U.S. patent number 6,529,666 [Application Number 09/786,386] was granted by the patent office on 2003-03-04 for single-mode optical fiber.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Deutsche Telekom AG. Invention is credited to Reiner Boness, Wolfgang Dultz, Joachim Vobian.
United States Patent |
6,529,666 |
Dultz , et al. |
March 4, 2003 |
Single-mode optical fiber
Abstract
The present invention relates to an optical single-mode fiber
having low dispersion for the wavelength division multiplex
operation (WDM) of an optical transmission path, which is made of a
central fiber core having the radius r.sub.1, two inner fiber
cladding layers having the outer radius r.sub.2 and a,
respectively, where a>r.sub.2, and an outer fiber cladding
layer, the refractive index profile n(r) of the fiber not being
constant as a function of the fiber radius r (triple-clad fiber).
By properly selecting the profile form and the refractive index
differences between the core layers and cladding layers,
respectively, conventional fabrication methods can be used to
manufacture a fiber having low dispersion within the wavelength
range of about 1400 to 1700 nm and, thus, in the third optical
window, fiber attenuation not being increased thereby.
Inventors: |
Dultz; Wolfgang
(Frankfurt/Main, DE), Boness; Reiner (Coswig,
DE), Vobian; Joachim (Muehltal, DE) |
Assignee: |
Deutsche Telekom AG (Bonn,
DE)
|
Family
ID: |
7879476 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/786,386 |
Filed: |
March 2, 2001 |
PCT
Filed: |
September 23, 1999 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/EP99/06188 |
371(c)(1),(2),(4) Date: |
March 02, 2001 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO00/14580 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
March 16, 2000 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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Sep 2, 1998 [DE] |
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198 39 870 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
385/127 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02B
6/02228 (20130101); G02B 6/0281 (20130101); G02B
6/03644 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G02B
6/02 (20060101); G02B 006/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;385/123,124,127 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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196 45 754 |
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Jun 1997 |
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DE |
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0 721 119 |
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Jul 1996 |
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EP |
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0 851 245 |
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Jul 1998 |
|
EP |
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0 883 002 |
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Dec 1998 |
|
EP |
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WO 97/33188 |
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Sep 1997 |
|
WO |
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WO 98/00739 |
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Jan 1998 |
|
WO |
|
Other References
Yadlowsky, M. J. et al., "Optical fibers and amplifiers for WDM
Systems", Proceedings of the IEEE, IEEE-US, New York, vol. 85, No.
11, pp. 1765-1779, (ISSN: 0018-9219, pp. 1766-1769).* .
Reed, William A. et al., "Tailoring Optical Characteristics of
Dispersion-Shifted Lightguides for Applications Near 1.55 .mu.m,"
AT&T Technical Journal, Sep./Oct. 1986, vol. 65, issue 5, pp.
105-122.* .
Onishi, M. et al., "Third-order dispersion compensating fibres for
non-zero dispersion shifted fibre links," Electronics Letters, Dec.
5, 1996, vol. 32, No. 25, pp. 2344-2345.* .
"True Wave Single Mode Fiber," AT&T Network Systems, 1995, 6
pgs..
|
Primary Examiner: Sircus; Brian
Assistant Examiner: Le; Thanh-Tam
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kenyon & Kenyon
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A single-mode optical fiber having a radius r and having low
dispersion for the wavelength division multiplex operation of an
optical transmission path, comprising: a central fiber core having
a central radius r.sub.1 and an absolute refractive index
.DELTA..sub.0, a first inner fiber cladding layer having a first
outer radius r.sub.2 and a first inner refractive index
.DELTA..sub.1, a second inner fiber cladding layer having a second
outer radius a, so that a>r.sub.2, and a second inner refractive
index .DELTA..sub.2, an outer fiber cladding layer having an outer
refractive index .DELTA..sub.3, the optical fiber having a
refractive index profile n(r), the refractive index profile being
configured as not-constant as a function of the fiber radius r, the
optical fiber cladding layer being in an area defined by r>a and
having a relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r), where
##EQU6##
so that when the relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) is
about 0 then n.sub.c is a constant reference refractive index,
wherein the second outer radius a is 8.0 .mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.16
.mu.m so that 0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4 and
0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.85, wherein for an area defined by
r.ltoreq.r.sub.1 the relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r)
is .DELTA..sub.0.gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq.0 and the absolute
refractive index .DELTA..sub.0 is
3.5.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.6.0.multidot.10.sup.-3,
wherein for an area defined by r.sub.1 <r.ltoreq.r.sub.2 the
relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) is
0.gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq..DELTA..sub.1 and the first inner
refractive index .DELTA..sub.1 is
-2.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.0.6.multidot.10.sup.
