U.S. patent number 7,401,528 [Application Number 11/766,485] was granted by the patent office on 2008-07-22 for apparatus and methods for evaluating plant stalk strength.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Monsanto Technology LLC. Invention is credited to Mike Bohnert, Jason Bull, Jeremy Conry, Kevin Cook, Kevin L. Deppermann, Sam Eathington, Travis Frey, Jeff Hartsook, Jeremy Nefzger, Bruce Schnicker.
United States Patent |
7,401,528 |
Deppermann , et al. |
July 22, 2008 |
Apparatus and methods for evaluating plant stalk strength
Abstract
An apparatus for measuring stalk strength and/or root strength
of a plant is provided. In accordance with various embodiments, the
apparatus includes a conveyer operably connected to a motor for
circulatorily driving the conveyer around at least one guide
device. At least one pulling finger is coupled to the conveyer.
Each pulling finger is structured such that, when the apparatus is
positioned adjacent the plant stalk and the conveyor is driven
around the guide device, each pulling finger will contact and pull
a plant stalk as each pulling finger travels around the guide
device. The apparatus additionally includes a force sensor for
measuring resistive force encountered by the motor as each pulling
finger pulls the plant stalk.
Inventors: |
Deppermann; Kevin L. (St.
Charles, MO), Bohnert; Mike (Arnes, IA), Bull; Jason
(St. Louis, MO), Conry; Jeremy (Ankeny, IA), Cook;
Kevin (Ankeny, IA), Eathington; Sam (Ames, IA), Frey;
Travis (Huxley, IA), Hartsook; Jeff (Madrid, IA),
Schnicker; Bruce (Wildwood, MO), Nefzger; Jeremy
(Dyersville, IA) |
Assignee: |
Monsanto Technology LLC (St.
Louis, MO)
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Family
ID: |
38698679 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/766,485 |
Filed: |
June 21, 2007 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20070294994 A1 |
Dec 27, 2007 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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60815775 |
Jun 22, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
73/826; 56/10.2R;
56/12.4; 56/12.9; 73/865.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01G
7/00 (20130101); G01N 3/20 (20130101); G01N
33/0098 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
3/08 (20060101); A01D 41/127 (20060101); G01N
3/20 (20060101); A01D 45/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;73/862.393,828,829,865.3,783,781,788,789,805,826 ;47/1.7
;56/10.2R,10.3,11.6,12.4,12.5,12.9,56 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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WO 2007/061534 |
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May 2007 |
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WO |
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Primary Examiner: Lefkowitz; Edward
Assistant Examiner: Patel; Punam
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Davis; James E. Schaper; Joseph A.
Harness, Dickey & Pierce, P.L.C.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application
No. 60/815,775, filed on Jun. 22, 2006. The disclosure of the above
application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for measuring at least one of stalk strength and
root strength of a plant, said apparatus comprising: a conveyer
operably connected to a motor for circulatorily driving the
conveyer around at least one guide device; a pulling finger coupled
to the conveyer and structured to contact and pull a plant stalk as
the pulling finger travels around the guide device when the
apparatus is positioned adjacent the plant stalk and the conveyor
is driven around the guide device; and a force sensor for measuring
resistive force encountered by the motor as the pulling finger
pulls the plant stalk.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a housing structured
to cover the conveyor and cover the pulling finger during a
non-pulling portion of the circulatory travel around the guide
device.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a finger sensor
operable to provide finger count data used to correlate force data
measured by the force sensor with respective stalks engaged by the
pulling finger.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a stalk sweeper
assembly having a rotating sweeper arm for moving previously pulled
stalks aside to allow the pulling finger to pull subsequent stalks
absent interference from the previously pulled stalks.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the stalk sweeper comprises a
sweeper guard for preventing the previous pulled stalks from
interfering with the sweeper arm.
6. A system for measuring at least one of stalk strength and root
strength of a crop of plants, said system comprising: a plant stalk
strength measuring (PSSM) apparatus including: a conveyer operably
connected to a motor for circulatorily driving the conveyer around
at least one guide device, a plurality of pulling fingers coupled
to the conveyer and structured to sequentially contact and pull
each plant stalk in the crop of plants as the pulling fingers
travel around the guide device when the apparatus is positioned in
contact with the plant stalks and the conveyor is driven around the
guide device, and a force sensor for measuring resistive force
encountered by the motor as the pulling fingers pull the plant
stalks; and a positioning mechanism mountable to a vehicle, the
positioning mechanism structured to suspend and position the PSSM
apparatus such that the PSSM apparatus will sequentially contact
and the pulling fingers will sequentially pull each plant stalk in
a subject row of the plants as the vehicle moves along the subject
row of plants.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the PSSM apparatus further
comprises a finger sensor operable to provide finger count data
used to correlate force data measured by the force sensor with
respective stalks engaged by the pulling finger.
8. The system of claim 6, wherein the positioning mechanism
comprises a mounting structure for mounting the positioning
mechanism to the vehicle, and the mounting structure includes a
telescoping post structured to alter a height above the ground at
which the PSSM apparatus is suspended.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the positioning mechanism further
comprises a jib arm pivotally coupled to a top portion of the
telescoping post and having the PSSM apparatus pivotally connected
to a distal end such that the PSSM apparatus can be positioned at a
desired snap angle relative to ground.
10. The system of claim 8, wherein the mounting structure further
includes at least one extendable horizontal member to which the
telescoping post is mounted, the at least one extendable horizontal
member structured to laterally position the PSSM apparatus in a
desired alignment with the subject row of plants.
11. The system of claim 6 further comprising an anti-lodge assembly
attached to the mounting structure for providing support to the
base of each stalk as the PSSM apparatus pulls the respective
stalks.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the anti-lodge assembly
comprises one or more adjustable bars structured to be
reconfigurable to provide adjustable contour shapes for bending the
stalk to contact while being pulled.
13. The system of claim 6 further comprising a data acquisition
sub-system for collecting force measurement data transmitted from
the force sensor.
14. The system of claim 6 further comprising a global positioning
system (GPS) utilized for accurately positioning the PSSM apparatus
in a desired alignment with the subject row of plants.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the vehicle utilizes the GPS to
aid in steering the vehicle along a travel path adjacent the
subject row of plants.
16. The system of claim 14, wherein the positioning mechanism
utilizes the GPS for accurately positioning the PSSM apparatus in a
desired alignment with the subject row of plants.
