value,
f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), f.epsilon.F, wherein F represents a set of
RAKE receiver fingers involved in automatic frequency control
operation; determining a function of the residual frequency offset
value, .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)); and concluding that the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount in response to determining
that the function of the residual frequency offset value,
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)), is greater than a predetermined
threshold value.
In another aspect, using the plurality of estimates comprises
concluding that the relative velocity between the transmitter and
the receiver is not higher than the predetermined amount only if
none of the plurality of estimates indicates that the relative
velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is higher than
the predetermined amount.
In various embodiments, the results of detecting whether the
relative velocity between the transmitter and the receiver is
higher than the predetermined amount can be used to set receiver
parameters, such as automatic frequency control parameters.
The various aspects can be practiced in a user equipment, as well
as in, for example, a base station of a telecommunications system.
The telecommunication system can be, for example, a Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) telecommunications system.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objects and advantages of the invention will be understood by
reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a mobile radio cellular telecommunication system
100, which may be, for example, a CDMA or a WCDMA communication
system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of those parts of a UE involved in AFC
operation.
FIGS. 3a-c are graphs depicting the results of simulating the
tracking ability of an AFC when it remains in a low speed mode of
operation and the relative velocity between the simulated
transmitter and receiver is relatively low (150 km/h).
FIGS. 4a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC
when it remains in a low speed mode of operation but the relative
velocity increases to 350 km/h.
FIGS. 5a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC
when it operates at a high speed mode and the relative velocity is
350 km/h.
FIG. 6a is a flowchart of steps/processes performed in an exemplary
embodiment that excludes signals from a strongest RAKE finger.
FIG. 6b is a flowchart of steps/processes performed in an
alternative exemplary embodiment that excludes signals from a
strongest RAKE finger to determine Doppler estimate for setting a
speedmode parameter.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of parts of a UE involved in AFC
operation and LOS detection according to embodiments employing
phase rotation as a LOS detector.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart depicting steps/processes performed by an
exemplary LOS detector for determining whether to change operation
of the AFC from low speed mode to high speed mode.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart depicting steps/processes performed by an
exemplary LOS detector for determining whether to change operation
of the AFC from high speed mode to low speed mode.
FIGS. 10a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of an AFC
when the speedmode parameter is controlled in accordance with
herein-described LOS detection techniques and the relative velocity
between transmitter and receiver is 350 km/h.
FIGS. 11a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of an AFC
when the speedmode parameter is controlled in accordance with
herein-described LOS detection techniques and the relative velocity
between transmitter and receiver is 450 km/h.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The various features of the invention will now be described with
reference to the figures, in which like parts are identified with
the same reference characters.
The various aspects of the invention will now be described in
greater detail in connection with a number of exemplary
embodiments. To facilitate an understanding of the invention, many
aspects of the invention are described in terms of sequences of
actions to be performed by elements of a computer system or other
hardware capable of executing programmed instructions. It will be
recognized that in each of the embodiments, the various actions
could be performed by specialized circuits (e.g., discrete logic
gates interconnected to perform a specialized function), by program
instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a
combination of both. Moreover, the invention can additionally be
considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer
readable carrier, such as solid-state memory, magnetic disk,
optical disk or carrier wave (such as radio frequency, audio
frequency or optical frequency carrier waves) containing an
appropriate set of computer instructions that would cause a
processor to carry out the techniques described herein. Thus, the
various aspects of the invention may be embodied in many different
forms, and all such forms are contemplated to be within the scope
of the invention. For each of the various aspects of the invention,
any such form of embodiments may be referred to herein as "logic
configured to" perform a described action, or alternatively as
"logic that" performs a described action.
In one aspect, higher reliability of relative velocity estimates in
LOS conditions is achieved by excluding the strongest path
associated with the received signal from the Doppler estimation,
since the other paths are more likely to be Rayleigh distributed at
all times. The results of such a Doppler estimation can be used
alone, but are advantageously combined (e.g., by means of a logical
OR) with the results produced by standard Doppler estimation
techniques.
Other embodiments are based on the behavior of the channel
estimates in a LOS situation with little or no fading of the
strongest path. In such a situation, the phase variations have a
random superimposed component but, unless the AFC is completely
aligned (or off by an amount k/.DELTA.t, where k is an integer),
there is a deterministic phase rotation that is completely
dominating. These other embodiments include detection of such
rotation situations, and use this detection as an indicator of a
high relative velocity LOS situation, in which there is an elevated
risk of AFC wrap-around.
