U.S. patent number 6,695,208 [Application Number 10/111,824] was granted by the patent office on 2004-02-24 for system for monitoring a characteristic of a product.
This patent grant is currently assigned to BuildNow PTE LTD. Invention is credited to Song Kim Chew, Stanley Theng Seng Chia.
United States Patent |
6,695,208 |
Chew , et al. |
February 24, 2004 |
System for monitoring a characteristic of a product
Abstract
A system for monitoring a characteristic of a product in a
testing process. An information storage device stores information
relating to the product. A writing mechanism is used for writing
the information to the information storage device. A reading
mechanism reads the information and stores information in a
database. A testing system performs a test on the product to
produce a test result. The test result is stored in the database so
that the test result is associated with the information, whereafter
the associated information and test result stored enable monitoring
of the characteristic of the product.
Inventors: |
Chew; Song Kim (Singapore,
SG), Chia; Stanley Theng Seng (Singapore,
SG) |
Assignee: |
BuildNow PTE LTD
(SG)
|
Family
ID: |
20430242 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/111,824 |
Filed: |
April 26, 2002 |
PCT
Filed: |
October 29, 1999 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/SG99/00107 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO01/31504 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
May 03, 2001 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
235/385;
235/487 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B28B
23/0031 (20130101); G05B 19/4183 (20130101); Y02P
90/02 (20151101); G05B 2219/32196 (20130101); Y02P
90/10 (20151101); G05B 2219/31424 (20130101); Y02P
90/22 (20151101) |
Current International
Class: |
G05B
19/418 (20060101); G06F 017/60 () |
Field of
Search: |
;235/385,375,462.01,487,492 ;73/54.03 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: St. Cyr; Daniel
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Foley & Lardner
Claims
The claims defining the invention are as follows:
1. A system for monitoring a characteristic of a product in a
testing process, said system including: an information storage
device for storing information relating to said product, said
information storage device being separate from said product and
adapted to be affixed to said product; writing means for writing
said information to said information storage device; reading means
for reading said information from said information storage device
and storing said information in a database; and test means for
performing a test on said product to produce a test result and
storing said test result in said database so that the test result
is associated with said information, whereafter the associated
information and test result stored in said database enable
monitoring of the characteristic of the product, wherein said
product is produced at a first location and transported to a second
location before said information storage device is affixed to said
product, and wherein said product is transported to said second
location together with identification data associated with said
product, and wherein said identification data is inputted to a
memory of said writing means at said second location, said
identification data being subsequently written to said information
storage device by said writing means as at least part of said
information.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said writing means
writes said information to said information storage device after
said information storage device is affixed to said product.
3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said writing means
writes said information to said information storage device before
said information storage device is affixed to said product.
4. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein said system further
includes storage means for storing said product after said
information storage device has been affixed to said product and
said information has been written to said information storage
device, and wherein said product is retrieved from said storage
means before said reading means reads said information.
5. A system for monitoring a characteristic of a product in a
testing process, said system including: an information storage
device for storing information relating to said product, said
information storage device being separate from said product and
adapted to be affixed to said product; writing means for writing
said information to said information storage device; reading means
for reading said information from said information storage device
and storing said information in a database; and test means for
performing a test on said product to produce a test result and
storing said test result in said database so that the test result
is associated with said information, whereafter the associated
information and test result stored in said database enable
monitoring of the characteristic of the product, wherein said
product is produced at a first location and transported to a second
location before said information storage device is affixed to said
product, and wherein a preliminary test is conducted on said
product at said second location and a preliminary test result of
said preliminary test is inputted to said writing means, said
preliminary test result being subsequently written to said
information storage device by said writing means as at least part
of said information.
6. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein separate input means
are provided for inputting said identification data and said
preliminary test result to said writing means.
7. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein said identification
data is encoded in a bar code and said writing means includes a bar
code reader to enable said identification data to be inputted to
said writing means.
8. The system as claimed in claim 5, wherein said writing means
includes a key pad and said key pad is used to input at least said
preliminary test result.
9. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein said writing means
writes said information to said storage device after said
information storage device is affixed to said product.
10. A system as for monitoring a characteristic of a product in a
testing process, said system including: an information storage
device for storing information relating to said product, said
information storage device being separate from said product and
adapted to be affixed to said product; writing means for writing
said information to said information storage device; reading means
for reading said information from said information storage device
and storing said information in a database; test means for
performing a test on said product to produce a test result and
storing said test result in said database so that the test result
is associated with said information, whereafter the associated
information and test result stored in said database enable
monitoring of the characteristic of the product; and storage means
for storing said product after said information storage device has
been affixed to said product and said information has been written
to said information storage device; wherein said writing means
writes said information to said, information storage device before
said information storage device is affixed to said product, wherein
said product is retrieved from said storage means before said
reading means reads said information, and wherein said product is
in a first state when said product is produced and in a second
state when said test is performed on said product.
11. A system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said product is
produced at a first location and transported to a second location
before said information storage device is affixed to said
product.
12. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein said product is
concrete and the concrete is fluid in said first state and is solid
in said second state.
13. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein said concrete is
formed into a test cube and said test is performed on a solid test
cube.
14. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein said preliminary
test is a slump test.
15. The system as claimed in claim 14, wherein said test means
performs a compression-strength test on said solid concrete.
16. The system as claimed in claim 15, wherein said system includes
weighing means for weighing said product before said test means
performs said test and storing the weight of said product in said
database so that the weight of said product is associated with said
test result and said information.
17. The system as claimed in claim 16, wherein said reading means
reads said information when said product is located in a testing
position where said test means can perform said test.
18. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the information in
said information storage device cannot be altered after the
information is written to said information said storage device by
said writing means.
19. The system as claimed in claim 18, wherein the information
written to the information storage device includes a time at which
said information written to said information storage device.
20. The system as claimed in claim 19, wherein said identification
data includes at least one of: a date delivery; a time of delivery;
a customer name; a location of a customer's site; a product
description; a delivery note number; an internal order number; an
internal vehicle number; a register vehicle number; a total amount
ordered; an amount of a load; an amount of the total amount ordered
which has delivered; an amount of the total amount still to be
delivered; additional charges; who issued the product; and who
ordered the product.
21. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the information
written to the information storage device includes at least one of:
a date of making of a test cube; a time of making of a test cube; a
slump test result; a grade; and a test cube number.
22. The system as claimed in claim 21, wherein said writing means
generates a radio frequency information signal to write said
information to said information storage device.
23. The system as claimed in claim 22, wherein said writing means
is a hand held device.
24. The system as claimed in claim 23, wherein said reading means
includes a reference signal generator and a receiver, and said
information storage device includes retransmission means; wherein,
in use, said reference signal generator generates a reference
signal, so that said retransmission means contains the information
stored on said information storage device to thereby produce an
altered reference signal which is received by said receiver,
whereafter said reading means extracts said information from said
altered reference signal.
25. The system as claimed in claim 24, wherein said retransmission
means is a passive device.
26. The system as claimed in claim 24, wherein said information
means is a transponder.
27. The system as claimed in claim 26, wherein said signals are
radio frequency signals.
28. The system as claimed in claim 27, wherein the product is a
sample of said concrete which is tested to thereby monitor said
concrete.
29. The system as claimed in claim 28, wherein a plurality of
samples are tested.
30. The system as claimed in claim 28, wherein the compression
strength of said concrete is monitored.
31. The system as claimed in claim 30, wherein the slump test
result of said concrete is monitored.
32. The system as claimed in claim 31, wherein concrete from
approximately one out of every six truck loads of concrete
delivered to a site.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a system for monitoring a characteristic
of a product and in particular to a system of monitoring a
characteristic of concrete in a concrete testing process to thereby
monitor the quality of supplied concrete.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Presently, ready mixed concrete in produced at a batching plant and
transported to a construction site by trucks. At the construction
site, a sample of concrete is taken from one in about six trucks.
The sample is subjected to the performance of a series of tests to
monitor the quality of supplied concrete. The tests performed on a
concrete sample are usually a slump test and a compression strength
test. The sample of concrete is taken from the truck and
wheelbarrowed into a "test cube making centre".
A slump test is performed on the sample of concrete and the result
is recorded manually into a log book. A slump test is a measure of
concrete workability. The test is performed by filling a specially
shaped metal cone with concrete to be tested, removing the metal
cone so that the cone of concrete partially subsides or slumps, and
measuring the change of height of the concrete from the height of
the top of the cone to the height of the top of the slumped
concrete pile. Generally speaking, the greater the change in
height, the greater the workability of the concrete.
To prepare the concrete for compression strength testing, about six
test cubes of dimension of 150.times.150.times.150 mm are made.
Normally, three of the test cubes are stored for seven days while
three are stored for twenty-eight days. In the current system, when
the test cubes are made, a written paper note which includes
information such as the date the test cube was made, the grade of
concrete, the test cube number and what load of concrete the test
cube came from, is placed on top of the test cube while the test
cube is still wet. The next day, when the concrete has cured, the
mould used for making the concrete test cube is removed and the
information from the note attached to the test cube is transcribed
to the side of the test cube using a crayon or permanent
marker.
After storing the test cubes for an appropriate number of days, the
test cubes are tested for their compression strength and their
measurements are recorded manually into the log book which contains
the slump test results. In most cases, after the compression
strength test is conducted, the test results are also manually
entered into a computerised database.
Occasionally when the requirements for the concrete deviate from
normal, adjustments are made to the testing conditions. For
example, the test cube dimensions may need to be changed to
100.times.100.times.100 mm. In addition to the standard seven day
and twenty-eight day compression strength tests, the test cubes
might need to be tested for their two day, three day and/or
fifty-six day strength. In this case, additional test cubes will
need to be made for testing.
There a number of problems with the current testing system.
Firstly, due to the manner in which information is recorded,
information relating to the test results can be lost or interfered
with. For example, as discussed above, information in recorded on
paper notes which are placed on the concrete test cubes. While the
information is usually written using a permanent marker, the data
can be smudged or become faded if the note gets wet or dirty.
Concrete test cubes are often submerged in water as part of the
curing process adding to the likelihood of data being lost on other
occasions, the note can become detached from the test cube and it
is not always be possible to match a detached note to a particular
test cube. Particularly, if more than one note becomes detached at
the same time. As a result, when data identifying the test cube
needs to be transferred onto the side of the test cube, the data
can be distorted or lost.
Other errors arise due to errors in the transcription of data from
the notes to the sides of the test cube.
Even if the data is transcribed accurately from the note to the
side of the cube, it is possible for the writing on the side of the
cube to become smudged or at least degraded sufficiently to make it
hard to read to recover the data.
Furthermore, it is easy to tamper with the information on the note
or on the side of the cube or when it is being entered into the log
book. Thus, data might be changed in order to meet safety standards
or to cut costs.
Further errors arise due to manual recording of the test cube data,
slump tests and compression strength test results and also when the
information is transferred from the log book to the computerised
database. To attempt to improve the accuracy of the data it is
often necessary for the data to be double checked which can consume
time and increase the cost of the process.
Furthermore, in the current system it is necessary for both a
client representative and a contractor to be present to witness the
compression strength test. This is extremely resource
intensive.
A further problem is that because of the delay between recording
the data into a log book and transferring the data onto a computer
database, the database is not readily accessible from the
computerised database in a reasonable time frame for analytical
purposes. Occasionally, the time is often increased because
contractors tend to misplace log-books.
The above mentioned problems can have serious consequences in
relation to monitoring the quality of concrete. It will be
understood that it is important to ensure that concrete is of
sufficient quality because there are potentially serious
ramifications for the structure made from the concrete if the
quality is inadequate. For example, if a compression strength test
indicates that a particular batch of concrete is flawed to the
extent that it may cause problems in the finished structure which
employs the concrete, then it is important that such a result can
be related to where the concrete has been used in the actual
structure. If information relating to the particular test cube is
lost or incorrect, it may not be possible to make this connection
or the connection which is made may not be correct. Furthermore, as
the current system requires manual entry of data, it is possible
for the person entering the data to interfere with it and modify
the test results when they do not meet safety criteria.
