U.S. patent number 7,623,084 [Application Number 11/519,604] was granted by the patent office on 2009-11-24 for angular diversity antenna system and feed assembly for same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Dynamics C4 Systems, Inc.. Invention is credited to Robert A. Hoferer.
United States Patent |
7,623,084 |
Hoferer |
November 24, 2009 |
Angular diversity antenna system and feed assembly for same
Abstract
A feed assembly (26) for an antenna system (38) includes a first
feed element (30) that propagates a first beam (32) and a second
feed element (34) that propagates a second beam (36). The second
feed element (34) is collocated with, but displaced vertically
from, the first feed element (30) to achieve angular diversity in
elevation. Each of the feed elements (30, 34) has an elongated
conical shape and is formed from a dielectric material. The feed
assembly (26) operates within the Ku-band frequency range to yield
high gain, collimated, independent first and second beams (32, 36).
The feed assembly (26) can be implemented in a tropospheric scatter
communication system (38) in conjunction with a reflector (22) to
provide concurrent transmit and receive capability via the two
independent, angularly separated first and second beams (32,
36).
Inventors: |
Hoferer; Robert A. (Longview,
TX) |
Assignee: |
General Dynamics C4 Systems,
Inc. (Scottsdale, AZ)
|
Family
ID: |
39169056 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/519,604 |
Filed: |
September 12, 2006 |
Prior Publication Data
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|
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20080062056 A1 |
Mar 13, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
343/776;
343/779 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01P
1/161 (20130101); H01Q 25/007 (20130101); H01Q
19/17 (20130101); H01Q 13/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
13/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;343/776,779,878,884 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Chen; Shih-Chao
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Meschkow & Gresham, PLC
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A feed assembly for an antenna system comprising: a first feed
element exhibiting an elongated conical shape having a first apex
and a first aperture at said first apex, said first feed element
propagating a first beam; and a second feed element collocated with
said first feed element, said second feed element exhibiting said
elongated conical shape having a second apex and a second aperture
at said second apex, said second feed element propagating a second
beam, and said first and second beams being substantially
non-overlapping.
2. A feed element as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and
second feed elements concurrently propagate said first and second
beams over a common frequency band.
3. A feed element as claimed in claim 2 wherein said common
frequency band is a Ku-band.
4. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein each of said first
and second feed elements are formed as a conic solid from a
dielectric material.
5. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 4 wherein said dielectric
material is fused silica.
6. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein a first
longitudinal axis of said first feed element is substantially
parallel to a second longitudinal axis of said second feed
element.
7. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein said second feed
element is vertically displaced from said first feed element.
8. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said first feed
element comprises a first conical section including said first
apex, a first base, and a first outer surface spanning between and
uniformly tapering from said first base to said first apex; and
said second feed element comprises a second conical section
including said second apex, a second base, and a second outer
surface spanning between and uniformly tapering from said base to
said second apex.
9. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 8 wherein each of said first
and second conical sections is shaped as a right circular cone.
10. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said first feed
element includes a first conical section having a first base on an
end opposing said first apex and a first reducing section coupled
to and extending away from said first base; and said second feed
element includes a second conical section having a second base on
an end opposing said second apex and a second reducing section
coupled to and extending away from said second base.
11. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 10 wherein each of said
first and second reducing sections is longitudinally aligned with a
corresponding one of said first and second conical sections.
12. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 10 wherein: said first
reducing section exhibits a stepwise reduction of a cross-section
dimension along a length of said first reducing section moving away
from said first base; and said second reducing section exhibits
said stepwise reduction of said cross-section dimension along said
length of said second reducing section moving away from said second
base.
13. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 10 further comprising: a
first waveguide having a first port in communication with said
first reducing section of said first feed element; and a second
waveguide having a second port in communication with said second
reducing section of said second feed element.
14. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 13 wherein each of said
first and second waveguides comprises an orthomode transducer
having a vertical polarization port and a horizontal polarization
port.
15. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein each of said
first and second feed elements provides a corresponding one of said
first and second beams having a 3 dB beamwidth of approximately 0.6
degrees.
16. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 1 wherein an angle of
separation of said first and second beams is approximately 0.6
degrees in elevation.
17. A tropospheric scatter communication system having angular
diversity comprising: a reflector; and a feed assembly in
communication with said reflector, said feed assembly including: a
first feed element exhibiting an elongated conical shape having a
first apex and a first aperture at said first apex, said first feed
element propagating a first beam over a Ku-band toward said
reflector; and a second feed element collocated with said first
feed element, said second feed element exhibiting said elongated
conical shape having a second apex and a second aperture at said
second apex, said second feed element propagating a second beam
over said Ku-band toward said reflector, and said first and second
beams being substantially non-overlapping.
18. A system as claimed in claim 17 wherein said reflector is a
first reflector, said feed assembly is a first feed assembly, said
first reflector and said first feed assembly form a first
troposcatter station, and said system further comprises: a second
reflector; and a second feed assembly in communication with said
first reflector to form a second troposcatter station located
remote from said first troposcatter system, said second feed
assembly including: a third feed element exhibiting said elongated
conical shape having a third apex and a third aperture at said
third apex, said third feed element propagating a third beam over
said Ku-band toward said second reflector; and a fourth feed
element collocated with said third feed element, said fourth feed
element exhibiting said elongated conical shape having a fourth
apex and a fourth aperture at said fourth apex, said fourth feed
element propagating a fourth beam over said Ku-band toward said
second reflector, said third and fourth beams being substantially
non-overlapping, wherein: an intersection of said first beam with
said third and fourth beams forms first and second scatter volumes;
an intersection of said second beam with said third and fourth
beams forms third and fourth scatter volumes; and said first,
second, third, and fourth scatter volumes form four distinct signal
paths between said first and second stations.
19. A system as claimed in claim 18 wherein each of said first,
second, third, and fourth feed elements comprises: a reducing
section extending from a base of said elongated conical shape; and
a waveguide having a port in communication with said reducing
section.
20. A system as claimed in claim 19 wherein said waveguide
comprises an orthomode transducer having a vertical polarization
port and a horizontal polarization port.
21. A feed assembly for an antenna system comprising: a first feed
element formed as a conic solid from a dielectric material, said
first feed element including a first apex, a first base, and a
first outer surface spanning between and uniformly tapering from
said first base to said first apex, said first feed element having
a first aperture at said first apex, said first feed element
propagating a first beam; and a second feed element collocated with
said first feed element, said second feed element formed as said
conic solid from said dielectric material, said second feed element
including a second apex, a second base, and a second outer surface
spanning between and uniformly tapering from said second base to
said second apex, said second feed element having a second aperture
at said second apex, said second feed element propagating a second
beam, and said first and second beams being substantially
non-overlapping.
22. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 21 wherein said first and
second feed elements concurrently propagate said first and second
beams over a Ku-band.
23. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 21 wherein: said first feed
element includes a first base on an end opposing said first apex
and a first reducing section coupled to and extending away from
said first base; and said second feed element includes a second
base on an end opposing said second apex and a second reducing
section coupled to and extending away from said second base.
24. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 23 wherein: said first
reducing section exhibits a stepwise reduction of a cross-section
dimension along a length of said first reducing section moving away
from said first base; and said second reducing section exhibits
said stepwise reduction of said cross-section dimension along said
length of said second reducing section moving away from said second
base.
25. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 23 further comprising: a
first waveguide having a first port in communication with said
first reducing section of said first feed element; and a second
waveguide having a second port in communication with said second
reducing section of said second feed element.
26. A feed assembly as claimed in claim 25 wherein each of said
first and second waveguides comprises an orthomode transducer
having a vertical polarization port and a horizontal polarization
port.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of communication
systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a
tropospheric scatter communication system having angular
diversity.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is known that radio waves transmitted towards the horizon can be
weakly received beyond the horizon due to an apparent
reflective/diffractive nature of the troposphere. The troposphere
is the layer of the earth's atmosphere from the ground to a height
of approximately eight to ten kilometers (twenty-six thousand to
thirty-two thousand feet). The scattering of radio waves off the
troposphere, known as tropospheric scatter or troposcatter, has
been utilized for commercial applications, normally on frequencies
above 500 MHz for over the horizon links, and for
transportable/temporary military and strategic communication
systems. Troposcatter is advantageous for remote telemetry, or
other links where low to medium rate data needs to be carried.
