U.S. patent number 7,021,169 [Application Number 10/414,021] was granted by the patent office on 2006-04-04 for automatic transmission.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. Invention is credited to Toshio Kobayashi.
United States Patent |
7,021,169 |
Kobayashi |
April 4, 2006 |
Automatic transmission
Abstract
An automatic transmission with input shaft having drive gears
and an output shaft with driven gears engaging with the drive gears
are provided. A transmission gear for transmitting a power is
selectively switched from transmission gear trains of the drive
gears and driven gears, by a switching mechanism. An input clutch
for switching engine power transmission and input shaft disconnect
states is arranged between an engine crankshaft and the input
shaft. Bypass clutches capable of transmitting the power to the
respective transmission gear trains are provided at an end portion
of the input shaft, and the engine power is transmitted to the
output shaft via at least any one of the bypass clutches at a time
of shifting gears. The input clutch and the plurality of bypass
clutches are concentrically arranged in series between the engine
and the input shaft providing size reduction.
Inventors: |
Kobayashi; Toshio (Tokyo,
JP) |
Assignee: |
Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
(Tokyo, JP)
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Family
ID: |
28672674 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/414,021 |
Filed: |
April 16, 2003 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20030196503 A1 |
Oct 23, 2003 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Apr 19, 2002 [JP] |
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2002-117071 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
74/333;
74/330 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16H
3/006 (20130101); Y10T 74/19228 (20150115); Y10T
74/19242 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
F16H
3/08 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;74/325-335
;192/87.11,87.15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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4-262166 |
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Sep 1992 |
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JP |
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2000055184 |
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Feb 2000 |
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JP |
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2000-65199 |
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Mar 2000 |
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JP |
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Primary Examiner: Lewis; Tisha D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Smith Gambrell & Russell
LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An automatic transmission provided with an input shaft having a
plurality of drive gears and with an output shaft having a
plurality of driven gears constantly engaging with said drive
gears, comprising: an input clutch provided beneath a crankshaft of
an engine and said input shaft to connect an engine power with said
transmission and to disconnect from said input shaft; a switching
mechanism for selectively switching a transmission gear train to
transmit the power among a plurality of transmission gear trains
formed by said drive gears and said driven gears; a plurality of
bypass clutches provided in an end portion of said input shaft to
transmit the power to the respective transmission gear trains and
to transmit different torque capacities from each other to said
output shaft; and bypass clutch control means for transmitting the
engine power to said output shaft via at least one of said
plurality of bypass clutches at a time of shifting gears; wherein
said plurality of bypass clutches and said input clutch are
arranged in series between the engine and said shaft.
2. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: a first bypass clutch for operating at a time of
shifting a transmission gear train in a first transmission gear
train group constituted by a plurality of transmission gear trains
in a side of a low speed range; and a second bypass clutch for
operating at the time of shifting the transmission gear train in a
second transmission gear train group constituted by the plurality
of the transmission gear trains in the side of a high speed
range.
3. The automatic transmission according to claim 2, wherein: said
first bypass clutch is connected to one of the drive gears
constituting said first transmission gear train group; said second
bypass clutch is connected to one of the drive gears constituting
said second transmission gear train group; and the respective drive
gears are arranged in adjacent to said bypass clutches.
4. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: a damper arranged between the crankshaft of the engine
and said input clutch for damping engine vibration.
5. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: a fluid torque converter provided with a lockup
mechanism arranged between the crankshaft of the engine and said
input clutch.
6. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: a fluid coupling provided with a lockup mechanism
arranged between the crankshaft of the engine and said input
clutch.
7. The automatic transmission according to claim 1 wherein said
input clutch and plurality of bypass clutches are concentrically
arranged in series between the engine and the input shaft.
8. The automatic transmission according to claim 1 wherein: one of
said bypass clutches has a smaller diameter than a diameter of a
second of said bypass clutches.
9. The automatic transmission according to claim 8, further
comprising: a start clutch that is arranged between said engine and
said input shaft, wherein said start clutch is provided to an outer
portion of said smaller diameter bypass clutch.
10. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: an electric control throttle for controlling an engine
torque and an engine speed; wherein said engine torque is adjusted
by controlling said electric control throttle while synchronizing
with the control of one of said bypass clutches.
11. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, further
comprising: a start clutch that is arranged between said engine and
said input shaft, wherein said start clutch is disconnected or set
to a half clutch state in accordance with a preset program at the
time of shifting gears.
12. The automatic transmission according to claim 1, wherein: said
bypass clutch control means controls at least one of said plurality
of bypass clutches at the time of shifting gears by engaging the
bypass clutch for a predetermined time on the basis of a preset
program.
13. The automatic transmission according to claim 12, wherein: said
bypass clutch control means controls at least one of said plurality
of bypass clutches according to at least one of an acceleration
opening degree, a vehicle speed, an engine speed and a transmission
gear position.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an automatic transmission mounted
on a vehicle, and more particularly to an automatic transmission
having a plurality of transmission gear trains, which are easily
selective as required for any driving conditions thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A manual transmission (MT) carrying out a gear shift operation
manually has an input shaft to which a plurality of drive gears are
provided, and an output shaft to which a plurality of driven gears
forming transmission gear trains together with the drive gears are
provided. An engine power is input to the input shaft via an input
clutch, and the output shaft is connected to a drive wheel. In this
MT, a gear shift operation, that is, a shift change is carried out
by disconnecting the input clutch for changing gears, thereafter
switching by an engagement clutch such as a synchro-mesh mechanism
or the like into one of the gear trains to carry out the power
transmission by selecting a gear train from a plurality of
transmission gear trains, and connecting the input clutch
thereto.
In the case where the shift change and the clutch operation are
driven by a hydraulic actuator and where the hydraulic actuator is
electronically controlled, an automatic transmission having a
structure on the basis of the manual transmission system can be
obtained. This type of automated manual transmission (hereinafter,
refer briefly to as an AMT) having a plurality of the transmission
gear trains has advantages that a weight saving can be easily
attained by reducing a number of parts in comparison with an
ordinary torque converter type automatic transmission (AT) having
planetary gears in an automatic transmission mechanism, and that a
power transmitting efficiency becomes high.