17. The system of claim 6 further comprising a row sensor operable
to monitor a separation distance between the subject row of plants
and an adjacent row of plants, wherein separation distance is
utilized to assist in accurately positioning the PSSM apparatus in
a desired alignment with the subject row of plants.
18. The system of claim 17 further comprising a bridge structure
for suspending the row sensor between the subject row of plants and
the adjacent row of plants, the bridge structure comprising at
least one of: a header hingedly connected to a jam such that the
row sensor can be moved between a storage position and desired row
sensing position; and a row sensor arm having a first section and a
second section rotationally connected to the first section, via a
swivel joint, such that the row sensor mounted to a distal end of
the second section can be angularly rotated to be placed in a
desired position relative to the adjacent row of plants.
19. A method for automatically measuring at least one of stalk
strength and root strength of a plurality of plants, the method
comprising: moving a plant stalk strength measuring (PSSM)
apparatus along a subject row of plants; sequentially contacting
and laterally pulling plant stalks in the subject row utilizing a
plurality of pulling fingers circulatorily traveling around at
least one PSSM apparatus guide device; and measuring and compiling
resistive forces encountered by a motor driving the pulling fingers
around the guide device as each pulling finger pulls a respective
one of the plant stalks.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein moving the PSSM apparatus along
the row of subject plants comprises suspending the PSSM apparatus
from a positioning mechanism mounted to tractor such that the PSSM
apparatus will sequentially contact and the pulling fingers will
sequentially pull plant stalks in the subject row as the tractor
moves along the subject row.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein measuring and compiling the
resistive forces comprises correlating the force data measured for
each pulled plant stalk with finger count data generated by a
finger sensor of the PSSM apparatus.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein moving the PSSM apparatus along
the row of subject plants comprises positioning the PSSM apparatus
to have a desired snap angle relative to the ground, a desired
height above the ground and a desired lateral alignment with the
subject row of plants.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein positioning the PSSM apparatus
comprises utilizing a global positioning system (GPS) to
automatically monitor and adjust the position of the PSSM apparatus
such that the desired lateral alignment of the PSSM apparatus with
the subject row of plants is maintained as the PSSM is moved along
the subject row of plants.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein positioning the PSSM apparatus
comprises utilizing a row sensor operable to monitor a separation
distance between the subject row or plants and an adjacent row of
plants to automatically position the PSSM apparatus in the desired
lateral alignment with the subject row of plants.
25. The system of claim 19, wherein sequentially contacting and
pulling comprises positioning an anti-lodge assembly at the base of
each stalk such that support is provided to the each stalk as the
PSSM apparatus pulls the respective stalks.
26. The method of claim 19 further comprising making plant breeding
decisions based on the compiled resistive force data.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein making plant breeding decisions
comprises at least one of: making parent selections based on the
compiled resistive force data; making progeny selections based on
the compiled resistive force data and making trait introgression
selections based on the compiled resistive force data.
Description
FIELD
The present disclosure relates to the testing and development of
new plant hybrids in a plant breeding program, and particularly to
apparatuses and methods for evaluating the strength of a plant
stalk.
BACKGROUND
The statements in this section merely provide background
information related to the present disclosure and may not
constitute prior art.
Green snap is a weather-induced breaking of the corn stalk below
the primary ear node (Wilhelm, et al., 1999). Snapping typically
occurs during the five to eight leaf and/or the twelve leaf to
tasseling stages of corn growth. These periods of increased
susceptibility are due to the rapid rate of internode elongation.
Generally, green snap is localized to a small area or a particular
hybrid within a field. However, green snap has the potential to
cause millions of dollars in damage to crops over wide areas. For
example, on Jul. 8, 1993 a devastating storm caused an estimated
$200 million of damage to Nebraska crops (Benson, 2001; Wilhelm et.
al., 1999).
Strategies for protecting against green snap have included late
planting, exclusion of growth regulator herbicides, suboptimal
nitrogen rates, and monoculture (Wilhelm, et. al., 1999). While
these strategies have demonstrated potential to protect against
green snap, each strategy has resulted in limiting overall yield.
Therefore, these methods are not effective or economical for
large-scale protection against green snap damage.
Many industry professionals have suggested that in-seed protection
is the best way to offer resistance to green snap. In general,
strong, deep-rooted hybrids will suffer more than flexible,
shallowly rooted hybrids from fast, damaging winds. Levels of
lignin production and timing also play a role in green snap
resistance. During rapid growth stages, lignin production cannot
keep up with the rapidly elongating corn stalk, which compromises
the stability and strength of the plant. In-seed breading of these
traits can provide protection against green snapping.
Similarly, stalk lodging is the weather-induced breaking of the
stalk below the ear. Stalk lodging results in increased harvest
losses, slower harvest equipment speeds, increased drying cost and,
in most cases, a significant volunteer problem next season. Yield
losses from stalk lodging can range from five to twenty-five
percent nationwide. Three main causes of stalk lodging are late
season severe weather, damage to the stalk by the European corn
borer and the stalk rot disease complex. The incidence and severity
of stalk rot in any field will depend on the genetic susceptibility
of the hybrid, the presence and virulence of the stalk rot
organisms and the environmental conditions during the growing
season. Almost all stress factors during the growing season can
predispose the corn plant to invasion by stalk rot fungi.
Management systems to reduce stress in the field include proper
hybrid selection, proper plant population, adequate moisture at
critical times, full fertility programs, insect control, crop
rotation and timely scouting.
SUMMARY
In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides an
apparatus for measuring stalk strength and/or root strength of a
plant that includes a conveyer operably connected to a motor for
circulatorily driving the conveyer around at least one guide
device. At least one pulling finger is coupled to the conveyer.
Each pulling finger is structured such that, when the apparatus is
positioned adjacent the plant stalk and the conveyor is driven
around the guide device, each pulling finger will contact and pull
a plant stalk as each pulling finger travels around the guide
device. The apparatus additionally includes a force sensor for
measuring resistive force encountered by the motor as each pulling
finger pulls the plant stalk.