Where viable, troposcatter provides a means of communication that
is less costly than using satellites.
In the troposphere, the atmosphere is in continuous motion,
including cloud formation and other convective effects, and there
is a large decrease in temperature with height in the atmospheric
layer which creates laminar atmospheric structures. Notably, there
is no ionization in the troposphere layer. The turbulent motion of
the air in the troposphere creates vortices, eddies, and other
"blobs" as well as the laminar regions, all of which are scattering
sites for radio waves. Thus, a transmitter in a tropospheric
scatter system launches a high power signal, most of which passes
through the atmosphere into outer space. However, a small amount of
the signal is scattered when is passes through the troposphere, and
passes back to earth at a distant point.
Troposcatter communication links transmit a collimated beam and
receive the weakly scattered troposcatter signal beyond the
horizon. Both sides of a link typically utilize the same antennas
and are generally positioned to produce the same scatter angle. The
scatter angle is the angle between an initial beam of radio signal
propagated from a transmit antenna and the scattered beam reaching
a distant receive antenna.
Collimated beams are typically created using parabolic-shaped
antenna reflectors. Although the beams are initially collimated,
the beams inherently spread as they propagate forward. As a result,
a beam does not illuminate a single point in the troposphere, but
rather a sizable volume. Beams from both sides of the link (i.e.,
transmit and receive beams) are pointed so as to illuminate a
common volume known as the scatter volume.
By appropriately collimating and pointing the transmit and receive
beams, link lengths in troposcatter communication systems from
about fifty kilometers to a practical maximum of seven hundred
kilometers can be achieved. The signal strength at the receive end
of a troposcatter link decreases exponentially with increasing beam
elevation angle and the related increase in scatter angle.
Therefore, troposcatter beams are normally pointed at or close to
the horizon.
Due to both long- and short-term random tropospheric
irregularities, rapid variations in received power from the scatter
volume can result in signal "fades" by as much as twenty or more
decibels. Deep fades can occur beyond the minimum threshold of the
receiver causing a loss of signal and making the use of a
troposcatter communication link unreliable. To combat signal fade,
diversity techniques have been utilized. These diversity techniques
include, for example, spatial diversity (receiving multiple
versions of the transmitted signal that have followed a different
propagation path), frequency diversity (receiving multiple versions
of the same signal transmitted at different carrier frequencies),
polarization diversity (receiving multiple versions of a
transmitted signal via antennas with different polarization),
angular diversity (receiving two independent signals separated by a
diversity angle), time diversity (receiving multiple versions of
the same signal being transmitted at different time instances), and
combinations thereof.
Spatial diversity entails transmitting the same signal with two
antennas appropriately spaced and directed and using two other
antennas similarly arranged for reception. The antennas at each
side are typically separated by at least one hundred wavelengths to
sample different scatter volumes and thereby de-correlate signal
fades. At the receive end, signal processing can then reconstruct
the original signal based on the signals received at both receive
antennas. Unfortunately, the use of two antennas (i.e., two feeds
and two reflectors) at each side of a tropospheric link is
undesirably costly, complex, time consuming to set up and point the
antennas, and utilizes an undesirably large footprint. It would be
desirable in many troposcatter applications, particularly military
and non-permanent commercial systems, to have the same or better
link performance using only one transportable movable antenna at
each site, rather than the two needed in a spatial diversity
application.
Angular diversity entails transmitting a signal in a single beam
and equipping a receiving antenna with two feed horns in close
proximity to one another in such a manner that the transmitted beam
is received in two different directions forming the diversity angle
and giving rise to two relatively independent signals. These
independent signals can be combined or otherwise processed to
produce a received signal of sufficiently high intensity or
signal-to-noise ratio.