In this AMT, when carrying out the gear shift by an electronic
control, the gear shift operation is carried out by disconnecting
the input clutch provided between a crankshaft of the engine and
the input shaft of the transmission so as to temporarily disconnect
the power, in accordance with an automatic gear shift schedule (or
pattern) which is previously determined on the basis of a vehicle
speed, a throttle opening degree of the engine and the like, so
that no torque transmitting condition is instantly generated when
shifting the gear. Accordingly, for example, in the case where the
transmission of the engine power to the transmission system is
disconnected for a moment when shifting up to a second speed from a
first speed in which there is a large difference in a gear ratio,
the drive force change is large even if structured for the drive
force to be smoothly changed between before and after the gear
shifts. Thus, the driver feels the driving speed reduced as well as
torque loss during the gear shift, so that the driver may feel
uncomfortable.
For the purpose of avoiding such torque disconnection while the
gear shift operation, the automatic transmission provided with a
hydraulic multiple disc type bypass clutch is disclosed in, for
example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-65199.
This publication discloses an automatic transmission in which first
to fifth speed gear trains are provided in input and output shafts;
switching between the first and second speed gear trains and
switching between the third and fourth speed gear trains are
respectively carried out by using the same synchronizer mechanism
as that of the conventional manual transmission; and transmitting
the power and disconnecting the torque transmission on the basis of
the fifth speed gear train are carried out by a bypass clutch. In
this automatic transmission, a torque reduction from the input
shaft to the output shaft is prevented by transmitting the power
from the fifth speed gear train by connecting the bypass clutch at
a time of the gear shift. However, since the bypass clutch is
provided in the fifth speed gear train, a torque transmitting
capacity to the output shaft from the input shaft via the bypass
clutch corresponds to a gear ratio of the fifth speed.
Accordingly, at a time of shifting gears from the first speed to
the second speed, the torque capacity which can be transmitted to
the output shaft from the input shaft via the bypass clutch for the
purpose of preventing the torque disconnection becomes a drive
force applied by the gear shift ratio of the fifth speed. And the
gear ratio difference is large between this speed and the second
speed even by adding the torque increase generated by an inertia
moment in the input side of the bypass clutch, so that it is
impossible to sufficiently compensate the difference in the driving
force change between the both. If the difference is large, not only
the gear shift shock is generated so as to cause a reduction in a
gear shift quality of the automatic transmission, but also the
torque is reduced during the gear shift even when an acceleration
is required, so that the driver feels uncomfortable. In the same
manner, when shifting the gears from the second speed to the third
speed, it is also impossible to sufficiently compensate the
difference between the transmission torque transmitted via the
bypass clutch and the drive force change caused by the gear shift
ratio difference from the second speed to the third speed, even by
adding the torque increase generated by the inertia moment
mentioned above, so that a gear shift shock is generated and a gear
shift quality reduction is caused.
In order to improve a fuel consumption and a quietness during a
high speed cruising and applying a large start drive force and a
large traction force to a four-wheel drive vehicle, there is a case
of mounting on a vehicle an automatic transmission provided with a
gear ratio in which a number of shift ranges is set equal to or
more than five ranges, for example, six ranges, or further one
range of extra low range gear ratio is added to the transmission
gear ranges, thereby improving a quality of the vehicle. When
increasing the number of the transmission gear ranges as mentioned
above, a difference between the lowest range (i.e. first speed) and
the highest range (e.g. sixth speed) becomes large, so that in the
vehicle, the gear shift quality mentioned above is further lowered.
In particular, taking into consideration of the automatic
transmission applied to a utility vehicle and a heavy vehicle, this
tendency becomes further significant in accordance that the
difference between the gear shift rates becomes large.
On the other hand, an automatic transmission having such a
structure that two shift clutches are provided between the input
shaft and the output shaft is proposed and disclosed in Japanese
Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-262166. In this automatic
transmission, one shift clutch transmits the power to transmission
gear trains of second and fourth speed of even (numbered)
transmission gear ranges, and another shift clutch transmits the
power to the transmission gear trains of first, third and fifth
speed of odd (numbered) transmission gear ranges, whereby the gear
shift is carried out by changing between two gear shift clutches,
that is, switching the gear shift. For example, at a time of
shifting up to the second speed from the first speed, since the
gear shift clutch in a side of the even range is in a disconnected
state. Thus the synchronizer for the second speed of the even range
previously operates a selectively operable synchro-sleeve in a
shifting manner so as to engage the second speed synchronizer with
the output shaft. And then the synchronizer changes the gear shift
clutch in the side of the odd range constituting the transmission
gear train of the first speed and the gear shift clutch in the side
of the even range, thereby achieving the gear shift operation.
Further, in this transmission, two gear shift clutches are provided
between the engine and the input shaft, and the transmission gear
trains are roughly classified into transmission gear trains of odd
or even gear shift ranges connected so as to be capable of
transmitting the power from one clutch to the first input shaft,
and transmission gear trains of odd or even gear shift ranges
connected so as to be capable of transmitting the power from
another clutch to the second input shaft. Further, the synchronizer
is provided in each of the transmission gear trains.
However, since this automatic transmission shift gears by
alternately switching the shift clutch in the odd range side and
the shift clutch in the even range side, it is necessary to shift
the gears via the transmission gear range on the way in the case of
shifting up from the first speed to the fifth speed. Accordingly,
it is hard to shift the gears in a jumped (or skipped) manner such
as the gear shift from the odd range to the odd range and the gear
shift from the even range to the even range, for example, the gear
shift from the first speed to the third speed and the gear shift
from the second speed to the fourth speed. In this case, since the
speed increase and the speed reduction are carried out while
passing via the transmission gear range on the way, there are
generated problems such that a time for shifting gears becomes
generally long, the driver feels a stress in the gear shift during
an acceleration for passing over, and the like. In particular, a
difference between an intention of the driver and a motion of the
vehicle is frequently generated at a time ofjumped kick-down gear
shift from the maximum transmission gear range. This phenomenon
appears as a significant phenomenon in a travel on a mountain road
having a lot of curves and ups and downs or for a vehicle having a
comparatively small displacement and less power.
