U.S. patent number 7,412,415 [Application Number 10/206,549] was granted by the patent office on 2008-08-12 for pair trading system and method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Morgan Stanley. Invention is credited to William Matthew Waddell.
United States Patent |
7,412,415 |
Waddell |
August 12, 2008 |
Pair trading system and method
Abstract
A method is provided for fulfilling a pair trade request and
includes the steps of receiving a plurality of pair trade requests;
executing a transaction for a first portion of one of the plurality
of pair trade requests and matching a second portion of the one of
the plurality of pair trade requests against another of the
plurality of pair trade requests.
Inventors: |
Waddell; William Matthew (Rye,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Morgan Stanley (New York,
NY)
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Family
ID: |
27613199 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/206,549 |
Filed: |
July 25, 2002 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20030130929 A1 |
Jul 10, 2003 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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60334163 |
Nov 29, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
705/37 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06Q
40/025 (20130101); G06Q 40/06 (20130101); G06Q
40/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G06Q
40/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;705/37,36,35,30-34 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
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endangered", Business Week, Finance; Hedge Funds; No. 3603; pp.
160, Nov. 9, 1998. cited by other .
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considerations", Trusts & Estates, vol. 134n5, pp. 32-40, May
1995. cited by other .
J. Newman, "Long and Short of CFD (contracts for difference)",
Money Marketing, vol. 64, Nov. 9, 2000. cited by other .
M. Garvey et al., :"How brokers facilitate trade for long-term
clients in competitive securities markets"., Journal of Business,
vol. 68, n1, p1(33), Jan. 1995. cited by other .
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1: Trade Execution, 1992. cited by other .
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by other.
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Primary Examiner: Poinvil; Frantzy
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Clifford Chance US LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.
provisional application Ser. No. 60/334,163 entitled "Method and
System for Trading Pairs of Securities," that was filed on Nov. 29,
2001, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A computer implemented method for fulfilling a pair trade
request, comprising the steps of: receiving a plurality of pair
trade requests, comprising one pair trade request and another pair
trade request, wherein each pair trade request comprises a request
to trade a first security, a request to trade a second security,
and a request to trade said first security and said second security
with a minimum spread limit, and wherein said first security and
said second security each have a bid price and an ask price;
determining the bid/bid spread in the market of said first security
and said second security; determining the ask/ask spread in the
market of said first security and said second security; determining
that the minimum spread limit of each pair trade request is met by
a range of said bid/bid spread and said ask/ask spread; executing a
transaction between a first portion of the trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least one non-pair
trade request, provided that the minimum spread limit of said one
pair trade request is met by said range of said bid/bid spread and
said ask/ask spread; and matching, using a computer, a second
portion of said trade of said first security in said one pair trade
request and at least a first portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request against said another pair
trade request, provided that a range of the minimum spread limit of
said one pair trade request and said another pair trade request
overlaps with said range of said bid/bid spread and said ask/ask
spread.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of executing a
transaction for said first portion of the trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request includes the step of:
executing a transaction for said first portion of the trade of said
first security in said one pair trade request in an external
market.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of executing a
transaction is performed by a financial institution having an order
inventory and the step of executing a transaction includes the step
of: executing a transaction for said first portion of the trade of
said first security in said one pair trade request against said
order inventory.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: executing a
transaction between a second portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request and at least another
non-pair trade request, provided that the minimum spread limit of
said one pair trade request is met by said range of said bid/bid
spread and said ask/ask spread, and wherein the step of executing
said first portion of said one pair trade request and executing
said second portion of said one pair trade request includes the
steps of: determining whether the bid price of the first security
and the bid price of the second security meet a spread limit;
determining an amount of the second security that can be sold based
on a bid size associated with the second security; calculating an
equivalent amount of said first security that can be bought based
on the amount of said second security that can be sold; adjusting
said equivalent amount of said first security based on adjustment
criteria; calculating a purchase price for said adjusted equivalent
amount of said first security based on the spread limit; executing
an initiating order to buy said adjusted equivalent amount of said
first security at said purchase price; and executing a covering
order to sell said amount of the second security.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of executing a covering
order to sell includes the step of: executing a covering order to
sell said amount of the second security at the bid price of the
second security.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising the steps of:
determining whether the ask price of the first security and the ask
price of the second security meet a spread limit; determining an
amount of the first security that can be bought based on an offer
size associated with the first security; calculating an equivalent
amount of said second security that can be sold based on the amount
of the second security that can be bought; adjusting said
equivalent amount of said second security based on adjustment
criteria; calculating a selling price for said adjusted equivalent
amount of said second security based on the spread limit; executing
an initiating order to sell said adjusted equivalent amount of said
second security at said selling price; and executing a covering
order to purchase said amount of the first security.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the step of executing a covering
order to purchase includes the step of: executing a covering order
to purchase said amount of the first security at the ask price of
the first security.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said adjustment criteria include
a minimum amount and a maximum amount.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of executing an
initiating order includes the step of: rounding said initiating
order to a round lot size.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of executing a first
portion of the trade of said first security in said one pair trade
request includes the step of: executing a first portion of the
trade of said first security in said one pair trade request in a
plurality of tranches.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said one pair trade request has
a first spread limit and said another pair trade request has a
second spread limit and wherein said step of matching said second
portion of said trade of said first security in said one pair trade
request and at least a first portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request against said another pair
trade request further includes the steps of: determining that a
range of said first spread limit and said second spread limit
overlaps with a market spread; setting a spread level; calculating
prices for the first security and the second security that are
within the market spread and based on said spread level; and
matching said second portion of said trade of said first security
in said one pair trade request and at least a first portion of the
trade of said second security in said one pair trade request
against said another pair trade request based on said calculated
prices.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of setting a spread
level includes the steps of: calculating a mean between said first
spread limit and said second spread limit; and setting said spread
level as said mean if said mean is within said market spread.
13. The method of claim 12, further including the step of:
identifying a spread amount that is closest to said mean and within
said market spread; and setting said spread level as said spread
amount if said mean is not within said market spread.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said one pair trade request has
a first spread limit, a buy ratio and a sell ratio, said another
pair trade request has a second spread limit, a buy ratio and a
sell ratio and wherein the step of matching a second portion of
said trade of said first security in said one pair trade request
and at least said first portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request against said another pair
trade request further includes the steps of: determining that said
buy ratio and said sell ratio associated with said one trade
request does not equal said buy ratio and said sell ratio of said
another pair trade request and that an overlap exists between the
range of said first spread limit and said second spread limit and a
market spread; determining that market prices exist that are within
the overlap; determining a mismatch amount in said second security
based on a difference between said buy ratio and said sell ratio
associated with said one pair trade request and said buy ratio and
said sell ratio of said another pair trade request; calculating a
cross amount for said first security and said second security;
selecting a crossing price for said first security and said second
security that is within said overlap; determining that said
mismatch amount is available at said crossing price for said second
security; matching said second portion of said trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least said first
portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair trade
request against said another pair trade request based on said
selected prices; and executing a transaction for said mismatch
amount of said second security at said crossing price for said
second security.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of determining that
said mismatch amount is available at said crossing price for said
second security includes the step of: determining that said
mismatch amount is available in an external market at said crossing
price for said second security.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of determining that
said mismatch amount is available is performed by a financial
institution having an order inventory and the step of determining
that said mismatch amount is available at said crossing price for
said second security includes the step of: determining that said
mismatch amount is available in said order inventory at said
crossing price for said second security.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said one pair trade request and
said another pair trade request indicate a number of spreads and
wherein the step of matching a second portion of said trade of said
first security in said one pair trade request and at least said
first portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair
trade request against said another pair trade request, includes the
step of: matching a second portion of said trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least said first
portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair trade
request against said another pair trade request if said number of
spreads is greater than a minimum number of spreads.