In various other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
system for measuring stalk strength and/or root strength of a crop
plant that includes a plant stalk strength measuring (PSSM)
apparatus. In various implementations, the PSSM apparatus includes
a conveyer operably connected to a motor for circulatorily driving
the conveyer around at least one guide device. A plurality of
pulling fingers are coupled to the conveyer. Each pulling finger is
structured such that, when the PSSM apparatus is sequentially
positioned adjacent each plant stalk in the crop and the conveyor
is driven around the guide device, the pulling fingers will
sequentially contact and pull a respective plant stalk as each
pulling finger travels around the guide device.
The PSSM apparatus further includes a force sensor for measuring
resistive force encountered by the motor as the pulling fingers
pull the plant stalks. The system additionally includes a
positioning mechanism mountable to a vehicle, e.g., a tractor. The
positioning mechanism is structured to suspend and position the
PSSM apparatus such that the PSSM apparatus will sequentially
contact, and the pulling fingers will sequentially pull each plant
stalk in a subject row of the plants, as the vehicle moves along
the subject row of plants.
In still other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method for automatically measuring stalk strength and/or root
strength of a plurality of plants. The method includes moving a
plant stalk strength measuring (PSSM) apparatus along a subject row
of plants. The PSSM apparatus sequentially contacts and laterally
pulls each stalk in a subject row utilizing a plurality of pulling
fingers that are circulatorily traveling around at least one PSSM
apparatus guide device. The method further includes measuring and
compiling resistive forces encountered by a motor driving the
pulling fingers around the guide device as each pulling finger
pulls a respective one of the plant stalks.
Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the
description provided herein. It should be understood that the
description and specific examples are intended for purposes of
illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the
present disclosure.
DRAWINGS
The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only
and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure
in any way.
FIG. 1 is a top view of an apparatus for measuring plant stalk
strength having a top half the housing removed, in accordance with
various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus for measuring plant stalk
strength shown in FIG. 1 including the top half of the housing, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a rear elevation view of a system for
measuring plant stalk strength, including the apparatus for
measuring plant stalk strength shown in FIG. 1, in accordance with
various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the system for measuring plant stalk
strength, shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with various other
embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5A is a schematic illustration of an anti-lodge assembly of
the system for measuring plant stalk strength, shown in FIG. 3, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5B is a schematic illustration of an anti-lodge assembly of
the system for measuring plant stalk strength, shown in FIG. 3, in
accordance with various other embodiments of the present
disclosure.
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the system shown in FIG. 4
illustrating a row sensor swivel joint and folding hinge, in
accordance with various embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 is bottom isometric view of the apparatus for measuring
plant stalk strength shown in FIG. 1, including a stalk sweeper
assembly, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
FIG. 8 is a top isometric view of the stalk sweeper assembly shown
in FIG. 7, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
It should be understood that throughout the drawings, corresponding
reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and
features.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in
no way intended to limit the present teachings, application, or
uses. Throughout this specification, like reference numerals will
be used to refer to like elements.
The present disclosure provides systems, apparatuses and methods
for automatically accurately measuring plant stalk strength of
independent plant stalks within a field of stalks. The data
collected can then be used to measure, analyze and predict
resistance of various hybrids to green snap, stalk lodging and/or
root lodging. For example, the present systems, apparatuses and
methods can be utilized by breeders to distinguish small
differences in snapping and/or lodging resistance. The data can
then be used to segregate populations and facilitate the mapping of
QTL.
As used herein, the term "inbred" means a line that has been bred
for genetic homogeneity. Without limitation, examples of breeding
methods to derive inbreds include pedigree breeding, recurrent
selection, single-seed descent, backcrossing, and doubled
haploids.
As used herein, the term "hybrid" means a progeny of mating between
at least two genetically dissimilar parents. Without limitation,
examples of mating schemes include single crosses, modified single
cross, double modified single cross, three-way cross, modified
three-way cross, and double cross, wherein at least one parent in a
modified cross is the progeny of a cross between sister lines.
As used herein, "genetic marker" means polymorphic nucleic acid
sequence or nucleic acid feature. A "polymorphism" is a variation
among individuals in sequence, particularly in a DNA sequence, or
feature, such as a transcriptional profile or methylation pattern.
Useful polymorphisms include single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs), insertions or deletions in DNA sequence (Indels), simple
sequence repeats of DNA sequence (SSRS) a restriction fragment
length polymorphism, a haplotype, and a tag SNP. A genetic marker,
a gene, a DNA-derived sequence, a RNA-derived sequence, a promoter,
a 5' untranslated region of a gene, a 3' untranslated region of a
gene, microRNA, siRNA, a QTL, a satellite marker, a transgene,
mRNA, ds mRNA, a transcriptional profile, and a methylation pattern
may comprise polymorphisms.
As used herein, "marker assay" means a method for detecting a
polymorphism at a particular locus using a particular method, e.g.,
measurement of at least one phenotype (such as seed color, flower
color, or other visually detectable trait), restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP), single base extension, electrophoresis,
sequence alignment, allelic specific oligonucleotide hybridization
(ASO), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microarray-based
technologies, and nucleic acid sequencing technologies, etc.
As used herein, "genotype" means the genetic component of the
phenotype and it can be indirectly characterized using markers or
directly characterized by nucleic acid sequencing. Suitable markers
include a phenotypic character, a metabolic profile, a genetic
marker, or some other type of marker. A genotype may constitute an
allele for at least one genetic marker locus or a haplotype for at
least one haplotype window. In some embodiments, a genotype may
represent a single locus and in others it may represent a
genome-wide set of loci. In other embodiments, the genotype can
reflect the sequence of a portion of a chromosome, an entire
chromosome, a portion of the genome, and the entire genome.
As used herein, "phenotype" means the detectable characteristics of
a cell or organism which are a manifestation of gene
expression.
As used herein, "quantitative trait locus (QTL)" means a locus that
controls to some degree numerically representable traits that are
usually continuously distributed.
Referring to FIG. 1, a plant stalk strength measurement (PSSM)
apparatus 100 is provided, in accordance with various embodiments.
Generally, the PSSM apparatus 100 includes a closed-loop conveyer
101 having at least one curved, or hooked, stalk pulling finger 103
mounted thereto. The closed-loop conveyer 101 is connected around a
drive device 105 and at least one slack limiting guide device 106.
The drive device 105 is driven by a pulling motor 107 that is
operable to circulatorily drive the conveyer 101 around the drive
device 105 and the slack limiting guide device(s) 106. More
particularly, the pulling motor 107 circulatorily drives the stalk
pulling finger(s) 103, mounted to the conveyer 101, around the
drive device 105 and slack limiting guide device(s) 106.