Angular diversity is used less than spatial diversity due to the
problem of optimizing the diversity angle, which depends on the
distance between the two receiving feeds. As the diversity angle
increases so does the statistical independence between the
intensity fadings which appear on the two received signals, with a
resulting system improvement. Unfortunately, antenna gain is
simultaneously reduced because of defocusing at large diversity
angles. Consequently, angular diversity with large diversity angles
has only been practical with large diameter antenna reflectors (for
example, greater than ten feet) in order to provide sufficient gain
and other radio frequency properties.
Some attempts have been made to position two discrete feeds as
close together as possible near the focal point of the antenna
reflector so as to utilize angular diversity with smaller diameter
antenna reflectors (for example, less than ten feed).
Unfortunately, relatively high coupling loss between the antenna
reflector and the feeds and other distortions result because the
dual feeds must compromise their horn design in order to fit within
the focal point of the antenna reflector. That is, feed assemblies
should ideally have conical or corrugated feed horns. However, such
large diameter conical or corrugated feed horns grossly overlap
each other when positioned at the focal point of the antenna
reflector. Consequently, compromises must be made in the size and
shape of the feed horns that result in significant coupling losses
and other issues.
Accordingly, what is needed is a feed assembly for an antenna
system, such as, a tropospheric scatter communication system, that
that employs angular diversity, and a dual-beam feed assembly for
same that provides a high degree of isolation between beams.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an advantage of the present invention that a
feed assembly for an antenna system is provided.
It is another advantage of the present invention that a dual-beam
feed assembly is provided that achieves angular diversity in an
antenna system without performance compromise.
Another advantage of the present invention is that a dual-beam feed
assembly is provided that enables a tropospheric scatter system to
be implemented as a cost effective, transportable, and readily
deployable system.
The above and other advantages of the present invention are carried
out in one form by a feed assembly for an antenna system. The feed
assembly includes a first feed element exhibiting an elongated
conical shape having a first apex and a first aperture at the first
apex. The first feed element propagates a first beam. A second feed
element is collocated with the first feed element, the second feed
element exhibiting the elongated conical shape having a second apex
and a second aperture at the second apex. The second feed element
propagates a second beam, and the first and second beams are
substantially non-overlapping.
The above and other advantages of the present invention are carried
out in another form by a tropospheric scatter communication system
having angular diversity. The tropospheric scatter communication
system includes a reflector and a feed assembly in communication
with the reflector. The feed assembly includes a first feed element
exhibiting an elongated conical shape having a first apex and a
first aperture at the first apex. The first feed element propagates
a first beam over a Ku-band toward the reflector. A second feed
element is collocated with the first feed element. The second feed
element exhibits the elongated conical shape having a second apex
and a second aperture at the second apex. The second feed element
propagates a second beam over the Ku-band toward the reflector. The
first and second beams are substantially non-overlapping.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be
derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when
considered in connection with the Figures, wherein like reference
numbers refer to similar items throughout the Figures, and:
FIG. 1 shows a side view of a troposcatter station in accordance
with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a tropospheric scatter
communication system utilizing two of the troposcatter stations of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a feed assembly for the
troposcatter station of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a feed head of the feed assembly
of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows an end view of a feed element of the feed head of FIG.
4;
FIG. 6 shows a side view of the feed element of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of an orthomode transducer block
assembly of the feed assembly of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 shows a side view of the orthomode transducer block
assembly; and
FIG. 9 shows a rear view of the orthomode transducer block
assembly.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention entails a dual-beam feed assembly for an
antenna system. In a preferred embodiment, the dual-beam feed
assembly is utilized in a tropospheric scatter communication system
to provide angular diversity. However, the dual-beam feed assembly
described herein may alternatively be used for line of sight (LOS)
applications and/or satellite communication (satcom) links.
Furthermore, the dual-beam feed assembly is described in connection
with a parabolic reflector antenna system. However, the dual-beam
feed assembly may alternatively be utilized in connection with
other antenna systems, such as a parabolic torus antenna system, a
spherical antenna system, a ring focus antenna system, and the
like.