-3, wherein for an area defined by r.sub.2 <r.ltoreq.a the
relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) is
.DELTA..sub.2.gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq.0, and the second inner
refractive index .DELTA..sub.2 is
1.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.2.0.multidot.10.sup.-3,
so that within a wavelength range of between about 1400 and about
1700 nm, the optical fiber has a dispersion value of between about
-1.6 and about +3.7 ps/(nm km).
2. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein the central
fiber core radius r.sub.1 is one of 2.5
.mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.1.ltoreq.5.5 .mu.m and 3.5
.mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.1.ltoreq.4.5 .mu.m.
3. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein the first outer
radius r.sub.2 is one of 8 .mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.2.ltoreq.12 .mu.m and
9 .mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.2.ltoreq.11 .mu.m.
4. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein second outer
radius a is 9 .mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.15 .mu.m.
5. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein the first inner
refractive index .DELTA..sub.1 is
-1.2.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-0.6.multidot.10.sup.
-3.
6. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in the region
of the central fiber core, the refractive index profile has at
least one of a rectangular shape, a triangular shape, a trapezoidal
shape and a parabola-like shape, the relative refractive index
profile .DELTA.(r) assuming that the maximum absolute refractive
index .DELTA..sub.0 is at least in the vicinity of the optical
fiber midpoint for the central fiber core radius r equal to about
0.
7. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in the region
of the central fiber core, the relative refractive index profile
.DELTA.(r) is rectangular and the absolute refractive index
.DELTA..sub.0 is one of
3.7.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.4.6.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 4.16.multidot.10.sup.-3, the first inner refractive index
.DELTA..sub.1 is one of
-1.8.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-1.4.multidot.10.sup.
-3 and about -1.59.multidot.10.sup.-3, the second inner refractive
index .DELTA..sub.2 is one of
1.6.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.9.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 1.75.multidot.10.sup.-3, the outer radius a is one of 9.4
.mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.11.4 .mu.m and 10.4 .mu.m so that r.sub.1 /a
is one of 0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4 and about 0.3, and so
that r.sub.2 /a is one of 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.85 and
about 0.8.
8. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in a region of
the central fiber core, the relative refractive index profile
.DELTA.(r) is triangular and the absolute refractive index
.DELTA..sub.0 is one of
4.7.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.5.8.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 5.31.multidot.10.sup.-3, the first inner refractive index
.DELTA..sub.1 is
-1.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-0.8.multidot.10.sup.
-3 and about -0.9.multidot.10.sup.-3, the second inner refractive
index .DELTA..sub.2 is one of
1.1.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.4.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 1.25.multidot.10.sup.-3, the outer radius a is one of
12.9 .mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.14.9 .mu.m and about 13.9 .mu.m so that
r.sub.1 /a is one of 0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4 and about
0.3, and so that r.sub.2 /a is one of 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2
/a.ltoreq.0.85 and about 0.8.
9. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in a region of
the fiber core, the relative refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) is
a parabola-profile and the absolute refractive index .DELTA..sub.0
is one of
3.9.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.4.8.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 4.34.multidot.10.sup.-3, the first inner refractive index
.DELTA..sub.1 is one of
-1.1.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1
-0.9.multidot.10.sup.-3 and about -1.03.multidot.10.sup.-3, the
second inner refractive index .DELTA..sub.2 is one of
1.3.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.70.multidot.10.sup.-3
and about 1.5.multidot.10.sup.-3, the outer radius a is one of 12.0
.mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.14.0 .mu.m and about 13.0 .mu.m, so that
r.sub.1 /a is one of 0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4 and about
0.3, and so that r.sub.2 /a is one of 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2
/a.ltoreq.0.85 and about 0.8.
10. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in a region of
the first and second inner fiber cladding layers, the relative
refractive profile index .DELTA.(r) is constant and is about equal
to the first inner refractive index .DELTA..sub.1 and the second
inner refractive index .DELTA..sub.2.
11. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein the optical
fiber is in part made of silica glass which is doped with one of an
appropriate material for modifying a refractive index, germanium
and fluorine, so that a refractive index of the central fiber core,
the first and second inner fiber cladding layers and the outer
fiber cladding layer, is one of raised and lowered.
12. The optical fiber as recited in claim 1, wherein in the
wavelength range of about 1400 to 1700 nm, the optical fiber
exhibits a dispersion of one of less than 4 ps/(km nm) and about 3
ps/(km nm).
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an optical single-mode fiber
having low dispersion for the wavelength division multiplex
operation (WDM) of optical transmission paths, which is made of a
central fiber core, at least two inner fiber cladding layers, and
of an outer fiber cladding layer (triple-clad fiber), the
refractive index profile n(r) of the fiber not being constant as a
function of the fiber radius r.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
To be able to transmit ever greater data rates over single-mode
fibers, the wavelength division multiplex method (WDM) is
increasingly gaining in importance. In WDM operation of an optical
transmission path, up to 80 to 100 channels having a spectral
bandwidth of .DELTA..lambda. are transmitted over one fiber. The
number of channels that can be transmitted over one fiber of a
given length is essentially limited by the fiber attenuation and
dispersion at the wavelengths being used. Also, the channel spacing
needed to ensure transmission quality means that the fibers must
have a large enough spectral width for the transmission.
The fiberglass cables installed in the optical networks of
telecommunications companies contain all-silica optical fibers,
which are made of a fiber core and a fiber cladding. The minimum
attenuation of all-silica fibers is within the third optical
window, thus within the spectral region of around 1550 nm. In this
wavelength range, powerful optical amplifiers are also available,
e.g., erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), which are used within
the optical network to regenerate the transmission signals
following a specific path section. For these reasons, the WDM
system currently used is conceived for the third optical
window.
In the case of pre-installed glass fibers, one can encounter the
problem of dispersion. For normal standard fibers, the zero
dispersion wavelength .lambda..sub.0, at which no dispersion or
only very slight dispersion of optical signals occurs, is
.lambda..sub.0.apprxeq.1310 nm. This means that a signal
transmitted with a wavelength of about .lambda..sub.0 is not or
only slightly distorted, in particular, the pulse width is
retained. However, the attenuation in this range is greater than in
the third optical window. The chromatic dispersion D(.lambda.) in
the case of standard fibers is substantially wavelength-dependent
and, for .lambda.=1550 nm, amounts to about 16 to 17.5 ps/(km*nm).
If an optical signal having wavelengths of about 1550 nm is
transmitted, the pulse width is enlarged due to dispersion. This
effect is an obstacle to a high transmission capacity; a chromatic
dispersion of 16 to 17.5 ps/(km*nm) is much too high for ultra-high
bit rate systems.
To be able to use laid standard fibers in the third optical window,
it is necessary to compensate for the dispersion, which entails
considerable outlay. In this regard, one knows of
dispersion-compensating fibers, for example, from U.S. Pat. No.
5,568,583, which, at 1550 nm, exhibit a very high negative
dispersion of D.apprxeq.-100 ps/(km nm). These dispersion
properties are achieved by raising the refractive index of the
fiber core and by lowering the refractive index of a first cladding
layer in comparison to the refractive index of the outer fiber
cladding, made of silica. For the application, the
dispersion-compensating fiber is spliced onto a standard fiber, so
that the signal that is separated by positive dispersion when
propagating through the compensation fiber is compressed again by
the negative dispersion. A dispersion that is high in terms of
absolute value is necessary to keep the length of the compensation
fibers to a minimum.
It is also known to use special dispersion-shifted DS fibers, which
have a zero dispersion wavelength of about 1550 nm, for the third
optical window. A DS fiber of this kind is known, for example, from
U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,688. In principle, comparably to the
dispersion-compensating fibers, the zero wavelengths are shifted
through the use of a specific refractive index profile.