The closed-loop conveyer 101 can be any elongated, flexible
component suitable to be circulatorily driven by the pulling motor
107 and drive device 105 around the drive device 105 and the
slack-limiting guide device(s) 106. For example, in various
embodiments, the conveyer 101 can be a chain, belt, cable, etc. The
pulling motor 107 can be any motor suitable for imparting a force
on the drive device 105 to cause the drive device 105 to move and
thereby circulatorily drive the conveyer 101 and finger(s) 103
around the drive device 105 and the slack-limiting guide device(s)
106. For example, in various embodiments, the pulling motor 107 can
be an electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically operated rotary
or linear motor. Accordingly, the drive device 105 can be any
device suitable to be driven, or moved, by the force imparted by
the pulling motor 107 and in turn circulatorily drive the conveyer
101 and finger(s) 103 around the drive device 105 and the
slack-limiting guide device(s) 106. For example, in various
embodiments the drive device 105 can be a sprocket, or pulley wheel
driven by a rotary motor 107. Or, in various other embodiments, the
drive device 105 can be a threaded shaft driven by a linear motor
107. Similarly, the slack-limiting guide device(s) 106 can be a
sprocket or pulley.
Additionally, although the (PSSM) apparatus 100 can include one or
more stalk pulling fingers 103 and one or more slack-limiting guide
devices 106, for clarity and simplicity, the PSSM apparatus 100
will be described herein as including a plurality of stalk pulling
fingers 103 and a single slack-limiting guide device 106.
Generally, the PSSM apparatus 100 is moved along a row of plants,
e.g., corn, wheat, canola, sunflower, and sorghum, while the
pulling motor 107 and drive device 105 are driving the conveyer and
pulling fingers 103 around the drive device 105 and the
slack-limiting guide device 106. The PSSM apparatus 100 is
positioned such that as the PSSM apparatus 100 is moved along the
row of plants one of the circulatorily moving pulling fingers 103
contacts and `hooks` a corresponding individual plant stalk.
Subsequently, as the respective pulling finger 103 continues to
move around the drive device 105 and slack-limiting guide device
106, the `hooked` stalk will be pulled in a lateral and downward
direction. The pulling finger 103 will continue to pull the stalk
laterally and downward until the stalk snaps, breaks, bends or
dislodges.
The PSSM apparatus 100 additionally includes a force sensor 109
operable to measure the amount of force, e.g., torque, generated by
the pulling motor 107 to advance the conveyer 101 and pulling
fingers 103 to break the respective stalk. That is, the force
sensor 109 measures the resistive force, e.g., torque, exerted by
the stalk against the movement of the pulling motor 107, via the
pulling finger 103, conveyer 101 and drive device 105, as the stalk
is pulled and broken, bent or dislodged. As the PSSM apparatus
continues to be moved along the row of plants, a subsequent pulling
finger 103 contacts and pulls a subsequent plant stalk. The force
sensor 109 then measures the force required, e.g., torque, to
break, bend or dislodge the respective plant stalk. The force data,
e.g., torque data, is collected and analyzed to predict the
resistance of various hybrids to green snap, stalk lodging and/or
root lodging.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, the stalk pulling components
described above, i.e., the conveyer 101, pulling fingers 103, drive
device 105, slack-limiting guide device 106, pulling motor 107,
force sensor 109, etc., are enclosed within a housing 111. A top
half 111A (shown in FIG. 2) of the housing 111 is removed in FIG. 1
to illustrate the stalk pulling components. The housing 111
protects the conveyor 101, drive device 105, slack-limiting guide
device 106, pulling motor 107 and force sensor 109 from damage and
interference by non-subject stalks, i.e., stalks that are not
presently engaged and being pulled, and inadvertent human contact.
The housing 111 is further structured to enclose non-engaged
pulling fingers 103, i.e., pulling fingers 103 not presently
engaged with and pulling a respective subject stalk, within a
non-contact portion 113 of the housing 111. More specifically, in
such embodiments, the housing 111 is structured to cover and
protect the pulling fingers 103 as the pulling fingers 103 travel
within the non-contact portion 113 of the housing 111, i.e., a
trailing portion of the housing 111 that will not contact the
subject stalks as they are being pulled.
Thus, as the pulling fingers 103 travel along the circulatory path
of the conveyer 101, each pulling finger will be unexposed, i.e.,
enclosed within the housing 111, until each pulling finger 103
reaches an engagement portion of the circulatory path, i.e., a
leading edge 115 of the housing 111. At which point, at least a
large section of each respective pulling finger 103 will emerge
through a pulling finger travel slot 116 (best shown in FIG. 7) in
the edge of the housing 111 and extend outwardly outside the
leading edge 115 of the housing 111. The respective exposed pulling
finger 103 with then engage, i.e., hook, a respective plant stalk,
and pull the plant stalk laterally and downward (due to a snap
angle of the PSSM 100, as described below) along the leading edge
115 until the plant stalk breaks, bends or dislodges. The
respective pulling finger 103 will then continue along the
circulatory path within travel slot and then retract back within
the non-contact portion 113 of the housing 111.
In various embodiments the PSSM apparatus 100 further includes a
finger sensor 117 operable to sense the position of each respective
finger along the circulatory travel path of the conveyer 101 and
pulling fingers 103. Additionally, the finger sensor 117 provides
finger count data that is used to correlate the force data, e.g.,
torque data, collected by the force sensor 109 with the respective
stalks that each pulling finger 103 engages. That is, the finger
sensor 117 can be used to count the number of pulling fingers
cycled past the finger sensor 117 and that number can be
cross-referenced with the force data collected to parse out any
skewed data, i.e., data resulting from double or missed pulls.
Furthermore, the finger sensor 117 can be utilized to start and
stop data acquisition between plants.