FIG. 1 shows a side view of a troposcatter station 20 in accordance
with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Troposcatter
station 20 includes an antenna reflector 22 mounted on a
positioning system 24. A feed assembly 26 is in communication with
reflector 22. In particular, feed assembly 26 is coupled to
positioning system 24 via a support structure 28. Troposcatter
station 20 may be a readily transportable system configured for
transmit and receive operations in C-, X-, Ku-, and Ka-bands.
Reflector 22 is desirably a small, parabolic-shaped reflector
having an approximately 2.4 meter (8 foot) diameter. Such a
troposcatter station 20 having reflector 22 is readily transported
and deployed in a variety of environmental conditions, is rugged,
and is relatively low cost, these characteristics being attractive
for both commercial and military markets.
In accordance with the present invention, feed assembly 26 is a
dual-beam feed assembly that employs an angular diversity
technique. In particular, feed assembly 26 includes a first feed
element 30 for propagating a first collimated beam 32, and a second
feed element 34 collocated with first feed element 30 for
propagating a second beam 36. That is, first and second feed
elements 30 and 34, respectively, are positioned as close together
as possible proximate a focal point of reflector 22. Feed assembly
26 is connected to the associated radio-frequency (RF) transmitting
or receiving equipment (not shown) by means of a conventional
coaxial cable transmission line or hollow waveguide (not
visible).
Each of first and second feed elements 30 and 34, respectively, can
be configured to receive and/or transmit. When transmitting from
first feed element 30, first beam 32, i.e. the radiation from first
feed element 30, propagates toward reflector 22 where it in turn is
re-radiated in a desired direction. Likewise, when transmitting
from second feed element 34, second beam 36, i.e., the radiation
from second feed element 34, propagates toward reflector 22 where
it is also re-radiated in a desired direction. When receiving at
first feed element 30, first beam 32 is received at reflector 22
where it is focused and re-radiated toward first feed element 30.
Likewise, when receiving at second feed element 34, second beam 36
is received at reflector 22 where it is focused and re-radiated
toward second feed element 34.
In a preferred embodiment, first and second feed elements 30 and 34
concurrently propagate respective first and second beams 32 and 36
in a common frequency band, and more specifically in the Ku-band
(in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 GHz).
Operation at Ku-band frequencies, such as the 14.9 to 15.4 GHz
portion of the Ku-band frequency range provides a desirably narrow
beamwidth (discussed below), high antenna gain, and can efficiently
illuminate antenna reflector 22 having the relatively small, i.e.,
approximately 2.4 meter (8 foot) diameter.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a tropospheric scatter
communication system 38 utilizing two of troposcatter stations 20,
distinguished as a first troposcatter station 20' and a second
troposcatter station 20''. First troposcatter station 20' and
second troposcatter station 20'' are deployed in an environment 40
in an over-the-horizon configuration in which first and second
troposcatter stations 20' and 20'', respectively, cannot establish
links via line-of-sight propagation, but can instead establish
links using tropospheric scattering.
First troposcatter station 20' propagates first beam 32 and second
beam 36. Second troposcatter station 20'' propagates a third beam
42 and a fourth beam 44 via its corresponding first and second feed
elements 30 and 34, respectively (FIG. 1). An intersection of first
beam 32 with third and fourth beams 42 and 44, respectively, forms
two common volumes, namely a first scatter volume 46 and a second
scatter volume 48. Likewise, an intersection of second beam 36 with
third and fourth beams 42 and 44, respectively, creates forms two
additional common volumes, namely a third scatter volume 50 and a
fourth scatter volume 52. First, second, third, and fourth scatter
volumes 46, 48, 50, and 52 yield four distinct signal paths between
first and second troposcatter stations 20' and 20''. When a signal
is received suitable signal processing may be utilized to select
the best signal from first, second, third, and fourth scatter
volumes 46, 48, 50, and 52. The opportunity to select from up to
four separate signal paths greatly increases the reliability of a
troposcatter link of system 38 since the probability is low that
all four of first, second, third, and fourth scatter volumes 46,
48, 50, and 52 at any given time will all experience a deep
(critical) fade.
FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of feed assembly 26 for
troposcatter station 20 (FIG. 1). Feed assembly 26 includes a base
plate 54 that can be readily fixed to support structure 28 (FIG.
1). A feed head 55 is mounted to base plate 54. In general, feed
head 55 includes first and second feed elements 30 and 34,
respectively, each of which is in communication with an orthomode
transducer (described below) housed in an orthomode transducer
(OMT) block assembly 56. The orthomode transducers of OMT block
assembly 56 are, in turn, in communication with waveguides 58 for
conveying radio waves received at first and second feed elements 30
and 34 or for conveying radio waves to be transmitted from first
and second feed elements 30 and 34.
In an exemplary embodiment, two ports of waveguides 58 are
configured as receive ports 60. Receive ports 60 may be in
communication with a downconverter (not shown) or a low-noise
amplifier (not shown) as known to those skilled in the art.
Additionally, two ports of waveguides 58 are configured as transmit
ports 62 in the exemplary embodiment. Transmit ports 62 may be in
communication with a high power amplifier (not shown) also as known
to those skilled in the art. It will become apparent throughout the
ensuing discussion that feed assembly 26 need not be configured
with two receive ports 60 and two transmit ports 62, as specified
above, but can be variously set up per specific communication
constraints.
FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of feed head 55 of feed assembly 26
(FIG. 3). As mentioned above feed head 55 includes first and second
feed elements 30 and 34, respectively, and OMT block assembly 56.
First feed and second feed elements 30 and 34 exhibit an elongated
conical shape. First feed element 30 has a first apex 64 and a
first aperture 66 at first apex 64 from which first beam 32
propagates. Similarly, second feed element 34 has a second apex 68
and a second aperture 70 at second apex 68 from which second beam
36 propagates.
In a preferred embodiment, feed head 55 is arranged vertically in
troposcatter station 20 (FIG. 1) such that second feed element 34
is vertically displaced from first feed element 30. As known to
those skilled in the art, angular diversity can be used in either
the horizontal direction or vertical direction. Vertical
displacement of first and second feed elements 30 and 34 is
preferred because the level of de-correlation between common
scatter volumes is typically greater than in the case of horizontal
displacement of feed elements. However, horizontal displacement of
first and second feed elements 30 and 34, respectively, may be
implemented in lieu of vertical displacement in an alternative
embodiment.
A first longitudinal axis 72 of first feed element 30 is arranged
substantially parallel to a second longitudinal axis 74 of second
feed element 34. Parallel alignment of first and second feed
elements 30 and 34, respectively, preferably yields optimal
illumination of antenna reflector 22 (FIG. 1) by first and second
feed elements 30 and 34, respectively, without inadvertently
introducing angular diversity in the horizontal direction.
Referring to FIGS. 5-6, FIG. 5 shows an end view of first feed
element 30 of feed head 55 (FIG. 4), and FIG. 6 shows a side view
of first feed element 30. First and second feed elements 30 and 34
are largely identical. As such, the following description of first
feed element 30 applies equally to second feed element 34.
First feed element 30 includes a conical section 76 and a reducing
section 78. Conical section 76 includes first apex 66, a base 80,
and an outer surface 82 spanning between and uniformly tapering
from base 80 to first apex 66. Conical section 76 is shaped as a
right circular cone in which base 80 is a circle and first apex 66
is on a line perpendicular to the plane containing base 80.
Reducing section 78 is coupled to and extends away from base 80. In
addition, reducing section 78 is longitudinally aligned with
conical section 76. As particularly illustrated in FIG. 6, reducing
section 78 exhibits a stepwise reduction of a cross-section
dimension 84 along a length 86 of reducing section 78 moving away
from base 80.
Each of first and second feed elements 30 and 34, respectively, is
formed as a conical solid from a dielectric material. In a
preferred embodiment, the dielectric material is fused silica
(fused quartz) that has an appropriate dielectric constant, is
durable, and can be readily shaped into conical section 76 with
high precision. The dielectric material acts as a radiating element
with high directivity preventing first beam 32 (FIG. 4) from
coupling forward or backward into the path of second beam 36, and
vice versa. Additionally, the selection of fused silica allows for
the construction of a feed element of practical size and strength,
while efficiently illuminating antenna reflector 22 (FIG. 1). Fused
silica also has the unique properties of having a very low
coefficient of thermal expansion and low Ohmic losses in the
Ku-band frequency range. Although the use of fused silica is
preferred, it should be understood that other dielectric materials
may also be suitable.
Several features of first feed element 30 optimize first beam 32.
These features include the uniform tapering of conical section 76,
the presence of reducing section 78 for providing a transformation
region from air in the rectangular orthomode transducers (discussed
below) of OMT block assembly 56 (FIG. 4) to the circular solid of
conical section 76, and the use of fused silica with its particular
dielectric constant. These features yield first feed element 30
that is durable, elongated, and has an optimally-sized, i.e.,
minimized, first aperture 66 capable of propagating first beam 32
having the desired radiation characteristics of narrow bandwidth,
high antenna gain, and efficient illumination of antenna reflector
22 (FIG. 1). These same features in second feed element 34 (FIG. 4)
also yield second feed element 34 that is durable, elongated, and
has an optimally-sized, i.e., minimized, second aperture 70 (FIG.
4) capable of propagating second beam 36 having the desired
radiation characteristics of narrow bandwidth, high antenna gain,
and efficient illumination of antenna reflector 22 (FIG. 1).
The desired length and taper of each of first and second feed
elements 30 and 34, respectively, may be optimized by modeling
software known to those skilled in the art in order to tailor the
illumination of a particular antenna reflector, such as the 2.4
meter (8 foot) antenna reflector 22 mentioned herein. Such modeling
software can be used to calculate individual feed element
characteristics, return loss, radiation characteristics, and so
forth. Additional modeling software can then predict antenna
patterns, gains, side lobes, and so forth.
The utilization of Ku-band frequencies results in a 3-dB beamwidth
of approximately 0.6 degrees for each of first and second beams 32
and 36. As such the angle separation of first and second beams 32
and 36, respectively, is approximately 0.6 degrees in elevation.
Constrained by the requirements of operating at Ku-band frequency
(and the resulting 3-dB antenna beamwidth), the 2.4 meter (8 foot)
size of antenna reflector 22, and the approximately 0.6 degrees of
beam separation calls for the centers of first and second feed
elements 30 and 34 to be within 2.3 cm (0.9 inches) of each other,
and the length of each of first and second feed elements 30 and 34
to be approximately 20.3 cm (8 inches).
The approximately 0.6 degrees of angular separation between first
and second beams 32 and 36, respectively, represents an optimal
solution between de-correlating the scattering of the four common
volumes, i.e., scatter volumes 46, 48, 50, and 52 (FIG. 2) by
minimizing overlap of volumes 46, 48, 50, and 52 and minimizing the
scan loss of second beam 36 (FIG. 4). Scan loss is minimized by
minimizing the angular separation between first and second beams 32
and 36, respectively, and aiming first beam 32 at or very near the
radio horizon.
The shape of first and second feed elements 30 and 34,
respectively, the material from which they are fabricated, and a
desired operational frequency in the Ku-band yields first and
second beams 32 and 36, respectively, that are substantially
non-overlapping and highly independent. Consequently, first and
second feed elements 30 and 34 are not two separate, compromised
feed horns located close together. Rather, they represent an
integrated design which places both of first and second feed
elements 30 and 34 in approximately the same focal point with
negligible performance compromise.
Referring to FIGS. 7-9, FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of
orthomode transducer (OMT) block assembly 56 of feed assembly 26
(FIG. 3), FIG. 8 shows a side view of OMT block assembly 56, and
FIG. 9 shows a rear view of OMT block assembly 56. Discrimination
of first and second beams 32 and 34, respectively, may optionally
be increased by polarizing one of first and second beams 32 and 34
vertically linear and the other horizontally linear. This
polarization discrimination is achieved through the implementation
of OMT block assembly 56.