However, these DS fibers have decisive disadvantages when used in
WDM operation. The dispersion curve D(.lambda.) does, in fact,
intersect the wavelength axis at about .lambda..sub.0 =1550 nm,
however, in comparison to the dispersion curve of standard fibers,
it is merely shifted toward higher wavelength D values. Thus, near
1550 nm, it has a steep rise angle, i.e., a steep slope angle
S(.lambda..sub.0), which lies at about 0.09 ps/km*nm.sup.2. This
applies comparably to 1300 nm standard fibers, as well. This means,
that for .lambda. values, which differ from .lambda..sub.0, one has
to expect significant dispersion values, which rise virtually
linearly with the spacing from .lambda..sub.0. This is, of course,
a serious disadvantage, which limits the usable WDM spectrum and,
therefore, must be overcome. The second disadvantage of the DS
fibers is the relatively small effective surface A.sub.eff of the
fibers, i.e., the small mode field diameter MFD (Petermann II) and
MFD.sub.eff. They increase the nonlinear refractive index (Kerr
coefficient) of the fibers and, thus, nonlinear effects (Brillouin
und Raman scattering), which degrade the transmission quality.
Furthermore, to overcome the dispersion problem in the third
optical window, optical monomode fibers have been developed as a
replacement for standard fibers. In the relevant spectral region,
the monomode fibers exhibit low chromatic dispersion, as well as
low loss. From the company prospectus "TrueWave.TM. Single Mode
Fiber" of AT&T Network Systems, a fiber is known, which, for
wavelengths of about 1540 to 1560 nm, exhibits a chromatic
dispersion D of 0.8.ltoreq.D.ltoreq.4.6 ps/(km*nm), given a mode
field radius of 4.2 .mu.m. Qualitatively, the refractive index
profile n(r) shows a triangular core profile, the triangle resting
on a broad platform, whose height makes up about one tenth of the
height of the triangle. With respect to the silica glass value of
n=1.4573 (outer cladding area), only positive n(r) values occur, if
one assumes n=1.4573 as the zero level. One forgoes lowering the
refractive index level, e.g., through incorporation of
fluorine.
A dispersion-shifted fiber is also known from the EP Patent 0851
251 245 A2. For wavelengths of around 1550 nm, it exhibits a
dispersion of 1.0 to 4.5 ps/nm/km, a dispersion curve gradient of
less than 0.13 ps/nm.sup.2 /km, and an effective surface of at
least 70 .mu.m.sup.2. The core of the fiber is subdivided into four
layers, each having a different refractive index level. Contiguous
to this fiber core is the outer fiber cladding layer. Thus, it is a
quadruple-clad fiber. Another quadruple-clad fiber having at least
four levels with a flat dispersion curve (0.03 ps/nm.sup.2 /km) is
known from WO 97/33188. To achieve the desired optical properties,
the inner core level must be substantially increased in comparison
to the reference refractive index of the outer clad level. In this
context, close radius tolerances must be observed, in order to
accommodate four layers. It is difficult to produce a refractive
index profile with close radius tolerances on a regular basis, in
the case where the profile varies considerably within the range of
only a few micrometers. For the manufacturing, a plasma CVD process
is suited. It enables fine layer structures of this kind to be
precisely deposited. This process requires substantial outlay.
The usable spectrum in the third optical window is limited by the
spectral operating range of the optical amplifiers (EDFA) used,
which is between about 1510 and 1570 nm. However, since glass
fibers, once installed, must be available for many years, one
should anticipate future technical development and set the usable
operating range of the fibers to be much higher, for instance
between 1400 and 1700 nm.
From the EP 0 732 119 A1, a fiber is known, whose fiber core is
partitioned into three or four layers, each having a different
refractive index level, the maximum value of the refractive index
deviation occurring within each layer being given by a reference
value, and the dispersion within the wavelength range of 1400 to
1700 nm assuming values between -7 ps/(nm.multidot.km) and +5
ps/(nm.multidot.km).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a single-mode WDM fiber having a
plurality of layers, each with a different refractive index level,
for use in an ultra-high bit rate transmission system, which, given
a fiber profile that is technologically simple and cost-effective
to produce, has a usable operating range of preferably between 1400
and 1700 nm, a normally large, effective surface or mode-field
radius, and a dispersion characteristic D(.lambda.), which, in the
spectral region under consideration, is as flat as possible and
assumes D(.lambda.) values having a maximum amount of 3.7
ps/(nm*km).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a single-mode
optical fiber having low dispersion for the wavelength division
multiplex operation (WDM) of an optical transmission path, made up
of a central fiber core having a radius r.sub.1, two inner fiber
cladding layers having an outer radius r.sub.2 and an outer radius
a, respectively, where a>r.sub.2, and an outer fiber cladding
layer, the refractive index profile n(r) of the fiber not being
constant as a function of the fiber radius r, and the outer fiber
cladding layer, i.e., for the region r>a, having a relative
refractive index profile .DELTA.(r), where ##EQU1##
for which it holds that .DELTA.(r).apprxeq.0, n.sub.c being a
constant reference refractive index; and has for the radii r.sub.1,
r.sub.2 and a, as well as for the relative refractive index profile
.DELTA.(r), where ##EQU2##
of the fiber, the following holds: a) 9.0 .mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.15
.mu.m, 0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4, and 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2
/a.ltoreq.0.85, b) in the fiber core, i.e., for r.ltoreq.r.sub.1,
it holds that .DELTA..sub.0 .gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq.0, where
3.5.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.6.0.multidot.10.sup.-3
; c) in the first inner fiber cladding layer, i.e., for r.sub.1
<r.ltoreq.r2, it holds that
0.gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq..DELTA..sub.1, where {character
pullout}2.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.
1.ltoreq.0.6.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; d) in the second inner fiber
cladding layer, i.e., for r.sub.2 <r.ltoreq.a, it holds that
.DELTA..sub.2.gtoreq..DELTA.(r).gtoreq.0, where
1.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.2,
0.multidot.10.sup.-3,
so that, within the wavelength range of between 1400 and 1700 nm,
the fibers have a dispersion value of between -1.6 and +3,7
ps/(nm.multidot.km).
In this context, n.sub.c is a constant reference refractive index,
namely the refractive index of the outer cladding, which, as a
rule, is made silica glass, where n.sub.c =1.4573.
For small differences in refractive indices, as exist here, the
relative refractive index defined by ##EQU3##
indicates approximately the absolute change in refractive index
n(r)-n.sub.c, in terms of the cladding refractive index, since
##EQU4##
The first inner cladding layer is directly contiguous to the fiber
core and is surrounded by the second inner cladding layer. The
sequence of layers terminates with the outer fiber cladding layer
having reference refractive index n.sub.c. Thus, the fiber in
accordance with the present invention can be a triple-clad
fiber.
The fiber core has a .alpha. profile (.DELTA.(r)=.DELTA..sub.0
(1-r.sup..alpha.) where .alpha.=1 . . . 6) or a trapezoidal
profile, or has a constant refractive index (rectangular profile).
The refractive indices in the remaining layers are preferably
constant. A triple-clad fiber of this kind can be produced simply
and cost-effectively, using conventional manufacturing methods as
well.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, radius r.sub.1 is
preferably between 2.5 .mu.m and 5.5 .mu.m, especially preferred is
3.5 .mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.1.ltoreq.4.5 .mu.m. For radius r2, values of
between 8 and 12 .mu.m should be selected, preferably 9
.mu.m.ltoreq.r.sub.2.ltoreq.11 .mu.m. For radius a, it holds
preferably that 9 .mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.15 .mu.m.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, it holds that:
-1.2.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-0.6.multidot.10.sup.
-3.
A core profile form that can be easy to implement, i.e., for
r<r.sub.1, is a rectangular profile. In this context, the
absolute and relative core refractive index for r<r.sub.1 is
more or less constant, and, in the range of r.apprxeq.r.sub.1, it
decreases to the value of the first inner cladding layer.
Preferably, the three cladding layers likewise have a constant
refractive index, which varies within the above indicated
ranges.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the following
parameters can be selected for the fibers having a rectangular
profile of the fiber core: a)
3.7.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.4.6.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .alpha..sub.0.apprxeq.4.16.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; b)
1.8.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.1.4.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .DELTA..sub.1.apprxeq.-1.59.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; c)
1.6.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.9.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .DELTA..sub.2.apprxeq.1.75.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; d) 9.4
.mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.11.4 .mu.m, preferably a.apprxeq.10.4 .mu.m,
0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4, preferably r.sub.1
/a.apprxeq.0.3, and 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.85, preferably
r.sub.2 /a.apprxeq.0.8.
Another form of the core profile can be a triangular profile,
.DELTA.(r) assuming the maximum relative and, thus, also the
absolute refractive index .DELTA..sub.0 near the fiber midpoint
and, up to r.apprxeq.r.sub.1, decreasing linearly to the value of
the first inner cladding layer. Contiguous thereto are cladding
layers having a constant refractive index of .DELTA..sub.1,
.DELTA..sub.2 and, respectively, .DELTA..sub.3 =0.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the following
parameters can be selected for fibers whose core has a triangular
profile: a)
4.7.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.5.8.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .DELTA..sub.0.apprxeq.5.31.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; b)
1.0.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-0.8.multidot.10.sup.
-3, preferably .DELTA..sub.1 -0.9.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; c)
1.1.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.4.multidot.10.sup.-3
preferably .DELTA..sub.2.apprxeq.1.25.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; d) 12.9
.mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.14.9 .mu.m, preferably a 13.9 .mu.m,
0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4, preferably r.sub.1
/a.apprxeq.0.3, and 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.85, preferably
r.sub.2 /a.apprxeq.0.8.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the core profile
can be a parabola profile of the relative or of the absolute
refractive index, the maximum relative and, thus, also absolute
refractive index .DELTA..sub.0 being assumed in the vicinity the
fiber midpoint, and .DELTA.(r) up to r.apprxeq.r.sub.1 decreasing
more or less parabolically to the value of the first inner cladding
layer. Preferably contiguous thereto, in turn, are cladding layers
having a constant refractive index .DELTA..sub.1, .DELTA..sub.2 or
0. Fewer mechanical tensions result when there is a continuous
transition of refractive indices into one another. For that reason,
under certain conditions, a parabola profile of the fiber core can
be more stable than a rectangular profile.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the following
parameters can be selected for the fibers where the fiber core has
a parabola profile: a)
3.9.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.0.ltoreq.4.8.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .DELTA..sub.0.apprxeq.4.34.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; b)
1.1.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.1.ltoreq.-0.9.multidot.10.sup.
-3, preferably .DELTA..sub.1.apprxeq.-1.03.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; c)
1.3.multidot.10.sup.-3.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.2.ltoreq.1.7.multidot.10.sup.-3,
preferably .DELTA..sub.2.apprxeq.1.5.multidot.10.sup.-3 ; d) 12.0
.mu.m.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.14.0 .mu.m, preferably a.apprxeq.13.0 .mu.m,
0.15.ltoreq.r.sub.1 /a.ltoreq.0.4, preferably r.sub.1
/a.apprxeq.0.3, and 0.65.ltoreq.r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.85, preferably
r.sub.2 /a.ltoreq.0.8.
The profile specifications can be understood as theoretical
setpoint entries. In practice, drastic jumps in the refractive
index are not able, as a rule, to be precisely implemented; rather
all corners of a theoretical profile are rounded off. The
refractive index characteristics can be produced by depositing thin
layers, so that, in practice, even a theoretically constant n(r)
has a wave-shaped characteristic. Therefore, the above explanations
refer to the target specifications. Moreover, at r=0, for example,
a theoretically rectangular core profile often has a so-called
middle dip, a decline in the refractive index and, therefore,
merely a refractive index characteristic that can be approximated
by a rectangle. The middle dip can be avoided through improved
technology in the manufacturing process.
The described profiles are able to be produced using conventional
modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) techniques.
The fiber in accordance with the present invention can have a
chromatic dispersion D, which, for wavelengths from 1400 nm to 1700
nm lies within the range of between 1.6 to 3.7 ps/(nm km) and,
thus, substantially below the value of standard all-silica fibers.
Given a careful manufacturing of the fibers, the simple structures
and relatively large field radii can ensure small polarization mode
dispersion (PMD) values of less than 0.5 ps/km.sup.1/2.
The fibers can be made for the most part of silica glass, which is
doped with appropriate materials, preferably with germanium or
fluorine, in order to raise or lower the refractive index in the
core and in the cladding layers. Since the core doping required to
reach the differences in refractive indices varies within the usual
range, one should not expect the attenuation values of the WDM
fibers to be higher than the current standard.
In addition, the core radii and, in particular, the effective radii
w.sub.eff of the fibers in accordance with the present invention
are comparable to corresponding values of standard fibers. Since
these quantities determine the polarization mode dispersion and the
quantity of non-linear effects, both the PMD as well as the
non-linear Kerr coefficient are comparable to those of standard
fibers.
When fibers in accordance with the present invention are used, the
transmission quality and transmission power of an optical
transmission route can be enhanced as compared to standard optical
fibers. Moreover, since a stabler signal form results from the
lower dispersion, the glass fiber distance between the transmitter
and receiver, respectively amplifier station, can be lengthened,
which represents a cost savings. The small amount of pulse
broadening makes it possible for substantially higher data rates to
be transmitted, which is a prerequisite for ultra-high bit rate
transmission systems.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) having a
rectangular core structure;
FIG. 2 shows the dispersion and the field radii w.sub.n, w.sub.f
and w.sub.eff as a function of the wavelength for the profile
according to FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) having a
parabolic core structure;
FIG. 4 shows the dispersion and the field radii w.sub.n, w.sub.f
and w.sub.eff as a function of the wavelength for the profile
according to FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows a refractive index profile .DELTA.(r) having a
triangular core structure; and
FIG. 6 shows the dispersion and the field radii w.sub.n, w.sub.f
and w.sub.eff as a function of the wavelength for the profile
according to FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In FIGS. 1, 3 and 5, three fiber profiles .DELTA.(r) are depicted,
the relative refractive index ##EQU5##
being plotted as a function of fiber radius r. The fibers
constructed in this manner have the following dispersion values D
and can be extremely broadband WDM fibers for the WDM operation in
the third optical window: D(.lambda.).ltoreq.3.3 ps/km*nm (profile
1, FIG. 1), D(.lambda.).ltoreq.2.8 ps/km*nm (profile 2, FIG. 3) and
D(.lambda.).ltoreq.3.1 ps/km*nm (profile 3, FIG. 5) in the spectral
region 1450.ltoreq.<1650 nm.
Due to their relatively simple structure (rectangular, parabolic,
triangular core region, otherwise stepped), the described profiles
can be conveniently manufactured using conventional MCVD
techniques. Given a careful fiber fabrication, the simple
structures and the large mode field radii ensure low PMD values
(<0.5 ps/km.sup.1/2).
FIG. 1 shows an example of a fiber profile in accordance with the
present invention. The relative level is 2.DELTA.=0, thus,
n=n.sub.c (refractive index of the outer cladding region). The
relative level is shown as a dotted line. Profile 1 is a
triple-clad profile having the rectangular profile of the fiber
core having the following characteristic data: 2.DELTA..sub.0
=8.36.multidot.10.sup.-3 (fiber core) 2.DELTA..sub.1
=-3.18.multidot.10.sup.-3 (first inner cladding layer)
2.DELTA..sub.2 =3.5.multidot.10.sup.-3 (second inner cladding
layer) 2.DELTA..sub.3 =0 (per definition, outer cladding layer)
Radii, respectively radii proportions a=10.4 .mu.m, r.sub.1 /a=0.3
and r.sub.2 /a=0.8.
The fibers are manufactured, for example, on a silica glass base,
for example, where n.sub.c =1.4573. In this case, the mentioned
relative refractive indices .DELTA..sub.i correspond to the
following real refractive indices: n.sub.0 =1.4634 (fiber core)
n.sub.1 =1.4550 (first inner cladding layer) n.sub.2 =1.4599
(second inner cladding layer) n.sub.c =1.4573 (outer cladding
layer)
Starting out from silica glass as a base material, the refractive
indices can be changed by doping with germanium or fluorine. The
doping concentrations of the implantations required for this, in
particular of the germanium, are so low, in this context, that
there is no significant increase in the fiber attenuation, as is
observed, for example, in the case of dispersion-compensating
fibers. In addition, in the case of the fiber doping, one can avoid
the difficulties that arise when working with high fluorine
concentrations. The critical wavelength .lambda..sub.c was
calculated and amounts to .lambda..sub.c =1216 nm.
FIG. 2a shows the characteristic spectral curve of chromatic
dispersion D(.lambda.); and FIG. 2b depicts the spectral mode field
radius curves w.sub.n (Petermann I), w.sub.f (Petermann II) and
w.sub.eff for profile 1. The values were computed from the profile
data in a simulation calculation.
At wavelengths of around 1400 nm, dispersion D(.lambda.) is barely
within the negative range. It rises to values of maximally 3.6
ps/km*nm, which are reached at wavelengths of around 1700 nm.
Between .lambda.=1550 and 1650 nm, the dispersion is positive
(abnormal), and it increases from 2.8 to 3.4 ps/km*nm, so that, in
this range, the dispersion curve shows a small slope
.DELTA.D/.DELTA..lambda..
In the entire described spectral range, the mode field radii are
between 3.5 and 5 .mu.m (w.sub.f and w.sub.eff) and, respectively,
between 4 and 7 .mu.m (w.sub.n), thus within the range of standard
fibers, where w.sub.eff.apprxeq.4.5 .mu.m.
FIG. 3 shows the profile of another triple-clad fiber according to
the present invention, having the parabola profile of the fiber
core. The characteristic data of the fibers are: 2.DELTA..sub.0
=8.68.multidot.10.sup.-3 (maximum refractive index in the fiber
core, the actual profile characteristic .DELTA.(r), at this value,
is only at r=0, and then drops off) 2.DELTA..sub.1
=-2.06.multidot.10.sup.-3 2.DELTA..sub.2 =3.0.multidot.10.sup.-3
Radii (ratios) a=13.0 .mu.m, r.sub.1 /a=0.3 and r.sub.2 /a=0.8.
The critical wavelength of these fibers amounts to .lambda..sub.c
=1482 nm.
FIG. 4a, in turn, shows the spectral characteristic of the
chromatic dispersion D(.lambda.), and FIG. 4b illustrates the
spectral mode-field radius curves w.sub.f, w.sub.n and w.sub.eff.
Between 1450 and 1650 nm, the dispersion is positive and remains
below 3 ps/km*nm.
FIG. 5 depicts the profile of another triple-clad fiber according
to the present invention whose fiber core has a triangular profile.
The characteristic data of the fibers are: 2.DELTA..sub.0
(max)=10.62.multidot.10.sup.-3 (maximum refractive index in the
fiber core) 2.DELTA..sub.1 =-1.81.multidot.10.sup.-3,
2.DELTA..sub.2 =2.5.multidot.10.sup.-3, Radii (ratios) a=13.9
.mu.m, r.sub.1 /a=0.3 and r.sub.2 /a=0.8. The critical wavelength
is .lambda..sub.c =1482 nm.
FIG. 6 shows the spectral characteristic of the chromatic
dispersion and the spectral mode-field radius curves. Between 1450
and 1650 nm, in turn, the dispersion is positive and, given a small
a slope angle, remains below 3.1 ps/km*nm.
A tolerance analysis was performed on the described profiles and
the indicated parameters, in which the relative refractive indices
.DELTA..sub.i and radius a were each altered by .+-.1%. For values
r.sub.i /a, an absolute change of around .+-.0.005 was assumed. In
response to a single parameter change, the critical wavelength
changes by maximally about 15 nm, the greatest deviation occurring
in response to a change of core radius a. With respect to the
dispersion characteristic, the parameter changes lead to a
deviation of maximally .+-.2 ps/km*nm, which likewise leads to
permissible dispersion values. Field radius w.sub.n, changes by
maximally .+-.0.5 .mu.m, while field radii w.sub.eff and w.sub.f
are substantially stabile.
Overall, therefore, one can assess that the responsivity to
parameter changes is able to be controlled by technology. Since in
the case of the fibers according to the present invention, the
waveguide dispersion enters into the dispersion behavior, a
somewhat greater responsivity to parameters is to be expected than
in the case of standard fibers at 1300 nm. However, these
responsivity levels are far below those of dispersion-compensation
fibers which, for their part, are able to be routinely
fabricated.
The fibers in accordance with the present invention is useful for
optical data transmission in the third optical window and, thus,
for high bit-rate optical communications networks to be newly
established. Due to the substantially reduced dispersion as
compared to standard fibers, the fiber in accordance with the
present invention is also useful for wavelength division multiplex
operation, high transmission rates with high transmission quality
being attainable.
* * * * *