Referring now to FIG. 3, in various embodiments, the PSSM apparatus
100 is part of a vehicle mountable system 300 for measuring plant
stalk strength. In various forms, the system 300 includes a
positioning mechanism 301 that is mounted to a tractor 302 or other
suitable vehicle for moving the PSSM apparatus 100 along a plot of
crop plants. The positioning mechanism 301 is structured to suspend
and position the PSSM apparatus 100 such that the PSSM apparatus
100 will contact and bend, break or dislodge each plant stalk in a
row as the tractor 302 moves along the row of plants. The
positioning mechanism 301 includes a mounting structure 303 and a
jib arm 305 pivotally connected to the mounting structure 303. The
mounting structure 303 is configured to mount to the tractor 302,
via any suitable mounting means, e.g., a standard Class 2
three-point hitch. The mounting structure 303 includes a
telescoping post 307 that has the jib arm 305 pivotally coupled to
a top portion of the telescoping post 307. The PSSM apparatus 100
is pivotally mounted to a distal end of the jib arm 305 such that
the jib arm 305 suspends and positions the PSSM apparatus 100
adjacent the tractor 302. The telescoping post 307 is operable to
adjust the height of the jib arm 305 and PSSM apparatus 100, i.e.,
raise and lower the jib arm 305 to position the PSSM apparatus 100
at a desired distance above the ground. Additionally, the jib arm
305 is pivotally coupled to the telescoping post 307 such that PSSM
apparatus 100 can be swiveled, or pivoted, around the telescoping
post 307. Accordingly, the height and angular position, relative to
the telescoping post 307, of the PSSM apparatus 100 can be adjusted
as desired.
In various embodiments, the telescoping function of the telescoping
post 307 and the pivotal positioning of the jib arm 305 about the
telescoping post 307 are automated. However, in various
embodiments, the telescoping function of the telescoping post 307
and the pivotal positioning of the jib arm 305 about the
telescoping post 307 can be manually adjustable.
Additionally, the PSSM apparatus 100 is pivotally attached to the
distal end of the jib arm 305 via a pivot joint 309 and a
telescoping adjustment arm 311. The telescoping adjustment arm 311
can be any suitable apparatus that can extend and retract to adjust
a snap angle .theta. of the PSSM apparatus 100, e.g., a hydraulic
or pneumatic piston or a threaded turn-buckle. The snap angle
.theta. is the angle of PSSM apparatus 100 relative to a plane
substantially parallel to the ground and defines the angle at which
force is applied to the plant stalks as the pulling fingers 103
hook and pull each respective plant stalk. The snap angle .theta.
can be incorporated and analyzed along with the force data
collected to predict the resistance of various hybrids to green
snap, stalk lodging and/or root lodging. In various embodiments,
the snap angle .theta. can be set to any angle between -10.degree.
to +65.degree., inclusive. For example, in various embodiments, the
snap angle .theta. is set to approximately 20.degree., such that as
a pulling finger 103 hooks a respective stalk, the stalk is pulled
laterally and downward at a 20.degree. angle.
Referring now to FIG. 4, in various other forms, the system 300
further includes a guide assembly 313 attached to the mounting
structure 303 for assisting the lateral positioning of the PSSM
apparatus 100 as the tractor 310 (shown in FIG. 3) moves along the
plot of crop plants. In various embodiments, the guide assembly 313
includes a cultivar guidance wheel 315 that provides lateral
stability to the positioning mechanism 301, thereby aiding the
lateral positioning of the PSSM apparatus 100 as the tractor 310
moves along the plot of crop plants. In various embodiments, the
system 300 additionally includes an anti-lodge assembly 321
removably attached to the mounting structure 303 via support legs
325. The anti-lodge assembly 321 is implemented when the system 300
and PSSM apparatus 100 are utilized to collect green snap and stalk
lodging data. The anti-lodge assembly is removed when the system
300 and PSSM apparatus 100 are utilized to collect root lodging
data during green snap and stalk lodging testing, the anti-lodge
assembly 321 is positioned such that as the PSSM apparatus 100 is
moved along the row of plants, the anti-lodge assembly 321 provides
support for the base of each stalk as the PSSM apparatus 100 pulls
the stalks laterally and downward. Thus, the anti-lodge assembly
321 prevents root lodging when collecting stalk strength data,
i.e., green snap and stalk lodging data. The anti-lodge assembly
321 can be positioned at different heights on the support legs 325
to thereby more consistently set the stalk snapping height to a
desired position. For example, the anti-lodge assembly 321 can be
positioned at different heights on the support legs 325 depending
on the type of germ pods under test. Additionally, in various
embodiments, the anti-lodge assembly 321 includes one or more
adjustable bars 329 that can be changed or reconfigured to provide
adjustable contour shapes for bending the stalk to contact while
being snapped.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the anti-lodge bar assembly can
provide support for either a single side or opposing sides of the
stalks. For example, as shown in FIG. 5A, in various embodiments,
the anti-lodge assembly 321 includes a first set of adjustable bars
329A that are positioned along a single side of the base of each
stalk as the stalks are tested. Alternatively, in other
embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5B, the anti-lodge assembly 321 can
further include a second set of adjustable bars 329B. Accordingly,
the first and second sets of adjustable bars 329A and 329B are
positioned along opposing sides of the base of each stalk as the
stalks are tested.
The system 300 further includes a data acquisition sub-system 335
for collecting, compiling and/or storing the force measurement
data, e.g., torque data, transmitted from the force sensor 109 of
the PSSM apparatus 100. In various implementations, the data
acquisition sub-system 335 can be locally located, i.e., coupled to
mounting structure 303. Or, in other implementations they can be
remotely located such that the force measurement data is wirelessly
transmitted to the data acquisition sub-system 335. In still other
embodiments, the system 300 includes a row sensor 339 positioned
between the subject row of plants and an adjacent row by a bridge
structure 341 coupled to the mounting structure 303. The row sensor
339 is operable to sense a row of plants adjacent to the row of
plants presently being tested. The row sensor 339 is utilized to
assist in laterally positioning the PSSM apparatus 100 as the
tractor 302 (shown in FIG. 3) moves along the plot of crop plants.
More specifically, in various embodiments, the mounting structure
303 includes at least one extendable horizontal member 303H
structured and automated, based on signals from the row sensor 339,
to move the telescoping post 307, and hence the PSSM apparatus 100,
laterally away from or toward the tractor 302. The extendable
horizontal member(s) 303H can be structured in any manner suitable
to extend, thereby moving the PSSM apparatus 100, laterally away
from the tractor 302, and to retract, thereby moving the PSSM
apparatus 100 laterally toward the tractor 302. For example, in
various embodiments, the extendable horizontal member(s) 303H can
be telescopingly structured, while in other embodiments, the
extendable horizontal member(s) 303H can be structured to include a
pair of slidingly engaged, e.g., tracked, components.
