U.S. patent number 6,845,271 [Application Number 10/138,791] was granted by the patent office on 2005-01-18 for treatment of shoulder dysfunction using a percutaneous intramuscular stimulation system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Neurocontrol Corporation. Invention is credited to Zi-Ping Fang, Maria Walker.
United States Patent |
6,845,271 |
Fang , et al. |
January 18, 2005 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Treatment of shoulder dysfunction using a percutaneous
intramuscular stimulation system
Abstract
A method of treating shoulder dysfunction involves the use of a
percutaneous, intramuscular stimulation system. A plurality of
intramuscular stimulation electrodes are implanted directly into
select shoulder muscles of a patient who has suffered a disruption
of the central nervous system such as a stroke, traumatic brain
injury, spinal cord injury or cerebral palsy. An external
microprocessor based multi-channel stimulation pulse train
generator is used for generating select electrical stimulation
pulse train signals. A plurality of insulated electrode leads
percutaneously, electrically interconnect the plurality of
intramuscular stimulation electrodes to the external stimulation
pulse train generator, respectively. Stimulation pulse train
parameters for each of the stimulation pulse train output channels
are selected independently of the other channels. The shoulder is
evaluated for subluxation in more than one dimension. More than one
muscle or muscle group is simultaneously subjected to a pulse train
dosage. Preferably, the at least two dosages are delivered
asynchronously to two muscle groups comprising the supraspinatus in
combination with the middle deltoid, and the trapezious in
combination with the posterior deltoid.
Inventors: |
Fang; Zi-Ping (Mayfield
Village, OH), Walker; Maria (Shaker Heights, OH) |
Assignee: |
Neurocontrol Corporation
(Valley View, OH)
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Family
ID: |
46280562 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/138,791 |
Filed: |
May 3, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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862156 |
May 21, 2001 |
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089994 |
Jun 3, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
607/74;
607/50 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61N
1/36017 (20130101); A61N 1/36003 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61N
1/36 (20060101); A61N 001/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;607/1,2,46,48,50,63,66,68,69-76 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0 165 049 |
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Dec 1985 |
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EP |
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945482 |
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Jan 1964 |
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GB |
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2085733 |
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May 1982 |
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GB |
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2 123 698 |
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Feb 1984 |
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GB |
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2 223 949 |
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May 1990 |
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GB |
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1181671 |
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Sep 1986 |
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RU |
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Other References
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Hand", S. Rebersek et al., Arch Phys Med Rehabilitation, vol. 54,
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Laboratory Use in Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation", Thrope et
al., IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-32, No.
6, Jun. 111985; pp. 363-370. .
"Controlled Prehension and Release in the C5 Quadriplegic Elicited
by Functional Electrical Stimulation of the Paralyzed Forearm
Musculature", Peckham et al., Annals of Biomedical Engineering,
vol. 8, pp. 368-388, 1980. .
"Restoration of Key Grip and Release in the C5 and C6 Tetraplegic
Through Functional Electrical Stimulation", Peckham et al.,
Proceeding fo International Conference on Rehabilitation
Engineering Toronto, Canada 1980, pp. 227-229. .
"Alteration in the Force and Fatigability of Skeletal Muscle in
Quadriplegic Humans Following Exercise Induced by Chronic
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Related Research; No. 114, Jan-Feb. 1976, pp. 326-344. .
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Primary Examiner: Evanisko; George R.
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending patent
application Ser. No. 09/862,156 filed May 21, 2001, which is a
continuation of application Ser. No. 09/089,994 filed Jun 3, 1998,
now abandoned and is related to provisional application Ser. No.
60/174,886 filed Jan. 7, 2000 and is further related to application
Ser. No. 09/755,871 filed Jan. 6, 2001, now abandoned all of which
are incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient for the treatment of shoulder dysfunction comprising:
evaluating the shoulder for subluxation; implanting an
intramuscular electrode into select muscle tissue; programming a
stimulation pulse generator in communication with said electrode
with at least one stimulation pulse train pattern including at
least one stimulation cycle defining a stimulation pulse train
envelope; and addressing the electrode with the pulse train
generator to stimulate the muscle tissue and thereby treat the
subluxation.
2. A method of stimulating shoulder select muscle tissue as set
forth in claim 1, wherein each of said pulse train envelopes is
defined by at least a ramp-up phase of a first select duration in
which the pulses of a stimulus pulse train progressively increase
in charge, a hold phase of a second select duration in which the
pulses of the stimulus pulse train are substantially constant
charge, and a ramp-down phase of a third select duration in which
the pulses of the stimulus pulse train progressively decrease in
charge.
3. A method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue as set
forth in claim 1, wherein said implanting step comprises implanting
a plurality of intramuscular electrodes into select muscle tissue
of the patient; electrically connecting said plurality of
intramuscular electrodes implanted into patient muscle tissue to a
plurality of output channels, respectively; and, generating
stimulation pulse train signals with said generator for each of
said plurality of stimulation output channels so that said select
muscle tissue of said patient is stimulated in accordance with said
at least one stimulation cycle and wherein said select muscle
tissue is at least two different muscle tissues.