18. The method of claim 1, including the step of: receiving a
preference for filling at least some of said plurality of trade
requests via said executing step.
19. The method of claim 1, including the step of: receiving a
preference for filling at least some of said plurality of trade
requests via said matching step.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein a client submits a query
regarding a status of said pair trade request and the status of
said pair trade request is continuously updated in real time.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein said preference is submitted by
a client electronically.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein a client receives a simultaneous
report when said pair trade request is filled and the client
confirms said pair trade electronically.
23. The method of claim 1, further comprising: executing a
transaction between a second portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request and at least another
non-pair trade request, provided that the minimum spread limit of
said one pair trade request is met by said range of said bid/bid
spread and said ask/ask spread, and wherein the step of executing
said first portion of said one pair trade request and executing
said second portion of said one pair trade request includes the
step of: determining whether the ask price of the first security
and the ask price of the second security meet a spread limit;
determining an amount of the second security that can be bought
based on an ask size associated with the second security;
calculating an equivalent amount of said first security that can be
sold based on the amount of the second security that can be bought;
adjusting said equivalent amount of said first security based on
adjustment criteria; calculating a selling price for said adjusted
equivalent amount of said first security based on the spread limit;
executing an initiating order to sell said adjusted equivalent
amount of said first security at said selling price; and executing
a covering order to purchase said amount of said second
security.
24. A system for fulfilling a pair trade request, said system
receiving a plurality of pair trade requests, comprising one pair
trade request and another pair trade request, wherein each pair
trade request comprises a request to trade a first security, a
request to trade a second security, and a request to trade said
first security and said second security with a minimum spread
limit, and wherein said first security and said second security
each have a bid price and an ask price, comprising: a pair trading
engine for: determining the bid/bid spread in the market of said
first security and said second security; determining the ask/ask
spread in the market of said first security and said second
security; determining that the minimum spread limit of each pair
trade request is met by a range of said bid/bid spread and said
ask/ask spread for every security; executing a transaction between
a first portion of the trade of said first security in said one
pair trade request and at least one non-pair trade request,
provided that the minimum spread limit of said one pair trade
request is met by said range of said bid/bid spread and said
ask/ask spread; and a pair crossing network for matching a second
portion of said trade of said first security in said one pair trade
request and at least a first portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request against said another pair
trade request, provided that a range of the minimum spread limit of
said one pair trade request and said another pair trade request
overlaps with said range of said bid/bid spread and said ask/ask
spread.
25. The system of claim 24, further comprising a link to an
external market wherein said pair trading engine forwards said
transaction for said first portion of the trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request for execution in said
external market via said link.
26. The system of claim 24, further comprising a financial
institution having an order inventory and wherein said pair trading
engine executes said transaction for said first portion of the
trade of said first security in said one pair trade request against
said order inventory.
27. The system of claim 24, wherein said pair trading engine
determines whether the bid price of the first security in said one
pair trade request and the bid price of the second security in said
one pair trade request meet a spread limit; determines an amount of
the second security that can be sold based on a bid size associated
with the second security; calculates an equivalent amount of said
first security that can be bought based on the amount of said
second security that can be sold; adjusts said equivalent amount of
said first security based on adjustment criteria; calculates a
purchase price for said adjusted equivalent amount of said first
security based on the spread limit; executes an initiating order to
buy said adjusted equivalent amount of said first security at said
purchase price; and executes a covering order to sell said amount
of the second security.
28. The system of claim 27, wherein the pair trading engine
executes a covering order to sell said amount of the second
security at the bid price of the second security.
29. The system of claim 27, wherein the pair trading engine
determines whether the ask price of the first security and the ask
price of the second security meet a spread limit; determines an
amount of the first security that can be bought based on an offer
size associated with the first security; calculates an equivalent
amount of said second security that can be sold based on the amount
of the second security that can be bought; adjusts said equivalent
amount of said second security based on adjustment criteria;
calculates a selling price for said adjusted equivalent amount of
said second security based on the spread limit; executes an
initiating order to sell said adjusted equivalent amount of said
second security at said selling price; and executes a covering
order to purchase said amount of the first security.
30. The system of claim 29, wherein the pair trading engine
executes a covering order to purchase said amount of the first
security at the ask price of the first security.
31. The system of claim 27, wherein said adjustment criteria
include a minimum amount and a maximum amount.
32. The system of claim 31, wherein the pair trading engine rounds
said initiating order to a round lot size.
33. The system of claim 24, wherein the pair trading engine
executes at least a portion of the trade of one of said securities
in one of said pair trade requests in a plurality of tranches.
34. The system of claim 24, wherein said one pair trade request has
a first spread limit and said another pair trade request has a
second spread limit and wherein the pair crossing network
determines that a range of said first spread limit and said second
spread limit overlaps with a market spread; sets a spread level;
calculates prices for the first security and the second security
that are within the market spread and based on said spread level;
and matches said second portion of said trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least a first
portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair trade
request against another of said plurality of pair trade request
based on said calculated prices.
35. The system of claim 34, wherein the pair crossing network
calculates a mean between said first spread limit and said second
spread limit and sets said spread level as said mean if said mean
is within said market spread.
36. The system of claim 35, wherein the pair crossing network
identifies a spread amount that is closest to said mean and within
said market spread and sets said spread level as said spread amount
if said mean is not within said market spread.
37. The system of claim 24, wherein said one pair trade request has
a first spread limit, a buy ratio and a sell ratio, said another
pair trade request has a second spread limit, a buy ratio and a
sell ratio and wherein the pair crossing network determines that
said buy ratio and said sell ratio associated with said one pair
trade request does not equal said buy ratio and said sell ratio of
said another pair trade request and that an overlap exists between
the range of said first spread limit and said second spread limit
and a market spread; determines that market prices exist that are
within the overlap; determines a mismatch amount in said second
security based on a difference between said buy ratio and said sell
ratio associated with said one pair trade request and said buy
ratio and said sell ratio of said another pair trade request;
calculates a cross amount for said first security and said second
security; selects a crossing price for said first security and said
second security that is within said overlap; determines that said
mismatch amount is available at said crossing price for said second
security; matches said second portion of said trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least said first
portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair trade
request against said another pair trade request based on said
selected prices; and executes a transaction for said mismatch
amount of said second security at said crossing price for said
second security.
38. The system of claim 37, wherein the pair crossing network
determines that said mismatch amount is available in an external
market at said crossing price for said second security.
39. The system of claim 37, wherein the pair crossing network
determines that said mismatch amount is available at said crossing
price for said second security in said an order inventory of a
financial institution.
40. The system of claim 24, wherein said one pair trade request and
said another pair trade request indicate a number of spreads and
wherein the pair crossing network matches said second portion of
said trade of said first security in said one pair trade request
and at least said first portion of the trade of said second
security in said one pair trade request against said another pair
trade request if said number of spreads is greater than a minimum
number of spreads.
41. The system of claim 24, wherein said plurality of pair trade
requests include at least some pair trade requests indicating a
preference for execution via said pair crossing network, said
system further comprising a portfolio manager in communications
with said pair crossing network, said portfolio manager receiving
said plurality of pair trade requests and routing said at least
some of said plurality of trade requests to said pair crossing
network according to said preference.