In such embodiments, the row sensor 339 senses, or monitors, a
separation distance between the PSSM apparatus 100 and the adjacent
row of plants. Then, based on the separation distance, the mounting
structure 330 automatically moves the PSSM apparatus 100 laterally
away from or toward the tractor 302 to maintain the proper position
of the PSSM apparatus 100 with respect to the subject row of
plants.
Referring now to FIG. 6, in various embodiments, the bridge
structure 341 includes a jam structure 345 that is coupled to the
mounting structure 303 and a header structure 349 hingedly
connected to the jam structure 345. The bridge structure 341
additionally includes a row sensor arm 353 connected to a distal
end of the header structure 349. The row sensor 339 is mounted to a
distal end of the sensor arm 353. The hinged connection of the
header structure 349 to the jam structure 345 allows the row sensor
339 to be generally positioned in-line with a rear axle of the
tractor 302 (shown in FIG. 3). Positioning the row sensor 339
in-line with the tractor real axle limits the side-to-side
movement, i.e., cross row movement of the row sensor 339 as the
tractor 302 makes steering adjustments and thus, provides more
accurate row tracking. Additionally, the hinged connection of the
header structure 349 to the jam structure 345 allows the header
349, sensor arm 353 and row sensor 339 to be folded back to a
stored position to reduce the overall size of the system 300 when
the system 300 is not in use, e.g., when the system 300 is being
transported via a trailer.
With further reference to FIG. 6, in various embodiments the
anti-lodging assembly 321 is hingedly connected to jam structure
345 via suspension structure 357. The row sensor support arms 325
are mounted to the suspension structure 357, which is hingedly
connected to the jam structure 345. The hinged connection of the
anti-lodge assembly 321 to the jam structure 345 allows the
anti-lodge assembly 321 to be positioned at any desired angle
relative to the subject row of plant stalks. Additionally, the
hinged connection of the anti-lodge assembly 321 to the jam
structure 345 allows the suspension structure 357 and the
anti-lodge assembly 321 to be folded back to a stored position to
reduce the overall size of the system 300 when the system 300 is
not in use, e.g., when the system 300 is being transported via a
trailer.
Furthermore, in various embodiments, the sensor arm 353 includes a
first section 353A that is connected to the distal end of the
header structure 349, and a second section 353B that is
rotationally connected to the first section 353A via a swivel joint
361. The swivel joint 361 allows the row sensor 339 to be
positioned substantially parallel with the row of plant stalks
adjacent the subject row when in use and properly stored for travel
when not in use.
Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, in various embodiments, the PSSM
apparatus 100 includes a stalk sweeper assembly 361 that functions
to remove, or clear away, previously tested stalks, i.e., broken,
bent and dislodged stalks, out of the way of the next subject stalk
to be tested. Clearing away the previously tested stalks ensures
that only one plant stalk will be contacted and bent by each
respective pulling finger 103. Therefore, both the tested stalk
count accuracy and the accuracy of the force data, e.g., torque
data, collected are improved. FIGS. 7 and 8 are exemplary
illustrations of the PSSM apparatus 100 including the stalk sweeper
assembly 361.
The stalk sweeper assembly 361 is positioned adjacent a bottom half
111B of the housing 111 and includes a hub 365 that is rotationally
driven by a sweeping motor 369. The sweeping motor 369 can be any
suitable rotary motor such as an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic
operated rotary motor. A sweeper arm 373 is coupled to and extends
radially outward from the hub 365. Thus, when the PSSM apparatus
100 is positioned and operated to test the subject row or plant
stalks, as described above, the sweeping motor 369 simultaneously
rotates the hub 365 and the sweeper arm 373. As the sweeper arm 373
travels in an annular path about the hub 386, the sweeper arm 373
contacts the previous tested bent, broken or dislodged plant stalks
laying on the ground and moves them away from the leading edge 115
of the housing 111. Clearing the previously tested plant stalks
away from the leading edge 115 provides each pulling finger 103 an
unobstructed path to contact and pull the respective subsequent
plant stalks.
The speed of the pulling motor 107 and the sweeping motor 369 are
synchronized so that the timing, position and operation of the
sweeper arm 373 is synchronized with the timing, position and
operation of the conveyer and pulling fingers 103. More
specifically, the operation of the sweeper motor 369 is controlled
such that the sweeper arm 373 swings past the leading edge 115
between the travel of the pulling fingers 103 along the leading
edge 115.
With particular reference to FIG. 8, in various embodiments, the
sweeper motor 369 is mounted to a linear adjustment assembly 377
that is structured to move the sweeper motor 369 and hence, the
sweeper arm 373 along a longitudinal axis X of the PSSM apparatus
100. Accordingly, the linear adjustment assembly can be operated to
position the stalk sweeper assembly 361 at a desired location along
the longitudinal axis X. The linear adjustment assembly 377
includes a carriage 379 to which the sweeper motor 369 is mounted.
The carriage 379 is slideably mounted to carriage tracks 381. The
linear adjustment assembly 377 further includes a carriage
positioner assembly 383 that is operable to position and hold the
carriage 379 at a desired location along the carriage tracks 381.
The carriage positioner assembly 383 can be any assembly suitable
to locate the carriage 379 at the desired location. For example,
the carriage positioner assembly 383 can be a threaded shaft
assembly, a belt and pulley assembly, a gear and chain assembly,
etc.
In various embodiments, the stalk sweeper assembly 361 further
includes a sweeper guard 385 coupled at a forward end to a shaft of
the sweeper motor 369, or alternatively to a face of the hub 365,
via a bearing 386. The sweeper guard prevents tested stalks from
interfering with or getting tangled in the stalk sweeper assembly
361 and the stalk pulling components. An aft end of the sweeper
guard is slidably mounted to a linear guide rail 387 mounted to a
trailing edge 389 of the housing 111. Therefore, the sweeper guard
385 is structured to move along with the carriage 379 as the
carriage 379 and thus, the sweeper motor 369, hub 365 and sweeper
arm 373, are linearly positioned along the X axis.
