U.S. patent number 6,884,435 [Application Number 09/581,772] was granted by the patent office on 2005-04-26 for microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods of making same, and uses thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Chiron Corporation. Invention is credited to Derek O'Hagan, Gary Ott, Manmohan Singh.
United States Patent |
6,884,435 |
O'Hagan , et al. |
April 26, 2005 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods of making same, and
uses thereof
Abstract
The present invention is directed to microparticles, to
microparticle compositions containing the same, to methods of
forming the same, and to uses for the same, including use for a
vaccine, for raising an immune response, for treatment of a disease
and for diagnosis of a disease. The microparticles comprise a
biodegradable polymer, such as a poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), a
polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a
polyanhydride, or a polycyanoacrylate, and a detergent selected
from a cationic detergent and an anionic detergent. The
microparticles further comprise an antigen adsorbed on the surface
of the microparticle.
Inventors: |
O'Hagan; Derek (Berkeley,
CA), Singh; Manmohan (Hercules, CA), Ott; Gary
(Oakland, CA) |
Assignee: |
Chiron Corporation (Emeryville,
CA)
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Family
ID: |
34437782 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/581,772 |
Filed: |
June 15, 2000 |
PCT
Filed: |
July 29, 1999 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/US99/17308 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
June 15, 2000 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO00/06123 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
February 10, 2000 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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285855 |
Apr 2, 1999 |
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124533 |
Jul 29, 1998 |
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015652 |
Jan 29, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/489; 424/455;
424/490; 435/320.1; 514/44R; 536/23.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K
9/1647 (20130101); A61K 9/167 (20130101); A61K
39/12 (20130101); A61K 39/21 (20130101); A61K
39/245 (20130101); A61K 39/39 (20130101); A61K
2039/55555 (20130101); C12N 2740/16111 (20130101); C12N
2770/24211 (20130101); C12N 2770/24234 (20130101); A61K
2039/53 (20130101); A61K 2039/543 (20130101); A61K
2039/55505 (20130101); A61K 2039/55561 (20130101); C12N
2740/16134 (20130101); C12N 2740/16234 (20130101); A61K
2039/545 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
9/16 (20060101); A61K 39/245 (20060101); A61K
9/00 (20060101); A61K 39/12 (20060101); A61K
39/145 (20060101); A61K 39/21 (20060101); A61K
009/14 (); A61K 031/70 (); C12N 015/00 (); C07H
021/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;424/1.21,1.29,9.1,450,455,486,489,490,491,497,499,204.1,228.1,278.1,280.1,283.1,208.1,901,426,487,285.1,70.11,70.19,488
;514/44,54,2 ;435/320.1,101 ;536/23.1,300,350 ;436/71 ;427/44
;204/499 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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WO 94/15635 |
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Jul 1994 |
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WO |
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WO 94/28879 |
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Dec 1994 |
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WO |
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WO 95/24929 |
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Sep 1995 |
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WO |
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WO 96/20698 |
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Jul 1996 |
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WO |
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WO 97/02810 |
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Jan 1997 |
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WO |
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WO 97/24447 |
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Jul 1997 |
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WO |
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WO 98/10750 |
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Mar 1998 |
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WO |
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WO 98/33487 |
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Aug 1998 |
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WO |
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Other References
Bertling et al., Use of Lipsomes, Viral Capsids, and Nanoparticles
as DNA Carriers, Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, vol. 13,
pp. 390-405 (1991).* .
Moore et al. Vaccine, 13/18:1741-1749, 1995.* .
Haynes et al. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 10, Suppl.
2:S42-S45, 1994.* .
A.G.A. Coombes et al., "Single Dose, Polymeric, Microparticle-based
Vaccines: The Influence of Formulation Conditions on the Magnitude
and Duration of the Immune Response to a Protein Antigen," Vaccine,
14(15): 1429-1438 (1996). .
Jacqueline D. Duncan et al., "Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
Microencapsulation of Vaccines for Mucosal Immunization," Mucosal
Vaccines (Academic Press, 1996), pp. 159-173. .
John H. Eldridge et al., "Biodegradable and Biocompatible
Poly(DL-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microspheres as an Adjuvant for
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Toxoid Which Enhances the Level of
Toxin-Neutralizing Antibodies," Infection and Immunity
59(9):2978-2986 (1991). .
John H. Eldridge et al., "New Advances in Vaccines in Vaccine
Delivery Systems," Seminars in Hematology 30(4):16-25 (1993). .
Deborah A. Higgins et al., "MF59 Adjuvant Enhances the
Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccine in Both Young and Old Mice,"
Vaccine 14(6):478-484 (1996). .
Ying Men et al., "Induction of a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response by
Immunization with a Malaria Specific CTL Peptide Entrapped in
Biodegradable Polymer Microspheres," Vaccine 15(12-13):1405-1412
(1997). .
Ryusuke Nakaoka et al., "Enhanced Antibody Production Through
Sustained Antigen Release from Biodegradable Granules," Journal of
Controlled Release 37:215-224 (1995). .
D.T. O'Hagan et al., "Long-Term Antibody Responses in Mice
Following Subcutaneous Immunization with Ovalbumin Entrapped in
Biodegradable Particles," Vaccine 11(9):965-969 (1993). .
D.T. O'Hagan et al., "Biodegradable Microparticles for Oral
Immunization," Vaccine 11:149-154 (1993). .
Michael F. Powell et al., eds., Vaccine Design: The Subunit and
Adjuvant Approach, Plenum Press, New York, p. 183 (1995). .
Hongkee Sah et al., "Continuous Release of Proteins from
Biodegradable Microcapsules and in Vivo Evaluation of Their
Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant," Journal of Controlled Release
35:137-144 (1995). .
H.M. Vordermeier et al., "Synthetic Delivery System for
Tuberculosis Vaccines: Immunological Evaluation of the M.
tuberculosis 38 kDa Protein Entrapped in Biodegradable PLG
Microparticles," Vaccine 13(16):1576-1582 (1995). .
Chavany, Christine et al., "Adsorption of Oligonucleotides onto
Polyisohexylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles Protects Them Against
Nucleases and Increases Their Cellular Uptake," Pharmaceutical
Research, vol. 11, No. 9, 1994, pp. 1370-1378. .
Fattal, Elias et al., "Biodegradable polyalkylcyanoacrylate
nanoparticles for the delivery of olionucleotides," Journal of
Controlled Release 53 (1998), pp. 137-143..
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Primary Examiner: Housel; James
Assistant Examiner: Lucas; Zachariah
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Bonham; David B. Harbin; Alisa A.
Blackburn; Robert P.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/285,855, filed Apr. 2, 1999, from which
priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. 120 and which application is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/124,533, filed Jul. 29, 1998, from which priority is claimed
under 35 U.S.C. 120 and which application is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/015,652, filed Jan. 29, 1998, from
which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. 120 and which application
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which in turn
is related to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. Nos.
60/036,316, filed Jan. 30, 1997 and 60/069,749, filed Dec. 16,
1997, from which applications priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C.
119(e)(1), and which applications are incorporated herein by
reference in their entireties.
Claims
We claim:
1. A microparticle comprising: a polymer selected from the group
consisting of a poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric
acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a
polycyanoacrylate; a cationic detergent; and an antigen comprising
a polynucleotide adsorbed on the surface of said microparticle,
wherein said microparticle is formed by a process that comprises:
forming a microparticle comprising said polymer and said detergent,
said microparticle being formed in the presence of said detergent;
and exposing said microparticle to said antigen.
2. The microparticle of claim 1, further comprising an additional
biologically active macromolecule encapsulated within said
microparticle, wherein the additional biologically active
macromolecule is selected from a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a
polynucleoside, an antigen, a hormone, an enzyme, and an
immunological adjuvant.
3. The microparticle of claim 2, wherein the additional
biologically active macromolecule is an immunological adjuvant.
4. The microparticle of claim 3, wherein the immunological adjuvant
is an aluminum salt.
5. The microparticle of claim 1, wherein the poly(.alpha.-hydroxy
acid) is selected from poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide) and
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).
6. The microparticle of claim 1, wherein the polymer is
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).
7. The microparticle of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide
encodes a polypeptide selected from an HIV gp 160polypeptide, an
HIV p24gag polypeptide, an HIV p55gag polypeptide, and an Influenza
A hemagglutinin polypeptide.
8. The microparticle of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide
encodes an HIV gp 120 polypeptide.
9. The microparticle of claim 1 wherein the cationic detergent is
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide.
10. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of any
one of claims 1, 2-6 and 7-4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
11. The microparticle composition of claim 10, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
12. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle
according to any one of claims 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8, a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient, and an immunological adjuvant.
13. A microparticle composition of claim 12, wherein the
immunological adjuvant is selected from CpG oligonucleotides, E.
coli heat-labile toxin-K63 (LTK63), E. coli heat-labile toxin-R72
(LTR72) monophosphorylipid A (MPL), and an aluminum salt.
14. A microparticle composition of claim 13, wherein the aluminum
salt is aluminum phosphate.
15. The microparticle composition of claim 12, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
16. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2-6 and 7-4, wherein
said polynucleotide is a plasmid DNA molecule.
17. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
16 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
18. The microparticle composition of claim 17, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
19. The microparticle of any of claims 1, 2-6, 3 and 4, wherein the
polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide selected from HIV
polypeptides, hepatitis B virus polypeptides, hepatitis C virus
polypeptides, Haemophilus influenza type B polypeptides, pertussis
polypeptides, diphtheria polypeptides, tetanus polypeptides, and
influenza A virus polypeptides.
20. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
19 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
21. The microparticle composition of claim 20, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
22. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2-6, 7-4 and 9,
wherein said microparticle does not comprise an entrapped
antigen.
23. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2-6, 7-4 and 9,
wherein said microparticle is formed in a double emulsion
process.
24. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2-6, 3, 4 and 9,
wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide derived from a
pathogenic organism.
25. The microparticle of claim 24 wherein said pathogenic organism
is a bacterium.
26. The microparticle of claim 24, wherein said pathogenic organism
is a virus.
27. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
28. The microparticle composition of claim 27, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
29. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2-6, 7-4 and 9,
wherein the microparticle has a diameter between 500 nanometers and
10 microns.
30. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
29 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
31. The microparticle composition of claim 30, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
32. The microparticle of any one of claims 1, 2, 5, 6, 3 and 4,
wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide derived from a
tumor antigen.
33. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
34. The microparticle composition of claim 32 wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
35. The microparticle of any one of claims 2, 7-4 and 9, wherein
the polymer is poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).
36. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of claim
35 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
37. The microparticle composition of claim 36, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
38. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 10, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
39. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 12, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
40. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 17, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
41. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 30, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
42. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 36, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
43. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 20, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
44. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 27, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
45. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 33, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
46. A microparticle comprising: a biodegradable polymer; a cationic
detergent; and an antigen comprising a polynucleotide adsorbed on
the surface of said microparticle, wherein said microparticle is
formed by a process that comprises: forming a microparticle
comprising said polymer and said detergent, said microparticle
being formed in the presence of said detergent; and exposing said
microparticle to said antigen.
47. The microparticle of claim 46, further comprising an additional
biologically active macromolecule encapsulated within said
microparticle, wherein the additional biologically active
macromolecule is selected from a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a
polynucleoside, an antigen, a hormone, an enzyme, and an
immunological adjuvant.
48. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle of any
one of claims 46 and 47 and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
49. The microparticle composition of claim 48, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
50. A microparticle composition comprising a microparticle
according to any one of claims 46 and 47 a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient, and an immunological adjuvant.
51. The microparticle of composition of claim 50, wherein said
microparticle composition is an injectable composition.
52. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 48, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
53. A method of raising an immune response, comprising: providing
the microparticle composition of claim 50, and administering said
microparticle composition to a vertebrate animal.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates generally to pharmaceutical
compositions. In particular, the invention relates to
microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods for preparing such
microparticles, and uses thereof Additionally, the invention
relates to compositions comprising biodegradable microparticles
where in biologically active agents, such as therapeutic
polynucleotides, polypeptides, antigens, and adjuvants, are
adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles.
BACKGROUND
Particulate carriers have been used in order to achieve controlled,
parenteral delivery of therapeutic compounds. Such carriers are
designed to maintain the active agent in the delivery system for an
extended period of time. Examples of particulate carriers include
those derived from polymethyl methacrylate polymers, as well as
microparticles derived from poly(lactides) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat.
No. 3,773,919), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), known as PLG (see,
e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,628) and polyethylene glycol, known as
PEG (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,095). Polymethyl methacrylate
polymers are nondegradable while PLG particles biodegrade by random
nonenzymatic hydrolysis of ester bonds to lactic and glycolic acids
which are excreted along normal metabolic pathways.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,095 describes the use of
microspheres with encapsulated pharmaceuticals as drug delivery
systems for nasal, oral, pulmonary and oral delivery. Slow-release
formulations containing various polypeptide growth factors have
also been described. See, e.g., International Publication No. WO
94/12158, U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,122 and International Publication No.
WO 96/37216.
Fattal et al., Journal of Controlled Release 53:137-143 (1998)
describes nanoparticles prepared from polyalkylcyanoacrylates
(PACA) having adsorbed oligonucleotides.
Particulate carriers have also been used with adsorbed or entrapped
antigens in attempts to elicit adequate immune responses. Such
carriers present multiple copies of a selected antigen to the
immune system and promote trapping and retention of antigens in
local lymph nodes. The particles can be phagocytosed by macrophages
and can enhance antigen presentation through cytokine release. For
example, commonly owned, co-pending application Ser. No.
09/015,652, filed Jan. 29, 1998, describes the use of
antigen-adsorbed and antigen-encapsulated microparticles to
stimulate cell-mediated immunological responses, as well as methods
of making the microparticles.
In commonly owned provisional Patent Application 60/036,316, for
example, a method of forming microparticles is disclosed which
comprises combining a polymer with an organic solvent, then adding
an emulsion stabilizer, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), then
evaporating the organic solvent, thereby forming microparticles.
The surface of the microparticles comprises the polymer and the
stabilizer, Macromolecules such as DNA, polypeptides, and antigens
may then be adsorbed on those surfaces.
It has also been shown that cationic lipid-based emulsions may be
used as gene carriers. See, e.g., Yi et al., Cationic Lipid
Emulsion; a Novel Non-Viral, and Non-Liposomal Gene Delivery
System, Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 24:653-654
(1997); Kim et al., In Vivo Gene Transfer Using Cationic Lipid
Emulsion-Mediated Gene Delivery System by Intra Nasal
Administration, Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater.,
25:344-345 (1998); Kim et al., In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery
Using Cationic Lipid Emulsion, Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel.
Bioact. Mater., 26, #5438 (1999).
While antigen-adsorbed PLG microparticles offer significant
advantages over other more toxic systems, adsorption of
biologically active agents to the microparticle surface can be
problematic. For example, it is often difficult or impossible to
adsorb charged or bulky biologically active agents, such as
polynucleotides, large polypeptides, and the like, to the
microparticle surface. Thus, there is a continued need for flexible
delivery systems for such agents and, particularly for drugs that
are highly sensitive and difficult to formulate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors herein have invented a method of forming
microparticles with adsorbent surfaces capable of adsorbing a wide
variety of macromolecules. The microparticles are comprised of both
a polymer and a detergent. The microparticles of the present
invention adsorb such macromolecules more efficiently than other
microparticles currently available.
The microparticles are derived from a polymer, such as a
poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a
polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a PACA, a
polycyanoacrylate, and the like, and are formed with detergents,
such as cationic, anionic, or nonionic detergents, which detergents
may be used in combination. Additionally, the inventors have
discovered that these microparticles yield improved adsorption of
viral antigens, and provide for superior immune responses, as
compared to microparticles formed by a process using only PVA.
While microparticles made using only PVA may adsorb some
macromolecules, the microparticles of the present invention using
other detergents alone, in combination, or in combination with PVA,
adsorb a wide variety of macromolecules. Accordingly, then, the
invention is primarily directed to such microparticles, as well as
to processes for producing the same and methods of using the
microparticles.
In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a microparticle
with an adsorbent surface, wherein the microparticle comprises a
polymer selected from the group consisting of a
poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a
polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride, and a
polycyanoacrylate.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to such
microparticles which further comprise a selected macromolecule
adsorbed on the microparticle's surface, such as a pharmaceutical,
a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, a protein, a hormone, an enzyme, a
transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in a
metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, an antigen, an adjuvant, or
combinations thereof, and the like.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a microparticle
composition comprising a selected macromolecule adsorbed to a
microparticle of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a microparticle
comprising a biodegradable polymer and an ionic surfactant.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
producing a microparticle having an adsorbent surface, the method
comprising: (a) combining a polymer solution comprising a polymer
selected from the group consisting of a poly(a-hydroxy acid), a
polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a
polyanhydride, and a polycyanoacrylate, wherein the polymer is
present at a concentration of about 1% to about 30% in an organic
solvent; and an anionic, cationic, or nonionic detergent to the
polymer solution, wherein the detergent is present at a ratio of
0.001 to 10 (w/w) detergent to polymer, to form a polymer/detergent
mixture; (b) dispersing the polymer/detergent mixture; (c) removing
the organic solvent; and (d) recovering the microparticle.
Preferably, the polymer/detergent mixture is emulsfied to form an
emulsion prior to removing the organic solvent.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a microparticle
produced by the above described methods.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
producing a microparticle with an adsorbed macromolecule
comprising: (a) combining a polymer solution comprising
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), wherein the polymer is present at a
concentration of about 3% to about 10% in an organic solvent; and
an anionic, cationic, or nonionic detergent, wherein the detergent
is present at a ratio of 0.001 to 10 (w/w) detergent to polymer, to
form a polymer/detergent mixture; (b) dispersing the
polymer/detergent mixture; (c) removing the organic solvent from
the emulsion; (d) recovering the microparticle; and (e) adsorbing a
macromolecule to the surface of the microparticle, wherein the
macromolecule is selected from the group consisting of a
pharmaceutical, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, a hormone, an
enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an intermediate in
a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, an antigen, an adjuvant,
and combinations thereof Preferably, the polymer/detergent mixture
is emulsfied to form an emulsion prior to removing the organic
solvent. In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a
microparticle with an adsorbed macromolecule produced by the above
described method.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
producing an adsorbent microparticle composition comprising
combining an adsorbent microparticle having a macromolecule
adsorbed on the surface thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
delivering a macromolecule to a vertebrate subject which comprises
administering to a vertebrate subject the composition above.
In an additional embodiment, the invention is directed to a method
for eliciting a cellular immune response in a vertebrate subject
comprising administering to a vertebrate subject a therapeutically
effective amount of a selected macromolecule adsorbed to a
microparticle of the invention.
In another embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of
immunization which comprises administering to a vertebrate subject
a therapeutically effective amount of the microparticle composition
above. The composition may optionally contain unbound
macromolecules, and also may optionally contain adjuvants,
including aluminum salts such as aluminum phosphate.
In a preferred embodiment, the microparticles are formed from a
poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid); more preferably, a
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide); and most preferably, a
poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide).
In a preferred embodiment, the microparticles are for use in
diagnosis of a disease.
In a preferred embodiment, the microparticles are for use in
treatment of a disease.
In a preferred embodiment, the microparticles are for use in a
vaccine.
In a preferred embodiment, the microparticles are for use in
raising an immune response.
Each of the nonexhaustive previously described adsorbent
microparticles may optionally also have macromolecules entrapped
within them.
These and other embodiments of the present invention will readily
occur to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the
disclosure herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise
indicated, conventional methods of chemistry, polymer chemistry,
biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and pharmacology,
within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in
the literature. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
18th Edition (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1990); Methods
In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan, eds., Academic Press,
Inc.); Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vols. I-IV (D. M. Weir
and C. C. Blackwell, eds., 1986, Blackwell Scientific
Publications); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
Manual (2nd Edition, 1989); Handbook of Surface and Colloidal
Chemistry (Birdi, K. S., ed, CRC Press, 1997) and
Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry (4th edition, Marcel Dekker
Inc., 1996).
All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein,
whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular
forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural references unless the
content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term "a
microparticle" refers to one or more microparticles, and the
like.
A. Definitions
In describing the present invention, the following terms will be
employed, and are intended to be defined as indicated below.
The term "microparticle" as used herein, refers to a particle of
about 100 nm to about 150 .mu.m in diameter, more preferably about
200 nm to about 30 .mu.m in diameter, and most preferably about 500
nm to about 10 .mu.m in diameter. Preferably, the microparticle
will be of a diameter that permits parenteral or mucosal
administration without occluding needles and capillaries.
Microparticle size is readily determined by techniques well known
in the art, such as photon correlation spectroscopy, laser
diffractometry and/or scanning electron microscopy.
Microparticles for use herein will be formed from materials that
are sterilizable, non-toxic and biodegradable. Such materials
include, without limitation, poly(a-hydroxy acid),
polyhydroxybutyric acid, polycaprolactone, polyorthoester,
polyanhydride, PACA, and polycyanoacrylate. Preferably,
microparticles for use with the present invention are derived from
a poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), in particular, from a poly(lactide)
("PLA") or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and glycolide or glycolic
acid, such as a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) ("PLG" or "PLGA"),
or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and caprolactone. The microparticles
may be derived from any of various polymeric starting materials
which have a variety of molecular weights and, in the case of the
copolymers such as PLG, a variety of lactide:glycolide ratios, the
selection of which will be largely a matter of choice, depending in
part on the coadministered macromolecule. These parameters are
discussed more fully below.
The term "detergent" as used herein includes surfactants and
emulsion stabilizers. Anionic detergents include, but are not
limited to, SDS, SLS, sulphated fatty alcohols, and the like.
Cationic detergents include, but are not limited to, cetrimide
(CTAB), benzalkonium chloride, DDA (dimethyl dioctodecyl ammonium
bromide), DOTAP, and the like. Nonionic detergents include, but are
not limited to, sorbitan esters, polysorbates, polyoxyethylated
glycol monoethers, polyoxyethylated alkyl phenols, poloxamers, and
the like.
The term "net positive charge" as used herein, means that the
charge on the surface of the microparticle is more positive than
the charge on the surface of a corresponding microparticle made
using PVA. Likewise, the term "net negative charge" as used herein,
means that the charge on the surface of the microparticle is more
negative than the charge on the surface of a corresponding
microparticle made using PVA. Net charge can be assessed by
comparing the zeta potential (also known as electrokinetic
potential) of the microparticle made using a cationic or anionic
detergent with a corresponding microparticle made using PVA. Thus,
a microparticle surface having a "net positive charge" will have a
zeta potential greater than the zeta potential of the surface of a
microparticle made using PVA and a microparticle having a "net
negative charge" will have a zeta potential less than the zeta
potential of the surface of a microparticle made using PVA. As is
apparent, the net charges for the microparticles of the invention
are calculated relative to the zeta potential of a corresponding
PVA microparticle.
The term "zeta potential" as used herein, refers to the electrical
potential that exists across the interface of all solids and
liquids, i.e., the potential across the diffuse layer of ions
surrounding a charged colloidal particle. Zeta potential can be
calculated from electrophoretic mobilities, i.e., the rates at
which colloidal particles travel between charged electrodes placed
in contact with the substance to be measured, using techniques well
known in the art.