On the contrary, since the structure of the transmission gear train
is the structure which is clearly classified into the odd range
train group and the even range train group, there is generated a
problem that a design freedom is not obtained in the arrangement of
the gears in the transmission main body and the layout of the
operation system. In particular, if it is desired to wholly and
appropriately use the basic structure of the manual transmission,
there is generated the problem that the same mechanism can be used
only by arranging the manual transmission in such a manner that the
transmission gear trains are separated into the even transmission
gear trains and the odd transmission gear trains.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to achieve a sporty gear
shift which is excellent in response by widely improving a normal
gear shift quality and a jump (or skipped) gear shift quality at a
time of automatically shifting gears.
Another object of the present invention is to more improve a
freedom in a structure of gear trains and a layout of main
components of an automatic transmission.
The other object of the present invention is to inhibit the
automatic transmission from becoming long and large in size by
concentrically housing a plurality of bypass clutches in a side of
one end portion of an input shaft, and to make it possible to
effectively lubricate the bypass clutch.
The automatic transmission according to the present invention, it
is provided with an input shaft in which a plurality of drive gears
are provided, and with an output shaft in which a plurality of
driven gears constantly engaging with the drive gears are provided,
comprising: an input clutch provided between a crankshaft of an
engine and the input shaft to switch an engine power transmission
and a disconnection to said input shaft; a switching mechanism
selectively switching a transmission gear train to transmit the
power from a plurality of transmission gear trains formed by the
drive gears and the driven gears; a plurality of bypass clutches
provided in an end portion of the input shaft so as to be able to
transmit the power to the respective transmission gear trains and
transmitting different torque capacities from each other to the
output shaft; and bypass clutch control means for transmitting the
engine power to the output shaft via at least any one of said
plurality of bypass clutches at a time of shifting gears, wherein
said plurality of bypass clutches and the input clutch are arranged
in series between the engine and the input shaft.
The automatic transmission according to the present invention
further comprises: a first bypass clutch operating at a time of
shifting a transmission gear train in a first transmission gear
train group constituted by a plurality of transmission gear trains
in a side of a low speed range; and a second bypass clutch
operating at a time of shifting a transmission gear train in a
second transmission gear train group constituted by a plurality of
the transmission gear trains in the side of a high speed range.
In the automatic transmission according to the present invention,
the first bypass clutch is connected to any one of the drive gears
constituting the first transmission gear train group; the second
bypass clutch is connected to any one of the drive gears
constituting said second transmission gear train group; and the
respective drive gears are arranged to contact with the bypass
clutches.
In the automatic transmission according to the present invention, a
damper for damping engine vibration is arranged between the
crankshaft of the engine and the input clutch.
In the automatic transmission according to the present invention, a
fluid torque converter provided with a lockup mechanism or a fluid
coupling is arranged between the crankshaft of the engine and the
input clutch.
In accordance with an automatic transmission of the present
invention, it is possible to considerably reduce a gear shift shock
so as to achieve a smooth gear shift quality by arranging a
plurality of bypass clutches between the engine and the input shaft
and properly using the bypass clutch for carrying out the torque
transmission in correspondence to the transmission gear range. When
shifting the gears, it is possible to carry out a jumped (or
skipped) gear shift at the driver's discretion by engaging the
bypass clutch only for a predetermined time, and it is possible to
improve a response ability of the transmission, whereby a sporty
gear shift can be achieved.
Since a start clutch and a plurality of the bypass clutches are
continuously arranged in series at an end portion of the input
shaft, it is possible to secure an improved mountability while
avoiding the transmission from being large in size and long, it is
possible to use common elements of the automatic and manual
transmissions, and it is possible to more improve the design
freedom in a layout of the main components.
Further, since the input and bypass clutches are continuously
arranged in series at the end portion of the input shaft, it is
possible to synthetically supply a fluid or a lubricating oil for
operating the respective clutches, and it is possible to improve a
gear shift response.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a skeleton view showing an automatic transmission
corresponding to one embodiment in accordance with the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view showing a part of a starting
clutch and two bypass clutches shown in FIG. 1 in an enlarged
view;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a hydraulic control circuit for
controlling the automatic transmission;
FIG. 4 is a time chart showing a change of an engine speed and a
torque of an output shaft at a time of shifting up from a first
speed to a second speed;
FIG. 5A is a characteristic graph showing a drive force transmitted
from an input shaft to an output shaft in each of transmission gear
ratios by the automatic transmission, and a drive force transmitted
at a time of carrying out an up-shift operation, and FIG. 5B is
another characteristic graph showing the drive force transmitted
from the input shaft to the output shaft in each of the
transmission gear ratios by the automatic transmission for
comparing with the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, and a drive force
transmitted at the time of carrying out the up-shift operation;
and
FIG. 6 is the skeleton view showing the automatic transmission
corresponding to another embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
As shown if FIG. 1, an automatic transmission has an input shaft 11
and an output shaft 12, and these shafts 11, 12 are contained
within a transmission case 10a so as to be in parallel with each
other. A clutch case 10b is mounted on one end side of the
transmission case 10a, and an extension case 10c is mounted on
another end side thereof.
A damping (or attenuating) apparatus, that is, a damper 15 is
arranged between a crankshaft 14 and an input shaft 11 of an engine
13. And an input clutch, that is, a start clutch 16 is arranged
between the damper 15 and the input shaft 11. Accordingly, when the
start clutch 16 is in an engaged state, an engine power is damped
in vibration by the damper 15 so as to be transmitted to the input
shaft 11, and the engine power is not transmitted by releasing the
engagement. Further, the start clutch 16 is formed by a multiple
disc type wet friction clutch, and has a function of forming a
half-clutch state, that is, a slip state so as to smoothly transmit
the engine power when a vehicle starts, in addition to a function
of transmitting the power and disconnecting the power. In this
case, a single disc clutch may be used in place of the multiple
disc clutch.
The engine 13 is provided with an electronic control throttle 17
for adjusting an engine torque and an engine speed, and an engine
control is normally carried out by opening and closing the
electronic control throttle 17 on the basis of an output signal
from the electronic control apparatus in correspondence to a
pedaling (or stepping) amount of an accelerator pedal (not shown).