42. The system of claim 24, said system further comprising a pair
trading engine for executing at least some of said plurality of
pair trade requests, said system further comprising a portfolio
manager in communications with said pair trading engine, wherein
said plurality of pair trade requests include at least some pair
trade requests indicating a preference for execution via said pair
trading engine, said portfolio manager receiving said plurality of
pair trade requests and routing said at least some of said
plurality of trade requests to said pair trading engine according
to said preference.
43. The method of claim 24, wherein a client submits a query
regarding a status of said pair trade request and the status of
said pair trade request is continuously updated in real time.
44. The method of claim 41, wherein said preference is submitted by
a client electronically.
45. The method of claim 24, wherein a client receives a
simultaneous report when said pair trade request is filled and the
client confirms said pair trade electronically.
46. A computer readable storage medium storing instructions for
fulfilling a pair trade request that, when executed by a computer,
cause to computer to: receive a plurality of pair trade requests,
comprising one pair trade request and another pair trade request,
wherein each pair trade request comprises a request to trade a
first security, a request to trade a second security, and a request
to trade said first security and said second security with a
minimum spread limit, and wherein said first security and said
second security each have a bid price and an ask price; determine
the bid/bid spread in the market of said first security and said
second security; determine the ask/ask spread in the market of said
first security and said second security; determine that the minimum
spread limit of each pair trade request is met by a range of said
bid/bid spread and said ask/ask spread; execute a transaction
between a first portion of the trade of said first security in said
one pair trade request and at least one non-pair trade request,
provided that the minimum spread limit of said one pair trade
request is met by the range of said bid/bid spread and said ask/ask
spread; and match a second portion of said trade of said first
security in said one pair trade request and at least a first
portion of the trade of said second security in said one pair trade
request against said another pair trade request, provided that a
range of the minimum spread limit of said one pair trade request
and said another pair trade request overlaps with said range of
said bid/bid spread and said ask/ask spread.
Description
BACKGROUND
The following invention relates to a system and method for trading
securities and, in particular, for a system and method of trading
securities in pairs.
A recognized strategy for trading securities is known as
pair-trading. Pair-trading is a non-directional investment strategy
in which the investor identifies two securities having similar
characteristics and the securities are currently trading at a price
relationship that is out of their historical trading range. The
investor exploits the price relationship between the securities by
buying the undervalued security while short-selling the overvalued
security. Because pair-trading is a market-neutral strategy, it is
a particularly desirable strategy for investing in volatile
markets.
One context in which pair trading is useful is where an investor
desires to take advantage of an arbitrage opportunity resulting
from a merger between two companies. For example, Company A has
announced a definitive agreement to acquire Company T in which case
Company T shareholders will receive 0.5 shares of Company A stock
for each share of Company T stock they own. The investor desires to
capture the "spread" between the offered consideration (0.5 shares
of A) and the price of T stock. To do this, the investor buys
shares in T stock and sells shares of A stock.
For instance, if stock T is trading at $28 per share and stock A is
trading at $60 per share, then the investor may execute a trade for
200,000 spreads by buying 200,000 shares of T stock and selling
100,000 shares of A stock. After the merger takes place, the
investor will cover the short position in stock A with the 100,000
shares of A stock the investors receives in exchange of the 200,000
shares the investor held of stock T. Thus, by executing the pair
trade, the investor locks in a $400,000 profit (assuming that the
merger goes through). The process of executing a pair trade thus
includes executing individual trades directed to each leg of the
pair trade request. An example of a system for executing trades for
filling a pair trade request is the Quantex system from ITG
[(http://www.itginc.comproducts/quantex/quantex.html)] of 380
Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017.
A challenge in implementing a pair trade is to find a counterparty
for a particular position an investor desires to establish while
minimizing "leg risk." Typically, a large pair trade is performed
"off the market" as a private transaction negotiated by a financial
institution that services large clients. For example, if an
investor desires to execute a pair trade betting that a proposed
merger between two companies will go through, the investor would
approach a financial institution seeking an investor that is
willing to bet against the merger. The financial institution then
acts as an intermediary between the two investors in which the
investors establish equal and opposite positions in the stock of
the proposed merger partners thereby completing the pair trade.
Thus by matching two pair trade requests so that the transactions
associated with each of the pair trade legs are executed
simultaneously, neither investor is exposed to leg risk that would
otherwise result for the period of time between execution of the
first leg and the second leg of the pair trade.
There are numerous drawbacks associated with the prevalent
pair-trading practice. First, pair-trading is typically limited to
clients of large financial institutions that have the ability to
identify suitable counterparties for a particular pair trade. This
is especially the case when the pair trade involves a large amount
of stock or illiquid stocks in which the only way to execute the
trade and minimize leg risk is via an "off the market" transaction
negotiated by a financial institution. Also, because a pair-trade
is typically negotiated by the parties with a financial institution
as an intermediary, the process is often slow and inefficient.
Furthermore, pair-trading under current practice is generally best
suited for large clients seeking to establish large positions
thereby providing the financial institutions with the economic
incentive to execute the transaction. Smaller clients, however,
must rely on the markets for executing pair trades, which is
unsuitable for illiquid stocks and also results in increased leg
risk.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a system and method for
trading securities in pairs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to overcoming the drawbacks of
the prior art pair trading practices. Under the present invention a
method is provided for fulfilling a pair trade request and includes
the steps of receiving a plurality of pair trade requests;
executing a transaction for a first portion of one of the plurality
of pair trade requests and matching a second portion of the one of
the plurality of pair trade requests against another of the
plurality of pair trade requests.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
executing a transaction for a first portion of one of the plurality
of pair trade requests in an external market.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
executing a transaction for a first portion of one of the plurality
of pair trade requests against the order inventory.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair trade request
includes a first security having a bid price and an ask price and a
second security having a bid price and an ask price, and the method
includes the steps of determining whether the bid price of the
first security and the bid price of the second security meet a
spread limit; determining an amount of the second security that can
be sold based on a bid size associated with the second security;
calculating an equivalent amount of the first security that can be
bought based on the amount of the second security that can be sold;
adjusting the equivalent amount of the first security based on
adjustment criteria; calculating a purchase price for the adjusted
equivalent amount of the first security based on the spread limit;
executing an initiating order to buy the adjusted equivalent amount
of the first security at the purchase price and executing a
covering order to sell the amount of the second security.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the
step of executing a covering order to sell the amount of the second
security at the bid price of the second security.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the steps of
determining whether the ask price of the first security and the ask
price of the second security and/or the bid price of the first
security and the bid price of the second security meet a spread
limit; determining an amount of the first security that can be
bought based on an offer size associated with the first security;
calculating an equivalent amount of the second security that can be
sold based on the amount of the second security that can be bought;
adjusting the equivalent amount of the second security based on
adjustment criteria; calculating a selling price for the adjusted
equivalent amount of the second security based on the spread limit;
executing an initiating order to sell the adjusted equivalent
amount of the second security at the selling price and executing a
covering order to purchase the amount of the first security.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
executing a covering order to purchase the amount of the first
security at the ask price of the first security.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the adjustment criteria
include a minimum amount and a maximum amount.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the
step of rounding the initiating order to a round lot size.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
executing a first portion of one of the plurality of pair trade
requests in a plurality of tranches.
In another exemplary embodiment, the one of the plurality of pair
trade requests and the another of the plurality of pair trade
requests include a first security and a second security, the one of
the plurality of pair trade requests has a first spread limit and
the another of said plurality of trade requests has a second spread
limit and wherein the method includes the steps of determining that
a range of the first spread limit and the second spread limit
overlaps with a market spread; setting a spread level; calculating
prices for the first security and the second security that are
within the market spread and based on the spread level and matching
the second portion of the one of the plurality of pair trade
requests against another of the plurality of pair trade requests
based on the calculated prices.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the steps
of calculating a mean between the first spread limit and the second
spread limit and setting the spread level as the mean if the mean
is within the market spread.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the
step of identifying a spread amount that is closest to the mean and
within the market spread and setting the spread level as the spread
amount if the mean is not within the market spread.