The term "macromolecule," as used herein, refers to, without
limitation, a pharmaceutical, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, a
hormone, an enzyme, a transcription or translation mediator, an
intermediate in a metabolic pathway, an immunomodulator, an
antigen, an adjuvant, or combinations thereof. Particular
macromolecules for use with the present invention are described in
more detail below.
The term "pharmaceutical" refers to biologically active compounds
such as antibiotics, antiviral agents, growth factors, hormones,
and the like, discussed in more detail below.
A "polynucleotide" is a nucleic acid molecule which encodes a
biologically active (e.g., immunogenic or therapeutic) protein or
polypeptide. Depending on the nature of the polypeptide encoded by
the polynucleotide, a polynucleotide can include as little as 10
nucleotides, e.g., where the polynucleotide encodes an antigen.
Furthermore, a "polynucleotide" can include both double- and
single-stranded sequences and refers to, but is not limited to,
cDNA from viral, procaryotic or eucaryotic mRNA, genomic RNA and
DNA sequences from viral (e.g. RNA and DNA viruses and
retroviruses) or procaryotic DNA, and especially synthetic DNA
sequences. The term also captures sequences that include any of the
known base analogs of DNA and RNA, and includes modifications, such
as deletions, additions and substitutions (generally conservative
in nature), to the native sequence, so long as the nucleic acid
molecule encodes a therapeutic or antigenic protein. These
modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed
mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of
hosts which produce the antigens.
The terms "polypeptide" and "protein" refer to a polymer of amino
acid residues and are not limited to a minimum length of the
product. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, multimers, and the
like, are included within the definition. Both full-length proteins
and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms
also include modifications, such as deletions, additions and
substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native
sequence, so long as the protein maintains the ability to elicit an
immunological response or have a therapeutic effect on a subject to
which the protein is administered.
By "antigen" is meant a molecule which contains one or more
epitopes capable of stimulating a host's immune system to make a
cellular antigen-specific immune response when the antigen is
presented in accordance with the present invention, or a humoral
antibody response. An antigen may be capable of eliciting a
cellular or humoral response by itself or when present in
combination with another molecule. Normally, an epitope will
include between about 3-15, generally about 5-15, amino acids.
Epitopes of a given protein can be identified using any number of
epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art. See, e.g.,
Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66
(Glenn E. Morris, Ed., 1996) Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. For
example, linear epitopes may be determined by e.g., concurrently
synthesizing large numbers of peptides on solid supports, the
peptides corresponding to portions of the protein molecule, and
reacting the peptides with antibodies while the peptides are still
attached to the supports. Such techniques are known in the art and
described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,871; Geysen et al. (1984)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3998-4002; Geysen et al. (1986)
Molec. Immunol. 23:709-715, all incorporated herein by reference in
their entireties. Similarly, conformational epitopes arc readily
identified by determining spatial conformation of amino acids such
as by, e.g., x-ray crystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear
magnetic resonance. See, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols,
supra.
The term "antigen" as used herein denotes both subunit antigens,
i.e., antigens which are separate and discrete from a whole
organism with which the antigen is associated in nature, as well as
killed, attenuated or inactivated bacteria, viruses, parasites or
other microbes. Antibodies such as anti-idiotype antibodies, or
fragments thereof, and synthetic peptide mimotopes, which can mimic
an antigen or antigenic determinant, are also captured under the
definition of antigen as used herein. Similarly, an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which expresses a therapeutic or immunogenic
protein, or antigenic determinant in vivo, such as in gene therapy
and nucleic acid immunization applications, is also included in the
definition of antigen herein.
Further, for purposes of the present invention, antigens can be
derived from any of several known viruses, bacteria, parasites and
fungi, as well as any of the various tumor antigens. Furthermore,
for purposes of the present invention, an "antigen" refers to a
protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions
and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native
sequence, so long as the protein maintains the ability to elicit an
immunological response. These modifications may be deliberate, as
through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as
through mutations of hosts which produce the antigens.
An "immunological response" to an antigen or composition is the
development in a subject of a humoral and/or a cellular immune
response to molecules present in the composition of interest. For
purposes of the present invention, a "humoral immune response"
refers to an immune response mediated by antibody molecules, while
a "cellular immune response" is one mediated by T-lymphocytes
and/or other white blood cells. One important aspect of cellular
immunity involves an antigen-specific response by cytolytic T-cells
("CTL"s). CTLs have specificity for peptide antigens that are
presented in association with proteins encoded by the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) and expressed on the surfaces of
cells. CTLs help induce and promote the intracellular destruction
of intracellular microbes, or the lysis of cells infected with such
microbes. Another aspect of cellular immunity involves an
antigen-specific response by helper T-cells. Helper T-cells act to
help stimulate the function, and focus the activity of, nonspecific
effector cells against cells displaying peptide antigens in
association with MHC molecules on their surface. A "cellular immune
response" also refers to the production of cytokines, chemokines
and other such molecules produced by activated T-cells and/or other
white blood cells, including those derived from CD4+ and CD8+
T-cells.
A composition, such as an immunogenic composition, or vaccine that
elicits a cellular immune response may serve to sensitize a
vertebrate subject by the presentation of antigen in association
with MHC molecules at the cell surface. The cell-mediated immune
response is directed at, or near, cells presenting antigen at their
surface. In addition, antigen-specific T-lymphocytes can be
generated to allow for the future protection of an immunized
host.
The ability of a particular antigen or composition to stimulate a
cell-mediated immunological response may be determined by a number
of assays, such as by lymphoproliferation (lymphocyte activation)
assays, CTL cytotoxic cell assays, or by assaying for T-lymphocytes
specific for the antigen in a sensitized subject. Such assays are
well known in the art. See, e.g., Erickson et al., J. Immunol.
(1993) 151:4189-4199; Doe et al., Eur. J Immunol. (1994)
24:2369-2376; and the examples below.
Thus, an immunological response as used herein may be one which
stimulates the production of CTLs, and/or the production or
activation of helper T-cells. The antigen of interest may also
elicit an antibody-mediated immune response. Hence, an
immunological response may include one or more of the following
effects: the production of antibodies by B-cells; and/or the
activation of suppressor T-cells and/or .gamma..delta. T-cells
directed specifically to an antigen or antigens present in the
composition or vaccine of interest. These responses may serve to
neutralize infectivity, and/or mediate antibody-complement, or
antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) to provide protection
to an immunized host. Such responses can be determined using
standard immunoassays and neutralization assays, well known in the
art.
A composition which contains a selected antigen adsorbed to a
microparticle, displays "enhanced immunogenicity" when it possesses
a greater capacity to elicit an immune response than the immune
response elicited by an equivalent amount of the antigen when
delivered without association with the microparticle. Thus, a
composition may display "enhanced immunogenicity" because the
antigen is more strongly immunogenic by virtue of adsorption to the
microparticle, or because a lower dose of antigen is necessary to
achieve an immune response in the subject to which it is,
administered. Such enhanced immunogenicity can be determined by
administering the microparticle/antigen composition, and antigen
controls to animals and comparing antibody titers against the two
using standard assays such as radioimmunoassay and ELISAs, well
known in the art.
The terms "effective amount" or "pharmaceutically effective amount"
of a macromolecule/microparticle, as provided herein, refer to a
nontoxic but sufficient amount of the macromolecule/microparticle
to provide the desired response, such as an immunological response,
and corresponding therapeutic effect, or in the case of delivery of
a therapeutic protein, an amount sufficient to effect treatment of
the subject, as defined below. As will be pointed out below, the
exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending
on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the
severity of the condition being treated, and the particular
macromolecule of interest, mode of administration, and the like. An
appropriate "effective" amount in any individual case may be
determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine
experimentation.
By "vertebrate subject" is meant any member of the subphylum
cordata, including, without limitation, mammals such as cattle,
sheep, pigs, goats, horses, and humans; domestic animals such as
dogs and cats; and birds, including domestic, wild and game birds
such as cocks and hens including chickens, turkeys and other
gallinaceous birds. The term does not denote a particular age.
Thus, both adult and newborn animals are intended to be
covered.
By "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable"
is meant a material which is not biologically or otherwise
undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an
individual along with the microparticle formulation without causing
any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious
manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is
contained.
By "physiological pH" or a "pH in the physiological range" is meant
a pH in the range of approximately 7.2 to 8.0 inclusive, more
typically in the range of approximately 7.2 to 7.6 inclusive.
As used herein, "treatment" refers to any of (i) the prevention of
infection or reinfection, as in a traditional vaccine, (ii) the
reduction or elimination of symptoms, and (iii) the substantial or
complete elimination of the pathogen or disorder in question.
Treatment may be effected prophylactically (prior to infection) or
therapeutically (following infection).
B. General Methods
The present invention is based on the discovery that the PLA and
PLG microparticles of the present invention efficiently adsorb
biologically active macromolecules. Further, these microparticles
adsorb a greater variety of molecules, including charged and/or
bulky macromolecules, more readily than microparticles prepared
with PVA. Thus the macromolecule/microparticle of the present
invention can be used as a delivery system to deliver the
biologically active components in order to treat, prevent and/or
diagnose a wide variety of diseases.
The present invention can be used to deliver a wide variety of
macromolecules including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals such
as antibiotics and antiviral agents, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs, analgesics, vasodilators, cardiovascular drugs,
psychotropics, neuroleptics, antidepressants, antiparkinson drugs,
beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, bradykinin inhibitors,
ACE-inhibitors, vasodilators, prolactin inhibitors, steroids,
hormone antagonists, antihistamines, serotonin antagonists,
heparin, chemotherapeutic agents, antineoplastics and growth
factors, including but not limited to PDGF, EGF, KGF, IGF-1 and
IGF-2, FGF, polynucleotides which encode therapeutic or immunogenic
proteins, immunogenic proteins and epitopes thereof for use in
vaccines, hormones including peptide hormones such as insulin,
proinsulin, growth hormone, GHRH, LHRH, EGF, somatostatin, SNX-111,
BNP, insulinotropin, ANP, FSH, LH, PSH and hCG, gonadal steroid
hormones (androgens, estrogens and progesterone),
thyroid-stimulating hormone, inhibin, cholecystokinin, ACTH, CRF,
dynorphins, endorphins, endothelin, fibronectin fragments, galanin,
gastrin, insulinotropin, glucagon, GTP-binding protein fragments,
guanylin, the leukokiniris, magainin, mastoparans, dermaseptin,
systemin, neuromedins, neurotensin, pancreastatin, pancreatic
polypeptide, substance P, secretin, thymosin, and the like,
enzymes, transcription or translation mediators, intermediates in
metabolic pathways, immunomodulators, such as any of the various
cytokines including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-3,
interleukin-4, and gamma-interferon, antigens, and adjuvants.
In a preferred embodiment the macromolecule is an antigen. A
particular advantage of the present invention is the ability of the
microparticles with adsorbed antigen to generate cell-mediated
immune responses in a vertebrate subject. The ability of the
antigen/microparticles of the present invention to elicit a
cell-mediated immune response against a selected antigen provides a
powerful tool against infection by a wide variety of pathogens.
Accordingly, the antigen/microparticles of the present invention
can be incorporated into vaccine compositions.
Thus, in addition to a conventional antibody response, the system
herein described can provide for, e.g., the association of the
expressed antigens with class I MHC molecules such that an in vivo
cellular immune response to the antigen of interest can be mounted
which stimulates the production of CTLs to allow for future
recognition of the antigen. Furthermore, the methods may elicit an
antigen-specific response by helper T-cells. Accordingly, the
methods of the present invention will find use with any
macromolecule for which cellular and/or humoral immune responses
are desired, preferably antigens derived from viral pathogens that
may induce antibodies, T-cell helper epitopes and T-cell cytotoxic
epitopes. Such antigens include, but are not limited to, those
encoded by human and animal viruses and can correspond to either
structural or non-structural proteins.