4. A method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue as set
forth in claim 3, wherein at least two stimulation pulse train
signals are generated to form at least two stimulation cycles which
are not equal at every point in time.
5. The method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient as set forth in claim 3, wherein said step of implanting a
plurality of intramuscular electrodes into patient muscle tissue
includes implanting up to eight intramuscular electrodes.
6. The method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient as set forth in claim 1, wherein said evaluation of the
shoulder comprising a radiographic evaluation of the shoulder area
for subluxation of the shoulder of the patient to select muscle for
treatment.
7. The method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient as set forth in claim 6, wherein the patient is hemiplegic
and the method further includes a comparison of a first shoulder
involving the select muscle tissue with the other shoulder of the
patient.
8. The method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient as set forth in claim 1, wherein said pulse train signals
are generated so as to provide for stimulation for at least one
hour every day for a period of treatment.
9. The method of stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a
patient as set forth in claim 6, wherein said evaluation includes
assessment in at least two planes selected from the group
consisting of anterior/posterior; medical/lateral, and superior
inferior.
10. The method of stimulating select muscle tissue of a patient as
set forth in claim 8, wherein said period of treatment is at least
one week.
11. The method of stimulating select muscle tissue as set forth in
claim 1, wherein said muscle tissue is selected from the
supraspinatus, the posterior deltoid, the middle deltoid, the
anterior deltoid, the coracobrachialis, the biceps, and triceps and
the upper trapezious.
12. A method of stimulating select muscle tissue as set forth in
claim 1, wherein said stimulation pulse train envelope is a balance
charge wave form.
13. A method of stimulating select muscle tissue as set forth in
claim 1, wherein said evaluation of subluxation is evaluated as
result of a central nervous disorder.
14. A method of stimulating select muscle tissue as set forth in
claim 13, wherein said evaluation as a result of a central nervous
disorder is evaluated as one or more of stroke, traumatic brain
injury, spinal cord injury, and cerebral palsy.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the art of therapeutic
neuromuscular stimulation. It finds particular application for use
by human patients who are paralyzed or partially paralyzed due to
cerebrovascular accidents such as stroke or the like. The invention
is useful for retarding, preventing muscle disuse atrophy and even
improving muscular condition, maintaining or improving extremity
range-of-motion, facilitating voluntary motor function, relaxing
spastic muscles, and increasing blood flow to select muscles of the
shoulder. Additional benefits of the invention may include improved
alignment and decreased pain.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention is particularly useful for the treatment of shoulder
dysfunction. An estimated 555,000 persons are disabled each year in
the United States of America by cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)
such as stroke. Many of these patients are left with partial or
complete paralysis of an extremity including for example,
hemiplegic subluxation (incomplete dislocation) of the shoulder
joint. This is a common occurrence and has been associated with
chronic and debilitating pain among stroke survivors. In stroke
survivors experiencing shoulder pain, motor recovery is frequently
poor and rehabilitation is impaired. Thus, the patient may not
achieve his/her maximum functional potential and independence.
Therefore, prevention and treatment of subluxation in stroke
patients is a priority.
There is a general acknowledgment by healthcare professionals of
the need for improvement in the prevention and treatment of
shoulder subluxation. Conventional intervention includes the use of
orthotic devices; such as slings and supports, to immobilize the
joint in an attempt to maintain normal anatomic alignment. The
effectiveness of these orthotic devices varies with the individual.
Also, many authorities consider the use of slings and arm supports
to be controversial or even contraindicated because of the
potential complications from immobilization including disuse
atrophy and further disabling contractures.
Surface, (i.e., transcutaneous) electrical muscular stimulation has
been used therapeutically for the treatment of shoulder subluxation
and associated pain, as well as for other therapeutic uses.
Therapeutic transcutaneous stimulation has not been widely accepted
in general because of stimulation-induced pain and discomfort, poor
muscles selectivity, and difficulty in daily management of
electrodes, which necessitates a highly specialized clinician for
treatment. In addition to these electrode-related problems,
commercially available stimulators are relatively bulky, have
high-energy consumption, and use cumbersome connecting wires.
In light of the foregoing deficiencies, transcutaneous stimulation
systems are typically limited to two stimulation output channels.
The electrodes mounted on the surface of the patient's skin are not
able to select muscles to be stimulated with sufficient
particularity and are not suitable for stimulation of the deeper
muscle tissue of the patient as required for effective therapy. Any
attempt to use greater than two surface electrodes on a particular
region of a patient's body is likely to result in suboptimal
stimulation due to poor muscle selection. Further, transcutaneous
muscle stimulation via surface electrodes commonly induces pain and
discomfort.