OMT block assembly 56 includes a first orthomode transducer 88
having a first feed port 90. Reducing section 78 (FIG. 6) of first
feed element 30 (FIG. 4) seats in first orthomode transducer 88 via
first feed port 90. First orthomode transducer 88 further includes
a first horizontal port 92 and a first vertical port 94. First
vertical port 94 is in communication with first feed port 90 via a
second passage 96, shown in ghost form. A first passage 98, also
shown in ghost form, branches from second passage 96 such that
first horizontal port 92 is also in communication with first feed
port 90.
OMT block assembly further includes a second orthomode transducer
100 having a second feed port 102. Reducing section 78 of second
feed element 34 (FIG. 4) seats in second orthomode transducer 100
via second feed port 102. Second orthomode transducer 100 further
includes a second vertical port 104 and a second horizontal port
106. Second vertical port 104 is in communication with second feed
port 102 via a third passage 108, shown in ghost form. A fourth
passage 110, also shown in ghost form, branches from third passage
108 such that second horizontal port 106 is also in communication
with second feed port 102.
Each of first and second orthomode transducers 88 and 100,
respectively, of OMT block assembly 56 are waveguide orthomode
transducers. Each of passages 96, 98, 108, and 110 are rectangular
tubes through which radio waves propagate between corresponding
first and second feed elements 30 and 34, respectively (FIG. 4),
and waveguides 58 (FIG. 3). The radio waves passing through
passages 96, 98, 108, and 110 are forced to follow the path
determined by the physical structure of the guide. As shown, first
passage 98 and corresponding first horizontal port 92 are oriented
orthogonal to second passage 96 and corresponding first vertical
port 94. Similarly, third passage 108 and corresponding second
vertical port 104 are oriented orthogonal to fourth passage 110 and
corresponding second horizontal port 106.
These dual passages in each of first and second orthomode
transducers 88 and 100, respectively, function to combine or
separate orthogonally polarized signals. That is, each of first and
second orthomode transducers 88 and 100 has both a vertical and a
horizontal port. Thus, the combination of first and second feed
elements 30 and 34, respectively, with OMT block assembly 56 yields
a four port type dual beam feed.
In an exemplary configuration, feed assembly 26 (FIG. 3) may be
configured to have two receive ports and two transmit ports. For
example, first horizontal port 92 may be configured as a transmit
port and first vertical port 94 may be configured as a receive port
for first beam 32 (FIG. 4) propagated at first feed element 30
(FIG. 4). Polarization discrimination can then be achieved by
configuring second vertical port 104 as a transmit port and second
horizontal port 106 as a receive port. In addition, feed assembly
26 is capable of concurrent reception and transmission of first and
second beams 32 and 36, respectively. It should be understood
however that the implementation of OMT block assembly 56 with first
and second independent feed elements 30 and 34, respectively,
yields a versatile system in which receive and transmit capability
can be readily changed.
In summary, the present invention teaches of a dual-beam feed
assembly for an antenna system that desirably operates at Ku-band
frequencies and achieves angular diversity. The dual-beam feed
assembly produces two concurrent beams in elevation to illuminate
separate scatter volumes. The two feed elements of the dual-beam
feed assembly have an elongated conical shape, are formed from a
dielectric material, and are closely spaced with one another at the
focal point of an antenna reflector. Operation at Ku-band
frequencies, the shape of the feed elements, and the use of a
dielectric material provides a desirably narrow beamwidth, high
antenna gain, and efficiently illuminates existing transportable
antenna reflectors. Utilization of the orthomode transducer block
provides polarization discrimination (vertical and horizontal) with
high isolation, and produces a four port type dual beam feed that
can readily be configured for concurrent receive and transmit
functionality. The dual-beam feed assembly enables a tropospheric
scatter system to be implemented as a cost effective,
transportable, and readily deployable system without performance
compromise.
Although the preferred embodiments of the invention have been
illustrated and described in detail, it will be readily apparent to
those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made
therein without departing from the spirit of the invention or from
the scope of the appended claims.
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