In other various embodiments, the system 300 utilizes a Global
Positioning System (GPS) to aid in the accurate alignment of the
PSSM apparatus 100 with the subject row of plants. More
specifically, the tractor 302 (shown in FIG. 3) can be
automatically guided using the GPS. Thus, the GPS can be utilized
to make major adjustments in the positioning of the PSSM apparatus
100 by adjusting the travel path of the tractor 302. Additionally,
smaller, or micro, positioning adjustments of the PSSM apparatus
100 can be made using the automated mounting structure 303 and row
sensor 339, as described above. In yet other various embodiments,
the GPS can be utilized to make the major adjustments by
controlling the travel path of the tractor 302 and to make the
micro adjustments by controlling the operation of the automated
mounting structure 303.
The methods, apparatuses and systems of the present disclosure are
particularly useful in hybrid breeding programs. A key goal of
hybrid breeding is to maximize yield via complementary crosses.
Crosses from distinct germplasm pools that result in a yield
advantage constitute heterotic groups. The identification of
heterotic groups facilitates informed crosses for a yield
advantage. During inbred line development, advanced inbred lines
are crossed with different tester lines in order to determine how
the inbred line performs in hybrid combinations. The effect of a
single cross reflects the specific combining ability (SCA) and the
effect of the inbred in multiple crosses with different testers
(typically in multiple locations) reflects the general combining
ability (GCA). Performance can be measured in terms of one or more
phenotypic traits, wherein the phenotypic trait may be selected
from the group comprising yield, standability, green snap
susceptibility or resistance, root lodging, stalk lodging, and
other agronomic traits.
In one aspect, phenotypic measurements of a trait of interest can
be used as the basis for plant breeding decisions. Following
characterization of stalk strength, inbreds, whether inbreds per se
or inbreds in hybrid combinations, displaying strength at or above
a threshold value for strength can be advanced in the breeding
program, for example a corn breeding program.
In another aspect, phenotypic measurements of stalk strength can be
used as the basis for breeding decisions in a corn breeding program
in conjunction with genotypic data. Methods and compositions for
genotyping corn plants are known in the art; for example, see US
Patent Application 2006/0141495, which is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety. Phenotypic and genotypic data are
evaluated for the presence of statistical associations to identify
quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the corn genome contributing to
stalk strength phenotypes. Methods for association studies are
known in the art; non-limiting examples are provided in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,492,547, 5,981,832, 6,219,964, 6,399,855, and 6,455,758,
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Upon
identification of stalk QTL, the genetic markers associated with
the QTL can be used to genotype plants for the QTL alleles in order
to make plant breeding decisions.
In various embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure allow
one skilled in the art to make plant breeding decisions comprise
the selection of progeny plants based on one or more
characteristics relating to one or more stalk traits, herein termed
"progeny selection." In one aspect, a population of plants will be
phenotyped and only those plants with one or more preferred stalk
phenotypes will be advanced to the next generation. In another
aspect, a population of plants will be genotyped and only those
plants with the genetic marker alleles associated with one or more
stalk QTL will be advanced to the next generation.
In various other embodiments, one skilled in the art can use the
methods of the present disclosure to make plant breeding decisions
comprising the selection of parent plants from two or more
populations for the purpose of making breeding crosses, based on
one or more characteristics relating to one or more stalk traits,
herein termed "parent selection." In one aspect, breeding crosses
will be explicitly made based on whether one or more parent plants
are previously characterized as having one or more preferred stalk
phenotypes. In another aspect, breeding crosses will be explicitly
made based on whether one or more parents comprise one or more
marker alleles for one or more stalk QTL. The genotype data can be
historic or acquired de novo.
In yet other embodiments, one skilled in the art can practice the
methods of the present disclosure to make plant breeding decisions
that comprise crossing a parent plant lacking one or more preferred
stalk characteristics, herein termed "recurrent parent," with a
parent plant comprising one or more preferred stalk characteristics
followed by selection of progeny based on one or more
characteristics relating to one or more stalk traits and
characteristics of the recurrent parent, herein termed "trait
introgression." In one aspect, a recurrent parent lacking one or
more preferred stalk phenotypes is bred with a parent comprising
the one or more preferred stalk phenotypes wherein selection
decisions at each generation are based on preferred stalk
phenotypes measurements and characteristics from the recurrent
parent in order to breed a plant comprising the genetic background
of the recurrent parent plus the one or more preferred stalk
phenotypes. In another aspect, a recurrent parent lacking one or
more stalk QTL is bred with a parent comprising the one or more
stalk QTL wherein selection decisions at each generation are based
on marker alleles for the stalk QTL and marker alleles from the
recurrent parent in order to breed a plant comprising the genetic
background of the recurrent parent plus the one or more stalk
QTL.
Operation
In various exemplary configurations, the system 300 is mounted on
and suspended from the back of the tractor 302 with the base of the
mounting structure 303 suspended about nine inches above the ground
when set up to test the strength of corn stalks. The tractor 302
(shown in FIG. 3) drives two row widths away from the subject
snapping row to avoid soil compression effects by the tires. A
variable speed hydraulic motor drives the drive device 105,
conveyor 101 and pulling fingers 103. In some embodiments, the
system 300 includes a deflecting bar 119 (shown in FIG. 2) at the
top of the PSSM apparatus 100 to prevent accidental damage to
plants in adjacent rows. Exemplarily, the PSSM apparatus 100 is
held at an angle of from about 30.degree. to 60.degree., e.g., from
about 45.degree. to 50.degree., from the ground to enable the
fingers 103 to catch and hold the stalks. As fingers 103 travel
along the leading edge 115 of the housing 111, each finger 103
hooks a respective stalk and pulls the stalk laterally and downward
at the 30.degree. to 60.degree. until each respective stalk bends,
breaks or dislodges. The force sensor 109 measures the maximum
amount of resistance that each stalk produces as it is guided down
the leading edge 115 of the housing 111. The data is automatically
exported to data acquisition system 335 for analysis.
Most corn plants bend or break, i.e., snap, at nodes from 12'' to
28'' off the ground. The height of the snapping point generally
correlates to the plant pickup point on the PSSM apparatus 100,
i.e., the point along the lead edge 115 at which each finger 103
hooks a respective corn stalk. Best possible human steering of the
tractor is generally within about 4 inches. However, as described
above, the GPS and row sensor 339 can accurately maintain the PSSM
apparatus 100 and thus, the pick up point, at a desired location.
Maximum travel for snapping to occur is a distance of about 32.5''
on the housing 111.