Studies suggest that conventional interventions are not effective
in preventing or reducing long term pain or disability. Therefore,
it has been deemed desirable to develop a therapy for the treatment
of shoulder dysfunction which involves the use of a percutaneous,
(i.e., through the skin,) neuromuscular stimulation system having
implanted, intramuscular stimulation electrodes connected by
percutaneous electrodes leads to an external and portable pulse
generator.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, a
therapy involves therapeutic electrical stimulation of select
shoulder muscles of a patient. The therapy includes the
implantation of a plurality of intramuscular stimulation electrodes
directly into selected shoulder muscles of a patient near the
muscle motor point. This avoids stimulation of cutaneous
nociceptors; requires lower stimulus intensities and avoids
uncomfortable stimulation of adjacent non-target muscles. The
electrodes are addressed using an external battery-operated,
microprocessor-based stimulation pulse train generator, which
generates select electrical stimulation pulse train signals.
Preferably, the pulse train generator is portable and in particular
is miniaturized to a convenient size. This pulse train generator
includes a plurality of electrical stimulation pulse train output
channels connected respectively to the plurality of percutaneous
electrode leads. Stimulation pulse train parameters are selected
for each of the stimulation pulse train output channels
independently of the other channels. Muscle selection was
determined generally by three-dimensional radiographic evaluation
of a number of patients along with selective stimulation of all of
the shoulder muscles. Ultimately it was determined that a preferred
therapy involved asynchronous stimulation of more than one muscle
group and more preferably with a first muscle group being the
supraspinstus in combination with the middle deltoid and a second
muscle group being the trapezious in combination with the posterior
deltoid. The stimulation pulse train parameters or regiment or
dosage include at least pulse amplitude and pulse width or duration
for stimulation pulses of the stimulation pulse train, and an
interpulse interval between successive pulses of the stimulation
pulse train defining a pulse frequency.
Advantageously, the therapy involves the asynchronous stimulation
of more than one muscle or muscle group. This asynchronous
stimulation involves intermittent periods of stimulation and rest
with different pulse train envelop delivered to the multiple sites
but not in a synchronized dose. Thus, one muscle or muscle group
may be resting while another muscle or muscle group may be
subjected to stimulation. In the simplest case, these two dosages
are the same but offset in time. With the therapy of the present
invention more than one stimulation cycle is delivered at a point
in time so that a first cycle may be delivered to a first muscle or
muscle group with a second muscle or group undergoing a second
stimulation cycle (which can be a straight, low-level stimulation
or a cycle having a different profile, or can be the same cycle
applied at a different point in time). In general, the electrical
stimulators include means for generating stimulation pulse train
signals with the selected pulse train parameters on each of the
plurality of stimulation pulse train output channels so that
stimulus pulses of the pulse train signals having the select
stimulation pulse train parameters pass between the intramuscular
electrodes respectively connected to the stimulation pulse train
output channels and a reference electrode.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of
stimulating select shoulder muscle tissue of a patient includes
programming a patient external stimulation pulse generator with at
least one stimulation pulse train session including at least one
stimulation cycle (and preferably at least two stimulation cycles)
defining a stimulation pulse train envelope for a plurality of
stimulation pulse train output channels. Each envelope is defined
by at least a ramp-up phase of a first select duration wherein
pulses of a stimulus pulse train progressively increase in charge,
a hold phase of a second select duration wherein pulses of the
stimulus pulse train are substantially constant charge, and a
ramp-down phase of a third select duration wherein pulses of the
stimulus pulse train progressively decrease in charge. During a
second hold phase there is no stimulus delivered and the muscles
are allowed to relax or rest. In accordance with the invention, two
muscle groups are subjected to a first and a second stimulation
cycles so that one set of muscles is stimulated during the rest
cycle of the second set of muscles. This inhibits the shoulder from
slipping back into misalignment during the rest portion of the
cycle. A plurality of intramuscular electrodes are implanted into
select shoulder muscle tissue of the patient and electrically
connected by percutaneous electrode leads to the plurality of
output channels, respectively, of the pulse train generator. On
each of said plurality of stimulation output channels and in
accordance with a respective envelope, stimulation pulse train
signals are generated with the generator so that the select muscle
tissue of the patient is stimulated in accordance with the at least
one stimulation cycle.
Further in accordance, one advantage of the present invention is
the provision of a therapeutic percutaneous intramuscular
stimulation system that retards or prevents muscle disuse atrophy,
maintains muscle range-of-motion, facilitates voluntary motor
function, relaxes spastic muscles, and increases blood flow in
selected muscles.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a
therapeutic muscular stimulation system that uses intramuscular,
rather than skin surface (transcutaneous) electrodes to effect
muscle stimulation of select shoulder muscles.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that the
treatment dosage or regiment, which is prescribed may be tailored
to suit individual needs and selectively varied even during the
course of treatment. For example, the stimulus may be titrated at
the onset to avoid pain and unwanted joint movement (such as for
example, active elbow flexion during biceps stimulation).