These and other aspects will now be described in even greater
detail. FIG. 6a is a flowchart of steps/processes performed by
logic in a UE in an exemplary embodiment that excludes signals from
a strongest RAKE finger. The signals from the various fingers of
the RAKE receiver in the UE are evaluated, and the finger
generating the strongest signal is identified (step 601). Doppler
estimation is then performed utilizing signals from one or more of
the RAKE fingers excluding the RAKE finger identified as having the
strongest signal (step 603). The Doppler estimation may be
performed utilizing any of a number of techniques, such as but not
limited to the level crossing algorithm and the argument crossing
algorithm. In some embodiments, signals from only one RAKE finger
are used, such as signals from the second strongest RAKE finger. In
alternative embodiments, the number of crossings can be averaged
over a number of RAKE fingers, with the signals from the strongest
RAKE finger being excluded in the calculation.
It is noted that the secondary paths (i.e., the one or more signal
paths remaining after the strongest path has been excluded) may be
much weaker than the strongest path, and in some situations too
weak to give a useful Doppler estimate, {circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2). Such situations can cause unnecessary or
ill-founded speedmode switching. Thus, in alternative embodiments,
a plurality of Doppler estimates can be generated by different
techniques, at least one of which excludes signals from the
strongest RAKE finger as described above, and the results combined
in a way that is useful to the particular application. For example,
the speedmode parameter for controlling the AFC 205 in the UE of
FIG. 2 can be determined by a Doppler estimator 209 performing
steps such as the exemplary steps/processes illustrated in the
flowchart of FIG. 6b. In one aspect, the signals from the various
fingers of the RAKE receiver in the UE are evaluated, and the
finger generating the strongest signal is identified (step 651). A
first Doppler estimate, {circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1), is
generated utilizing a Doppler estimation technique that includes
signals from the RAKE finger identified as having the strongest
signal (step 653). Additionally, a second Doppler estimate,
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2), is generated by means of a
Doppler estimation technique that utilizes signals from one or more
of the RAKE fingers excluding the RAKE finger identified as having
the strongest signal (step 655). In each case, any Doppler
estimation technique can be used, such as but not limited to the
level crossing algorithm and the argument crossing algorithm.
If either of the first and second Doppler estimates ({circumflex
over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1) and {circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2))
indicates relatively high speed between the receiver in the UE and
the transmitter of the received signals ("YES" path out of decision
block 657), then the speedmode parameter is set equal to "high
speed" mode (step 659). Otherwise ("NO" path out of decision block
657), the speedmode parameter is set to a value indicating "low
speed" mode (step 661).
Testing whether either of the first and second Doppler estimates
({circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(1) and {circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)) indicates relatively high speed between the
receiver in the UE and the transmitter of the received signals can
be performed in any of a number of ways. In one exemplary
embodiment, the testing and consequent setting of the speedmode
parameter is done in accordance with
.function..times..times..function..function.>.tau..times..times..times-
..times..function.>.tau..times..times..times..times..function..function-
.>.tau..times..times..function..function.<.tau..times..times..times.-
.times..function.<.tau..times..times..times..function..function.<.ta-
u..times..function..times. ##EQU00007## where r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)(n)) is a parameter indicating the reliability of
{circumflex over (f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)(n), .tau..sub.high is a
threshold representing the minimum Doppler value associated with
high speed mode, .tau..sub.low is a threshold representing the
maximum Doppler value associated with low speed mode, and
.tau..sub.r is a threshold representing a minimum required value of
reliability. The parameter r({circumflex over
(f)}.sub.D.sup.(2)(n)) can be defined in any of a number of ways,
including but limited to: a filtered SIR value of the second
strongest finger, a power level of the second strongest finger, and
an average SIR or power level value for all but the strongest
fingers. The reliability threshold, .tau..sub.r, can be an absolute
(i.e., constant) threshold value, or may alternatively be
determined dynamically, such as having it be a function of a
filtered SIR value of the strongest finger.
The embodiments described above should be able to detect high
relative velocity in all situations except LOS situations with no
or very weak secondary paths. The situation in which the strongest
path is not a LOS path, but is Rayleigh distributed should not have
any negative impact on the method. The robustness to, for example,
imperfect channel estimates should be the same as for standard
Doppler estimators. The extra implementation cost is basically
duplication of the Doppler estimator, and a slightly more
complicated comparison (e.g., as in Equation (5)).
The discussion will now focus on other embodiments that include
detection of phase rotation, and the use of such detection as an
indicator of high relative velocity LOS situations. In a LOS
situation, the envelope of the channel estimates for the strongest
path will be fairly constant. Studying the phase variations, there
is a phase rotation that is alternatively constant, increasing or
decreasing, and this rotation is typically dominating over the
random phase variations caused by fading. The rotation is constant,
for example, when the UE is moving straight towards or away from a
base station, and it is increasing or decreasing when the UE is,
for example, passing a base station, accelerating, or warming
up.