Although the apparatuses, systems and methods described herein are
applicable to corn, the apparatuses, systems and methods are
equally applicable to measuring stalk strength and root strength in
other crops including wheat, canola, sunflower and sorghum.
As described above, in various embodiments, the system 300 includes
the anti-lodge assembly 321 to prevent stalk lodging while
measuring stalk strength because it is often not possible to test
stalk strength when the ground is significantly wet. For example,
in moist soil conditions, the PSSM apparatus 100 may cause the
roots on one side of stalks to be pulled out of the ground.
Accordingly, for testing in moist soil conditions, the anti-lodge
assembly 321 is installed and positioned to put the stalks in shear
with the ground when being tested of instead of putting the roots
in tension upwards, presuming that shear holding is greater than
root/soil adhesion force. This would provide a pivot point, or
pivot area for each stalk during testing, resulting in greatly
reduced external forces at the plant base.
EXAMPLES
This example describes an experiment to determine the stalk
strength and snapping resistance of corn hybrids prior to
tasseling.
Two-hundred-forty hybrids, derived from twenty-three female and
twenty-one male inbred lines, were tested. Line and hybrid
selections were based on historical data and included to maximize
the variation of green snap resistance. These hybrid selections
serve as a means to check whether the machine can accurately
measure distinctions across a potentially large range of hybrid
susceptibilities. Tables 1 and 2 respectively show the female and
male lines used in the experiment.
The test plots were planted on 2.25 acres of land at the Monsanto
research farm near Huxley, Iowa. All test plots were planted in
30-inch rows. Plots for the trials were 10 feet long and 30 feet
wide and had a density of 12,222 plants per acre. Nine replications
were planted with a border row between each one.
The system 300 and PSSM apparatus 100 continuously snapped stalks
as the tractor 302 drove down the rows. The height of the breaking
point on the stalk could be adjusted by steering the tractor closer
to or farther away from the plots. The system 300 used did not have
a instrumentation to automatically sense and adjust the position of
the PSSM apparatus 100 relative to each row. Thus, accurate driving
of the tractor was critical.
On average, the system 300 was able to snap one column of 44 plots
in 19.5 minutes. This time included turning the tractor 302 around,
driving over the snapped stalks to flatten plants and avoid
interference with machine operation during the next pass, and
repositioning for another run. The design of the PSSM apparatus 100
necessitates testing in only one direction. Testing started at 6:00
AM and continued until the snapping rate decreased due to rising
temperature and decreasing humidity. Hot and dry conditions later
in the morning caused many of the hybrids to resist snapping beyond
normal early morning levels. The hybrids tested later in the
morning actually showed a trend of being more resistant to green
snap when all hybrids from a replication were plotted against the
mean.
Results
Tables 1 and 2 below respectively show the female and male lines
used in the study. Reported Mechanical green snap general combining
ability (GCA) values were calculated for each inbred as the average
of green snap best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) estimates of
all hybrids containing the indicated inbred line. Historical GCA of
inbred lines evaluated in the test were calculated as the average
of the historical GCA of the two parental lines for the hybrid.
Specific combining ability of the hybrids tested was also
evaluated; however, only a small portion of the hybrids in this
test had green snap data available, so this data is not presented.
The GCA values were used to categorize lines into resistant,
moderate, and susceptible classes. Resistant classes were those
having a GCA less than 80. Moderate classes were those having a GCA
between 80 and 120. Susceptible classes had a GCA over 120.
Lines were also categorized based on mechanical green snap GCA.
Resistant lines were those having a mechanical GCA greater than
0.5. Moderate lines had a mechanical GCA of from about 0.5 to about
-0.5. And susceptible lines had a mechanical GCA of less than
-0.5.
The classifications based on the two datasets were compared for
correlations.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Female Lines # of Mechanical Mechanical
Historical Inbred Hybrids GSP GCA GCA Category GCA Category F1 1
1.780450 Resistant Resistant F2 15 1.652591 Resistant Susceptible
F3 2 0.850788 Resistant Moderate F4 14 0.579706 Resistant
Susceptible F5 2 0.471177 Moderate Susceptible F6 15 0.364402
Moderate Resistant F7 15 0.108332 Moderate Moderate F8 15 0.067194
Moderate Moderate F9 16 0.023608 Moderate Resistant F10 14
-0.036057 Moderate Resistant F11 15 -0.053418 Moderate Resistant
F12 14 -0.058412 Moderate Moderate F13 15 -0.067760 Moderate
Susceptible F14 15 -0.144040 Moderate Resistant F15 14 -0.248798
Moderate Moderate F16 2 -0.413078 Moderate Resistant F17 16
-0.493217 Susceptible Susceptible F18 14 -0.524905 Susceptible
Susceptible F19 15 -0.532552 Susceptible Susceptible F20 2
-0.908048 Susceptible Resistant F21 6 -1.088922 Susceptible
Moderate F22 2 -1.238056 Susceptible Moderate F23 1 -2.125465
Susceptible Resistant
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Male Lines # of Mechanical Mechanical
Historical Inbred Hybrids GSP GCA GCA Category GCA Category M1 2
0.850788 Resistant Resistant M2 15 0.809065 Resistant Susceptible
M3 1 0.472234 Moderate Moderate M4 3 0.318098 Moderate Susceptible
M5 19 0.308415 Moderate Moderate M6 15 0.282736 Moderate Resistant
M7 15 0.274386 Moderate Moderate M8 15 0.260236 Moderate
Susceptible M9 14 0.220730 Moderate Susceptible M10 15 0.139816
Moderate Susceptible M11 15 0.116100 Moderate Resistant M12 15
0.077392 Moderate Susceptible M13 15 0.044058 Moderate Resistant
M14 15 -0.003441 Moderate Resistant M15 17 -0.194896 Moderate
Moderate M16 15 -0.396289 Moderate Moderate M17 15 -0.523944
Susceptible Moderate M18 3 -0.595321 Susceptible Resistant M19 14
-1.313334 Susceptible Moderate M20 1 -1.436315 Susceptible
Resistant M21 1 -2.125465 Susceptible Susceptible
The mechanical green snap GCA value is an average of BLUP estimates
of all hybrids containing a given line. Mechanical GCA Category is
the determination of resistance level of each line based on the
mechanical green snap GCA. GCA category is GCA rankings from
historic data. GCA less than 80 is classified as resistant, 80
through 120 as moderate, and greater than 120 as susceptible.
* * * * *