Further, the electronic control throttle 17 opens and closes
depending on this situation, not based on the pedaling amount of
the accelerator pedal, but based on a preset map or the like in
accordance with a detected driving condition, whereby the engine
control is carried out.
A hollow inner bypass shaft 18 is rotatably mounted on an outer
side of the input shaft 11 in an engine side of the input shaft 11,
and a hollow outer bypass shaft 19 is rotatably mounted to an outer
side of the inner bypass shaft 18.
The input shaft 11 is integrally provided with a first speed drive
gear 21a and a second speed drive gear 22a, and is rotatably
provided with a fourth speed drive gear 24a and a fifth speed drive
gear 25a. Further, the outer bypass shaft 19 is integrally provided
with a third speed drive gear 23a, and the inner bypass shaft 18 is
integrally provided with a sixth speed drive gear 26a. On the other
hand, the output shaft 12 is rotatably provided with a first speed
driven gear 21b and a second speed driven gear 22b, and third speed
to six speed driven gears 23b to 26b are fixed to the output shaft
12. The respective drive gears and the respective corresponding
driven gears are constantly engaged with each other, whereby the
transmission gear trains for the forward moving ranges from the
first speed to the sixth speed are formed. When the transmission
gear train for carrying out the power transmission is selected
among a plurality of transmission gear trains, the automatic
transmission establishes the gear shift range corresponding to the
transmission gear train.
A drive gear 27a for reverse is integrally provided in the input
shaft 11, a driven gear 27b for reverse is rotatably provided in
the output shaft 12, and an idler gear 28 is engaged with both of
the gears 27a and 27b. A drive shaft 29 is rotatably provided
within the transmission case 10a in parallel with the output shaft
12, and the output shaft 12 is connected to the drive shaft 29 via
a gear 20a fixed to the output shaft 12 and via a gear 20b fixed to
the drive shaft 29 and engaged with the gear 20a. A drive pinion
30a fixed to the drive shaft 29 is engaged with a ring gear 30b of
a front differential apparatus.
The output shaft 12 is provided with a first switching mechanism 31
which selectively switches the transmission gear train to any one
of the first speed and the second speed, and the input shaft 11 is
provided with a second switching mechanism 32 which selectively
switches the transmission gear to any one of the fourth speed and
the fifth speed. Further, the output shaft 12 is provided with a
third switching mechanism 33 which selectively switches the
backward moving gear train to a backward moving state and a neutral
state. In this case, if the structure is made such that the drive
gears 21a and 22a are rotatably provided in the input shaft 11, and
the driven gears 21b and 22b are integrally provided in the output
shaft 12, the first switching mechanism 31 can be provided in the
input shaft 11. In the same manner, the structure may be made such
that the second switching mechanism 32 is provided in the output
shaft 12, the structure may be also made such that both of the
switching mechanisms 31 and 32 are provided in the input shaft 11
or the output shaft 12, or the structure may be further made such
that the third switching mechanism 33 is provided in the input
shaft 11.
The first switching mechanism 31 has a synchro-hub 31a which is
arranged between the first and second speed driven gears 21b and
22b and is fixed to the output shaft 12, and a synchro-sleeve 31b
which is constantly engaged with the synchro-hub 31a, is set to the
first speed by engaging the synchro-sleeve 31b with the driven gear
21b, and is set to the second speed by engaging the synchro-sleeve
31b with the driven gear 22b. The second switching mechanism 32 has
a synchro-hub 32a which is arranged between the fourth and fifth
speed drive gears 24a and 25a and is fixed to the input shaft 11,
and a synchro-sleeve 32b which is constantly engaged with the
synchro-hub 32a, is set to the fourth speed by engaging the
synchro-sleeve 32b with the drive gear 24a, and is set to the fifth
speed by engaging the synchro-sleeve 32b with the drive gear 25a.
The third switching mechanism 33 has a synchro-hub 33a which is
arranged adjacent to the reverse driven gear 27b and is fixed to
the output shaft 12, and a synchro-sleeve 33b which is constantly
engaged with the synchro-hub 33a, and is set to the reverse range
by engaging the synchro-sleeve 33b with the driven gear 27b. Each
of the switching mechanisms 31 to 33 is formed by a synchro-mesh
mechanism, that is, a synchronous engagement mechanism, however,
the structure may be made such that each of the switching
mechanisms employs a dog clutch switching mechanism or a
selectively sliding type switching mechanism.
This automatic transmission has six forward speed gear ranges, the
first to third speed ranges and the backward moving range
constitute a transmission gear range group in a side of a low speed
range, and the fourth to sixth speed ranges constitute a
transmission gear range group in the side of a high speed range. As
described above, the first to sixth speed gear ranges are separated
into two groups comprising the low speed range side and the high
speed range side.
A start clutch 16 has an outer cylinder body 34 fixed to an output
shaft 15a of a damper 15, and an inner cylinder body 35 fixed to
the input shaft 11, a clutch disc 36a is provided in an inner
portion of the outer cylinder body 34, and a clutch disc 36b
engaged and contacted with the clutch disc 36a is provided to an
outer portion of the inner cylinder body 35. A leading end portion
35a of the inner cylinder body 35 has a larger diameter than a
diameter of a base end portion 35b, the leading end (or edge)
portion 35a is provided with a first bypass clutch 41 which
switches the start clutch 16 and the drive gear 23a into a
connection state and a disconnection state, and the base end
portion 35b is provided with a second bypass clutch 42 which
switches the start clutch 16 and the drive gear 26a into a
connection state and a disconnection state.
Accordingly, the first bypass clutch 41 establishes a gear ratio in
a side of a highest speed range in the low speed range side
transmission gear train group so as to transmit a torque from the
input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12, and the second bypass clutch
42 establishes the gear ratio in the side of a highest speed range
in the high speed range side transmission gear train group so as to
transmit the torque. As described above, the bypass clutch 41
constitutes a third speed transmission gear train, and when the
third speed is selected, the bypass clutch 41 is in a connection
state. In the same manner, the bypass clutch 42 constitutes a sixth
speed transmission gear train, and when the sixth speed is
selected, the bypass clutch 42 is in a connection state. Further,
since the respective bypass clutches 41 and 42 constitute the
transmission gear trains of the different gear shift ratios from
each other, the different torque from each other are transmitted
from the input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12.