Hence, one criterion for detecting a LOS situation is to evaluate
whether the angle between the channel estimates of the strongest
path (with UE frequency reference updates taken into account) has
the same sign over time, which means that the channel estimates are
rotating.
Detecting uninterrupted rotation of the channel estimates indicates
a LOS situation, but alone does not necessarily mean that the
relative speed between the transmitter and receiver is high. Thus,
an additional criterion is helpful to prevent low relative velocity
LOS situations from triggering high speed mode AFC operation. For
example, embodiments can be configured to permit high speed mode
operation only if the rotation angle is greater than some
threshold.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of parts of a UE involved in AFC
operation and LOS detection according to embodiments employing
phase rotation as a LOS detector. The local oscillator (VCXO) 201
generates the frequencies necessary for operating the Front End
Receiver (RX Fe) 203 and Front End Transmitter (not shown)
sections. An AFC 205 generates a digital control signal (f.sub.err)
that, after conversion to analog by a Digital-to-Analog Converter
(DAC) 207 adjusts the output frequency of the local oscillator
201.
The UE further includes an LOS detector 701 that receives channel
estimates, h.sub.f, from the channel estimator 211; and the
frequency error signal, f.sub.err, from the AFC 205. The LOS
detector 701 generates the speedmode parameter for controlling the
AFC 205. Exemplary operation of the LOS detector 701 is illustrated
by the steps/processes depicted in the flowcharts of FIGS. 8 and 9.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart depicting steps/processes for determining
whether the UE's speedmode parameter should be changed from
indicating a low speed mode to indicating a high speed mode of
operation for the AFC 205. The strategy is to determine whether the
channel estimates are experiencing a phase rotation for a
predetermined period of time. In this exemplary embodiment, a
counter is initialized to zero (step 801). Then logic in the UE
determines whether a phase rotation has been detected between a
most recent channel estimate and the previous channel estimate, and
whether the rotation is of the same sign as previously detected
rotation (decision block 803). If no phase rotation is detected
("NO" path out of decision block 803), the counter is reset to zero
(step 801).
If a phase rotation is detected ("YES" path out of decision block
803), then the counter value is adjusted (e.g., by incrementing by
"1") (step 805), and the resulting counter value is compared to a
threshold value, .tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.HS, that
corresponds to the predetermined minimum period of time that the
phase rotation should be continuously detected before AFC operation
should be changed from "low" to "high" speed mode (decision block
807). If the counter is greater than or equal to
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.HS ("YES" path out of
decision block 807), then the speedmode parameter is set to
indicate a "high" mode of operation (step 809). Otherwise ("NO"
path out of decision block 807), the phase rotation has not been
detected for a sufficient period of time, and testing continues
back at decision block 803.
A particular implementation of the principles discussed above with
respect to FIG. 8 can be in accordance with the following
pseudocode:
TABLE-US-00001 if (sign (f.sub.err,mom.sup.tot (present)) == sign
(f.sub.err,mom.sup.tot (previous))) AND (|f.sub.err,mom (present)|
> .tau..sub.1) Counter = Counter + 1; else Counter = 0; end if
Counter .gtoreq. .tau..sub.min_.sub.for_.sub.HS speedmode = high
end
where f.sub.err,mom represents the momentary (i.e., non-filtered)
frequency error of the strongest finger, f.sub.err,mom.sup.(tot)
represents the momentary (i.e., non-filtered) frequency error of
the strongest finger with accumulated UE frequency reference
updates, .DELTA.f.sub.UE.sup.(tot), taken into account; that is,
f.sub.err,mom.sup.(tot)=f.sub.err,mom-.DELTA.f.sub.UE.sup.(tot).
Here, f.sub.err,mom depends on the rotation angle
.phi..function..function. ##EQU00008## as
f.sub.err,mom=.phi..sub.mom/2.pi..DELTA.t, h and h.sup.(previous)
are the channel estimates for the strongest path for the current
and previous slot respectively, and .DELTA.t is the low-speed mode
time interval between two consecutive updates of the AFC 205, for
example
.DELTA..times..times..times. ##EQU00009##
It is noted that the purpose of the test for
|f.sub.err,mom(present)|>.tau..sub.1 in the first "if" statement
in the above pseudocode is to permit entry into high speed mode
only if the rotation angle is greater than a predetermined
threshold.
In alternative embodiments, an extra condition can be added to the
LOS detection, namely a comparison of the envelope of h to an upper
and lower threshold to determine that there is little or no
fading.
In another aspect, once it is operating in high speed mode, the UE
may make a determination of when to return to low speed mode. FIG.
9 is a flowchart depicting steps/processes for determining whether
the UE's speedmode parameter should be changed from indicating a
high speed mode to indicating a low speed mode of operation for the
AFC 205. The strategy is to determine when the magnitude of the
frequency error generated by the AFC 205 has continuously remained
below a threshold value, herein denoted
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS, for a
predetermined amount of time. This is to avoid changing operation
of the AFC 205 back to low speed mode too quickly, which can cause
aliasing problems to be encountered right away. Instead, operation
of the AFC 205 is permitted to remain in high speed mode until it
can be confirmed that the frequency error is no longer increasing.
This indicates that the local oscillator (VCXO) 201 has assumed a
correct value and that the Doppler shift is static.
Accordingly, in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 9, a counter is
initialized to zero (step 901). Next, the frequency error
(generated by the AFC 205) is compared with a threshold value,
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS (decision
block 903). If the frequency error is not less than the threshold
value .tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS
("NO" path out of decision block 903), the counter is reset to zero
(step 901) and testing continues.
If the frequency error is less than the threshold value
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS ("YES"
path out of decision block 903), then the counter value is adjusted
(e.g., by incrementing by "1") (step 905). The adjusted counter
value is then compared with a threshold value,
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS, that corresponds to a
predetermined period of time that the frequency error should
continuously be found to be less than the threshold value
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS in order
to go back to low speed mode (decision block 907). If the adjusted
counter value is not greater than the threshold value
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS ("NO" path out of
decision block 907), testing is repeated, starting back at decision
block 903.
However, if the adjusted counter value is greater than the
threshold value .tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS ("YES"
path out of decision block 907), then the speedmode parameter is
set to indicate low speed mode (step 909).
A particular implementation of the principles discussed above with
respect to FIG. 9 can be in accordance with the following
pseudocode:
TABLE-US-00002 if (|f.sub.err| <
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS ) Counter
= Counter + 1; else Counter = 0; end if Counter .gtoreq.
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS speedmode = low; end
In another aspect, embodiments are able to have proper speed mode
operation when the strongest path is fading by combining the
algorithm described with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9 with results
generated by, for example, Doppler estimation techniques, such as
those described earlier. Combination can be achieved in a logical
OR fashion (i.e., if at least one of the LOS detection and the
Doppler estimation results indicates high speed mode, then the AFC
205 should be operated in high speed mode, and the AFC 205 should
be operated in low speed mode if and only if both of the LOS
detection and the Doppler estimation results indicate low speed
mode). This arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 7 by the inclusion
of a Doppler estimator 703 (depicted in dashed lines to indicate
that it is an optional element), which provides its results to the
LOS detector 701. The Doppler estimator 703 can, for example,
operate as discussed above with respect to FIG. 6a or 6b, or in
accordance any other Doppler estimation techniques, including
conventional techniques.
Simulations of the LOS detection techniques described above with
respect to FIGS. 8 and 9 were performed, and the results depicted
in FIGS. 10-11. Doppler estimates are not used in the speedmode
setting in any of the simulations. The thresholds were set as
follows:
.tau..sub.1=60 Hz;
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.HS=16 counts (=16 slots in
low speed mode);
.tau..sub.max.sub.--.sub.FE.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS=50 Hz;
and
.tau..sub.min.sub.--.sub.for.sub.--.sub.LS=64 counts (=64/5 slots
in high speed mode).
FIGS. 10a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC
205 when the speedmode parameter is controlled in accordance with
the above-described LOS detection techniques and the relative
velocity between transmitter and receiver is 350 km/h under the
scenario conditions described earlier. FIG. 10a allows a comparison
to be made between the true Doppler shift (graph 1001) and the
shift in the UE frequency (graph 1003). FIG. 10b allows a
comparison to be made between the true frequency error (graph 1005)
and the reported frequency error (graph 1007) generated by the AFC
205. A large frequency change occurs over the interval spanning
approximately slot 925 through slot 1075. As can be seen from FIG.
10c, the above-described LOS detection techniques cause the AFC 205
to switch to high speed operation during the interval spanning
approximately slot 975 through slot 1140. As a result, the AFC 205
is able to successfully track the frequency change (compare with
FIG. 4).