Embodiments of the present invention attempt to address the
foregoing problems and at least to provide a system which is
improved compared to the current system.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides a system for monitoring a characteristic of
a product in a testing process, said system including: an
information storage device for storing information relating to said
product, said information storage device being separate from said
product and adapted to be affixed to said product; writing means
for writing said information to said information storage device;
reading means for reading said information from said information
storage device and storing said information in a database; and test
means for performing a test on said product to produce a test
result and storing said test result in said database so that it is
associated with said information, whereafter the associated
information and test result stored in said database enable
monitoring of the characteristic of the product.
Preferably, said product is produced at a first location and
transported to a second location before said information storage
device is affixed to said product.
Preferably, said product is transported to said second location
together with identification data associated with said product, and
wherein said identification data is inputted to a memory of said
writing means at said second location, said identification data
being subsequently written to said information storage device by
said writing means as at least part of said information.
Preferably, a preliminary test is conducted on said product at said
second location and a preliminary test result of said preliminary
test is inputted to said writing means, said preliminary test
result being subsequently written to said information storage
device by said writing means as at least part of said
information.
Preferably, separate input means are provided for imputting said
identification data and said preliminary test result to said
writing means.
Preferably, said identification data is encoded in a bar code and
said writing means includes a bar code reader to enable said
identification data to be inputted to said writing means.
Preferably, said writing means includes a key pad and said key pad
is used to input at least said preliminary test result.
Preferably, said writing means writes said information to said
information storage device after said information storage device is
affixed to said product.
Preferably, said writing means writes said information to said
information storage device before said information storage device
is affixed to said product.
Preferably, said system further includes storage means for storing
said product after said information storage device has been affixed
to said product and said information has been written to said
information storage device, and wherein said product is retrieved
from said storage means before said reading means reads said
information.
Preferably, said product is in a first state when said product is
produced and in a second state when said test is performed on said
product.
Preferably, said product is concrete and the concrete is fluid in
said first state and is solid in said second state.
Preferably, said concrete is formed into a test cube and said test
is performed on a solid test cube.
Preferably, said preliminary test is a slump test.
Preferably, said test means performs a compression-strength test on
said solid concrete.
Preferably, paid system includes weighing means for weighing said
product before said test means performs said test and storing the
weight of said product in said database go that the weight of said
product is associated with said test result and said
information.
Preferably, said reading means reads said information when said
product in located in a testing position where said test means can
perform said test.
Preferably, the information in said information storage device
cannot be altered after the information is written to said
information said storage device by said writing means.
Preferably, the information written to the information storage
device includes a time at which said information written to said
information storage device.
Preferably, said identification data includes at least one of: a
date delivery; a time of delivery; a customer name; a location of a
customer's site; a product description; a delivery note number; an
internal order number; an internal vehicle number; a register
vehicle number; a total amount ordered; an amount of a load; an
amount of the total amount ordered which has delivered; an amount
of the total amount still to be delivered; additional charges; who
issued the product; and who ordered the product
Preferably, the information written to the information storage
device includes at least one of: a date of making of a test cube; a
time of making of a test cube; a slump test result; a grade; and a
test cube number. Preferably, said writing means generates a radio
frequency information signal to write said information to said
information storage device.
Preferably, said writing means is a hand held device.
Preferably, said reading means includes a reference signal
generator and a receiver, and said information storage device
includes retransmission means) wherein, in use, said reference
signal generator generates a reference signal, said retransmission
means alters said reference signal so that it contains the
information stored on said information storage device to thereby
produce an altered reference signal which is received by said
receiver, whereafter said reading means extracts said information
from said altered reference signal.
Preferably, said retransmission means is a passive device.
Preferably, said information means is a transponder.
Preferably, signals are radio frequency signals.
The invention also provides a system for testing concrete including
using the above system for monitoring a characteristic of a product
in a testing process, wherein the product is a sample of said
concrete which is tested to thereby monitor said concrete.
Preferably, a plurality of samples are tested.
Preferably, the compression strength of said concrete is
monitored.
Preferably, concrete from approximately one out of every six
truckloads of concrete delivered to a site is tested.
Preferably, the slump test result of said concrete is
monitored.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference
to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates one manner of inputting information to the
writing means of the system of an embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 2 illustrates another manner of inputting information to the
writing means of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows the writing means of the system of an embodiment of
the invention writing information to an information storage device
affixed to a test cube,
FIG. 4 shows a storage means of an embodiment of the invention for
storing test cubes;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing how test results are
transferred from a compression strength testing device to a
database in accordance with an embodiment of a the invention;
and
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating how data relating to
characteristics of the invention can be distributed according to an
embodiment of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the system for
monitoring a characteristic of a product in a testing process is
used in a system for testing concrete samples taken from one out of
about six trucks of concrete delivered to a site in order to
monitor the compression strength of the concrete.
Typically trucks from a batching plant transport ready-mix concrete
to a clients project site daily. Before each trip is made,
information, about the concrete produced at the batching plant is
keyed into a computerised database at the batching plant. Some or
all of this information is used to generate a delivery note having
identification data including a delivery number. This delivery note
is then sent with the concrete to the client's project site.
Typically, the information entered into the database includes: the
date of delivery; the time of delivery; the customer's name; the
location of the customer's site; a product description; a delivery
note number; an internal order number; an internal vehicle number;
a registered vehicle number; a total amount ordered; the amount of
the load being delivered; the amount of the total amount delivered
so far; the balance of the total amount ordered still to be
delivered; any additional charges; who issued the concrete; and who
ordered the concrete.
Some or all of this information is printed as identification data
onto a delivery note. In the preferred embodiment, a bar code
encoding the delivery note number is printed onto the delivery
note. However, other pieces of identification data can be either
encoded in the bar code or in separate bar codes or included on the
delivery note in some other manner.
When ready mix concrete trucks arrive at the project site,
typically one out of every six trucks is chosen for inspection and
testing. The truck that is chosen for testing proceeds to a test
cube making centre area where a sample of concrete is taken from
the truck. As shown in FIG. 1, at the teat cube making centre, a
writing means in the form of a hand held device 1 is used to read
identification data in the form of the delivery number encoded in
bar code 9 from the delivery note 7 in the embodiment illustrated
in FIG. 1, the hand held device 1 includes a bar code reader for
reading the delivery note 7 to obtain the delivery note number and
any other identification data contained in the bar code 9.
A preliminary teat such as a slump test is then conducted on the
sampled concrete and the slump test result is keyed into the hand
held device 1 by key pad 3. A slump test is a measure of concrete
workability. The test is performed by filling a specially shaped
metal cone with concrete to be tested, removing the metal cone so
that the cone of concrete partially subsides or slumps, and
measuring the change of height of the concrete from the height of
the top of the cone to the height of the top of the slumped
concrete pile. Generally speaking, the greater the change in
height, the greater the workability of the concrete. Provided the
concrete passes the slump test, the truck will then proceed to a
casting location to cast the concrete.
At the cube making centre, about six test cubes 11 of dimensions
150.times.150.times.150 mm are made from the concrete sample. An
information storage device in the form a tag 13 is attached to the
top surface of each cube. In the preferred embodiment the tag 13 is
a transponder or RPID device.
Further information can also be entered into the hand held device
1. For example, the grade of concrete and the cube number. This
information is then written by the hand held device 1 to the tag 13
together with the delivery note number which was previously read
from the delivery note 7 and the slump test result which was
previously keyed in. The hand held device 1 also writes the date
and time of cube making which is automatically generated by the
internal clock system of the hand held device 1 when the device 1
is being used.
After the test cubes 11 are made, they are stored in a storage
means in the form of a water tank 17 so that the cubes 11 are
stored under water 15. The above steps are repeated for each truck
that is sampled. When the test cubes 11 are ready to be tested for
compression strength, whether this be at two, three, seven,
twenty-eight or fifty-six days or some other convenient amount of
days after they are made, the test cubes 11 are removed from the
storage means 17 and taken to a testing lab. Typically, three test
cubes 11 are tested at the same time to account for any testing
errors.
Before the concrete test cubes 11 undergo compression strength
testing, each test cube is weighed. A weighing means is linked to a
computer database so that the weight of the test cube 11 is
recorded automatically in an electronic database.
After the test cube 11 is weighed, the test cube is placed on a
testing means in the from of a compression-strength testing machine
19. The test cube 11 is placed so that the tag 13 is not on one of
the two sides that are being compressed. In practice, this will not
pose any problems because typically compression tests are performed
on the smooth sides of the test cube 11 and the only rough side
will be the side on which the tag 13 is placed.
A reading means 21 reads the information stored on the tag 13. The
tag 13 is generally a passive device. The reading means 21
incorporates a generator for generating a reference signal and the
tag 13 incorporates a retransmission means which alters and
passively retransmits the reference signal so that it contains the
information stored on the tag 13. The reading means 21 then
receives the altered reference signal by using a receiver and
extracts the information from the altered reference signal in a
known manner. The information is then stored by the reading means
21 in the electronic database of computer 23 via datalink 2280 that
it is associated with the weight of the test cube 11 in the
database. The reading means 21 preferably reads the information
before the compression test is started as there is a possibility
that the tag 13 will be damaged during the compression strength
test. The result of the compression strength 22 is also
automatically. stored in the electronic database so that it is
associated with the information extracted from the tag 13.
As stated previously, the information contained in the tag may
include a wide variety of identification data. However, by setting
up a communications link between the testing lab and the batching
plant, it is possible for the computer to match the delivery note
number extracted from the tag 13 with the delivery note number and
concrete data stored in the computer at the batching plant. Once
the delivery note numbers are matched, all concrete data pertaining
to the test cube is compiled and stored together in a computer
database at the test lab or elsewhere.
Therefore, the data collected at the test lab can include the
following: the date of delivery; the time of delivery; the customer
name; the location of the customers site; the product description;
a delivery note number; an internal order number; an internal
vehicle number; a registered vehicle number; a total amount
ordered; the amount in the particular load; the progressive amount
delivered; the balance to be delivered; the date of the cube
making; the time of cube making; a delivery note number; a slump
test result; a grade; a cube number; the weight of the test cube;
and a compression strength test result.
Once all the test cube data is compiled it can also be made
available via a communication network to the various parties with
an interest in the test results. Any compression strength problems
can thus be linked to a particular batch of concrete, thereby
enabling remedial action to be taken if necessary. For example,
referring to FIG. 6, PC 23 is a PC at the testing lab, PC 28 is a
PC at the batching plant, PC 27 is a PC at the site office, PC 26
is a PC at the clients head office and PC 25 is a PC at the
concrete manufacturers head office.
Analysis may be performed by comparing the compression strength
test with the product description. For example, it may be found
that a particular variation in amounts of various ingredients
contained in the batch of concrete affects the compression
strength.
Once tests are completed at other time intervals, for example
twenty-eight day compression strength tests, these tests can also
be associated with the previously obtained data.
The system clearly contains a number of advantageous over prior art
systems.
Without human involvement in the recording of data, errors
attributed to human error can be eliminated or at least
substantially reduced. Similarly, labour costs can be lowered by
automating the testing process.
Furthermore, as industrial environments such as construction sites
are often dirty and wet, the use of a transponder to store
information is extremely suitable as information contained in the
transponder will not be damaged by dirt, oil or water. Furthermore,
it is very difficult for any test results to be interfered with
because a tag can be used which can be written to only once
whereafter it becomes a read only device. Thus, in formation
contained in the tag 13 cannot be changed or duplicated.
Furthermore, there is no need for physical contact between the
transponder 13 and either the hand held device 1 or the reading
means 21. This simplifies the procedure of writing the information
to the information storage device and reading information from the
information storage device. Furthermore, the device is not
restricted to line of sight communication.
It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that various
modifications could be made to the system described in the
preferred embodiment without departing from the scope and spirit of
the invention. For example, the information transferred by the hand
held device to the transponder or tag 13 could be transferred prior
to the tag 13 before the tag 13 is affixed to a test cube 11.
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