The first bypass clutch 41 has a clutch disc 43a which is provided
to an inner portion of the leading end portion 35a, and a clutch
disc 43b which is provided in the clutch hub 37 fixed to the outer
bypass shaft 19 so as to be engaged and contacted with the clutch
disc 43a. The second bypass clutch 42 has a clutch disc 44a which
is provided to an inner portion of a small diameter portion, and a
clutch disc 44b which is provided on the clutch hub 38 fixed to the
inner bypass shaft 18 so as to be engaged and contacted with the
clutch disc 44a. As shown in FIG. 2, the first bypass clutch 41 is
assembled within the leading end portion 35a having the larger
diameter than the diameter of the base end portion 35b, and it is
possible to set an engagement area between the clutch discs 43a and
43b approximately the same as an engagement area of the clutch
discs 44a and 44b. Each of the bypass clutches 41 and 42 is a
multiple disc type wet friction clutch, and an engaging operation
and a disengaging operation are carried out on the basis of a fluid
from an oil pump 39 driven by the engine via the damper 15. In this
case, the structure may be made such that the oil pump 39 is driven
by an electric motor.
In the automatic transmission shown in FIG. 2, the structure is
made such that each of the bypass clutches 41 and 42 transmits the
power in the third speed and the sixth speed by directly connecting
the first bypass clutch 41 to the third speed gear 23a and directly
connecting the second bypass clutch 42 to the sixth speed gear 26a.
However, the structure may be made such that the third speed and
six speed drive gears are provided in the input shaft 11 with
(operating) the respective bypass clutches 41 and 42 only at the
time of a gear shift. In this case, the bypass gears for carrying
out the power transmission only at the time of the gear shift are
respectively mounted on the bypass shafts, and the third speed and
sixth speed transmission gear trains are shifted so as to transmit
the power by the switching mechanism, so that the gear shift is
carried out while transmitting the torque via the bypass gear by
operating the bypass clutches 41 and 42 at the time of operating
the switching mechanism. In this case, the gear ratios of the
respective bypass clutches are set to the same or similar gear
ratio as the gear ratio in the high speed range side in the
respective two grouped transmission gear train groups.
In FIG. 2, there is shown in an enlarged portion of the start
clutch 16 and the bypass clutches 41 and 42 illustrated in FIG. 1.
A hydraulic plunger 45 is assembled within the outer cylinder body
34 so as to freely move in an axial direction, and when supplying
the fluid from an oil passage 47 to an oil chamber 46 defined and
formed by the hydraulic plunger 45 and the outer cylinder body 34,
the hydraulic plunger 45 frictionally engages the clutch discs 36a
and 36b of the start clutch 16, and the start clutch 16 becomes in
a connection state. In order to apply a spring force in a returning
direction to the hydraulic plunger 45, a return spring 50 is
assembled in a cancel fluid chamber 49 defined and formed by a
partition wall 48 fixed within the outer cylinder body 34 and the
hydraulic plunger 45. The fluid received within the cancel fluid
chamber 49 applies a centrifugal hydraulic pressure in a returning
direction to the hydraulic plunger 45 in correspondence to the
rotation of the outer cylinder body 34.
As shown in FIG. 2, a hydraulic cylinder 51 is mounted on an outer
periphery of the leading end portion of the inner cylinder body 35.
A hydraulic plunger 52 is assembled within the hydraulic cylinder
51 so as to freely move in an axial direction, and a plurality of
operation rod portions 52a provided in the hydraulic plunger 52
extend to the second bypass clutch 42 through the clutch disc 43a.
When supplying the fluid from an oil passage 54 to an oil chamber
53 defined and formed by the hydraulic plunger 52 and the hydraulic
cylinder 51, the hydraulic plunger 52 frictionally engages the
clutch discs 44a and 44b of the second bypass clutch 42 and the
second bypass clutch 42 becomes in a connection state.
A hydraulic plunger 55 is assembled in an inner portion of the
hydraulic plunger 52 so as to freely move in the axial direction,
and when supplying the fluid from an oil passage 57 to an oil
chamber 56 defined and formed by the hydraulic plunger 55 and the
hydraulic plunger 52, the hydraulic plunger 55 frictionally engages
the clutch discs 43a and 43b of the first bypass clutch 41, and the
first bypass clutch 41 becomes in a connection state. In order to
apply a spring force in a returning direction to the respective
hydraulic plungers 52 and 55, a return spring 60 is assembled in a
cancel fluid chamber 59 defined and formed by a partition wall 58
fixed within the hydraulic cylinder 51 and by the hydraulic plunger
55. The fluid received within the cancel fluid chamber 59 applies
the centrifugal fluid pressure in a returning direction to the
hydraulic plungers 52 and 55 in correspondence to the rotation of
the inner cylinder body 35.
As shown in FIG. 2, a needle bearing 61 is assembled between the
input shaft 11 and the inner bypass shaft 18, and a needle bearing
62 is assembled between the inner bypass shaft 18 and the outer
bypass shaft 19. Further, a thrust bearing 63 is assembled between
the drive gear 23a and the drive gear 26a, a thrust bearing 64 is
assembled between the drive gear 26a and the drive gear 25a, and
each of the input shaft 11 and the bypass shafts 18 and 19 can
freely rotate independently. In order to supply the lubricating
fluid to each of the bearings 61 to 64, an oil passage 67 is formed
in the input shaft 11.
In FIG. 2, there is shown a part of the second switching mechanism
32. A spline 65 is fixed to the drive gear 25a, a synchronizer ring
66 is attached to the spline 65, and when the synchro-sleeve 32b
engages with the spline 65 of the drive gear 25a via the
synchronizer ring 66, the fifth speed transmission gear train is
switched to the power transmission state. With respect to the other
gears 24a, 21b, 22b and 27b, a spline and a synchronizer ring are
provided in the same manner.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the start clutch 16 and two bypass
clutches 41 and 42 are arranged in the end portion of the input
shaft 11, and since these clutches 16, 41 and 42 are formed in
series, that is, continuously adjacent to each other, it is
possible to inhibit (or avoid) the transmission unit from becoming
long and large in size, and it is possible to commonly use the
inner cylinder body 35 as the clutch hub of the start clutch 16 and
as the clutch drums of two bypass clutches 41 and 42. Further,
since it is possible to use the transmission case 10a and the parts
such as the input shaft 11 and the like assembled in the inner
portion of the transmission case 10a as the parts of the manual
transmission as they are, it is possible to more improve a design
freedom in a layout of the main constituting parts, and it is
possible to commonly use a lot of parts in the automatic
transmission and the manual transmission. Further, since the
respective clutches 16, 41 and 42 are arranged in series, it is
possible to concentrically supply the fluid and the lubricating oil
for operating the respective clutches, and it is possible to
improve a gear shift response.
As shown in FIG. 3, the automatic transmission has a third speed
bypass clutch actuator 71 for operating the first bypass clutch 41,
a sixth speed bypass clutch actuator 72 for operating the second
bypass clutch 42, and a start clutch actuator 73 for operating the
start clutch 16. Further, the automatic transmission has a select
actuator 74 and a shift actuator 75 in order to switch into the
transmission gear train carrying out the power transmission among a
plurality of transmission gear trains so as to select a
predetermined gear shift range. The switching operation of the
forward moving ranges of the first speed, the second speed, the
fourth speed and the fifth speed, and the backward moving range, by
converting the linear oscillations of two actuators 74 and 75 into
the switching movements of the respective switching mechanisms 31
to 33 mentioned above via direction changing mechanism (not
shown).
As shown in FIG. 3, the fluid from the oil pump 39 is supplied to
the third speed bypass clutch actuator 71 via an electromagnetic
pressure control valve VA1, to the sixth speed bypass clutch
actuator 72 via an electromagnetic pressure control valve VA2, and
to the start clutch actuator 73 via an electromagnetic pressure
control valve VA3 respectively. Further, the fluid is supplied to
the select actuator 74 via electromagnetic switch valves VA4 and
VA5, and the fluid is supplied to the shift actuator 75 via
electromagnetic pressure control valves VA6 and VA7. This select
actuator 74 drives a lever in a direction shown by an arrow A in
FIG. 3, and drives the lever in the direction shown by an arrow B
in FIG. 3.
While the shift actuator 75 is controlled by the electromagnetic
pressure control valves VA6 and VA7, the select actuator 74 can be
controlled by the electromagnetic switch valves VA4 and VA5 because
the switching operation (a select operation) in the direction A is
sufficiently carried out by simply pushing until striking against a
dead stop (or end) by a large operating force. On the contrary,
since the switching operation (a shift operation) in the direction
B requires a synchronism by the synchro, and an excessive operating
force generates an abrasion of the synchro ring, it is required to
control the operating force itself, whereby the shift actuator 75
is controlled by the electromagnetic pressure control valves VA6
and VA7. Further, since the shift operating force in the direction
B is larger than the select operating force in the direction A, a
loud noise tends to be generated at the time of being brought into
contact with the dead stop, and a countermeasure of an operating
sound is required. Thus, the operating period is separated into
three stages in the shift operation by the shift actuator 75, and
such requirements as a rapid shift operation, a protection of the
synchro ring and a reduction of the operating sound are satisfied.
That is, the operating force is adjusted in such a manner as to be
strong at an initial time, middle at the synchronous time, and weak
at an end time. Therefore, with respect to the shift actuator 75,
the operation is carried out by using the electromagnetic pressure
control valve capable of regulating the supplied hydraulic pressure
in place of the control valve only turning on and off the hydraulic
pressure simply.
The respective valves VA1 to VA7 are controlled on the basis of
signals from an electronic control unit ECU 80, and the fluid
supplied from the oil pump 39 is partly stored in an accumulator
76. A gas such as nitrogen or the like is charged within a sealed
vessel of the accumulator 76, the gas is compressed by pressing the
fluid thereinto, and a pressure energy of the fluid is converted
into a pressure energy of the gas so as to be stored. That is, a
line pressure is stored in the accumulator 76, and a stabilization
of the line pressure is secured. Further, even in the case that
such a trouble as a failure of the pump, an oil leakage or the like
is generated due to the pressure stored in the accumulator 76, a
minimum emergency operation can be secured, for example, by
forcibly shift changing the transmission gear range to the third
speed. In this case, the structure may be made such that the oil
pump 39 may be driven by an electric motor.
Signals are input to the control unit ECU 80 from various kind of
sensors such as an inhibitor switch 81, and an engine speed sensor
82, a brake switch 83, an acceleration opening degree sensor 84 and
a vehicle speed sensor 85 and the like. The control unit ECU 80
detects a position of the select lever on the basis of the signal
from the inhibitor switch 81, detects an engine speed on the basis
of the signal from the engine speed sensor 82, detects an opening
degree of a throttle valve on the basis of the signal from the
acceleration opening degree sensor 84, and detects a vehicle speed
on the basis of the signal from the vehicle speed sensor 85.
Further, the control unit ECU 80 detects a drive condition of the
vehicle on the basis of these detection data, and sends (or
transmits) a control signal to the respective valves VA1 to VA7.
Accordingly, the control unit ECU 80 functions as bypass clutch
control means.
Next, a description will be given of an operation of two bypass
clutches 41 and 42. First, a description will be given of an
up-shift operation. The first bypass clutch 41 is operated at a
time of shifting gears in the transmission gear train group in the
low speed range side such as from the first speed to the second
speed, from the second speed to the third speed, and the like. For
example, at the time of shifting up the gears from the first speed
to the second speed, a traveling (or running) state is detected on
the basis of the information such as the acceleration opening
degree, the vehicle speed, the engine speed, the transmission gear
position and the like, the first bypass clutch 41 is connected for
a predetermined time on the basis of a preset program, and the
torque is transmitted from the input shaft 11 to the output shaft
12 via the bypass clutch 41. Accordingly, a decline of the torque
is reduced at a time of switching the switching mechanism 31 at the
gear shift time, and the gear shift shock is reduced. Further, at
the time of shifting up gears from the second speed to the third
speed, the engine torque is reduced by controlling so as to close
the electronic control throttle 17 while synchronizing with the
control of the first bypass clutch 41. It is possible to reduce the
gear shift shock by controlling the bypass clutch 41 and the
electronic control throttle 17 in the manner mentioned above.
The second bypass clutch 42 is operated at the time of shifting the
gears in the transmission gear train group in the high speed range
side such as from the third speed to the fourth speed, from the
fourth speed to the fifth speed, from the fifth speed to the sixth
speed, and the like. For example, at the time of shifting up the
gears from the third speed to the fourth speed, and from the fourth
speed to the fifth speed, a traveling state is detected, the second
bypass clutch 42 is connected for the predetermined time on the
basis of the preset program, and the torque is transmitted from the
input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12 via the bypass clutch 42.
Accordingly, a decline (or decrease) of the torque is reduced at
the time of shifting the gears, and the gear shift shock is
reduced. Further, at the time of shifting up the gears from the
fifth speed to the sixth speed, the engine torque is reduced by
controlling so as to close the electronic control throttle 17 while
controlling the second bypass clutch 42, whereby it is possible to
reduce the gear shift shock.
FIG. 4 is a time chart showing a change in an engine speed Ne and a
torque T0 of the output shaft 12 at the time of shifting up the
gears from the first speed to the second speed. In FIG. 4, a shift
position shows an engagement position of the synchro-sleeve 31b,
the synchro-sleeve 31b moves from a first speed position at which
the synchro-sleeve 31b engages with the first speed driven gear 21b
via a spline and a synchronizer ring which are not illustrated, to
a second position at which the synchro-sleeve 31b engages with the
second speed drive gear 22a via a spline and a synchronizer ring
which are not illustrated, via a neutral position. When the gear
shift operation is carried out, the (control) hydraulic pressure is
supplied to the hydraulic pressure chamber of the third speed
bypass clutch actuator 71 in order to first operate the bypass
clutch 41, from a state in which the power transmission is carried
out via the first speed transmission gear train constituted by the
drive gear 21a and the driven gear 21b. Accordingly, the state is
changed to a first phase state in which the power transmission is
carried out via two systems comprising the first speed transmission
gear train and the third speed transmission gear train.
In this case, the first speed driven gear 21b and the third speed
driven gear 23b are provided in the same output shaft 12, however,
have different gear ratios from each other, and since the rotation
of the third speed drive gear 23a is faster than the rotation of
the first speed drive gear 21a in accordance with the relation of
the gear shift rate, the torque corresponding to the engagement
state is transmitted by the third speed transmission gear train by
engaging the bypass clutch 41.
Next, the synchro-sleeve 31b becomes in a neutral state, that is, a
second phase state, and under this state, the power is transmitted
from the input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12 via the third speed
transmission gear train constituted by the drive gear 23a and the
driven gear 23b, that is, the bypass clutch 41, and the engine
speed, that is, the rotation of the input shaft 11 is reduced and
synchronized by controlling so as to close the electronic control
throttle 17.
When moving the synchro-sleeve 31b from the neutral position to the
state engaging with the second speed driven gear 22b at a time when
the engine speed is reduced to the speed corresponding to the
second speed, there is established a third phase state in which the
power transmission is carried out via two systems comprising the
second speed transmission gear train and the third speed
transmission gear train. When draining the hydraulic pressure
supplied to the third speed bypass clutch actuator 71 for the
bypass clutch 41 so as to release the bypass clutch 41 under this
third phase state, the up-shift to the second speed is completed.
Accordingly, the power is transmitted from the input shaft 11 to
the output shaft 12 via the second speed transmission gear
train.
As described above, since the bypass clutch control and the engine
control are simultaneously carried out at the time of shifting up,
and the synchro-sleeve 31b engages with the second speed driven
gear 22b when the engine speed is reduced to the speed
corresponding to the second speed, the gear shift operation can be
smoothly carried out without generating the gear noise. Further,
since the structure is made such that the power transmission is
carried out via the bypass clutch 41 when the synchro-sleeve 31b is
at the neutral position, it is possible to reduce the decrease of
the drive force, that is, the generation of the torque
disconnection which generates a problem particularly at the time of
shifting up from the first speed to the second speed, from the
second speed to the third speed, and the like in which the drive
force change is large. FIG. 4 shows the change of the engine speed
and the torque at the time of shifting up from the first speed to
the second speed, however, the up-shift operation to the other
transmission gear ranges can be carried out in the same manner.
FIG. 5A is a characteristics property view showing a drive force
which is transmitted from the input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12
in each transmission gear range by the automatic transmission shown
in FIG. 1, and a drive force which is transmitted at the time when
the up-shift operation is carried out. On the other hand, FIG. 5B
shows the characteristics property view showing the drive force
which is transmitted from the input shaft to the output shaft in
each transmission gear range by the automatic transmission
structured such that the fifth speed transmission gear train is
connected by the bypass clutch, as shown in Japanese Patent
Application Laid-Open No. 2000-65199 mentioned above, and the drive
force which is transmitted at the time when the up-shift operation
is carried out, as a comparative embodiment (or reference).
In the case of the comparative embodiment, a torque capacity
transmitted from the input shaft to the output shaft via the bypass
clutch corresponds to the fifth speed gear ratio. Accordingly, a
large difference is generated with respect to the torque
transmitted via the second speed transmission gear train even when
adding the torque increase caused by the input side inertia force
of the clutch to the torque transmitted via the bypass clutch at
the time of shifting the gears from the first speed to the second
speed. On the contrary, in the automatic transmission in accordance
with the present invention, at the time of shifting up in the
transmission gear train group in the side of the low speed range,
the torque capacity corresponding to the third speed gear ratio is
transmitted from the input shaft 11 to the output shaft 12 via the
bypass clutch 41. Further, at the time of shifting up in the
transmission gear train group in the side of the high speed range,
the torque capacity corresponding to the six speed gear ratio is
transmitted. Accordingly, the gear shift shock is reduced.
Further, a description will be given about a down shift operation.
In a kick down of forcibly shifting down the transmission gear
range by deeply pedaling (or stepping) the acceleration pedal at
the normal down shift or accelerating for passing other vehicles,
or the like, the running state is detected by various kinds of
sensors, the first and second bypass clutches 41 and 42 are set to
the connection state for the predetermined time in the down shift
in accordance with the preset program, or the bypass clutches 41
and 42 or the start clutch 16 is disconnected as required, or the
start clutch 16 or the like is set to a half-clutch state (a slip
control state) as required. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce
the shock at the time of shifting down, and it is possible to
achieve a sporty driving where an idle running time is reduced by
reducing the gear shift time.
Next, a description will be given about jump-up (skipped) shift and
jump-down shift operations. For example, in the case of rapidly
starting the vehicle in the state in which the accelerator pedal is
pedaled down comparatively largely and returning the accelerator
pedal rapidly in a state in which the vehicle speed is increased,
the transmission gear range jumps up to the third speed from the
first speed in accordance with an automatic transmission graph
which is determined on the basis of parameters comprising the
vehicle speed and the accelerator opening degree, whereby the
up-shift is carried out. At this time, as mentioned above, even
when the rapid drive force change is generated at the time of the
gear shift by carrying out the gear shift operation and control, it
is possible to reduce the gear shift shock and it is possible to
smoothly carry out the gear shift operation.
As a further severe example, in the case of a three or four step
jump-ups from the first speed to the fourth speed or the fifth
speed, the gear shift can be carried out by the same operation as
the normal one. In this case, since the transmission torque is
different between the first and second bypass clutches 41 and 42,
the smooth gear shift can be achieved by selectively using two
bypass clutches as required, or controlling a slightly smaller
torque capacity than that to be transmitted.
On the other hand, a description will be given of a jump-down
shift. In the case that the accelerator pedal is fully pedaled down
so as to pass over the comparatively slowly running vehicle, at the
time of running on the climbing road at the middle speed under the
maximum speed range, the vehicle kicks down in accordance with the
gear shift graph. At this time, in some vehicle speed and
accelerator opening degree, it is possible to carry out, for
example, a two step jump-down shift from the sixth speed to the
fourth speed, a three step jump-down shift from the sixth speed to
the third speed, and a fourth step jump-down shift from the sixth
speed to the second speed. In the down shift in this case, a smooth
shift feeling can be obtained by the same operation as the normal
down shift.
FIG. 6 is a skeleton view showing the automatic transmission
corresponding to another embodiment in accordance with the present
invention. In the automatic transmission shown in FIG. 6, a torque
converter 91 is provided in place of the damper 15 shown in FIG. 1,
and the same reference numerals are attached to the common elements
with those shown in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 6, the torque converter 91 has an outer shell 93
provided with a pump impeller 92, and a front cover 94 fixed
thereto, and the front cover 94 is fixed to the crankshaft 14
together with a drive plate (not shown). A turbine runner 95 is
arranged so as to oppose to the pump impeller 92, the turbine
runner 95 is connected to the start clutch 16 via a turbine output
shaft 96, and a lockup clutch 97 is fixed to the turbine runner 95.
A stator 98 is arranged between the pump impeller 92 and the
turbine runner 95 and is supported by the transmission case 10a via
a one-way clutch. As mentioned above, in the automatic transmission
having the torque converter 91, the oil pump 39 is connected to the
engine 13 via the outer shell 93. Even in this automatic
transmission, the gear shift operation can be carried out in the
same manner as the case shown in FIG. 1.
The illustrated automatic transmission is structured such as to be
vertically arranged within the engine room, however, can be applied
to the case that the engine 13 is transversely arranged, and can be
applied not only to the FF vehicle and the FR vehicle, but also to
a four-wheel drive vehicle. Further, the automatic transmission can
be appropriately mounted to every kinds of the vehicles including a
light and big-sized vehicle.
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments mentioned
above, and it goes without saying that the present invention can be
variously modified within the scope of the present invention. For
example, the start clutch 16 and each of the bypass clutches 41 and
42 are constituted by the wet multiple disc clutch which
appropriately adjusts the hydraulic pressure from the oil pump 39
corresponding to the hydraulic power source so as to supply the
hydraulic pressure to each of the clutches, however, is not limited
to the multiple disc type wet clutch. For example, it is possible
to employ a system of controlling a magnetic power of an
electromagnetic clutch by an electric current so as to connect the
multi disc clutch by this force, or may employ a single disc
clutch. Accordingly, it goes without saying that the means is not
limited.
Further, a fluid coupling may be provided in place of the torque
converter. In the case of using the fluid coupling or the torque
converter, the structure is made such that a drag torque exerts no
influence on an internal switching mechanism of the transmission by
disconnecting the start clutch 16.
Further, in the embodiments, two bypass clutches 41 and 42 are
provided, however, in the case that the number of the transmission
gear ranges is increased in comparison with the illustrated case,
it is possible to correspond thereto by increasing the number of
the bypass clutches. For example, in the case of an eight range
gear shift, the structure may be made such that a third bypass
clutch is provided, and in the case of having an extra low range,
it corresponds to a gear ratio for an emergency escape, and a
difference in gear ratio between the extra low range and the normal
first speed gear is increased. Accordingly, the structure may be
made such that further the other bypass clutch is provided
therebetween.
In accordance with the present invention, it is possible to widely
reduce the gear shift shock so as to achieve (or improve) a smooth
gear shift quality by providing with a plurality of the bypass
clutches between the engine and the input shaft, and properly using
the bypass clutch carrying out the torque transmission in
correspondence to the transmission gear range. It is possible to
carry out the jump gear shift at the driver's discretion (or
intention) by engaging the bypass clutch only for the predetermined
time at the time of shifting the gears, and it is possible to
improve the response of the transmission, whereby it is possible to
achieve the sporty gear shift.
Since the start clutch and a plurality of the bypass clutches are
continuously arranged in the end portion of the input shaft, it is
possible to secure an improved mountability while preventing the
transmission from being large in the size and length, it is
possible to use the common parts of the automatic transmission as
the parts of the manual transmission as they are, and it is
possible to more improve the design freedom in layout of the
parts.
Further, since the input clutch and the bypass clutch are
continuously (or integrally) arranged in the end portion of the
input shaft, it is possible to concentrically supply the fluid or
the lubricating fluid for operating the respective clutches, and it
is possible to improve the gear shift response.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No.
2002-117071 filed on Apr. 19, 2002 including specification, claims,
drawings and summary are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
* * * * *