FIGS. 11a-c are graphs depicting the tracking ability of the AFC
205 when the speedmode parameter is controlled in accordance with
the above-described LOS detection techniques and the relative
velocity between transmitter and receiver is 450 km/h under
scenario 1 conditions. FIG. 11a allows a comparison to be made
between the true Doppler shift (graph 1101) and the shift in the UE
frequency (graph 1103). FIG. 11b allows a comparison to be made
between the true frequency error (graph 1105) and the reported
frequency error (graph 1107) generated by the AFC 205. A large
frequency change occurs over the interval spanning approximately
slot 925 through slot 1075. As can be seen from FIG. 11c, the
above-described LOS detection techniques cause the AFC 205 to
switch to high speed operation during the interval spanning
approximately slot 960 through slot 1130. As a result, the AFC 205
is able to successfully track the frequency change.
Alternative embodiments could involve trying to detect LOS
situations only when the Doppler shift is gradually changing. This
can be accomplished by evaluating whether the angle between the
channel estimates of the strongest path (with UE frequency
reference updates taken into account) is increasing or decreasing
gradually.
In another aspect, when the received signal comprises several
multipath components and/or signals from multiple cells (e.g., as
occurs in soft handover), several RAKE fingers are then involved in
AFC operation, and in such cases a typical AFC reports a frequency
error, f.sub.err, that is a weighted combination of the frequency
errors of the respective fingers of the RAKE receiver. Other
combinations of the fingers' frequency errors are possible. For
example, one might use a non-weighted combination, the median
value, or simply the frequency error of the strongest finger. The
reported frequency error could even be equal to that of one of the
cells in soft handover, for example, the HSDPA serving cell when
applicable. In any case, the AFC will report a single frequency
error, which is used to set the frequency of the local oscillator
201. This frequency is herein denoted the AFC frequency, and the
remaining frequency error per finger (i.e., the difference between
the frequency of the respective finger and the AFC frequency) is
herein referred to as the residual frequency offset per finger,
f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), where f denotes a particular one of the
fingers in the RAKE receiver.
Knowledge about the residual frequency offsets of the respective
fingers can be used to improve UE receiver performance in high
relative velocity scenarios. That is, a function of
f.sub.err,f.sup.(res), f.epsilon.F (where F represents the set of
fingers involved in AFC operation) may be used as a switch to turn
on and off receiver algorithms, or it may be used to set parameters
in receiver algorithms such as the speedmode for AFC. The function
may be, for example,
.zeta..function..di-elect cons..times. ##EQU00010## Alternatively,
the function could be
.zeta..function..times..di-elect cons..times. ##EQU00011## among
others.
It is noted that .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)) may be interpreted
as a form of relative velocity estimate, since large residual
frequency offset values only occur in high relative velocity
situations. It is further noted, however, that high values of
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)) may not be seen in all high relative
velocity situations, such as in a single cell LOS situation.
Thus, in alternative embodiments, the function
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)) may be used as a supplementary
relative velocity estimate, with high speed being indicated when
.zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res)) is greater than a predefined
threshold value. The results of this test can then be combined
(e.g., in an OR fashion) with a Doppler estimate, and/or possibly
with one or two of the various supplementary methods described
earlier. When at least one of the Doppler estimator, the detection
algorithms described earlier, and .zeta.(f.sub.err,f.sup.(res))
indicates high speed, the UE should engage into high speed mode
operation, and low speed mode should only be applied if all
algorithms indicate low speed.
The invention has been described with reference to particular
embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled
in the art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific
forms other than those of the embodiment described above.
For example, the exemplary embodiments focus on downlink reception
at the UE. However, the various aspects described herein are
equally applicable to uplink reception by a base station.
Additionally, the various embodiments have been described in the
context of cellular telecommunications. However, the invention is
not limited to such embodiments, but rather can be applied in other
types of communications systems, such as but not limited to
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Personal Are Network (PAN)
systems using, for example, Bluetooth.RTM. technology. In such
embodiments, it will be recognized that the relative velocity
detected represents the combined affect of movement between the
several communicating devices.
Furthermore, the various embodiments illustrate situations in which
relative velocities are assumed to be characterized by one of two
states, for example, "high" and "low." However, the invention is
useful for detecting whether a relative velocity between a
transmitter and a receiver is higher than a predetermined
threshold. Thus, in some embodiments, several threshold values can
be defined, which in turn define more than two states of relative
velocity. For example, defining two thresholds can enable relative
velocity to be characterized as "low", "medium", and "high." Those
of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to adapt the
teachings above to embodiments that test against several possible
threshold values, so that the relative velocity can be
characterized with higher resolution.
Thus, the described embodiments are merely illustrative and should
not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the
invention is given by the appended claims, rather than the
preceding description, and all variations and equivalents which
fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced
therein.
* * * * *