In a further embodiment of the invention, a method of therapy is
provided for treatment of shoulder dysfunction (such as
subluxation) which comprises the steps of: 1) radiographic
evaluation of the shoulder in at least two planes (preferably the
subluxation is evaluated in 3-dimentisons); 2) percutaneous
implantation of two or more electrodes, so as to contact a muscle
or nerve, the electrode being in electrical communication with a
pulse train generator; and 3) actuation of the pulse train
generator in accordance with a regiment or prescribed dosage to
cause stimulation of the muscle or nerve using the electrodes. The
regiment or course of treatment may be a pre-defined course of
treatment based on a stimulation pattern, which has been stored in
a host computer or integral microprocessor, which can be used to
address the pulse train generator. Preferably, the regiment will
include individual sessions having a ramped profile and including
intermittent stimulation activation of the electrode or electrodes
with periods of rest. Preferably, the treatment of shoulder
subluxation involves implantation of one or more electrodes into
the superspinatus as well as into the posterior, middle and
anterior deltoids; into the coracolbrachialis; into the biceps and
triceps longhead. Even more preferably the treatment accounts for
shoulder relocation in three dimensions with a focus on stimulation
of all heads of the deltoid, the coracobrachialis, the biceps and
the triceps longhead. Modulation of the stimulus may require
precise muscle activation to balance against agonist and antagonist
activity to avoid undesirable joint translation and rotation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may take form in various components and arrangements
of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating
preferred embodiments, and are not to be construed as limiting the
invention.
FIG. 1A is a front elevational view of a portable, programmable
stimulation pulse train generator in accordance with the present
invention;
FIGS. 1B-1D are top, bottom, and right-side elevational views of
the stimulation pulse train generator of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred intramuscular electrode and
percutaneous electrode lead;
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the stimulation paradigm of the
percutaneous intramuscular stimulation system in accordance with
the present invention; and
FIG. 4 graphically illustrates the preferred stimulation
paradigm;
FIG. 5 is a graphic illustration of the results of the study of
Example 1;
FIG. 6 is a second graphic illustration of the results of the study
of Example 1;
FIG. 7 is a graphic illustration of the results of the study of
Example 2;
FIG. 8 is a second graphic illustration of the results of the study
of Example 2;
FIG. 9 is a third graphic illustration of the results of the study
of Example 2;
FIG. 10 is a fourth graphic illustration of the results of the
study of Example 2;
FIG. 11 is a fifth graphic illustration of the results of the study
of Example 2; and
FIG. 12 is a sixth graphic illustration of the results of the study
of Example 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With reference to FIGS. 1A-1D, a percutaneous, intramuscular
stimulation system is shown which can be used with the method of
treating shoulders in accordance with the present invention. The
stimulator includes an electrical stimulation pulse generator 10.
The pulse generator 10 includes a lightweight, durable plastic
housing 12 fabricated from a suitable plastic or the like. The case
12 includes a clip 14 that allows the pulse generator 10 to be
releasably connected to a patient's belt, other clothing, or any
other convenient location. The case 12 also includes a releasable
battery access cover 16.
For output of visual data to a patient or clinician operating the
stimulation system, a visual display 20 is provided. The display 20
is preferably provided by a liquid crystal display, but any other
suitable display means may alternatively be used. An audio output
device, such as a beeper 22 is also provided.
For user control, adjustment, and selection of operational
parameters, the stimulation pulse generator 10 includes means for
input of data. Preferably, the pulse generator 10 includes an
increment switch 24, a decrement switch 26, and a select or "enter"
switch 28. The increment and decrement switches 24, 26 are used to
cycle through operational modes or patterns and stimulation
parameters displayed on the display 20, while the select switch 28
is used to select a particular displayed operational pattern or
stimulation parameter. The select switch 28 also acts as a power
on/off toggle switch.
For output of electrical stimulation pulse train signals, the pulse
train generator 10 includes an external connection socket 30 that
mates with a connector of an electrode cable assembly (not shown)
to interconnect the pulse generator 10 with a plurality of
intramuscular electrodes via percutaneous electrode leads. More
particularly, the cable assembly connected to the socket 30
includes a second connector on a distal end that mates with a
connector attached to the proximal end of each of the percutaneous
stimulation electrode leads and a reference electrode lead.
A suitable intramuscular electrode and percutaneous lead are shown
in FIG. 2. The electrode lead 40 is fabricated from a 7-strand
stainless steel wire insulated with a biocompatible polymer. Each
individual wire strand has a diameter of 34 .mu.m and the insulated
multi-strand lead wire has a diameter of 250 .mu.m. The insulated
wire is formed into a spiral or helix as has been found preferred
to accommodate high dynamic stress upon muscle flexion and
extension, while simultaneously retaining low susceptibility to
fatigue. The outer diameter of the helically formed electrode lead
40 is approximately 580 .mu.m and it may be encased or filled with
silicone or the like.
As mentioned above, a proximal end 44 of each of the plurality of
intramuscular electrode lead wires 40 are located exterior to the
patient's body when in use. The proximal end 44 includes a
deinsulated length for connection to an electrical connector in
combination with the remainder of the electrode leads. The distal
end 46 of each lead 40, which is inserted directly into muscle
tissue, also includes a deinsulated length, which acts as the
stimulation electrode 50. It is preferred that at least a portion
of the deinsulated length be bent or otherwise deformed into a barb
48 to anchor the electrode in the selected muscle tissue. A taper
52, made from silicone adhesive or the like, is formed between the
deinsulated distal end 50 and the insulated portion of the lead 40
to reduce stress concentration.
Unlike surface electrodes which are applied to the surface of the
patient's skin using an adhesive, each of the plurality of
percutaneous electrodes 50 is surgically implanted or inserted into
select patient shoulder, arm, or upper-trunk muscle tissue, and the
associated electrode lead 40 exits the patient percutaneously,
i.e., through the skin, for connection to the stimulation pulse
generator 10. Preferably, each of the electrodes 50 is implanted or
inserted into the select muscles by use of a hypodermic needle.
Alternatively, or in addition, muscles may be surgically exposed
for implantation or minimally invasive techniques such as
arthroscopy may be used. Once all of the electrodes are implanted
as desired, their proximal ends are crimped into a common connector
that mates with the cable assembly which is, in turn, connected to
the pulse generator 10 through the connection socket 30. Of course,
such therapies or uses may require multiple systems, which utilize
multiple pulse train generators with multiple common
connectors.
The present percutaneous, intramuscular stimulation system allows
for precise muscle selection and use of three or more stimulation
electrodes and channels. The preferred system in accordance with
the present invention uses up to eight or more intramuscular
electrodes 50, each connected to an independent electrode
stimulation channel E, and a single reference electrode 52 which
may be either an intramuscular or surface electrode.
The stimulation pulse generator 10 comprises a microprocessor-based
stimulation pulse generator circuit with a micro controller such as
a Motorola 68HC12. Operational instructions or other information
are stored in non-volatile storage. Set stimulation therapy or
patterns may be included in this storage. These therapies may be
based upon generalized information such as may be gathered from
radiographic evaluation in multiple dimensions along with selected
stimulation. Ultimately patient specific information may be
incorporated into the stimulation parameters in order to optimize
the therapy for a particular individual application. Preferably,
the nonvolatile memory also provides storage for all
patient-specific stimulation protocols. A real time clock is
provided as part of the circuit.
The electrical stimulator current passes between the selected
electrodes and the reference electrode. A pulse duration timer
provides timing input PDC as determined by the CPU to the pulse
amplitude/duration controller to control the duration of each
stimulation pulse. Likewise, the CPU provides a pulse amplitude
control signal to the circuit by way of the serial peripheral
interface to control the amplitude of each stimulation pulse. One
suitable circuit means for output of stimulation pulses as
described above is in accordance with that described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,167,229, the disclosure of which is hereby expressly
incorporated by reference. An impedance detection circuit is used
to monitor the therapy.
Each output channel E1-E8 includes independent electrical charge
storage means such as a capacitor SC which, is charged to the high
voltage V.sub.H through a respective current limiting diode CD. To
generate a stimulation pulse, the microcontroller output circuit
102 provides channel select input data to switch component, as to
the particular channel E1-E8 on which the pulse is to be passed.
Switch means SW closes the selected switch SW.sub.1 -SW.sub.8
accordingly. The microcontroller also provides a pulse amplitude
control signal PAC into a voltage-controlled current source VCCS.
As such, the pulse amplitude control signal PAC controls the
magnitude of the current I, and the circuit VCCS ensures that the
current I is constant at that select level as dictated by the pulse
amplitude control input PAC. For stimulation of human muscle, it is
preferably that the current I be within an approximate range of 1
mA-20 mA.
Upon completion of the cathodic phase Q.sub.C as controlled by the
pulse duration control signal PDC, the discharged capacitor SC
recharges upon opening of the formerly closed one of the switches
SW.sub.1 -SW.sub.8. The flow of recharging current to the capacitor
SC results in a reverse current flow between the relevant electrode
50 and the reference electrode 52, thus defining an anodic pulse
phase Q.sub.a. The current amplitude in the anodic pulse phase
Q.sub.a is limited, preferably to 0.5 mA, by the current limiting
diodes CD. Of course, the duration of the anodic phase is
determined by the charging time of the capacitor SC, and current
flow is blocked upon the capacitor becoming fully charged. It
should be recognized that the interval between successive pulses or
pulse frequency PF is controlled by the CPU 62 directly through
output of the channel select, pulse amplitude, and pulse duration
control signals as described at a desired frequency PF.
A preferred design implements from 2 to 8 or more independent
preprogrammed patterns. For each pattern, a stimulation session S
is pre-programmed into the stimulator circuit by a clinician
through use of the input means. Each session S has a maximum
session duration of approximately 9 hours, and a session starting
delay D. The maximum session starting delay D is approximately 1
hour. The session starting delay D allows a patient to select
automatic stimulation session start at some future time. Within
each session S, a plurality of stimulation cycles C are programmed
for stimulation of selected muscles. Preferably, each stimulation
cycle ranges from 2-100 seconds in duration.