The microparticles of the present invention are particularly useful
for immunization against intracellular viruses which normally
elicit poor immune responses. For example, the present invention
will find use for stimulating an immune response against a wide
variety of proteins from the herpesvirus family, including proteins
derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, such as
HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins gB, gD and gH; antigens derived from
varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and
cytomegalovirus (CMV) including CMV gB and gH; and antigens derived
from other human herpesviruses such as HHV6 and HHV7. (See, e.g.
Chee et al., Cytomegaloviruses (J. K. McDougall, ed.,
Springer-Verlag 1990) pp. 125-169, for a review of the protein
coding content of cytomegalovirus; McGeoch et al., J Gen. Virol.
(1988) 69:1531-1574, for a discussion of the various HSV-1 encoded
proteins; U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,568 for a discussion of HSV-1 and
HSV-2 gB and gD proteins and the genes encoding therefor; Baer et
al., Nature (1984) 310:207-211, for the identification of protein
coding sequences in an EBV genome; and Davison and Scott, J. Gen.
Virol. (1986) 67:1759-1816, for a review of VZV.)
Antigens from the hepatitis family of viruses, including hepatitis
A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV),
the delta hepatitis virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and
hepatitis G virus (HGV), can also be conveniently used in the
techniques described herein. By way of example, the viral genomic
sequence of HCV is known, as are methods for obtaining the
sequence. See, e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 89/04669; WO
90/11089; and WO 90/14436. The HCV genome encodes several viral
proteins, including E1 (also known as E) and E2 (also known as
E2/NS1) and an N-terminal nucleocapsid protein (termed "core")
(see, Houghton et al., Hepatology (1991) 14:381-388, for a
discussion of HCV proteins, including E1 and E2). Each of these
proteins, as well as antigenic fragments thereof, will find use in
the present composition and methods.
Similarly, the sequence for the .delta.-antigen from HDV is known
(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,814) and this antigen can also be
conveniently used in the present composition and methods.
Additionally, antigens derived from HBV, such as the core antigen,
the surface antigen, sAg, as well as the presurface sequences,
pre-S1 and pre-S2 (formerly called pre-S), as well as combinations
of the above, such as sAg/pre-S1, sAg/pre-S2, sAg/pre-S1/pre-S2,
and pre-S1/pre-S2, will find use herein. See, e.g., "HBV
Vaccines--from the laboratory to license: a case study" in Mackett,
M. and Williamson, J. D., Human Vaccines and Vaccination, pp.
159-176, for a discussion of HBV structure; and U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,722,840, 5,098,704, 5,324,513, incorporated herein by reference
in their entireties; Beames et al., J Virol. (1995) 69:6833-6838,
Birnbaum et al., J. Virol. (1990) 64:3319-3330; and Zhou et al., J.
Virol. (1991) 65:5457-5464.
Antigens derived from other viruses will also find use in the
claimed compositions and methods, such as without limitation,
proteins from members of the families Picornaviridae (e.g.,
polioviruses, etc.); Caliciviridae; Togaviridae (e.g., rubella
virus, dengue virus, etc.); Flaviviridae; Coronaviridae;
Reoviridae; Birnaviridae; Rhabodoviridae (e.g., rabies virus,
etc.); Filoviridae; Paramyxoviridae (e.g., mumps virus, measles
virus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.); Orthomyxoviridae (e.g.,
influenza virus types A, B and C, etc.); Bunyaviridae;
Arenaviridae; Retroviradae (e.g., HTLV-I; HTLV-II; HIV-1 (also
known as HTLV-III, LAV, ARV, hTLR, etc.)), including but not
limited to antigens from the isolates HIV.sub.lllb, HIV.sub.SF2,
HIV.sub.LAV, HIV.sub.LA1, HIV.sub.MN); HIV-1.sub.CM235,
HIV-1.sub.US4 ; HIV-2; simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) among
others. Additionally, antigens may also be derived from human
papillomavirus (HPV) and the tick-borne encephalitis viruses. See,
e.g. Virology, 3rd Edition (W. K. Joklik ed. 1988); Fundamental
Virology, 2nd Edition (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds. 1991),
for a description of these and other viruses.
More particularly, the gp120 envelope proteins from any of the
above HIV isolates, including members of the various genetic
subtypes of HIV, are known and reported (see, e.g., Myers et al.,
Los Alamos Database, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos,
N.Mex. (1992); Myers et al., Human Retroviruses and Aids, 1990, Los
Alamos, N.Mex.: Los Alamos National Laboratory; and Modrow et al.,
J Virol. (1987) 61:570-578, for a comparison of the envelope
sequences of a variety of HIV isolates) and antigens derived from
any of these isolates will find use in the present methods.
Furthermore, the invention is equally applicable to other
immunogenic proteins derived from any of the various HIV isolates,
including any of the various envelope proteins such as gp160 and
gp41, gag antigens such as p24gag and p55gag, as well as proteins
derived from the pol region.
Influenza virus is another example of a virus for which the present
invention will be particularly useful. Specifically, the envelope
glycoproteins HA and NA of influenza A are of particular interest
for generating an immune response. Numerous HA subtypes of
influenza A have been identified (Kawaoka et al., Virology (1990)
179:759-767; Webster et al., "Antigenic variation among type A
influenza viruses," p. 127-168. In: P. Palese and D. W. Kingsbury
(ed.), Genetics of influenza viruses. Springer-Verlag, New York).
Thus, proteins derived from any of these isolates can also be used
in the compositions and methods described herein.
The compositions and methods described herein will also find use
with numerous bacterial antigens, such as those derived from
organisms that cause diphtheria, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus,
pertussis, meningitis, and other pathogenic states, including,
without limitation, Bordetella pertussis, Neisseria meningitides
(A, B, C, Y), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, and
Haemophilus influenza. Hemophilus influenza type B (HIB),
Helicobacter pylori, and combinations thereof. Examples of antigens
from Neisseria meningitides B are disclosed in the following
co-owned patent applications: PCT/US99/09346; PCT IB98/01665; PCT
IB99/00103; and U.S. Provisional Applications Serial Nos.
60/083,758; 60/094,869; 60/098,994; 60/103,749; 60/103,794;
60/103,796; and 60/121,528. Examples of parasitic antigens include
those derived from organisms causing malaria and Lyme disease.
It is readily apparent that the subject invention can be used to
deliver a wide variety of macromolecules and hence to treat,
prevent and/or diagnose a large number of diseases. In an
alternative embodiment, the macromolecule/microparticle
compositions of the present invention can be used for site-specific
targeted delivery. For example, intravenous administration of the
macromolecule/microparticle compositions can be used for targeting
the lung, liver, spleen, blood circulation, or bone marrow.
The adsorption of macromolecules to the surface of the adsorbent
microparticles occurs via any bonding-interaction mechanism,
including, but not limited to, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding,
covalent bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and bonding through
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. Those of ordinary skill in
the art may readily select detergents appropriate for the type of
macromolecule to be adsorbed.
For example, microparticles manufactured in the presence of charged
detergents, such as anionic or cationic detergents, may yield
microparticles with a surface having a net negative or a net
positive charge, which can adsorb a wide variety of molecules. For
example, microparticles manufactured with anionic detergents, such
as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), i.e. SDS-PLG microparticles,
adsorb positively charged antigens, such as proteins. Similarly,
microparticles manufactured with cationic detergents, such as
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), i.e. CTAB-PLG
microparticles, adsorb negatively charged macromolecules, such as
DNA. Where the macromolecules to be adsorbed have regions of
positive and negative charge, either cationic or anionic detergents
may be appropriate.
Biodegradable polymers for manufacturing microparticles for use
with the present invention are readily commercially available from,
e.g., Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany and Birmingham Polymers, Inc.,
Birmingham, Ala. For example, useful polymers for forming the
microparticles herein include those derived from polyhydroxybutyric
acid; polycaprolactone; polyorthoester; polyanhydride; as well as a
poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid), such as poly(L-lactide),
poly(D,L-lactide) (both known as "PLA" herein),
poly(hydoxybutyrate), copolymers of D,L-lactide and glycolide, such
as poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (designated as "PLG" or "PLGA"
herein) or a copolymer of D,L-lactide and caprolactone.
Particularly preferred polymers for use herein are PLA and PLG
polymers. These polymers are available in a variety of molecular
weights, and the appropriate molecular weight for a given use is
readily determined by one of skill in the art. Thus, e.g., for PLA,
a suitable molecular weight will be on the order of about 2000 to
5000. For PLG, suitable molecular weights will generally range from
about 10,000 to about 200,000, preferably about 15,000 to about
150,000, and most preferably about 50,000 to about 100,000.
If a copolymer such as PLG is used to form the microparticles, a
variety of lactide:glycolide ratios will find use herein and the
ratio is largely a matter of choice, depending in part on the
coadministered macromolecule and the rate of degradation desired.
For example, a 50:50 PLG polymer, containing 50% D,L-lactide and
50% glycolide, will provide a fast resorbing copolymer while 75:25
PLG degrades more slowly, and 85:15 and 90:10, even more slowly,
due to the increased lactide component. It is readily apparent that
a suitable ratio of lactide:glycolide is easily determined by one
of skill in the art based on the nature of the antigen and disorder
in question. Moreover, mixtures of microparticles with varying
lactide:glycolide ratios will find use herein in order to achieve
the desired release kinetics for a given macromolecule and to
provide for both a primary and secondary immune response.
Degradation rate of the microparticles of the present invention can
also be controlled by such factors as polymer molecular weight and
polymer crystallinity. PLG copolymers with varying
lactide:glycolide ratios and molecular weights are readily
available commercially from a number of sources including from
Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany and Birmingham Polymers, Inc.,
Birmingham, Ala. These polymers can also be synthesized by simple
polycondensation of the lactic acid component using techniques well
known in the art, such as described in Tabata et al., J. Biomed.
Mater. Res. (1988) 22:837-858.
The macromolecule/microparticles are prepared using any of several
methods well known in the art. For example, double emulsion/solvent
evaporation techniques, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,523,907 and Ogawa et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1988) 36:1095-1103,
can be used herein to make the microparticles. These techniques
involve the formation of a primary emulsion consisting of droplets
of polymer solution, which is subsequently mixed with a continuous
aqueous phase containing a particle stabilizer/surfactant.
Alternatively, a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) solvent evaporation
system can be used to form the microparticles, as described by
O'Hagan et al., Vaccine (1993) 11:965-969 and Jeffery et al.,
Pharm. Res. (1993) 10:362. In this technique, the particular
polymer is combined with an organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate,
dimethylchloride (also called methylene chloride and
dichloromethane), acetonitrile, acetone, chloroform, and the like.
The polymer will be provided in about a 1-30%, preferably about a
2-15%, more preferably about a 3-10% and most preferably, about a
4% solution, in organic solvent. The polymer solution is emulsified
using e.g., an homogenizer. The emulsion is then optionally
combined with a larger volume of an aqueous solution of an emulsion
stabilizer such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone,
and a cationic, anionic, or nonionic detergent. The emulsion may be
combined with more than one emulsion stabilizer and/or detergent,
e.g., a combination of PVA and a detergent. Certain macromolecules
may adsorb more readily to microparticles having a combination of
stabilizers and/or detergents. Where an emulsion stabilizer is
used, it is typically provided in about a 2-15% solution, more
typically about a 4-10% solution. Generally, a weight to weight
detergent to polymer ratio in the range of from about 0.00001:1 to
about 0.1:1 will be used, more preferably from about 0.0001:1 to
about 0.01:1, more preferably from about 0.001:1 to about 0.01:1,
and even more preferably from about 0.005:1 to about 0.01:1. The
mixture is then homogenized to produce a stable w/o/w double
emulsion. Organic solvents are then evaporated.
The formulation parameters can be manipulated to allow the
preparation of small microparticles on the order of 0.05 .mu.m (50
nm) to larger microparticles 50 .mu.m or even larger. See, e.g.,
Jeffery et al., Pharm. Res. (1993) 10:362-368; McGee et al., J.
Microencap. (1996). For example, reduced agitation results in
larger microparticles, as does an increase in internal phase
volume. Small particles are produced by low aqueous phase volumes
with high concentrations of emulsion stabilizers.
Microparticles can also be formed using spray-drying and
coacervation as described in, e.g., Thomasin et al., J. Controlled
Release (1996) 41:131; U.S. Pat. No. 2,800,457; Masters, sit K.
(1976) Spray Drying 2nd Ed. Wiley, N.Y.; air-suspension coating
techniques, such as pan coating and Wurster coating, as described
by Hall et al., (1980) The "Wurster Process" in Controlled Release
Technologies: Methods, Theory, and Applications (A. F. Kydonieus,
ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 133-154 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. and Deasy, P.
B., Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. (1988) S(2):99-139; and
ionic gelation as described by, e.g., Lim et al., Science (1980)
210:908-910.
Particle size can be determined by, e.g., laser light scattering,
using for example, a spectrometer incorporating a helium-neon
laser. Generally, particle size is determined at room temperature
and involves multiple analyses of the sample in question (e.g.,
5-10 times) to yield an average value for the particle diameter.
Particle size is also readily determined using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM).
Following preparation, microparticles can be stored as is or
freeze-dried for future use. In order to adsorb macromolecules to
the microparticles, the microparticle preparation is simply mixed
with the macromolecule of interest and the resulting formulation
can again be lyophilized prior to use. Generally, macromolecules
are added to the microparticles to yield microparticles with
adsorbed macromolecules having a weight to weight ratio of from
about 0.0001:1 to 0.25:1 macromolecules to microparticles,
preferably, 0.001:1 to 0.1, more preferably 0.01 to 0.05.
Macromolecule content of the microparticles can be determined using
standard techniques.
The microparticles of the present invention may have macromolecules
entrapped or encapsulated within them, as well as having
macromolecules adsorbed thereon. Thus, for example, one of skill in
the art may prepare in accordance with the invention microparticles
having encapsulated adjuvants with proteins adsorbed thereon, or
microparticles having encapsulated proteins with adjuvants adsorbed
thereon.
Once the macromolecule adsorbed microparticles are produced, they
are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines, to
treat, prevent and/or diagnose a wide variety of disorders, as
described above. The compositions will generally include one or
more "pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles" such as
water, saline, glycerol, polyethylene-glycol, hyaluronic acid,
ethanol, etc. Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting
or emulsifying agents, biological buffering substances, and the
like, may be present in such vehicles. A biological buffer can be
virtually any solution which is pharmacologically acceptable and
which provides the formulation with the desired pH, i.e., a pH in
the physiological range. Examples of buffer solutions include
saline, phosphate buffered saline, Tris buffered saline, Hank's
buffered saline, and the like.
Adjuvants may be used to enhance the effectiveness of the
pharmaceutical compositions. The adjuvants may be administered
concurrently with the microparticles of the present invention,
e.g., in the same composition or in separate compositions.
Alternatively, an adjuvant may be administered prior or subsequent
to the microparticle compositions of the present invention. In
another embodiment, the adjuvant, such as an immunological
adjuvant, may be encapsulated in the microparticle. Adjuvants, just
as any macromolecules, may be encapsulated within the
microparticles using any of the several methods known in the art.
See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,907; Ogawa et al., Chem Pharm. Bull.
(1988) 36:1095-1103; O'Hagan et al., Vaccine (1993) 11:965-969 and
Jefferey et al., Pharm. Res. (1993) 10:362. Alternatively,
adjuvants may be adsorbed on the microparticle as described above
for any macromolecule.
Immunological adjuvants include, but are not limited to: (1)
aluminum salts (alum), such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum
phosphate, aluminum sulfate, etc.; (2) oil-in-water emulsion
formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulating
agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wall
components), such as for example (a) MF59 (International
Publication No. WO 90/14837), containing 5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween
80, and 0.5% Span 85 (optionally containing various amounts of
MTP-PE (see below), although not required) formulated into
submicron particles using a microfluidizer such as Model 110Y
microfluidizer (Microfluidics, Newton, Mass.), (b) SAF, containing
10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and
thr-MDP (see below) either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion
or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, and (c)
Ribi.TM.adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.)
containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial
cell wall components from the group consisting of
monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell
wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox.TM.) (for a further
discussion of suitable submicron oil-in-water emulsions for use
herein, see commonly owned, patent application Ser. No. 09/015,736,
filed on Jan. 29, 1998); (3) saponin adjuvants, such as QS21 (e.g.,
Stimulon.TM. (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.)) may be used
or particle generated therefrom such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating
complexes); (4) Complete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete
Freunds Adjuvant (IFA); (5) cytokines, such as interleukins (IL-1,
IL-2, etc.), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor
necrosis factor (TNF), etc.; (6) detoxified mutants of a bacterial
ADP-ribosylating toxin such as a cholera toxin (CT), a pertussis
toxin (PT), or an E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT), particularly
LT-K63 (where lysine is substituted for the wild-type amino acid at
position 63) LT-R72 (where arginine is substituted for the
wild-type amino acid at position 72), CT-S109 (where serine is
substituted for the wild-type amino acid at position 109), and
PT-K9/G129 (where lysine is substituted for the wild-type amino
acid at position 9 and glycine substituted at position 129) (see,
e.g., International Publication Nos. WO93/13202 and WO92/19265);
(7) CpG oligonucleotides and other immunostimulating sequences
(ISSs); and (8) other substances that act as immunostimulating
agents to enhance the effectiveness of the composition. Alum and
MF59 are preferred.
Muramyl peptides include, but are not limited to,
N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamnine (thr-MDP),
N-acteyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isogluatme (nor-MDP),
N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isogluatminyl-L-alanine-2-(1'-2'-dipalmitoyl-sn
-glycero-3-huydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylanine (MTP-PE), etc.
For additional examples of adjuvants, see Vaccine Design, The
Subunit and the Adjuvant Approach, Powell, M. F. and Newman, M. J,
eds., Plenum Press, 1995)
The compositions will comprise a "therapeutically effective amount"
of the macromolecule of interest. That is, an amount of
macromolecule/microparticle will be included in the compositions
which will cause the subject to produce a sufficient response, in
order to prevent, reduce, eliminate or diagnose symptoms. The exact
amount necessary will vary, depending on the subject being treated;
the age and general condition of the subject to be treated; the
severity of the condition being treated; in the case of an
immunological response, the capacity of the subject's immune system
to synthesize antibodies; the degree of protection desired and the
particular antigen selected and its mode of administration, among
other factors. An appropriate effective amount can be readily
determined by one of skill in the art. Thus, a "therapeutically
effective amount" will fall in a relatively broad range that can be
determined through routine trials. For example, for purposes of the
present invention, where the macromolecule is a polynucleotide, an
effective dose will typically range from about 1 ng to about 1 mg,
more preferably from about 10 ng to about 1 .mu.g, and most
preferably about 50 ng to about 500 ng of the macromolecule
delivered per dose; where the macromolecule is an antigen, an
effective dose will typically range from about 1 .mu.g to about 100
mg, more preferably from about 10 .mu.g to about 1 mg, and most
preferably about 50 .mu.g to about 500 .mu.g of the macromolecule
delivered per dose.
Once formulated, the compositions of the invention can be
administered parenterally, e.g., by injection. The compositions can
be injected either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously
or intramuscularly. Other modes of administration include nasal,
oral and pulmonary administration, suppositories, and transdermnal
or transcutaneous applications. Dosage treatment may be a single
dose schedule or a multiple dose schedule. A multiple dose schedule
is one in which a primary course of administration may be with 1-10
separate doses, followed by other doses given at subsequent time
intervals, chosen to maintain and/or reinforce the therapeutic
response, for example at 1-4 months for a second dose, and if
needed, a subsequent dose(s) after several months. The dosage
regimen will also, at least in part, be determined by the need of
the subject and be dependent on the judgment of the
practitioner.
Furthermore, if prevention of disease is desired, the
macromolecules in vaccines, are generally administered prior to
primary infection with the pathogen of interest. If treatment is
desired, e.g., the reduction of symptoms or recurrences, the
macromolecules are generally administered subsequent to primary
infection.
C. Experimental
Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the
present invention. The examples are offered for illustrative
purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the
present invention in any way.
Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers
used (e.g., amounts, temperatures, etc.), but some experimental
error and deviation should, of course, be allowed for.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using PVA as an Emulsion
Stabilizer
Blank microparticles (e.g., without adsorbed or entrapped
macromolecules) were made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as follows.
Solutions used:
(1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dichloromethane.
(2) 10% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (ICN) in water.
In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 10 ml of
polymer solution with 1.0 ml of distilled water and homogenizing
for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe
at 10K rpm to form a water/oil (w/o) emulsion. The w/o emulsion was
added to 40 ml of the 10% PVA solution, and homogenized for 3
minutes, to form a water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsion. The w/o/w
emulsion was left stirring overnight for solvent evaporation,
forming microparticles. The formed microparticles were washed with
water by centrifugation 4 times, and lyophilized. The
microparticles were then sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future
use.
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using CTAB
Blank microparticles were produced using CTAB as follows. Solutions
used:
(1) 4% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dimethyl chloride.
(2) 0.5% CTAB (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) in water.
In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 12.5 ml of
polymer solution with 1.25 ml of distilled water and homogenizing
for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe
at 10K rpm to form a w/o emulsion. The w/o emulsion was added to 50
ml of the 0.5% CTAB solution and homogenized for 3 minutes to form
a w/o/w emulsion. The w/o/w emulsion was left stirring overnight
for solvent evaporation, forming microparticles. The formed
microparticles were then filtered through a 38 .mu. mesh, washed
with water by centrifugation 4 times, and lyophilized. The
microparticles were then sized in a Malvern Master sizer for future
use.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Blank Microparticles Using SDS
Blank microparticles were produced using SDS as follows. Solutions
used:
(1) 6% RG 504 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dimethyl chloride.
(2) % SDS (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in water.
In particular, the microparticles were made by combining 12.5 ml of
polymer solution with 50 ml of the SDS solution and homogenizing
for 3 minutes using an Omni benchtop homogenizer with a 10 mm probe
at 10K rpm. The emulsion was left stirring overnight for solvent
evaporation. The formed microparticles were filtered through a 38
.mu. mesh, washed with water by centrifugation 4 times, and
lyophilized for future use. The microparticles were then sized in a
Malvern Master sizer for future use.
EXAMPLE 4
Adsorption of Protein to Blank Microparticles
Protein was adsorbed to microparticles as follows.
A. 1% and 3% Theoretical Load of p55gag
In order to achieve 1% and 3% theoretical loads, 50 mg of the
lyophilized blank SDS/PLG microparticles produced as in Example 3
were placed in a Nalgene centrifuge tube and 10 ml of 25 mM Borate
buffer, pH 9, with 6M urea containing p55gag protein (Chiron
Corporation, Berkeley, Calif.) was added: (a) for 1% theoretical
load 10 ml of a 50 .mu.g/ml p55gag solution was used; and (b) for
3% theoretical load 10 ml of a 150.mu.g/ml p55gag solution was
used. The mixture was incubated with rocking overnight at room
temperature. The next day, the microparticles were centrifuged and
the supernatant assayed by a bicinchoninic assay (BCA; Pierce,
Rockford, Ill.), for gag concentration to determine the amount
adsorbed. The microparticles were washed twice with 10 ml Borate/6M
urea buffer and twice with 30 ml water, and lyophilized for future
use.
B. 1% Theoretical Load of HCV Core Antigen
In order to achieve 1% theoretical load, 50 mg of the lyophilized
blank SDS/PLG microparticles were placed in a Nalgene centrifuge
tube and 10 ml of 30 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.5, with 6M urea
containing monomeric HCV core protein (10 ml of a 50 .mu.g/ml HCV
core protein solution; Chiron Corporation, Berkeley, Calif.) was
added. The mixture was incubated with rocking overnight at room
temperature. The next day, the microparticles were centrifuged and
the supernatant assayed by a bicinchoninic assay (BCA; Pierce,
Rockford, Ill.), for HCV concentration to determine the amount
adsorbed. The microparticles were washed twice with 30 ml
citrate/6M urea buffer and twice with 30 ml water, and lyophilized
for future use.
EXAMPLE 5
Adsorption Efficiency of Microparticles
The lyophilized microparticles with adsorbed protein from Example 4
were analyzed for total adsorbed protein using base hydrolysis as
follows. 10 mg of the lyophilized adsorbed particles were
hydrolyzed for four hours in 2 ml 0.2N NaOH with 5% SDS,
neutralized, and diluted 1:10 and analyzed for protein content
using the MicroBCA protein assay (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). As shown
in Table 1, microparticles with modified surfaces prepared with
detergents like CTAB and SDS, both adsorbed protein more
efficiently than microparticles made using solely PVA.
TABLE 1 Targeted Load Actual Load Microparticle Type Protein (%
w/w) (% w/w) PVA-PLG p55gag 3% 0.38% CTAB-PLG p55gag 3% 1.58%
SDS-PLG p55gag 3% 1.36% PVA-PLG p55gag 1% 0.18% SDS-PLG p55gag 0.5%
0.45% SDS-PLG p55gag 1% 0.72% SDS-PLG p55gag 1% 0.79% PVA-PLG HCV
Core 4% 0.3% SDS-PLG HCV Core 1% 0.7%
EXAMPLE 6
A. Immunogenicity of Gag-adsorbed Microparticles
The gag-adsorbed microparticles, produced using PVA or SDS, as
described in Example 4, as well as p55gag alone, without associated
microparticles (as a negative control) and vaccinia gag-pol
controls (as a positive control) were administered intramuscularly
to mice. The animals were boosted at 7 and 14 days. The total dose
administered is indicated in Tables 2 and 3. Spleens were collected
two weeks following the last immunization and CTL activity assayed
as described in Doe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1996)
93:8578-8583.
The lymphocyte cultures were prepared as follows. Spleen cells (sc)
from immunized mice were cultured in 24-well dishes at
5.times.10.sup.6 cells per well. Of those cells, 1.times.10.sup.6
were sensitized with synthetic epitopic peptides form HIV-1.sub.SP2
proteins at a concentration of 10 .mu.M for 1 hour at 37.degree.
C., washed, and cocultured with the remaining 4.times.10.sup.6
untreated sc in 2 ml of culture medium [50% RPMI 1640 and 50%
alpha-MEM (GIBCO)] supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal calf
serum, 5.times.10.sup.-5 M 2-mercaptoethanol, antibiotics, and 5%
interleukin 2 (Rat T-Stim, Collaborative Biomedical Products,
Bedford, Mass.). Cells were fed with 1 ml of fresh culture medium
on days 3 and 5, and cytotoxicity was assayed on day 6.
The cytotoxic cell assay was conducted as follows. SvBALB
(H-2.sup.d) (SvB) and MC57 (H-2.sup.b target cells used in the
.sup.51 Cr release assays express class I but not class II MHC
molecules. Approximately 1.times.10.sup.6 target cells were
incubated in 200 .mu.l of medium containing 50 .mu.Ci (1 Ci=37 Gbq)
of .sup.51 Cr and synthetic HIV-1 peptides (1 mM)for 60 min and
washed three times. Effector (E) cells were cultured with
5.times.10.sup.3 target (T) cells at various E/T ratios in 200
.mu.l of culture medium in 96-well round-bottom tissue culture
plates for 4 hours. The average cpm from duplicate wells was used
to calculate percent specific .sup.51 Cr release.
As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the SDS-PLG/p55 microparticles had
activity comparable to the vaccinia control and was more active
than the PVA-PLG/p55 microparticles and the p55gag protein
formulation. Specifically, as shown in Table 2, p55gag protein were
inactive at concentrations of 10 .mu.g, 25 .mu.g and 50 .mu.g.
Further, as shown in Table 3, the SDS-PLG/p55 formulations were
more active than the PVA-PLG/p55 and p55gag protein formulations,
indicating that proteins were adsorbed more efficiently to the
microparticles in the SDS-PLG/p55 formulations as compared to the
PVA-PLG/p55 and p55gag protein formulations,
TABLE 2 PERCENT SPECIFIC LYSIS OF TARGETS Target SvB MC57 Antigen
Adjuvant (Adj. Dose) Ratio SvB.sup.a P7g+.sup.b p7G-.sup.c p55gag
protein (10 .mu.g) 60 15 12 4 15 11 8 3 4 7 6 3 % Spon Release 12
10 13 p55gag protein (25 .mu.g) 63 10 18 2 16 7 6 -1 4 4 1 -3 %
Spon Release 12 10 13 p55gag protein (50 .mu.g) 60 28 22 5 15 13 12
2 4 9 3 3 % Spon Release 12 10 13 p55gag protein (10 .mu.g) PLG/SDS
60 8 50 0 0.6% 11.6 mg 15 5 21 -3 4 4 7 -1 % Spon Release 12 10 13
Vv gag/pol (vaccinia virus encoding 60 9 65 1 gag) 15 4 38 1 4 1 18
3 % Spon Release 12 10 10 13 .sup.a SvB cell line without peptide
pulsing .sup.b SvB cell line pulsed with p7g peptide .sup.c MC57
cell line pulsed with p7g peptide
TABLE 3 PERCENT SPECIFIC LYSIS OF TARGETS Effector E:T Ratio
MC57.sup.a MC57 + gag b.sup.b SVB + gag b.sup.c PVA-PLG/p55 60:1 8
15 11 10 .mu.g 12:1 3 10 2 2.4:1 >1 5 2 SDS-PLG/p55 60:1 6 35 4
10 .mu.g 12:1 3 12 >1 2.4:1 >1 3 2 p55gag 60:1 7 15 1 protein
10 .mu.g 12:1 2 6 1 2.4:1 >1 1 >1 Vaccinia gag 60:1 >1 37
>1 12:1 >1 19 >1 2.4:1 1 9 >1 .sup.a MC57 cell line
without pulsing with peptide .sup.b MC57 cell line pulsed with gag
b peptide .sup.c SVB cell line pulsed with gag b peptide
EXAMPLE 7
Preparation of pCMVgp120 DNA-Adsorbed Microparticles with Modified
Surfaces
Microparticles with adsorbed plasmid DNA encoding gp120 were
prepared as follows. 20 mg of blank microparticles, prepared as
described in Examples 1 and 2, were incubated with increasing
concentrations of pCMVgp120 DNA in a 1.0 ml volume for 3 hours at
4.degree. C. Following incubation, the microparticles were
centrifuged, washed twice with Tris-EDTA buffer and freeze-dried
overnight. The microparticles were hydrolyzed as described in
Example 5 and analyzed for the amount of adsorbed DNA at A.sub.260
nm.
Table 4 illustrates the loading efficiency of PLG-PVA and PLG-CTAB
microparticles. As indicated in the table, the PLG-CTAB
microparticles adsorb more efficiently than the corresponding
PLG-PVA particles.
TABLE 4 Loading Theoretical Load Actual Load Efficiency
Microparticle Type (% w/w) (% w/w) (% w/w) PLG-PVA 1 0.44 44
PLG-CTAB 1 0.84 88 PLG-PVA 2 0.38 19 PLG-CTAB 2 1.23 62 PLG-PVA 3
0.33 11 PLG-CTAB 3 1.82 61 PLG-PVA 4 0.48 12 PLG-CTAB 4 2.36 59
EXAMPLE 8
HCV-E2 Adsorption
Microparticles were prepared using PVA, and several different
detergents, as described in the previous examples. E2 protein from
Hepatitus C Virus (HCV) was adsorbed on the surface of the
microparticles as follows: 0.2 mg/ml E2 was added to 20 mg of the
microparticles in PBS to form a solution at 0.5% w/w E2/PLG in a
total volume of 0.5 ml. The solutions were incubated for 1.5 hours
at 37.degree. C., then centrifuged. The supernatants were collected
and then measured for protein content by microBCA. The results are
shown in Table 5. The results confirm the superior adsorption of
macromolecules by the microparticles of the present invention.
TABLE 5 % bound Microparticle Type Protein (w/w E2/PLG) % total E2
bound PVA-PLG E2 0.00 0.00 CTAB-PLG E2 0.43 96.00 SDS-PLG E2 0.14
31.00 NaOleate-PLG E2 0.36 81.00 Pluronic P84-PLG E2 0.00 0.00
Pluronic L121-PLG E2 0.00 0.00
EXAMPLE 9
Adsorption of gp120 Protein
Microparticles were prepared using PVA as described in the previous
examples.
Microparticles were also prepared using NaOleate, an anionic
detergent, as follows: a w/o/w emulsion was prepared with 1.67 ml
of 30 mM NaCitrate at pH6 as the internal water phase, 16.7 ml of
6% polymer RG 505 PLG (Boehringer Ingelheim) in dichloromethane as
the solvent (oil phase), and 66.8 ml of 0.4% NaOleate as the
external aqueous phase. These microparticles appear in Table 6
below as "NaOleate-PLG (w/o/w)." Additionally, microparticles were
prepared using NaOleate in an oil in water formulation, and these
microparticles appear in Table 6 below as "NaOleate-PLG (o/w)."
gp12 protein was adsorbed on the surface of the prepared
microparticles as follows: 0.388 mg/ml of protein was added to
about 20 mg of the microparticles in PBS to form a solution at
about 1.4% w/w gp120/PLG in a total volume of 0.8 ml. The solutions
were incubated for 1.5 hours at 37.degree. C., then centrifuged.
The supernatants were collected and then measured for protein
content by microBCA. The results are shown in Table 6. The results
confirm the superior adsorption of macromolecules by the
microparticles of the present invention. T
TABLE 6 % bound Microparticle Type protein (w/w gp120/PLG) % total
E2 bound PVA-PLG gp120 0.01 0.00 PVA-PLG gp120 0.09 3.00
NaOleate-PLG (w/o/w) gp120 1.33 96.00 NaOleate-PLG (w/o/w) gp120
1.24 95.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 0.41 31.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w)
gp120 0.27 20.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 0.36 28.00 NaOleate-PLG
(o/w) gp120 0.27 22.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 0.34 26.00
NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 0.31 24.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 -0.01
-1.00 NaOleate-PLG (o/w) gp120 -0.09 -7.00
EXAMPLE 10
Adsorption of Listeriolysin Protein
Microparticles were prepared using PVA and CTAB, as described in
the previous examples. Listeriolysin protein (LLO) from Listeria
monocytogenes was adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles as
follows: 1.0 mg/ml LLO was added to 100 mg of the microparticles in
PBS to form a solution at 1% w/w LLO/PLG in a total volume of 5 ml.
The solutions were incubated for 1.5 hours at 37.degree. C., then
centrifuged. The supernatants were collected and then measured for
protein content by microBCA. The results are shown in Table 7. The
results confirm the superior adsorption of macromolecules by the
microparticles of the present invention.
TABLE 7 Targeted Load Actual Load Loading Microparticle Type
Protein (% w/w) (% w/w) Efficiency PVA-PLG LLO 0.10 0.10 10.0
PVA-PLG LLO 0.25 0.08 32.0 PVA-PLG LLO 0.50 0.12 24.0 PVA-PLG LLO
1.00 0.18 18.0 CTAB-PLG LLO 0.10 0.06 60.0 CTAB-PLG LLO 0.25 0.19
76.0 CTAB-PLG LLO 0.50 0.34 68.0 CTAD-PLG LLO 1.00 0.71 71.0
EXAMPLE 11
Effect of Aluminum Salt as an Adjuvant p55 gag DNA-adsorbed PLG
microparticles were prepared as described above, using CTAB. The
microparticles were injected intramuscularly in mice at two
concentrations, and, as a control, DNA alone was injected at the
same two concentrations. Additionally, in one trial, 50 .mu.g
aluminum phosphate was added to the injected CTAB composition. Each
formulation was injected into ten mice. The mice were boosted after
28 days. Two weeks after the second immunization, serum was
collected and the geometric mean titer (GMT) of each serum was
measured, along with its standard error (SE). The results are
summarized in Table 8, presented as both linear and log values.
Each number is the average of the results obtained from the ten
mice.
TABLE 8 log log Formulation GMT SE GMT SE DNA-CTAB 1 .mu.g 19546
5983 4.28 0.11 DNA-CTAB 10 .mu.g 54487 5510 4.73 0.04 DNA-CTAB 1
.mu.g + ALUM 50 .mu.g 49765 10034 4.69 0.1 DNA alone 1 .mu.g 10.6
2.7 1.01 0.07 DNA alone 10 .mu.g 230 395 2.15 0.3
In order to compare these results statistically, P-values were
generated for DNA-CTAB vs. DNA-CTAB+ALUM (P-value=0.0017);
DNA-CTAB+ALUM vs. DNA alone (P-value<0.0001); and DNA-CTAB (10
.mu.g) vs. DNA alone (10 .mu.g) (P-value<0.0001). These P-values
confirm the statistical significance of the values in Table 8.
EXAMPLE 12
Measurement of Zeta Potentials
Measurement of zeta potentials was carried out on a DELSA 440 SX
zetasizer from Coulter Corp., Miami, Fla. 33116. The system is
calibrated using mobility standards from Coulter (EMP SL7, an
aqueous suspension of polystyrene latex beads). Following rinsing
of the sample cell with sterile water, samples are added to the
sample cell. The counter is then set to zero by aligning the beam
to its lowest value. The current is set at 0.7 mA for the reference
and 20 V for the sample. Detector levels from all four beams are
checked, then the sample is run by selecting "run" from the
software, and frequency measurements are read. The beams should be
20 Hz apart. The mean zeta potential for each sample is then
read.
Measurements for several microparticle formulations of the present
invention were read, and the results are shown in Table 9. As the
results indicate, absorbence of macromolecules to the
microparticles' surfaces alters the zeta potentials of the
microparticles.
TABLE 9 Microparticle Type Adherent macromolecule Zeta Potential
(mV) PLG-PVA none -26 .+-. 8 PLG-CTAB none +83 .+-. 22 PLG-CTAB p55
DNA +35 .+-. 14 PLG-SDS none -44 .+-. 26 PLG-SDS p55 protein -32
.+-. 18 PLG-Oleate none -64 .+-. 24 PLG-Oleate gp120 protein -48
.+-. 14
EXAMPLE 13
Microparticles with Encapsulated and Adsorbed Macromolecules
(A). PLG microparticles were prepared using RG 505 PLG and PVA, and
encapsulating the adjuvant LTK63. 100 mg of the microparticles was
incubated with 5 ml PBS containing 400 .mu.g/ml p24gag protein. The
mixture was then incubated with rocking at room temperature
overnight, washed by centrifugation with 20 ml PBS twice and with
water once, then lyophilized. Following base hydrolysis and
neutralization, the % adsorbed protein and % encapsulated adjuvant
were measured; the results appear in Table 10.
(B). PLG microparticles were prepared using SDS and RG 505 PLG, and
encapsulating adjuvant CpG oligonucleotides as follows: 5 ml of 6%
RG505 polymer in DCM was emulsified with 0.5 ml of 5 mg/ml CpG in
50 mM Tris/EDTA, forming a w/o emulsion. The w/o emulsion was added
to 20 ml of 1% SDS and then emulsified, forming a w/o/w emulsion.
Microparticles were formed by solvent evaporation overnight, then
washed, centrifuged, and lyophilized. 10 mg of the CpG-encapsulated
microparticles was dissolved in 1 ml DCM. 0.5 ml water was added to
extract the oligonucleotides, and the mixture was then centrifuged
and the aqueous layer was injected on a size exclusion column with
PBS as the mobile phase. 10 mg of placebo microparticles was mixed
with 100 .mu.g CpG oligonucleotides and extracted as above with DCM
and run on the column as a standard. The amount of CpG
oligonucleotides present in the entrapped particles was calculated
against the standard.
p55gag was adsorbed on the CpG-encapsulated microparticles as
follows: 50 mg of the lyophilized CpG-encapsulated microparticles
was incubated overnight with 5 ml 25 mM Borate with 6M Urea (pH 9)
containing 140 .mu.g p55gag protein. The mixture was incubated with
rocking overnight at room temperature, washed with 20 ml Borate
buffer/6M Urea twice, and 20 ml water twice, then lyophilized.
10 mg of the CpG-encapsulated/p55gag adsorbed microparticles was
base hydrolyzed, and measurements were taken of the % entrapped and
% adsorbed macromolecules. The targeted load was 1.0%, except as
otherwise indicated. The results appear in Table 10.
TABLE 10 Microparticle Type % encapsulated (w/w) % adsorbed (w/w)
(A). PLG-PVA 0.46 1.2* LTK63 encapsulated p24gag adsorbed (B).
PLG-SDS 0.41 1.0 CpG encapsulated p55gag adsorbed *targeted load =
2.0%
EXAMPLE 14
Microparticles with Two Adsorbed Macromolecules
(A). According to the present invention, two or more macromolecules
may be administered in a composition comprising microparticles
which have adsorbed both macromolecules, or may be administered in
a composition comprising two or more distinct microparticles, each
having adsorbed a single macromolecule. For example, microparticles
were prepared adsorbing both E2 polypeptide and adjuvant CpG
oligonucleotides as follows: Blank PLG-CTAB were prepared as
previously described. 20 mg of the lyophilized microparticles were
incubated for 4 hours with 1 ml of 200 .mu.g/ml E2 in saline. The
mixture was rocked at room temperature for 4 hours, washed with 20
ml of normal saline water twice by centrifugation at 10,000 G, and
the pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of a CpG solution in TE buffer
containing 200 .mu.g/ml CpG for 4 hours at room temperature. The
final suspension was washed twice with TE buffer by centrifugation,
and then lyophilized. 10 mg of the microparticles with adsorbed CpG
and E2 was base hydrolyzed and protein concentration was determined
by BCA, and the residual amount of CpG in the supernatant was
assayed by HPLC to measure the amount of CpG adsorbed on the
microparticles. The results appear in Table 11, demonstrating
positive adsorption for both macromolecules.
(B). Microparticles were prepared according to the invention. A
portion were used to adsorb E2 polypeptide, while another portion
was used to adsorb adjuvant CpG olignucleotides. Blank PLG-CTAB
were prepared as previously described. 20 mg of the lyophilized
microparticles were incubated for 4 hours with 1 ml of 200 .mu.g/ml
E2 in saline. The mixture was rocked at room temperature for 4
hours, washed with 20 ml of normal saline water twice by
centrifugation at 10,000 G, then lyophilized. Separately, 20 mg of
the lyophilized microparticles were incubated for 4 hours with 1 ml
of 200 .mu.g/ml CpG in TE buffer. The mixture was rocked at room
temperature for 4 hours, washed with 20 ml of TE buffer twice by
centrifugation at 10,000 G, then lyophilized. Results of
measurements of the percent adsorbed macromolecules appears in
Table 11.
TABLE 11 Microparticle Type % adsorbed E2 (w/w)* % adsorbed CpG
(w/w)* (A). PLG-SDS 0.71 0.32 E2 adsorbed CpG adsorbed (B). PLG-SDS
0.64 n/a E2 adsorbed (B). PLG-SDS n/a 0.81 CpG adsorbed *targeted
load = 1.0%
EXAMPLE 15
Microparticles Formed Using Combination of Detergent and PVA
The following procedure was used to form microparticles comprising
two surfactants: PVA and a detergent: 10 ml of 5% PLG polymer and
0.2% of the detergent DOTAP in DCM were emulsified at 12,000 rpm
for 3 minutes with 1.0 ml distilled water to form the primary w/o
emulsion. The w/o emulsion was added to 40 ml of 0.8% PVA and
emulsified for 3 minutes to form the second w/o/w emulsion, which
was stirred overnight to evaporate the solvent, and microparticles
were formed. The microparticles were washed twice in distilled
water and lyophilized. The microparticles are then ready for
adsorption of macromolecules in accordance with the present
invention.
The same procedure was employed to form microparticles comprising a
combination of PVA and the detergent DDA.
EXAMPLE 16
Immunogenicity of Microparticles With Adsorbed p55 DNA
Microparticles were formed as in the previous examples using the
detergents CTAB or DDA. p55 DNA was adsorbed to the microparticles
and immunogenicity was assessed using the procedures described in
in the previous examples. The results are summarized in Table 12
below.
TABLE 12 PERCENT SPECIFIC LYSIS OF TARGETS Effector E:T Ratio Sv/B
P7g.sup.a PLG-CTAB/p55 DNA 60:1 71 1 .mu.g 15:1 55 4:1 31
PLG-DDA/p55 60:1 70 1 .mu.g 15:1 54 4:1 17 p55 DNA alone 60:1 3 1
.mu.g 15:1 1 4:1 0 Vaccinia gag 60:1 64 2 .times. 10.sup.7 pfu 15:1
35 4:1 11 .sup.a SVB cell line pulsed with gag b peptide
EXAMPLE 17
In-Vivo Luciferase Expression Using Microparticles With Adsorbed
Luciferase DNA
Microparticles were formed using the above-described procedures
using PLG and the detergent CTAB. Luciferase DNA was adsorbed
thereon using the methods previously described. In vitro luciferase
expression using a 5 .mu.g dose of luciferase DNA was measured
using the luciferase DNA alone (1248 pg) and the microparticles
with luciferase DNA adsorbed thereon (2250 pg). In vivo luciferase
expression was measured in muscle on days 1 and 14 following
administration as follows: Two groups of mice (n=5) were each
injected with either 50 .mu.g of Luciferase plasmid or 50 .mu.g of
PLG-CTAB-Luciferase DNA microparticles. Both groups of mice were
injected intramuscularly in the anterior tibialis (TA) muscle on
two legs. Both TA muscles from each mouse in the two groups were
harvested either at day 1 or day 14 and stored in a -80C. freezer.
The muscles were ground with a mortar and pestle on dry ice. The
powdered muscles were collected in eppendorf tubes with 0.5 ml of
1.times.Reporter Lysis Buffer.
The samples were vortexed for 15 minutes at room temperature. After
freeze/thawing 3.times., the samples were spun at 14,000 rpm for 10
minutes. The supernatant of the TA muscles of each mice at each
timepoint were pooled and 20 ul of the samples were assayed using
an ML3000 (Dynatech) under enhanced flash for Luciferase
expression.
Luciferase determination was performed using a chemiluminiscence
assay. The buffer was prepared containing 1 mg/ml of BSA in
1.times. Reporter Lysis (Promega). The luciferase enzyme stock
(Promega) at 10 mg/ml was used as a standard, diluted to a
concentration of 500 pg/20 ul. This standard was serially diluted
1:2 down the Microlite 2 plate (Dynatech) to create a standard
curve. 20 .mu.l of the blank and the samples were also placed on
the plate and were serially diluted 1:2. The plates were placed in
the ML3000 where 100 ul of the Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega)
were injected per well. Under enhanced flash, the relative light
units were measured for each sample.
The results are tabulated below in Table 13.
TABLE 13 In vivo luciferase In vivo luciferase expression Day 1
expression Day 14 Microparticle Type (pg) (pg) PLG-CTAB 9.51 44.95
Luciferase DNA adsorbed (50 ug) Luciferase DNA 6.78 9.29 alone (50
ug)
EXAMPLE 18
Immunogenicity of Microparticles with Adsorbed vs. Entrapped
Antigen
Microparticles were prepared using the procedures discussed in the
previous examples. E2 protein was then adsorbed thereon as
described above. Microparticles were also prepared with E2
entrapped therein, rather than adsorbed thereon, as described
above. The microparticles were assessed for their ability to induce
IgG antibodies following immunization of 10 mice with each type of
microparticle. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of serum from each
mouse was measured, then averaged for the group of 10 animals.
Standard error (SE) was also calculated. Fisher's PLSD
(significance level 5% ) was measured at p=0.0006. The results are
shown in Table 14 below: The results clearly demonstrate superior
induction of humoral immune response using the adsorbed
microparticles of the present invention.
TABLE 14 Formulation GMT SE PLG with entrapped E2 293 270 PLG with
adsorbed E2 3122 1310
EXAMPLE 19
Immunogenicity of Microparticles with HCV E1E2 Protein Adsorbed
Thereon
PLG-CTAB microparticles were prepared using the procedures
discussed in the previous examples. E1E2 protein from Hepatitis C
Virus (HCV) was adsorbed thereon. The particles were used to
immunize mice, with or without the adjuvant Alum, in dosages of
microparticles calculated to provide either 10 .mu.g or 100 .mu.g
of protein. Geometric mean titer was measured, and the results are
shown below in Table 15.
TABLE 15 Formulation GMT SE PLG/CTAB E1E2 (10 .mu.g) 4117 558
PLG/CTAB E1E2 (100 .mu.g) 7583 659 PLG/CTAB E1E2 Alum (10 .mu.g)
3356 436 PLG/CTAB E1E2 Alum (100 .mu.g) 10485 1548 HCV E1E2 DNA (10
.mu.g) 87 63 HCV E1E2 DNA (100 .mu.g) 7621 571
As the results indicate, the microparticles with protein adsorbed
thereon produce a superior immune response at the 10 .mu.g dose.
This demonstrates that the microparticles have the advantage of
being useful in eliciting immune responses at low doses where free
DNA is unable to generate such responses.
EXAMPLE 20
Immunogenicity of Microparticles with Adsorbed p24 Gag Protein
PLG-PVA microparticles were prepared using the procedures discussed
in the previous examples. The protein p24 gag was then adsorbed
thereon as described above. The microparticles were assessed for
their ability to induce IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies following
immunizations of of 10 mice. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of
serum collected from the mice 2 weeks post 2.sup.nd immunization
(2wp2) and 2 weeks post 3.sup.rd immunization (2wp3) were measured,
then averaged for the group of 10 animals. Standard error (SE) was
also calculated. The results are shown in Table 16 below: The
results clearly demonstrate superior induction of humoral immune
response using the adsorbed microparticles of the present
invention.
TABLE 16 IgG IgG IgG1 IgG1 IgG2a IgG2a GMT SE GMT SE GMT SE PLG-
5813.59 2400.58 3741.17 2039.08 755.3 587.21 PVA/p24 gag (2wp2) p24
gag 6.6 7.91 6.51 6.85 5 1 alone (2wp2) PLG- 26730.29 3443.67
40088.65 8989.07 6974.22 1457.74 PVA/p24 gag (2wp3) p24 gag 7.15
5.59 8.22 12.3 5 1 alone (2wp3)
EXAMPLE 21
IM Immunization of p55 Gag Protein and Various Adjuvants
PLG/CTAB, PLG/SDS, and PLG/PVA microparticles were formed as
described above in the previous examples. Eight groups of
microparticles were made in order to analyze the different effects
of immunizing mice with adsorbed antigen p55 gag protein on
microparticles vs. providing free soluble p55 gag, and to determine
the effects of having the adjuvant CpG (20 base long single
stranded oligonucleotides with a CpG motif) also adsorbed on other
microparticles or provided in free soluble form. The different
groups were prepared as follows:
Group 1 used soluble p55 gag protein (recombinant HIV p55 gag
protein produced in yeast at 2 mg/ml in tris/NaCl buffer with 2M
urea) mixed with PLG/CTAB particles with adsorbed CpG.
Group 2 used PLG/SDS particles with adsorbed p55 gag mixed with
PLG/CTAB particles with adsorbed CpG.
Group 3 used PLG/SDS particles with adsorbed p55 gag mixed with
free CpG.
Group 4 used PLG/SDS particles with adsorbed p55 gag and no
adjuvant.
Group 5 used PLG/PVA particles with p55 gag entrapped therein mixed
with PLG/CTAB particles with CpG adsorbed.
Group 6, a control, used no antigen, and soluble CpG.
Group 7, another control, used soluble p55 gag protein and no
adjuvants. Group 8, another control, used only vaccinia virus (vv
gag) expressing the gag gene, and no adjuvants.
For each group, 10 mice were immunized with sufficient quantities
of microparticles or free molecules such that the dosage of p55 gag
antigen and CpG adjuvant were 25 .mu.g each (if present in the
group), except for Group 8 which was used at a dosage of
10.times.10.sup.7 pfu. The route of immunization was IM, except for
Group 8, which route was IP. Following immunization, serum anti-p55
IgG titer was measured, the results of which appear below in Table
17. Lysis of targets by CTL was also measured with each group, the
results of which appear below in Table 18.
TABLE 17 Serum IgG Titer Form of p55 gag Protein Serum Group
Antigen Form of CpG Adjuvant Titer 1 soluble adsorbed on PLG/CTAB
43250 particles 2 adsorbed on PLG/SDS adsorbed on PLG/CTAB 49750
particles particles 3 adsorbed on PLG/SDS soluble 62750 particles 4
adsorbed on PLG/SDS none 7550 particles 5 entrapped within PLG/PVA
adsorbed on PLG/CTAB 127000 particles particles 6 soluble soluble
38 7 soluble none 2913 8 vaccinia virus (vv gag) none 938
TABLE 18 PERCENT SPECIFIC LYSIS OF TARGETS Form of p55 gag Form of
CpG Target SvB SvB Group Protein Antigen Adjuvant Ratio pGAG.sup.a
P7g+.sup.b 1 soluble adsorbed on 60 3 41 PLG/CTAB 15 0 15 particles
4 -1 8 2 adsorbed on PLG/ adsorbed on 60 7 77 SDS particles
PLG/CTAB 15 4 49 particles 4 2 26 3 adsorbed on PLG/ soluble 60 6
51 SDS particles 15 3 30 4 4 11 4 adsorbed on PLG/ none 60 4 48 SDS
particles 15 2 21 4 1 7 5 entrapped within adsorbed on 60 3 37
PLG/PVA PLG/CTAB 15 2 17 particles particles 4 0 4 6 soluble
soluble 60 4 23 15 4 7 4 2 3 7 soluble none 60 1 4 15 -1 1 4 0 2 8
vaccinia virus none 60 3 52 (vv gag) 15 2 25 4 3 16 .sup.a SvB cell
line pulsed with irrelevant peptide .sup.b SvB cell line pulsed
with p7g peptide
EXAMPLE 22
Adsorption vs. Entrapment of p55 DNA
PLG/CTAB microparticles with adsorbed p55 DNA, and PLG/PVA
microparticles with p55 DNA entrapped within, were formed as
described above in the previous examples. IM immunization of mice
and antibody induction (collection and analysis of serum) were
performed as described in the previous examples, at four weeks post
1.sup.st immunization (4wp1), and 2, 4, 6, 13, and 15 weeks post
2.sup.nd immunization (2wp2, 4wp2, 6wp2, 13wp2, and 15wp2
respectively). The results, shown in Table 19 below, demonstrate a
clear advantage of the adsorbed microparticles over both entrapped
and free p55.
TABLE 19 Formulation 4wp1 2wp2 4wp2 6wp2 13wp2 15wp2 PLG/CTAB 576
79300 156000 227000 988000 123000 with p55 DNA adsorbed (1 .mu.g)
PLG/PVA with 996 1915 2215 1376 25100 1084 p55 DNA entrapped (1
.mu.g) p55 plasmid 912 1149 1360 701 1075 742 alone (1 .mu.g) p55
plasmid 1489 10700 7885 26300 31600 17300 alone (10 .mu.g)
EXAMPLE 23
Microparticle Induction of Immune Response in Guinea Pigs
PLG/CTAB microparticles with adsorbed gp120DNA were formed as
described above in the previous examples. Other samples are as
shown below in Table 20, and included the microparticles with and
without aluminium phosphate, controls of free soluble gp120, with
and without aluminium phosphate, and MF59 protein, encoded by gp120
DNA. IM immunization of guinea pigs and antibody induction
(collection and analysis of serum) were performed as described in
the previous examples. The results are shown in Table 20 below.
TABLE 20 Formulation GMT SE PLG/CTAB gp120 adsorbed (25 .mu.g) 1435
383 PLG/CTAB gp120 adsorbed (25 .mu.g) + Alum. phosphate 3624 454
soluble gp120 DNA (25 .mu.g) + Alum phosphate 119 606 soluble gp120
DNA (25 .mu.g) alone 101 55 MF59 protein (50 .mu.g) 3468 911
EXAMPLE 24
Intranasal (IN) Immunization with p55 DNA Adsorbed
Microparticles
PLG/CTAB microparticles with adsorbed p55 DNA, and PLG/DDA
microparticles with adsorbed p55 DNA, were formed as described
above in the previous examples. IN immunization of mice with 25 or
100 .mu.g, antibody induction (collection and analysis of serum),
and CTL induction were performed as described in the previous
examples, at two and four weeks post 1.sup.st immunization (2wp1,
4wp1), two and four weeks post 2.sup.nd immunization (2wp2, 4wp2),
and two and four weeks post 3.sup.rd immunization (2wp3, 4wp3).
Controls included immunization with soluble p55 DNA alone or with
10 .mu.g cholera toxin. The results for antibody induction are
shown in Table 21, and the results for lysis by CTL (at 4 weeks
post 4.sup.th immunization) are shown in Table 22 below.
TABLE 21 Formulation 2wp1 4wp2 2wp2 4wp2 2wp3 4wp3 PLG/CTAB 189 529
1412 882 908 742 with p55 DNA adsorbed (25 .mu.g) PLG/CTAB 128 383
3462 2887 289000 134000 with p55 DNA adsorbed (100 .mu.g) PLG/DDA
with 247 482 1223 338 940 545 p55 DNA adsorbed (25 .mu.g) PLG/DDA
with 143 1351 2538 1341 357000 161000 p55 DNA adsorbed (100 .mu.g)
soluble p55 195 270 2298 617 1549 862 DNA (100 .mu.g) + cholera
toxin (10 .mu.g) soluble p55 362 260 618 190 285 263 DNA (100
.mu.g) alone
TABLE 22 PERCENT SPECIFIC LYSIS OF TARGETS Dose of p55 Target SvB
SvB Group Formulation DNA Ratio pGAG.sup.a P7g+.sup.b 1 PLG/CTAB
with 100 .mu.g 60 -1 82 adsorbed p55 15 -1 53 DNA 4 12 25 2 PLG/DDA
with 100 .mu.g 60 10 47 adsorbed p55 15 3 26 DNA 4 2 8 3 p55 DNA
plus 100 .mu.g 60 9 64 cholera toxin 15 2 22 (10 .mu.g) 4 0 7 4 p55
DNA alone 100 .mu.g 60 4 6 15 2 3 4 1 1 .sup.a SvB cell line pulsed
with irrelevant peptide .sup.b SvB cell line pulsed with p7g
peptide
Although preferred embodiments of the subject invention have been
described in some detail, it is understood that obvious variations
can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the
invention as defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *