U.S. patent number 6,612,840 [Application Number 09/560,196] was granted by the patent office on 2003-09-02 for head-up display simulator system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to L-3 Communications Corporation. Invention is credited to James A. Turner.
United States Patent |
6,612,840 |
Turner |
September 2, 2003 |
Head-up display simulator system
Abstract
A vehicle simulation system has an image system for projecting a
simulated out-the-window scene and symbology as produced by a
head-up display onto a viewing screen. A dummy beamsplitting or
combiner structure is positioned so that the user can view the
scene with the head-up display symbology through it. A filtering
structure is provided on the combiner structure to prevent the user
from viewing the head-up display symbology outside the combiner
structure.
Inventors: |
Turner; James A. (Binghamton,
NY) |
Assignee: |
L-3 Communications Corporation
(New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
24236761 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/560,196 |
Filed: |
April 28, 2000 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
434/38; 434/29;
434/30 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B
27/01 (20130101); G02B 27/0101 (20130101); G03B
21/00 (20130101); G09B 9/05 (20130101); G09B
9/32 (20130101); G02B 5/20 (20130101); G02B
2027/0187 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G02B
27/01 (20060101); G09B 9/04 (20060101); G09B
9/05 (20060101); G02B 27/00 (20060101); G02B
5/20 (20060101); G09B 009/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;434/29,30,38,61,62
;359/631,632,633 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Banks; Derris H.
Assistant Examiner: Fernstrom; Kurt
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Tiajoloff; Andrew L. Tiajoloff
& Kelly
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A vehicle simulation system for simulating a vehicle for a human
user, said system comprising: an image system forming on a screen a
visual image viewable by the user, said image including a scene
representing a simulated view outside the vehicle and head-up
display image superposed on said scene; a combiner structure
through which the user can see, said combiner structure being
positioned so that said image with the head-up display image can be
viewed therethrough by the user; a filtering structure supported in
the vehicle simulation system laterally outward of said combiner
structure, viewed from a position of the user in operation of the
vehicle simulation system; said filtering structure permitting the
user to see the scene therethrough, but limiting the passage of
light from the head-up display image therethrough, so as to reduce
the user seeing the image outside said combiner structure.
2. The system of claim 1, and further comprising a tracking
apparatus detecting changing positions of the head of the user and
providing a signal representative of a position of the head and of
the user, and the head-up display image being limited based on the
signal so that the projected head-up display image is only the
head-up display image which can be seen through the combiner
structure from a point on the head of the user.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the head-up display image is
limited based on the signal so that the projected head-up display
image is only the head-up display image that can be seen through
the combiner structure from a midpoint between eyes of the
user.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the filtering structure is a
notch filter, and the head-up display image is of light of a
wavelength substantially blocked by said filter.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the filtering structure comprises
a filter that polarizes light passing therethrough, and the light
from the head-up display image is polarized so as to be blocked by
the filter.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the screen preserves polarization
of light projected thereagainst.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the filtering structure comprises
a filter that permits passage of light only at separated time
intervals between which the filter becomes substantially opaque,
and the head-up display image being formed on the screen only when
said filter is opaque.
8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the combiner structure
is a dummy combiner structure.
9. A vehicle simulation system for simulating a vehicle for a human
user, said system comprising: an image system forming on a screen a
visual image viewable by the user, said image including a scene
representing a simulated view outside the vehicle and head-up
display image superposed on said scene; a combiner structure
through which the user can see, said combiner structure being
positioned so that said image with the head-up display image can be
viewed therethrough by the user; a filtering structure on the said
combiner structure, said filtering structure permitting the to see
the scene therethrough, but limiting the passage of light from the
head-up display image therethrough, to reduce the user seeing the
head-up display image outside said combiner structure; and said
combiner structure having two opposing lateral sides, said
filtering structure extending laterally outward from each of said
sides.
10. The system of claim 9, and said filtering structure extending
laterally from the combiner structure a distance of at least about
1 inch.
11. The system of claim 9, wherein the filtering structure is a
notch filter, and the head-up display image is of light of a
wavelength substantially blocked by said filter.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that polarizes light passing therethrough, and
the light from the head-up display image is polarized so as to be
blocked by the filter.
13. The system of claim 9, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that permits passage of light only at separated
time intervals between which the filter becomes substantially
opaque, and the head-up display image being formed on the screen
only when said filter is opaque.
14. The system according to claim 9, wherein the combiner structure
is a dummy combiner structure.
15. A vehicle simulation system for simulating a vehicle for a
human user, said system comprising: a projection screen viewable by
the user; an image system projecting a visual image on said screen,
said image including a scene representing a simulated view outside
the vehicle and a head-up display image superposed on said scene; a
combiner structure positioned so that the screen can be viewed by
the user through said combiner structure; a filtering structure
supported on the vehicle simulation system laterally outward of
said combiner structure; said filtering structure filtering out
light of the head-up image viewed therethrough so as to reduce
viewing of the head-up image by the user through said filtering
structure as compared to viewing of the head-up image through the
combiner structure; and said filtering structure permitting passage
of light of the simulated view outside the vehicle therethrough so
that the user can see said simulated view of the scene
therethrough.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the combiner
structure is a dummy combiner structure.
17. The system of claim 15, and further comprising a tracking
apparatus detecting changing positions of the head of the user and
providing a signal representative of a position of the head of the
user, and the head-up display image being limited based on the
signal so that the projected head-up display image is only the
image which can be seen through the combiner structure from a point
on the head of the user.
18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the combiner
structure is a dummy combiner structure.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the point on the head of the
user is a midpoint between eyes of the user.
20. The system of claim 15, wherein the filtering structure is a
first filter permitting passage therethrough of light of a
plurality of wavelengths, but substantially blocking passage of
light of a notch wavelength, and the head-up display head-up
display image being formed of light of the notch wavelength.
21. The system of claim 15, wherein the simulated scene is
projected through a notch filter which has similar transmission
characteristics to said first filter.
22. The system of claim 15, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that polarizes light passing therethrough, and
the light from the head-up display image is polarized so as to be
blocked by the filter.
23. The system of claim 22, wherein the screen preserves
polarization of light projected thereagainst.
24. The system of claim 15, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that permits passage of light only at separated
time intervals between which the filter becomes substantially
opaque, and the head-up display image being formed on the screen
only when said filter is opaque.
25. The system of claim 15, wherein the image system combines a
scene projector projecting the scene on the screen and a head-up
display projector projecting the image on the screen.
26. The system of claim 15, wherein the filtering structure is at
least about 1 inch wide.
27. A vehicle simulation system for simulating a vehicle for a
human user, said system comprising: a projection screen viewable by
the user; an image system projecting a visual image on said screen,
said image including a scene representing a simulated view outside
the vehicle and head-up display image superposed on said scene; a
combiner structure positioned so that the screen can be viewed by
the user through said combiner structure; a filtering structure on
said combiner structure, said filtering structure filtering out the
head-up image viewed therethrough; and wherein the filtering
structure projects laterally outward from lateral sides of the
combiner structure.
28. The system of claim 27, and the filtering structure projecting
generally upwardly from an upper end of the combiner structure.
29. The system of claim 27, wherein the filtering structure is a
notch filter, and the head-up display image is of light of a
wavelength substantially blocked by said filter.
30. The system of claim 27, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that polarizes light passing therethrough, and
the light from the head-up display image is polarized so as to be
blocked by the filter.
31. The system of claim 27, wherein the filtering structure
comprises a filter that permits passage of light only at separated
time intervals between which the filter becomes substantially
opaque, and the head-up display image being formed on the screen
only when said filter is opaque.
32. The system according to claim 27, wherein the combiner
structure is a dummy combiner structure.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to vehicle simulation systems, and
more particularly to vehicle simulation systems with image systems
that simulate a head-up display ("HUD").
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vehicle simulation systems, such as flight simulator systems, are
often used to train operators of such vehicles. Typically in such
simulators the trainee views a simulated outside environment scene
(called OTW, for "out the window") projected onto a screen by an
image projector.