With continuing reference to FIG. 3, a stimulus pulse train T
includes a plurality of successive stimulus pulses P. As is
described above and in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,229,
each stimulus pulse P is current-regulated and diphasic, i.e.,
comprises a cathodic charge phase Q.sub.c and an anodic
charge-phase Q.sub.a. The magnitude of the cathodic charge phase
Q.sub.c is equal to the magnitude of the anodic charge phase
Q.sub.a. The current-regulated, biphasic pulses P provide for
consistent muscle recruitment along with minimal tissue damage and
electrode corrosion.
Each pulse P is defined by an adjustable pulse amplitude PA and an
adjustable pulse duration PD. The pulse frequency PF is also
adjustable. Further, the pulse amplitude PA, pulse duration PD, and
pulse frequency PF are independently adjustable for each
stimulation channel E. The amplitude of the anodic charge phase
Q.sub.a is preferably fixed at 0.5 mA, but may be adjusted if
desired.
Pulse "ramping" is used at the beginning and end of each
stimulation pulse train T to generate smooth muscle contraction.
Ramping is defined herein as the gradual change in cathodic pulse
charge magnitude by varying at least one of the pulse amplitude PA
and pulse duration PD. In FIG. 3, the preferred ramping
configuration is illustrated in greater detail. As mentioned, each
of the plurality of stimulation leads/electrodes 40,50 is connected
to the pulse generator circuit 60 via a stimulation pulse channel
E. As illustrated in FIG. 3, eight stimulation pulse channels
E1,E2,E8 are provided to independently drive up to eight
intramuscular electrodes 50. Stimulation pulse trains transmitted
on each channel E1-E8 are transmitted within or in accordance with
a stimulation pulse train envelope B1-B8, respectively. The
characteristics of each envelope B1-B8 are independently adjustable
by a clinician for each channel E1-E8. Referring particularly to
the envelope B2 for the channel E2, each envelope B1-B8 is defined
by a delay or "off" phase PD.sub.0 where no pulses are delivered to
the electrode connected to the subject channel, i.e., the pulses
have a pulse duration PD of 0. Thereafter, according to the
parameters programmed into the circuit 60 by a clinician, the pulse
duration PD of each pulse P is increased or "ramped-up" over time
during a "ramp-up" phase PD.sub.1 from a minimum value (e.g., 5
.mu.sec) to a programmed maximum value. In a pulse duration "hold"
phase PD.sub.2, the pulse duration PD remains constant at the
maximum programmed value. Finally, during a pulse duration
"ramp-down" phase PD.sub.3, the pulse duration PD of each pulse P
is decreased over time to lessen the charge delivered to the
electrode 50.
This "ramping-up" and "ramping-down" is illustrated even further
with reference to the stimulation pulse train T which is provided
in correspondence with the envelope B8 of the channel E8. In
accordance with the envelope B8, the pulse P of the pulse train T
first gradually increase in pulse duration PD, then maintain the
maximum pulse duration PD for a select duration, and finally
gradually decrease in pulse duration PD.
As mentioned, the pulse amplitude PA, pulse duration PD, pulse
frequency PF, and envelope B1-B8 are user-adjustable for every
stimulation channel E, independently of the other channels.
Preferably, the stimulation pulse generator circuit 60 is
pre-programmed with up to four stimulation patterns, which will
allow a patient to select the prescribed one of the patterns as
required during therapy.
Most preferably, the pulse generator 10 includes at least up to
eight stimulation pulse channels E. The stimulation pulse trains T
of each channel E are sequentially or substantially simultaneously
transmitted to their respective electrodes 50. The pulse frequency
PF is preferably adjustable within the range of approximately 5 Hz
to approximately 50 Hz; the cathodic amplitude PA is preferably
adjustable within the range of approximately 1 mA to approximately
20 mA; and, the pulse duration PD is preferably adjustable in the
range of approximately 5 .mu.sec to approximately 200 .mu.sec, for
a maximum of approximately 250 pulses per second delivered by the
circuit 60.
FIG. 4 illustrates an asynchronous stimulation profile consisting
of a first stimulation cycle 10 administered to a first muscle
group, i.e. the posterior deltoid and the supraspinatus, and a
second stimulation cycle 20 which has the same stimulation profile
but is offset from the first cycle and is administered to a second
muscle group, i.e. the middle deltoid in combination with the upper
trapezious. This method of treatment inhibits the misalignment,
which might otherwise occur during the rest portion of the
cycle.
In a further embodiment of the invention, a method of therapy is
provided for treatment of shoulder dysfunction (such as
subluxation) which comprises the steps of: 1) percutaneous
implantation of two or more electrodes, so as to contact a muscle
or nerve, the electrode being in electrical communication with a
pulse train generator; and 2) actuation of the pulse train
generator in accordance with a regiment or prescribed dosage to
cause stimulation of the muscle or nerve using the electrodes which
dosage has been defined as a result of a radiographic evaluation in
three-dimensions (i.e. from multiple views including
anterior-posterior, lateral) of a shoulder. The regiment or course
of treatment may be a pre-defined course of treatment based on a
stimulation pattern, which has been stored in a host computer or
integral microprocessor, which can be used to address the pulse
train generator. Preferably, the regiment will include individual
sessions having a ramped profile and including intermittent
stimulation activation of the electrode or electrodes with periods
of rest. Preferably, the treatment of shoulder subluxation involves
implantation of one or more electrodes into the superspinatus as
well as into the posterior, middle and anterior deltoids; into the
coracolbrachialis; into the biceps and triceps longhead. Even more
preferably the treatment accounts for shoulder relocation in three
dimensions with a focus on stimulation of all heads of the deltoid,
the coracobrachialis, the biceps and the triceps longhead.
Modulation of the stimulus may require precise muscle activation to
balance against agonist and antagonist activity to avoid
undesirable joint translation and rotation.
The preferred treatment regiment is illustrated in FIG. 4 and thus
therapy involves two stimulation cycles applied asynchronously.
Each cycle has a 30.+-.10 seconds period with 3-8; preferably
5.+-.1 seconds each of ramp on and off and 5-15, preferably 10.+-.2
seconds of hold. One cycle is applied to the posterior deltoid in
combination with the supraspinatus while the other cycle is applied
at a 5.+-.5 second offset to the middle deltoid in combination with
the upper trapezoidious. The cycle utilizes a balanced charge
wave-form meaning that each pulse has an equal amount of positive
and negative charge in each pulse. The envelope illustrates the
outline of the amplitude of multiple pulses. The treatment
generally involves weekly to daily periods of treatment for several
minutes up to several hours. One postulated treatment involves
5-480 minutes of treatment, 1-3 times daily for 4-16 weeks. A
preferred dosage us 4-7, preferably 6 hours per day for 6 weeks.
Various muscles can undergo passive stimulation during the course
of the day. The pulse train generator is miniature so that it is
easily portable. Further, it provides multiple channels to allow a
therapy or treatment use involving multiple nerves and/or multiple
muscles. It is envisioned that the method of the present invention
may have use in the treatment of acute and/or chronic dysfunction
including the treatment of pain. For the treatment of shoulder
dysfunction in hemiplegics (i.e., one sided paralysis) the therapy
may even begin immediately upon presentation of stroke symptoms as
a prophalalic treatment with respect to shoulder subluxation. The
treatment is envisioned for indications involving dysfunction of
the central nervous systems including stroke or traumatic brain
injury, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy and other condition,
which result in debilitation of the nervous system. The treatment
may incorporate continuous stimulation for some period of time such
as four to eight, or around six hours per day. Since the therapy is
passive and relatively free from pain, the patient may undergo
treatment while otherwise conducting life as usual.
EXAMPLES
In order to assess the clinical feasibility of percutaneous,
intramuscular NMES for treating shoulder dysfunction in hemiplegia,
three studies were carried out in our laboratory. The first study
compared the level of discomfort associated with intramuscular and
transcutaneous NMES during reduction of shoulder subluxation. The
second study was a pilot study investigating the effects of
percutaneous, intramuscular NMES on shoulder subluxation, range of
motion, pain, motor recovery and disability in persons with chronic
hemiplegia and shoulder subluxation. The third study was a
preliminary study to determine whether the muscles previously
selected in the transcutaneous NMES studies are, in fact, the
muscles which provide maximal reduction of shoulder
subluxation.
Example 1
To compare stimulation-induced pain between transcutaneous and
percutaneous, intramuscular NMES, 10 subjects were enrolled with
hemiplegia and at least one fingerbreadth of shoulder subluxation.
A cross over study design was used. Each subject received 3 pairs
of randomly ordered transcutaneous or intramuscular stimulation.
Both types of stimulation were modulated to provide full joint
reduction by palpation with the least discomfort. Subjects were
blinded to the type of stimulation given. The evaluator was blinded
to the type of stimulation given when assessing joint reduction by
palpation and when administering the pain measures. Pain was
measured using a 10 cm visual analogue scale and the McGill Pain
Questionnaire using the pain rating index (PRI) method for
quantification of data. The pain descriptors of the McGill Pain
Questionnaire were read aloud to subjects during each
administration. Pain measures were obtained immediately after each
of the six stimulations. After the last pair of stimulations, the
subjects were asked which of the last pair they would prefer for
six weeks of treatment at six hours per day.
The results are summarized in FIGS. 5 and 6. Significantly less
pain was experienced during percutaneous, intramuscular NMES than
during transcutaneous NMES. Nine of 10 subjects preferred
intramuscular over transcutaneous stimulation. This study assessed
discomfort with two types of NMES taking into account two critical
factors in studying pain with NMES. First, the stimulation induced
pain was measured during the clinical application. Stimulus
parameters differ depending on the application and may have a
significant affect on the discomfort experienced during
stimulation. For example, the current and frequency required for
weight bearing activities such as ambulation are much greater than
those needed for reducing shoulder subluxation. Secondly, the
stimulation was administered in the target population. The
perception of pain may potentially be altered based on differences
in the underlying neural pathophysiology. Though these results
demonstrate less pain with percutaneous, intramuscular stimulation,
they only infer that treatment with percutaneous, intramuscular
NMES is better tolerated than treatment with transcutaneous
NMES.
Example 2
The effects of percutaneous intramuscular NMES was investigated on
shoulder subluxation, range of motion, pain, motor recovery and
disability in persons with chronic hemiplegia and shoulder
subluxation. In a pre-test, post-test trial, 8 neurologically
stable subjects received 6 weeks of intramuscular NMES for 6 hours
per day. A pager sized stimulator which could be worn on the belt
or placed in a pocket was designed for this application to allow
the subjects to receive treatment without interfering with mobility
and daily activities. Inferior and lateral shoulder subluxation was
quantified with an unvalidated radiographic technique. Radiographs
of both shoulders were obtained. The difference in glenohumeral
translation between the subluxated and unaffected shoulder was
measured to take into account normal variance among individuals.
Pain free passive shoulder external rotation was measured using a
hand held goniometer in the supine, relaxed subject. Shoulder pain
was quantified using the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), which
evaluates pain intensity and interference with daily activities.
The BPI has been validated for quantifying cancer pain but has not
been validated in hemiplegia or regional shoulder pain. Motor
impairment was measured using the upper limb portion of the
Fugl-Meyer Scale (FMS). The self-care portion of the Functional
Independence Measure.TM. (FIM) was used to evaluate disability.
Testing was performed prior to administering 6 weeks of
intramuscular NMES (T1), after completing the 6-week treatment (T2)
and at a 3 month follow-up (T3.) The Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test was
used to determine the statistical significance of differences
between T1 and T2 and between T2 and T3 for all outcomes.
Questionnaires to assess tolerance and ease of implementation were
developed after the study had begun and were administered to half
of the users and caregivers.
The results are summarized in FIGS. 7-12. Vertical subluxation,
range of motion, shoulder pain and self-care skills all improved
significantly from pre-treatment to post-treatment. The reduction
in joint subluxation was maintained at 3 months. Shoulder pain
increased and range of motion decreased from post-treatment to the
3-month follow-up but the changes were not statistically
significant. Self-care skills improved non-significantly from
post-treatment to 3-month follow-up. The self-care portion of the
FIM was not a good choice for measurement of disability in this
population because the self-care tasks can be performed
independently with a single intact upper limb. In this study,
improvements in FIM scores may not be due to motor recovery and did
not parallel changes in FMS. However, the improved FIM scores may
reflect changes due to other effects of the intervention such as
decreased pain or confounders such as increased motivation. A trend
in improvement of motor function was seen after treatment but was
only statistically significant at the 3-month follow-up. The median
time since onset of hemiplegia in the subjects studied was 11
months with a range of six to 28 months. Though unlikely, some
motor improvement may have been due to natural recovery. Improved
FMS were documented in some subjects with flaccid hemiplegia for 2
years or more. Responses to the questionnaires indicated that the
treatment was well tolerated, required less than 5 minutes per day
to don and doff, did not interfere with daily activities and was
preferred over the use of a sling.
Example 3
The third study determined whether the standard muscles targeted
for stimulation provide the best reduction of shoulder subluxation.
The supraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles were stimulated in
the previously discussed transcutaneous NMES studies. These muscles
were selected based on a study by Basmajian et al. In his study,
EMG activity in the shoulder muscles of normal adults were observed
during rest and inferiorly directed traction on the upper limb. The
supraspinatus was found to be uniformly active and the posterior
deltoid less active under these conditions. In our pilot experience
with intramuscular NMES for treating shoulder subluxation, the
supraspinatus did not consistently reduce subluxation during
stimulation. A preliminary survey of various shoulder muscles was
undertaken to determine whether other muscles may provide better
joint reduction during stimulation. Up to 13 shoulder muscles were
stimulated in 12 subjects with hemiplegia and at least one
fingerbreadth of shoulder subluxation. Muscle selection for testing
was based on accessibility for implantation of percutaneous
electrodes and the force vectors between the scapula and humueral
head generated during muscle contraction. The stimulus was titrated
to avoid pain and unwanted joint movement (e.g. active elbow
flexion during biceps stimulation). Joint reduction was assessed by
palpation in all subjects and radiographically in two subjects
using a three-dimensional technique that standardizes trunk and
limb position, uses the glenoid fossa as a reference frame and
measures the difference in joint translation between the affected
and unaffected shoulders. Stimulation of the supraspinatus muscle
provided incomplete reduction of subluxation. Several other muscles
provided more complete and more consistent joint reduction
including all heads of the deltoid, the coracobrachialis, the
biceps and the triceps long head. While radiographic inferior
subluxation correlated well with palpation, the three-dimensional
technique correlated poorly with subluxation measured by palpation.
This discrepancy was felt to be due to inadequate assessment of
anterior subluxation by palpation.
While in accordance with the Patent Statutes the best mode and
preferred embodiment have been set forth, the scope of the
invention is not limited thereto but rather by the scope of the
attached claims.
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