In an exemplary embodiment, the one of the plurality of pair trade
requests and the another of the plurality of pair trade requests
include a first security and a second security, the one of the
plurality of pair trade requests has a first spread limit, a buy
ratio and a sell ratio, the another of the plurality of trade
requests has a second spread limit, a buy ratio and a sell ratio
and the method includes the steps of determining that the buy ratio
and the sell ratio associated with the one of the plurality of
trade requests does not equal the buy ratio and the sell ratio of
the another of the plurality of trade requests and that an overlap
exists between range of the first spread limit and the second
spread limit and a market spread; determining that market prices
exist that are within the overlap; determining a mismatch amount in
the second security based on a difference between the buy ratio and
the sell ratio associated with the one of the plurality of trade
requests and the buy ratio and the sell ratio of the another of the
plurality of trade requests; calculating a cross amount for the
first security and the second security; selecting a crossing price
for the first security and the second security that is within the
overlap; determining that the mismatch amount is available at the
crossing price for the second security; matching the second portion
of the one of the plurality of pair trade requests against another
of the plurality of pair trade requests based on the calculated
prices and executing a transaction for the mismatch amount of the
second security at the crossing price for the second security.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
determining that the mismatch amount is available in an external
market at the crossing price for the second security.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the method is performed by a
financial institution having order inventory and includes the step
of determining that the mismatch amount is available in the order
inventory at the crossing price for the second security.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the one of the plurality
of pair trade requests and the another of the plurality of pair
trade requests indicate a number of spreads and the method includes
the step of matching a second portion of the one of the plurality
of pair trade requests against another of the plurality of pair
trade requests if the number of spreads is greater than a minimum
number of spreads.
In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
receiving a preference for filling at least some of the plurality
of trade requests via the step of executing a transaction for a
first portion of one of the plurality of pair trade requests,
described above.
In another exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of
receiving a preference for filling at least some of the plurality
of trade requests via the step of matching a second portion of the
one of the plurality of pair trade requests against another of the
plurality of pair trade requests, described above.
Under the present invention, a method for fulfilling a pair trade
request is provided and includes the steps of receiving a plurality
of pair trade requests and matching at least a portion of one of
the plurality of pair trade requests against another of the
plurality of pair trade requests.
Under the present invention, a system for fulfilling a pair trade
request is provided, the system receiving a plurality of pair trade
requests and includes a pair trading engine for executing a
transaction for a first portion of one of the plurality of pair
trade requests. The system also includes a pair crossing network
for matching a second portion of said one of the plurality of pair
trade requests against another of the plurality of pair trade
requests.
In an exemplary embodiment, the system includes a link to external
markets and wherein the pair trading engine executes the
transaction for the first portion of one of the plurality of pair
trade requests in the external markets.
In another exemplary embodiment, the system includes a financial
institution having an order inventory and wherein the pair trading
engine executes the transaction for the first portion of one of the
plurality of pair trade requests against the order inventory.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair trade request
includes a first security having a bid price and an ask price and a
second security having a bid price and an ask price, and wherein
the pair trading engine determines whether the bid price of the
first security and the bid price of the second security meet a
spread limit; determines an amount of the second security that can
be sold based on a bid size associated with the second security;
calculates an equivalent amount of the first security that can be
bought based on the amount of the second security that can be sold;
adjusts the equivalent amount of the first security based on
adjustment criteria; calculates a purchase price for the adjusted
equivalent amount of the first security based on the spread limit;
executes an initiating order to buy said adjusted equivalent amount
of the first security at the purchase price and executes a covering
order to sell the amount of the second security.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair trading engine
executes a covering order to sell the amount of the second security
at the bid price of the second security.
In an exemplary embodiment, the pair trading engine determines
whether the ask price of the first security and the ask price of
the second security meet a spread limit; determines an amount of
the first security that can be bought based on an offer size
associated with the first security; calculates an equivalent amount
of the second security that can be sold based on the amount of the
second security that can be bought; adjusts said equivalent amount
of the second security based on adjustment criteria; calculates a
selling price for the adjusted equivalent amount of the second
security based on the spread limit; executes an initiating order to
sell the adjusted equivalent amount of the second security at the
selling price; and executes a covering order to purchase the amount
of the first security.
In another exemplary embodiment, the pair trading engine executes a
covering order to purchase the amount of the first security at the
ask price of the first security.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair trading engine rounds
the initiating order to a round lot size.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair trading engine
executes a first portion of one of the plurality of pair trade
requests in a plurality of tranches.
In an exemplary embodiment, the one of the plurality of pair trade
requests and the another of the plurality of pair trade requests
include a first security and a second security, the one of the
plurality of pair trade requests has a first spread limit and the
another of the plurality of trade requests has a second spread
limit and wherein the pair crossing network determines that a range
of the first spread limit and the second spread limit overlaps with
a market spread; sets a spread level; calculates prices for the
first security and the second security that are within the market
spread and based on the spread level; and matches the second
portion of said one of the plurality of pair trade requests against
another of the plurality of pair trade requests based on the
calculated prices.
In another exemplary embodiment, the pair crossing network
calculates a mean between the first spread limit and the second
spread limit and sets the spread level as the mean if the mean is
within the market spread.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair crossing network
identifies a spread amount that is closest to the mean and within
the market spread and sets the spread level as the spread amount if
the mean is not within the market spread.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the one of said
plurality of pair trade requests and the another of the plurality
of pair trade requests include a first security and a second
security, the one of the plurality of pair trade requests has a
first spread limit, a buy ratio and a sell ratio, the another of
the plurality of trade requests has a second spread limit, a buy
ratio and a sell ratio and wherein the pair crossing network
determines that the buy ratio and the sell ratio associated with
the one of the plurality of trade requests does not equal the buy
ratio and the sell ratio of the another of the plurality of trade
requests and that an overlap exists between range of the first
spread limit and the second spread limit and a market spread;
determines that market prices exist that are within the overlap;
determines a mismatch amount in the second security based on a
difference between the buy ratio and the sell ratio associated with
the one of the plurality of trade requests and the buy ratio and
the sell ratio of the another of the plurality of trade requests;
calculates a cross amount for the first security and the second
security; selects a crossing price for the first security and the
second security that is within said overlap; determines that the
mismatch amount is available at the crossing price for the second
security; matches the second portion of the one of the plurality of
pair trade requests against another of the plurality of pair trade
requests based on the calculated prices; and executes a transaction
for the mismatch amount of the second security at the crossing
price for the second security.
In an exemplary embodiment, the pair crossing network determines
that the mismatch amount is available in an external market at the
crossing price for the second security.
In another exemplary embodiment, the pair crossing network
determines that the mismatch amount is available in the order
inventory at the crossing price for the second security.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, the one of said plurality of
pair trade requests and the another of the plurality of pair trade
requests indicate a number of spreads and wherein the pair crossing
network matches a second portion of the one of the plurality of
pair trade requests against another of the plurality of pair trade
requests if the number of spreads is greater than a minimum number
of spreads.
In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the plurality of pair
trade requests include at least some pair trade requests indicating
a preference for execution via said pair crossing network, and the
system further includes a portfolio manager in communications with
the pair crossing network, the portfolio manager receiving the
plurality of pair trade requests and routing the at least some pair
trade requests to the pair crossing network according to the
preference.
In an exemplary embodiment, the system includes a pair trading
engine for executing at least some of the plurality of pair trade
requests, further includes a portfolio manager in communications
with the pair trading engine and wherein the plurality of pair
trade requests include at least some pair trade requests indicating
a preference for execution via the pair trading engine, the
portfolio manager receiving the plurality of pair trade requests
and routing the at least some of the plurality of trade requests to
the pair trading engine according to the preference.
Under the present invention, a system for fulfilling a pair trade
request is provided, wherein the system receives a plurality of
pair trade requests and includes a pair crossing network for
matching at least one of the plurality of pair trade requests
against another of the plurality of pair trade requests.
Accordingly, a method and a system are provided for trading pair
securities.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction,
combination of elements and arrangement of parts that will be
exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of
the invention will be indicated in the claims. Other features and
advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description,
the drawings and the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to
the following description taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for trading securities in
pairs according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the steps a pair trading engine included
in the system of FIG. 1 applies to fill a pair trade request;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the steps a pair crossing network included
in the system of FIG. 1 applies to fill a pair trade request;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a process by which the pair crossing
network of the system of FIG. 1 fills imperfectly matched orders;
and
FIG. 5 is a graph for identifying the market prices for two
securities that meet the required spread limits.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a system
1 for trading securities in pairs according to the present
invention. System 1 receives pair trade requests from clients
operating client access devices 7 and attempts to fill the pair
trade requests according to the parameters associated with the
particular pair trade request. System 1 includes two different
subsystems for filling pair trade requests: a pair trading engine 3
and a pair crossing network 5. As will be described below, pair
trading engine 3 receives a pair trade request and attempts to fill
(in whole or in part) the trade request by executing the
appropriate trades in an external market 13 (that may include, by
way of non-limiting example, the New York Stock Exchange, the
NASDAQ or any other financial market). Pair trading engine 3 may
also fill (in whole or in part) a pair trade request by executing a
transaction against order inventory 11 of (non-pair) trade requests
controlled by the financial institution that is operating system 1.
In addition, pair trading engine may also fill (in whole or in
part) a pair trade request by forwarding the trade request to pair
crossing network 5 for matching with other pair trade requests.
Likewise, pair crossing network 5 receives a pair trade request and
fulfills (in whole or in part) the request by matching it against
another pair trade request received by pair crossing network 5, by
matching the request against inventory 11 controlled by the
financial institution and/or by forwarding the trade request to
pair trading engine 3 for execution in external markets 13.
System 1 also includes a portfolio manager 9 (that may be, for
example, a software program executing on a computer system) that
receives the pair trade requests from client access device 7 and
presents the trade request to either pair trading engine 3, pair
crossing network 5 or both, depending on the trade parameters set
by the client. Also, the client may query portfolio manager 9
regarding the status of any pair trade request the client has
presented to system 1.
In operation, system 1 may fulfill a pair trade request either
using pair trading engine 3, or pair crossing network 5, or a
combination of the two. For example, a pair trade request received
by system 1 may be completely filled by pair trading engine 3 as
follows.
Assume a case where XYZ is taking over ABC and is offering 0.575
shares of XYZ for each ABC share and investor Arb wants to invest
in the price difference between ABC stock and XYZ stock. To take
advantage of the price difference, Arb wants to lock in the
difference between the value offered (0.575*XYZ stock) and the
value of ABC stock by buying ABC stock and selling XYZ stock
subject to the condition that ABC-0.575 XYZ<=-$1.19 (i.e., Arb
desires to capture a $1.19 difference between XYZ's takeover offer
and ABC's share price).
In order to fill this pair trade, Arb presents a pair trade request
to portfolio manager 9 (using client access device 7). The pair
trade request typically includes a number of parameters that define
the pair trade and that also may be used by portfolio manager 9 in
determining how the pair trade request is to be filled. Arb
typically indicates in the trade request the number of spreads the
Arb desires to invest in and also provides a minimum and maximum
share amount that he is willing to trade per tranche.
For example, Arb may indicate a desire to invest in 100,000 spreads
and may only wish to trade the spread 3,000-8,000 shares at a time.
Arb generally sets this tranche size range based on the liquidity
and volatility of ABC stock and XYZ stock. Arb may set a larger
minimum tranche size if ABC stock and XYZ stock are fairly liquid
stocks because higher liquidity increases the likelihood that a
larger tranche size will be executed. Arb may set a lower maximum
tranche size if XYZ stock and ABC stock are volatile stocks so as
to limit the "leg risk" associated with executing a pair trade.
Yet another pair trade parameter Arb provides is the spread limit
(in the above case -1.19) which is the amount Arb desires to
capture in the trade. Arb does not have to provide, however, the
discrete prices at which trades for ABC and XYZ stock are to be
executed as these prices are calculated by pair trading engine 3
(and/or pair crossing network 5), as will be described below.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a flowchart describing the
steps pair trading engine 3 applies to fill a pair trade request.
The flowchart in FIG. 2 is based on the above example and the
market data listed in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ratio Bid Size Bid Price Ask Price Ask Size
ABC: 1 7,500 69 69.3125 1,500 XYZ 0.575 10,000 122 50 122 625 200
XYZ Ratio-Adjusted Value 70.4375 70.5094 Dollar Spread Bid:Bid
-1.4375 Ask:Ask -1.1969
Initially, in Step 201, pair trading engine 3 determines whether
the bid/bid prices or ask/ask prices of ABC and XYZ stock,
respectively, meet the spread limit requirement of the particular
pair trade request. In this case the bid/bid spread is
-1.4375((122.50*0.575)-69) and the ask/ask spread is -1.1969
((122.625*0.575)-69.3125) so that each spread is less than the
spread limit of -1.19, as is required for this particular trade.
Once it is determined that either the bid/bid spread or the ask/ask
spread meets the spread limit, then in Step 202, it is determined
(as is indicated in Table 1) how much XYZ stock can be sold at the
bid and how much ABC stock can be bought at the ask. In an
exemplary embodiment, the client may specify whether the bid/bid
spread, the ask/ask spread or either the bid/bid or the ask/ask
spread must exceed the indicated spread limit for a transaction to
proceed. If neither the bid/bid spread nor the ask/ask spread meets
the spread limit, the process waits a period of time (for example
0.10 seconds) and returns to Step 201 to again test whether the
bid/bid spread or the ask/ask spread meets the spread limit.
Next, in step 203, an equivalent amount of stock that can be sent
into the market (i.e., bought/sold in the market) is calculated for
a spread based on the bid/bid price spread and/or the ask/ask price
spread that meets the spread limit. In this example, if a maximum
of 10,000 shares of XYZ stock can be sold into the market (i.e.,
the XYZ bid size) then, based on the ABC:XYZ ratio (of 1:0.575 in
this case), a total of 17,391 (10,000/0.575) shares of ABC stock
are to be bought in order to execute a balanced pair trade.
Likewise, if a maximum of 1,500 shares of ABC stock can be bought
in the market (i.e., the ABC ask size), then, based on the ABC:XYZ
ratio (of 1:0.575 in this case), a total of 863 (1500.times.0.575)
shares of XYZ stock are to be sold in order to execute a balanced
pair trade.
Next, in Step 204, the pair trade share amounts calculated in Step
203 are adjusted to conform to the wave maximum and minimum
parameters (i.e., the maximum/minimum tranche size) included in the
pair trade request as well as market round lot limits. In the above
example, the amount of ABC shares to be bought that was calculated
based on the XYZ bid size (i.e., 17,391) is first rounded to an
even lot size (i.e., 17,400) and then reduced to the maximum
tranche size of 8000. Also, the amount of XYZ shares to be offered
that was calculated based on the ABC ask size (i.e., 863) is first
rounded to an even lot size (i.e., 900) and then increased to 1,700
shares to meet the minimum tranche size of 3000
(3000.times.0.575=1777). In an exemplary embodiment the minimum and
maximum tranche size is scaled by the particular ratio (for
example, in the above case, the tranche sizes for XYZ stock is
scaled by 0.575). In another embodiment, the maximum/minimum
tranche size is used for each security in the pair trade request
without scaling. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the pair
trade request includes a separate maximum/minimum tranche for each
security.
Once the share amounts for the pair trade are calculated, in Step
205, the share prices that are needed to meet the spread limit of
the pair trade request are calculated. For example, for a pair
trade based on the bid/bid price spread, in order to meet the
spread limit of $1.19 credit, the price at which ABC stock is to be
bid should be no greater than $69.2475 ((122.50.times.0.575)-1.19)
a share. Likewise, for a pair trade based on the ask/ask price
spread, in order to meet the spread limit, the price at which XYZ
stock is to be offered should be greater than or equal to $122.6130
((69.3125+1.19)/0.575) a share.
Next, once the pair trade share amounts and share prices have been
calculated, in Step 206, pair trading engine 3 sends "initiating"
orders to external markets 13 in order to fill the pair trade
request. The initiating orders may include an initiating order for
executing a pair trade based on the bid/bid spread (in this case a
bid for 8,000 shares of ABC stock at $69.2475) and/or an initiating
order for executing a pair trade based on the ask/ask spread (in
this case an offer of 1,700 shares of XYZ stock at $122.6130).
Finally, as the initiating orders sent to external markets 13 in
Step 207 get filled, pair trading engine 3 automatically sends into
the market the covering side of the pair trade. So, for example, as
the initiating order of buying 8,000 shares of ABC stock at
$69.2475 gets filled, pair trading engine 3 sends an order to
external markets 13 to sell 4,600 (8,000.times.0.575) shares of XYZ
stock at $122.50.
In an exemplary embodiment, the client's pair trade request
includes threshold amounts that indicate the amount of variance in
stock price and/or share amount the client is willing to absorb.
For example, if in the process of covering the initiating order the
price of XYZ stock dips to $122.49 (in which case the spread limit
of the pair trade would drop to 1.18), then pair trading engine 3
would still sell XYZ stock at the price of $122.49 if the $0.01
difference was within the threshold amount included in the pair
trade request. Similarly, the pair trade request may include
threshold amounts for any other pair trade parameter, including by
way of non-limiting example, the number of spreads to be purchased
and the tranche sizes. If, however, a particular threshold amount
indicated by the client is exceeded for any given pair trade
parameter, then pair trading engine 3 would attempt to cancel the
initiating order and/or the covering order (that may be possible if
the orders have not yet reached the market or have not yet been
filled). In such a case, pair trading engine 3 would then repeat
the above analysis for determining suitable initiating and cover
orders.
To fill a pair trade request, pair trading engine 3 executes trades
utilizing the method described above. Typically, pair trading
engine 3 tranches a pair trade request and trades piece-meal in
external markets 13. In certain cases, however, it may be difficult
to fill a trade request by executing several transactions in
external markets 13 either because the pair trade request is for a
very large number of spreads or includes stocks that are illiquid
(in which cases pair trading engine 3 may be ineffective in filling
the pair trade request). Also, in certain situations, a client
wishing to remain anonymous may indicate in the pair trade request
a preference that no orders be sent to external markets 13. In
these circumstances, portfolio manager 9 may route the particular
pair trade request to pair crossing network 5.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a flowchart illustrating
the steps pair crossing network 5 applies to fill a pair trade
request. The flowchart in FIG. 3 is based on the above example and
the market data listed in Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Spread Investor Action Ticker Ratio Shares
Action 2 Ticker Ratio Shares Limit* Arb Buy ABC 1 50,000 Sell XYZ
0.575 28,800 1.19 credit Antiarb Sell ABC 1 30,000 Buy XYZ 0.575
17,200 1.30 debit *Spread Limit as defined by [0.575 XYZ - ABC]
Continuing the previous example, assume the pair trade request
issued by Arb for 100,000 spreads was half-filled by pair trading
engine 3. Also, assume that system 1 receives a pair trade request
from Antiarb that indicates a desire to sell 30,000 shares of ABC
and buy 17,200 shares (a ratio of 1:0.575) and also indicates a
spread limit of 1.30 (i.e., (ABC-0.575XYZ)<=$1.30). In this case
Arb and Antiarb's orders are complimentary in the primary order
elements--securities, ratios and buy versus sell. Also, Antiarb is
willing to pay $0.11 per spread more than Arb is demanding from the
marketplace. Based on these parameters, there is an opportunity for
Arb's and Antiarb's trade requests to be filled via pair crossing
network 5.
If Antiarb's pair trade request was marked for trading by pair
trading engine 3, then portfolio manager 9 sends Antiarb's order to
pair trading engine 3 for execution. Pair trading engine 3 then
sends the parameters of Antiarb's trade request, as well as all
orders waiting for execution in pair trading engine 3, to pair
crossing network 5. Pair crossing network 5 will recognize (as
described above) that there is a crossing opportunity between Arb's
order and Antiarb's order. In this case, pair crossing network 5
then directs pair trading engine 3 to suspend the execution of
Antiarb's order in the amount that can be crossed by pair crossing
network 5 (30,000 spreads in this case). In addition, pair trading
engine 3 routes a cross amount of 30,000 spreads from Arb's order
to pair crossing network 5 for crossing against Antiarb's order. At
this point, the pair crossing network 5 crosses the Antiarb order
against a portion of Arb's order, as follows.
Assume the prevailing market conditions at the time of the cross
are as shown in Table 3. Furthermore, Table 3 indicates the XYZ
Ratio-Adjusted Value for both the bid and ask prices based on the
conversion ratio of 1:0.575. Based on the XYZ Ratio-Adjusted
Values, a Bid:Ask Spread Range (i.e., the spread provided for a
cross between the bid price of ABC stock and the XYZ Ratio-Adjusted
ask price) of -1.3863 is calculated and an Ask:Bid Spread Range
(i.e., the spread provided for a cross between the ask price of ABC
stock and the XYZ Ratio-Adjusted bid price) of -1.05 is
calculated.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ratio Bid Size Bid Price Ask Price Ask Size
ABC: 1 5,000 70 70.25 3,500 XYZ: 0.575 6,500 124 124.15 3,000 XYZ
Ratio-Adjusted Value 71.30 71.3863 Spread Range Bid:Ask -1.3863
Ask:Bid -1.05
To perform the cross, in Step 301 pair crossing network 5 first
determines whether the range of spread limits associated with Arb's
and Antiarb's trade requests (i.e., $1.30-$1.19) coincides with the
range of the prevailing market spread ($1.3863-$1.05). In this
example, the range of spread limits does coincide with the
prevailing market spread because at least a portion of the spread
limit range overlaps with a portion of the market spread. Thus, a
cross can occur.
Next, in Step 302, pair crossing network 5 calculates the mean of
Arb's and Antiarb's spread order limit which is
($1.30+$1.19)/2=$1.245 and determines whether the mean is within
the range of the market spread (i.e., $1.3863-$1.05). If it is,
then in Step 303, pair crossing network 5 calculates the prices at
which to cross. The prices must be within the current markets for
ABC stock and XYZ stock, and satisfy market uptick requirements
(for short sales), and provide a spread that is equal to the spread
level calculated above. For example, with the inside market for ABC
stock at 70.00-70.25 and the inside market for XYZ stock at
124.00-124.15, a cross price of 70.11 for ABC stock and 124.096 for
XYZ stock provides the spread of 1.2452 thereby meeting the
requirement of both Arb's and Antiarb's trade request. Finally, in
Step 304, pair crossing network 5 crosses 30,000 shares of ABC
stock at $70.11 (with Arb buying and Antiarb selling) and 17,200
shares of XYZ at $124.096 (with Arb selling and Antiarb
buying).
If it is determined in Step 302 that the mean of Arb's and
Antiarb's spread order limits does not fall within the range of the
market spread, then in Step 305, the spread closest to the mean of
the two spread limits that is also within the market spread is
calculated. For example, if the market spread is $1.3863-$1.28,
then the mean of the two spread limits ($1.245) is not within the
market spread. In such a case, $1.28 is selected as the spread
level that is closest to the mean and within the market spread. In
an exemplary embodiment, the spread level at which Arb and Antiarb
cross can be determined in any other suitable manner as long as the
spread level is within the market spread and within the range of
spread limits indicated in the pair trade requests.
Once the spread level is determined, the method proceeds to Step
303 in which pair crossing network 5 calculates prices to cross at
that are within the current markets for ABC stock and XYZ stock and
that meet the calculated spread level. In the case where the
calculated spread level is $1.28, the cross will occur at a price
of $70.08 for ABC stock and $124.1043 for XYZ stock. Finally, the
method proceeds to Step 304 in which pair crossing network 5
performs the cross between Arb and Antiarb.
Once a pair trade request is filled (or partially filled), the
transaction details are reported to portfolio manager 9 and made
available to the client operating client access device 7.
In the previous example, pair crossing network 5 crosses orders in
which both Arb and Antiarb desire to trade the same pair of
securities in the same ratio. In an exemplary embodiment, pair
crossing network 5 executes a cross between two pair trade requests
that are not perfectly matched.
For example, assume that pair crossing network 5 receives the pair
trade requests as shown in Table 4. Note that these two pair trade
requests are imperfectly matched because each trade request uses a
different ratio between ABC and XYZ stock.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Spread Investor Action Ticker Ratio Shares
Action 2 Ticker Ratio Shares Limit* Arb Buy ABC 1 50,000 Sell XYZ
0.575 28,800 1.19 credit Antiarb Sell ABC 1 30,000 Buy XYZ 0.6
18,000 4.40 debit *Arb's Spread Limit is defined by [0.575 XYZ -
ABC]. Antiarb's Spread Limit is defined by [0.6 XYZ - ABC].
Also, assume the market in ABC and XYZ stocks at the time the pair
trade requests are received by pair crossing network 5 is as
described in Table 5 below.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Ratio Bid Size Bid Price Ask Price Ask Size
ABC: 1 5,000 70 70.25 3,500 XYZ: 0.575 6,500 124 124.15 3,000 Arb's
XYZ Ratio-Adjusted Value 71 30 71 3863 Arb's Dollar Range Bid:Ask
-1.3863 Ask:Bid -1.05 AntiArb's XYZ Ratio-Adjusted Value 74 40
74.49 AntiArb's Dollar Range Bid:Ask -4.49 Ask:Bid -4.15
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a flowchart illustrating a
process by which pair crossing network 5 fills these imperfectly
matched order. First, in Step 401, pair crossing network 5
determines whether Arb's buy security equals Antiarb's sell
security and whether Arb's sell security equals Antiarb's buy
security. If both conditions are not met, then a cross between the
two orders cannot occur. If the two conditions are met, then in
Step 402 it is determined whether Arb's buy ratio equals Antiarb's
sell ratio and whether Arb's sell ratio equals Antiarb's buy ratio.
If these ratios are the same, then pair crossing network 5 proceeds
to cross the two orders as described in the example above. Note
that for a cross to occur at this stage does not require the ratios
themselves to match but rather that the ratios of the ratios match
(for e.g., a ratio of 2:3 matches a ratio of 0.667:1).
If, however, the two ratios are not equal (as in this case where
Arb's sell ratio does not equal Antiarb's buy ratio), then in Step
403 pair crossing network determines whether there is an overlap
between Arb's and Antiarb's spread limit that also falls within the
bid/ask market for ABC and XYZ stock. To make such a determination,
pair crossing network 5 calculates whether there are market prices
for both ABC and XYZ stock that satisfy the following inequalities:
L1<(RatioA*ABC)-(RatioB*XYZ) and (1)
L2>(RatioC*ABC)-(RatioD*XYZ) (2) Where L1 is Arb's spread limit
of $1.19 credit, L2 is Antiarb's spread limit of $4.40 debit,
RatioA is Arb's buy ratio of 1:1, RatioB is Arb's sell ratio of
1:0.575, RatioC is Antiarb's sell ratio of 1:1 and RatioD is
Antiarb's buy ratio of 1:0.6.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a graph 51 that depicts
market prices for ABC and XYZ stock that meet the spread limits of
Arb and Antiarb. In graph 51, the x-axis represents the prices for
XYZ stock while the y-axis represents the prices for ABC stock.
Graph 51 includes a shaded area 53 that is the universe of market
prices for ABC and XYZ stock that could satisfy the spread trade
involving those stocks. Also included in graph 53 is a spreadlimit
line L1 (inequality (1), above) that represents the spread limit
associated with Arb and a spread limit line L2 (inequality (2),
above) that represents the spread limit associated with Antiarb.
Thus, the solution set of market prices that satisfies inequalities
(1) and (2) is the portion of dark shared area 53 that falls
between spread limit line L1 and spread limit line L2. In this
example, a cross at a share price for ABC of $70.14 and a share
price of $124.15 for XYZ stock meets the investor's spread limits
and falls within the market prices for ABC and XYZ stock.
If it is determined that no share prices for both ABC and XYZ stock
satisfy Arb's and Antiarb's spread limits, then no cross can occur.
If such share prices do exist, then in Step 404, it is determined
which of the investors desires to transact in fewer shares of ABC
stock and a mismatch in share amounts caused by the differing
ratios is determined. In our example, Antiarb desires to sell fewer
ABC shares than Arb desires to buy (30,000 vs. 50,000). Then, in
Step 405, pair crossing network 5 determines the number of XYZ
shares that can be crossed between Arb and Antiarb based on the
maximum amount of ABC shares that can be crossed (30,000 in this
example). Based on the Antiarb ABC order quantity of 30,000 shares,
the maximum number of XYZ shares that Arb will cross with Antiarb
is:
.times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..ti-
mes..times..times..times..times..times..times..times..times.
##EQU00001##
While the maximum quantity of XYZ shares that Arb will cross is
17,300, Antiarb's trade request indicates a desire to cross 18,000
shares. To overcome this imbalance, in Step 406, pair crossing
network 5 is in communications with external markets 13 for
determining whether the excess 700 XYZ shares needed to satisfy
Antiarb's trade request can be transacted for in external markets
13. In an exemplary embodiment, pair crossing network 5 makes this
determination by issuing a query to pair trading engine 3 as to
whether 700 shares of XYZ stock can be bought in external markets
13. Because, as indicated in Table 5, 3,000 shares of XYZ stock are
offered at $124.15, pair trading engine 3 responds to pair crossing
network 5 that the 700 shares needed to balance the cross between
Arb and Antiarb are available from external markets 13 at
$124.15.
Next, in Step 407, pair crossing network calculates the cross
prices that are necessary such that Arb and Antiarb achieve their
respective spread limits while also incorporating the excess 700
shares of XYZ stock that must be purchased from external markets 13
at $124.15 to satisfy Antiarb's trade request. An example of such
cross prices that meet these criteria is a price of $70.14 for ABC
stock and a price of $124.15 for XYZ stock.
Once the cross prices are calculated, in Step 408, pair crossing
network 5 crosses 30,000 shares of ABC stock and 17,300 shares of
XYZ stock between Arb and Antiarb and also buys 700 shares of XYZ
stock at $124.15 in external markets 13 on behalf of Antiarb. Thus,
both Arb and Antiarb's pair trade requests are satisfied.
Alternatively, the entire 18,000 shares of XYZ stock may be crossed
thereby fully satisfying Antiarb's trade request. In such a case,
the ratio mismatch is addressed by Arb purchasing an additional
1200 (700/0.575 rounded to a lotsize) shares of ABC stock from
external market 13 or from firm inventory 11.
Once the trade is completed, the details of the transaction are
provided to portfolio manager 9 to report the transaction details
to the investors.
In an exemplary embodiment, a pair order (or portion thereof) may
be filled against an internal inventory 11 of trade requests
maintained by the financial institution operating system 1. For
example, in the previous example in which an excess of 700 shares
of XYZ stock needs to be purchased in order for a match (i.e.,
cross) between Arb and Antiarb's trade requests to occur, instead
of determining whether the 700 shares are available in external
markets 3, pair crossing network 5 examines firm inventory 11 to
determine whether the shares are available at the required price.
Likewise, in cases where pair trading engine 3 desires to execute a
pair trade based on orders to be sent to external markets 13, pair
trading engine 3 may first determine whether the order can be
filled, in whole or in part, using trade requests pending in firm
inventory 11. Generally, the advantages of filling an order using
pending trade requests in firm inventory 11 is that execution is
faster, transaction costs are lower and leg risk is minimized.
In another exemplary embodiment, a client's pair trade request may
also include a minimum number of spreads that can be traded in pair
crossing network 5. Also, pair crossing network 5 may be designed
to require a minimum share amount for a cross to occur. A minimum
number of spreads that can be traded may be provided in order to
reduce the distractions and booking costs associated with numerous
smaller trades that may exceed the benefits of a de minimis
fill.
In another exemplary embodiment, portfolio manager 9 publishes the
"inside cross market" for any pair that a client has selected for
crossing in pair crossing network 5. In still another exemplary
embodiment, the client has the option for each pair trade selected
for crossing in pair crossing network 5 to designate that the order
should be reflected in the published inside cross market. This
inside cross market consists of the tightest spread bid and offer
(and corresponding bid size and offer size) from all client pair
orders pending in pair crossing network 5. In this way, a client
can assess the likelihood and timing of a pair trade request being
filled by pair crossing network 5. Also, by publishing the client's
spread interest, others seeking liquidity can trade at the client's
level.
In an exemplary embodiment, the client can designate each pair
order designated for pair trading engine 3 and/or pair crossing
network 5 for "Broker Negotiation." If "Broker Negotiation" is
designated, the client's broker-dealer sales representative is
notified of the client's spread order thereby prompting the
broker-dealer to solicit a complementary, agency order from another
client. The client may also designate each pair order for "Broker
Facilitation" in which case the client allows the broker-dealer to
act principally to fill the client's order.
In summary, the advantages to a client of using pair trading engine
3 is that pair trading engine 3 allows the client to trade a spread
order while limiting leg risk or the risk of missing a targeted
spread level. This is accomplished by breaking the total order into
tranches of sizes proportionate to the market, subject to user
minimums and maximums, that can be traded in external markets 13 or
against firm inventory 11. Orders executed via pair trading engine
3, however, are typically of a lower traded volume because trading
is constrained to the liquidity available in the market. In
contrast, trades executed via pair crossing network 5 are not
constrained by market liquidity and do not have to be tranched to
minimize leg risk. In particular, the benefits of filling a pair
trade request via pair crossing network 5 are as follows:
Elimination of Leg Risk. Pair crossing network 5 potentially
provides a deeper well of liquidity because the trades are
brokered, as a spread, directly between spread investors via a
central clearing facility. Moreover, the introduction and use of a
pair trading facility eliminates the `leg` risk described above
without a sacrifice of liquidity. Large Transactions Only. Certain
large investors may prefer to use pair crossing network 5 rather
than pair trading engine 3 to avoid having a trade request broken
up into numerous small executions. For example, sudden, brief moves
in one of the two stocks included in the pair trade request may
cause pair trading engine 3 to issue numerous small executions to
fill the request. While a small investor may welcome capturing
these small opportunities, a large investor may find such small
executions to be more of a nuisance than a service. Price Setting
versus Price Taking. Large investors seeking liquidity may prefer
to `set` their price via the pair crossing network 5. Also, other
spread investors looking for liquidity can use pair crossing
network 5 to monitor and trade with the large investor at the large
investor's level. While client orders directed to pair trading
engine 3 can designate a spread limit, such orders are essentially
"price-takers"--as the market reaches the desired level, the orders
are executed. Moreover, the pair trading engine tranching mechanism
creates relatively small orders, allowing institutional flows to
move the individual stocks. As a result, the small, tranched orders
generated by pair trading engine 3 can become `overpowered` by
single-name institutional flows. In addition, orders designated
solely for pair trading engine 3, and not for pair crossing network
5, are not published to a central quote facility (such as by
portfolio manager 9) thereby preventing other spread traders from
knowing the size and limit of a pair trading engine order. Illiquid
Stocks vs Liquid Stocks. Spreads that include one or two illiquid
stocks are difficult to fill using pair trading engine 3 alone.
Because illiquid stocks often demonstrate small bid and ask sizes
and wide bid-ask spreads, pair trading engine 3 will typically only
issue market orders having small quantities (subject to user
minimums and maximums) that presents the client with greater leg
risk from mid-trade changes in the bid-ask prices. In contrast,
orders routed to price crossing network 5 are not confined by
liquidity in the market place thereby allowing large crosses
between spread traders in illiquid spreads.
Accordingly, a system and method for trading pair securities is
provided in which the client receives the benefits of having a pair
order filled by either pair trading engine 3, pair crossing network
5 or a combination of both.
A number of embodiments of the present invention have been
described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Based on the above description, it will be
obvious to one of ordinary skill to implement the system and
methods of the present invention in one or more computer programs
that are executable on a programmable system including at least one
programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions
from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage
system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
Each computer program may be implemented in a high-level procedural
or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine
language if desired; and in any case, the language may be a
compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by
way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors.
Furthermore, alternate embodiments of the invention that implement
the system in hardware, firmware or a combination of both hardware
and software, as well as distributing modules and/or data in a
different fashion will be apparent to those skilled in the art and
are also within the scope of the invention. In addition, it will be
obvious to one of ordinary skill to use a conventional database
management system such as, by way of non-limiting example, Sybase,
Oracle and DB2, as a platform for implementing the present
invention. Also, network access devices can comprise a personal
computer executing an operating system such as Microsoft
Windows.TM., Unix.TM., or Apple Mac OS.TM., as well as software
applications, such as a JAVA program or a web browser. Access
devices can also be a terminal device, a palm-type computer, mobile
WEB access device or other device that can adhere to a
point-to-point or network communication protocol such as the
Internet protocol. Computers and network access devices can include
a processor, RAM and/or ROM memory, a display capability, an input
device and hard disk or other relatively permanent storage.
Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the
following claims.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those
made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently
attained and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the
above process, in a described product, and in the construction set
forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention,
it is intended that all matter contained in the above description
shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as
illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended
to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention
herein described, and all statements of the scope of the invention,
which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall
therebetween.
* * * * *
References