In real vehicles, especially aircraft, a head up display may be
provided which projects information ("symbology") about targets,
such as distance or speed, or a variety of other types of
information, onto a combiner or beamsplitter positioned in front of
the operator or pilot. The pilot looks through the combiner at the
outside environment, and the head-up display optics keep the
symbology information collimated and superposed from the operator's
viewpoint over the associated targets or other objects outside the
vehicle to which the symbology relates.
In the simplest HUD simulators, a dummy combiner is provided which
is clear, and a HUD visual field containing the symbology is
projected on the viewing screen together with the OTW scene. In
such a system, the symbology remains superposed and collimated with
the visible scene that it relates to because both the visual object
and the symbology are projected at the same location on the screen.
However, the combined HUD/OTW scene is fully visible from any angle
and position in the simulated cockpit. This means that the pilot
can see the symbology even when looking around the combiner, which
would not be possible in a real vehicle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide more
realistic vehicle simulation systems with a simulated HUD
display.
In one embodiment, a vehicle simulation system includes an image
system with one or more projectors which project a scene comprising
a simulated OTW scene and a simulated HUD symbology field, with the
HUD symbology collimated and superposed with the objects in the
simulated OTW scene. A dummy combiner structure is positioned so
that the user can view the scene with the superposed symbology
through it. A filtering structure is supported laterally outward of
the combiner structure. This filtering structure permits the OTW
scene to be seen through it, but does not permit the light of the
symbology to pass therethrough. This prevents the user from viewing
the symbology through the filtering structure, thereby reducing the
possibility of viewing of the HUD symbology except through the
dummy combiner.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the filtering
structure has characteristics of a notch filter, and the HUD
symbology light has a wavelength which is notched out by said
filter.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the filtering
structure has characteristics of a polarization filter, and the HUD
symbology is projected with conflicting polarization so as to be
blocked by said filter.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention,
the HUD symbology is projected only intermittently, and the
filtering structure has characteristics of a time-varied filter
such that the filter is opaque when the HUD symbology is
present.
The above, as well as further features of the invention and
advantages thereof, will be apparent in the following detailed
description of certain advantageous embodiments which is to be read
in connection with the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof,
and wherein corresponding parts and components are identified by
the same reference numerals in the several views of the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view showing a cockpit portion of a
simulator having a HUD symbology simulator according to the
invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view showing a real vehicle
having a real HUD and combiner;
FIG. 3 is a front view from the user's position of a combiner for a
simulator according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective diagram illustrating the binocular problem
of a user seeing the HUD symbology around the combiner in a
simulator;
FIG. 5 is a plan-view perspective diagram illustrating the
binocular problem of the user seeing the HUD symbology around the
simulated combiner;
FIG. 6 is a plan-view diagram as in FIG. 5, showing the correction
of the problem according to the invention; and
FIGS. 7 and 8 are graphs of the light transmissivity of filters
used in the preferred embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As best seen in FIG. 1, a simulator generally indicated at 3
comprises a seat 5 for a user. For additional realism a canopy 7
may be provided.
The user looks through the canopy 7 at an out the window ("OTW")
scene projected on screen 9. The user also looks through a
beamsplitter or combiner 11 through which it is possible to see a
head-up display symbology field 13, which is also projected on
screen 9.
The OTW scene is projected by OTW projector 15, and, preferably,
the HUD field 13 is projected by a second projector, HUD projector
17, although a single projector could be used for both. Both
projectors 15 and 17 are supplied with images by image generator
19, which is connected with the simulator 3 and derives various
inputs therefrom, such as movements of the control stick or various
controls of the simulated vehicle, as well as sensing the movements
of the pilot or detecting the time-varying location of the pilot's
head by a location sensor or system of location sensors (not
shown).
The simulator simulates a real vehicle having a real head-up
display, such as the vehicle 21 illustrated in FIG. 2. Real vehicle
21 has a beamsplitter or combiner 23 which is transparent enough so
the user can see therethrough into the surrounding environment. The
real combiner 23 permits the operator to look out of the vehicle
therethrough, and also reflects symbology created by a HUD system
generally indicated at 27. Consequently, when the user is looking
at a target along a line of sight such as line A, the target is
viewed together with the symbology which is transmitted along
reflected pathway A'. The optics of HUD system 27 are such that the
symbology is focused at an infinite distance so that both the
symbology and the target are in focus and superimposed properly to
the user of the vehicle. In such a real vehicle system, the HUD
symbology can be seen only when it is reflected in the combiner 23,
within the frame of the combiner 23. If the pilot moves his head to
look around the combiner 23 then the pilot looks directly through
the canopy 25, and no HUD symbology is visible.
For purposes of the present simulator, the combiner 11 is
preferably a dummy combiner, i.e., a transparent structure through
which the pilot can see, and the HUD symbology is projected on the
same screen as the OTW scene. If cost is not prohibitive, however,
a real combiner such as used in the actual vehicle can be used.
In a simple HUD simulator system, the HUD symbology field is simply
projected in the field 13 over the simulated OTW scene. Targets and
symbology are projected together, providing correlated HUD
symbology with imagery shown in the OTW scene. In this type of HUD
simulation system, it is fairly easy for a user to move his head in
the cockpit so that he can see the symbology of the HUD field 13
without looking through the combiner 11.
In the preferred embodiment, in order to provide a more realistic
simulation of the HUD display, measures are taken to minimize the
effect when the user moves his head and can see the HUD symbology
field 13 without looking through the combiner 11, which would be
impossible in a real aircraft or other vehicle. Such a simulator
system is described in the copending U.S. patent application of
James A. Turner and Ronald G. Hegg filed Mar. 7, 2000 assigned SER.
No. 09/519957 and entitled VEHICLE SIMULATOR HAVING HEAD-UP
DISPLAY. In such a system, the position of the pilot's head is
detected, and, based on the position of the head (and,
consequently, eyes) of the pilot, the projected simulation HUD
field is cropped or trimmed to simulate the limits on viewing the
HUD in a real system. Consequently, it is generally not possible to
see the symbology when the pilot is looking around the outside of
the combiner.
In this advanced type of HUD simulation system, referred to herein
as a virtually occulting HUD simulation, the modeling of the
visibility of the MUD symbology is based on a point of view at a
single point of the pilot's head, preferably the midpoint between
the pilot's eyes. A problem is encountered, however, because the
lateral displacement of each eye from this midpoint (on the average
about 11/2 inches) means that each eye sees from a different point,
and this allows the user to see around the combiner 11 to a
degree.
This binocular vision problem is illustrated in FIG. 4. The HUD
field 13 is projected onto the screen in a position wherein the
perimeter of the dummy combiner 11 aligns with the perimeter of the
HUD field 13 along the lines of sight from a point of view
indicated at M, the midpoint between the pilot's eyes. However,
from the actual point of view E.sub.L of the left eye of the user,
the lines of sight B and C allow the user's left eye to see around
the left edge of the combiner 11. The result is that, to one side
of the combiner 11, one eye of the pilot can see a vertical band 28
of the symbology of the HUD field 13 without looking through the
combiner 11.
As best shown in the plan-view diagram of FIG. 5, a similar problem
exists for the right eye E.sub.R of the user. As with the line of
sight B for left eye view point E.sub.L, line of sight D permits
the right eye of the user to see a vertical band indicated at 30
laterally outward from the right side of the simulated combiner
11.
This binocular edge problem worsens when the head of the pilot is
moved laterally a substantial distance from the center line of the
simulator and the combiner 11, because the oblique angle permits
the user to see an even greater amount of symbology to the side of
the combiner.
Conceivably, the size of the edge bands 28 and 30 could be reduced
by narrowing the HUD field so that it would not extend beyond the
combiner for either eye. The result of this, however, would be to
reduce the operating size of the HUD display, which would also not
be realistic. The binocular problem could also conceivably be
diminished in its effect by modeling the HUD field 13 to be viewed
by one of the user's eyes, instead of midpoint M. However, the
result would be usable only if the modeled eye is the user's
dominant eye, and which eye is dominant varies over the population.
Also, there are many pilots for whom neither eye is dominant, and
modeling of the HUD field based on one eye would not resolve the
binocular problem for them.
The present invention provides a system that may be used to
eliminate or reduce the possibility of "looking around" the dummy
combiner 11 of the simulator, and correcting the binocular vision
problem of a band of HUD symbology visible to one eye of the user
on each edge of combiner 11. The present invention may be used with
a simple HUD simulation system where the HUD field is projected
against the screen over the OTW scene without providing for
alignment with the dummy combiner 11. The invention is particularly
advantageous in more advanced systems virtually occulted HUD
simulators where the projected HUD field is trimmed or modified to
maintain alignment of the field 13 with the combiner 11 from a
continuously detected user viewpoint, since that type of system
presents the binocular problem discussed above.
Referring to. FIG. 3, the pilot's view of the dummy combiner of the
simulator of the present invention is shown. The combiner 11 is
supported on the simulator cockpit 29. The simulator combiner 11
comprises a transparent central portion 31 supported in frame 33
supported on simulator cockpit 29. Frame 33 has left and right
lateral sides 35 and upper edge 37.
A filter structure 39 is provided around the combiner 11, including
lateral portions 41 projecting outward laterally from lateral sides
35 of the combiner and also an upper portion 43 projecting upwardly
from the upward edge 37 of combiner 11. The lateral portions 41
extend at least 1 inch, and preferably at least about 11/4 inches
laterally of the respective side of the frame. This distance
corresponds to one half of the average Inter Pupillary Distance
(IPD), i.e., the average lateral displacement of each eye of a
human user from the midpoint therebetween, and is appropriate for
use with the advanced HUD simulation which is modeled for
visibility based on the user's changing point of view, to eliminate
the binocular problem. The upper portion 43 extends above the
combiner 11 to cover the eventuality that the user may tilt his
head left or right while looking through the combiner 11 and see
the HUD symbology over the top of the combiner with one eye while
the other eye is lower and continues to see through the combiner.
The distance that the upper portion 43 extends above the combiner
11 is dependent on the IPD and the degree to which a user can tilt
his head left or right so as to elevate one eye higher than the
other. Preferably the distance is at least about 1/4 inch, and may
be as much as about 11/4 inches (one-half the IPD).
In a simpler HUD simulator without such modeling, a larger filter
39 is preferable, because there are more positions from which the
HUD field 13 can be seen in the cockpit. The filter structure 39
for such a simulator should be large enough to prevent the pilot
from seeing the HUD symbology around the filtering structure 39
irrespective of the position of the pilot's head. The dimensions of
a filtering structure 39 in this case will vary with configuration
of the simulated cockpit, but it is expected that the filter
structure in such an application will extend at least about 7
inches laterally outward from the lateral edges of the combiner 11,
and at least about 3 inches upward from the upper edge 37 of the
combiner 11.
According to the preferred embodiment, the HUD symbology field 13
which is projected corresponds to the field which can be viewed by
the pilot through the transparent portion 31 of the combiner 11. A
simulated target generally indicated at 45 is projected with
information regarding this target displayed as symbology and
generally indicated at 47. The simulated target 45, which is part
of the OTW scene, and the associated simulated HUD symbology 47 can
both been seen through the transparent middle portion 31 of the
combiner 11.
The filtering structure 39 permits light from OTW scene to pass
therethrough so that the user can see the OTW scene through the
filter, but the filtering structure substantially blocks passage of
the light of the HUD symbology therethrough. As a result, if a
target, such as target 49, is viewed through the filtering
structure 39, only the OTW scene aspect of the target passes
through the filtering structure. Even if HUD symbology associated
with target 49 is projected on screen 9 (as when a simple HUD
projector is used without an image generator that models visibility
of the HUD symbology through the combiner based on the user's head
position), or if the symbology is in the line of sight of one eye
of the user (the binocular problem discussed above), the HUD
symbology is not visible, because it is filtered substantially
completely out of the light passing through the filtering structure
39. However, the filtering need not be 100%, especially where a
virtual occulting HUD simulator is used. In such a system,
filtering of at least about 70%, and preferably about 80% to 90% of
the light from the HUD display is sufficient. Where virtual
occulting is not provided, a higher degree of filtering , e.g., at
least about 90% and preferably at least 95 to 97%, is needed,
because the pilot in such systems can move his head to a position
where he can see the HUD symbology through the filter with both
eyes simultaneously.
This filtering out of the HUD symbology can be accomplished in a
number of ways.
In the preferred embodiment, the filter is preferably narrow
spectral blocking filter, typically a basic notch filter. Such a
notch filter passes light of a plurality of wavelengths, or all
visible wavelengths, except for a wavelength in a specific "notch".
FIG. 7 shows a graph of the transmissivity of such a filter
relative to wavelength, exhibiting low transmissivity at a notch
wavelength .lambda..sub.n. In order to project the HUD symbology at
a wavelength that is filtered out by filtering structure 39, as
best seen in FIG. 1, the HUD symbology projector 17 is equipped
with a filter 51 which has transmissivity the opposite of that of
the filtering structure 39. The transmissivity of this Filter 51 is
shown in FIG. 8, which shows that the filter 51 passes only
wavelengths of light around notch wavelength .lambda..sub.n. The
notch wavelength .lambda..sub.n preferably represents a shade of
the color green, which is a common color for HUD displays, or the
color of phosphorous usually used in the CRT in a real HUD.
It is preferred that the filtering structure 39 appear completely
transparent even though it filters out a portion of the visible
spectrum around the notch wavelength. Any variation in color
between the OTW scene seen through the filtering structure 39 and
as seen around it can be eliminated by projecting the OTW scene
through a filter 53 having the same transmissivity as the filtering
structure 39, i.e. the graph of FIG. 7.
Alternatively, the filtering structure 39 may be a polarizing
filter, and the filter 51 for the HUD projected image
complementarily polarizes the HUD display light, i.e., rotated
90.degree., relative to the filter placed around the combiner. This
embodiment, however, requires that the projection screen preserve
polarization of light of the HUD projected symbology. The OTW light
waves, however, are either unpolarized, or filtered by a polarizing
filter 53 which aligns polarity with the filtering structure 39.
Consequently, the OTW scene light passes without loss of intensity
through the polarizer of filter structure 39.
Another alternate embodiment of blocking filter around the combiner
is a temporally switched filter. This filter operates
intermittently, preferably periodically or cyclically, and turns
alternately opaque and transparent at a rate which is too fast to
see when the HUD projector is operating. The HUD symbology is
projected in rapid periodic fashion, and is projected only during
those moments when the filter is opaque. As a result, the HUD
symbology cannot be seen by the user through the filtering
structure.
The filtering structure 39 consequently improves the realism of a
HUD simulator that has no virtual occulting of the HUD display. In
addition, where virtual occulting is used, the filtering structure
eliminates the binocular problem completely. As illustrated in FIG.
6, when the combiner 11 is provided with filtering structure 39
with lateral portions 41, it is not possible for either eye E.sub.R
or E.sub.L to look directly at the HUD field 13. If either eye
looks at the HUD field 13 through clear center portion 31, the HUD
symbology is visible, as in a real system. If either eye looks at
the HUD field 13 through a lateral portion 41, as discussed above,
the HUD symbology cannot be seen. If either eye looks to the
lateral side of the filter 39, the closest unrestricted lines of
sight F and G reach the screen 9 spaced laterally from the HUD
field 13, and no symbology can be seen.
This present invention has particular applicability to virtually
occluded HUD simulators that simulate pupil-forming HUDS, such as
those of F22 or F16 aircraft.
While a flat screen 9 has been shown it will be understood that a
different geometry, e.g. spherical, toric, etc., may also be used
advantageously with the invention.
The terms used herein should be read as terms of description rather
than of limitation, as those of skill in the art with this
specification before them will be able to make modifications
therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. Other
embodiments beyond those here discussed are within the spirit and
scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *