U.S. patent number 6,468,954 [Application Number 09/440,397] was granted by the patent office on 2002-10-22 for blood, coffee or fruit juice stain remover in an alkaline composition.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Ecolab Inc.. Invention is credited to Laurie Ehlers, Mark Levitt, Kim R. Smith.
United States Patent |
6,468,954 |
Levitt , et al. |
October 22, 2002 |
Blood, coffee or fruit juice stain remover in an alkaline
composition
Abstract
A blood, coffee or fruit juice removing cleaning composition,
and methods for using such, which may take the form of a detergent
additive or pre-spotter, generally including an amount of carbonate
source effective to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice from
textiles. In other preferred forms the compositions disclosed
herein may include surfactants.
Inventors: |
Levitt; Mark (St. Paul, MN),
Smith; Kim R. (Woodbury, MN), Ehlers; Laurie (Lucas,
IA) |
Assignee: |
Ecolab Inc. (St. Paul,
MN)
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Family
ID: |
22152854 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/440,397 |
Filed: |
November 15, 1999 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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079793 |
May 15, 1998 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
510/284; 510/337;
510/348; 510/357; 510/363; 510/509; 8/137 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D
1/146 (20130101); C11D 3/10 (20130101); C11D
3/30 (20130101); C11D 3/38609 (20130101); C11D
3/38618 (20130101); C11D 7/3209 (20130101); C11D
7/3218 (20130101); C11D 11/0017 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C11D
3/30 (20060101); C11D 3/38 (20060101); C11D
3/10 (20060101); C11D 7/22 (20060101); C11D
3/386 (20060101); C11D 3/26 (20060101); C11D
7/32 (20060101); C11D 001/14 (); C11D 003/10 ();
C11D 007/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;8/137
;510/337,348,357,358,363,283,509,284 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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3344097 |
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Jun 1984 |
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DE |
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0 114 113 |
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Jul 1984 |
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EP |
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0 383 373 |
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Aug 1990 |
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EP |
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2 042 580 |
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Sep 1980 |
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GB |
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2 131 826 |
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Jun 1984 |
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GB |
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2 137 882 |
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Oct 1984 |
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GB |
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52-126408 |
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Oct 1977 |
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JP |
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WO 97/03155 |
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Jan 1997 |
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WO |
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Other References
Liss, R. L. et al., "Enzymes in detergents", J. Amer. Oil Chem.
Soc. (1969), 46(10):507-510. .
Neher, D. et al., "Interaction between blood and oxygenating
bleaching agents and problems involving enzyme-containing washing
agents", Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm. (1970), 72(3):192-9 (Abstract
only). .
Oldenroth, O., "Action of enzymic prewashing agents", Fette,
Seifen, Anstrichm. (1968), 70(1): 24-9 (Abstract only). .
Vaeck, S. V. et al., "A micro wash test for the determination of
enxyme performance", Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm. (1970),
72(7):573-9..
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Primary Examiner: Delcotto; Gregory
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Merchant & Gould P.C.
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of Smith et al., U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/079,793 filed May 15, 1998, allowed
which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of removing blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from
textiles, said method comprising the step of applying an aqueous
cleaning composition to a textile containing stain from at least
one of blood, coffee, and fruit juice, said aqueous cleaning
composition comprising from about 0.1 to 3 wt-% of a carbonate
source, from about 0.1 wt-% to 0.2 wt-% of an ionic or nonionic
surfactant, and a balance of water.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbonate source is selected
from the group consisting of alkali and alkali earth metal salts of
hydrogen carbonate, carbonate, sesquicarbonate and mixtures
thereof.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbonate source is selected
from the group consisting of sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium
carbonate and mixtures thereof.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said ionic surfactant is an
anionic surfactant.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the anionic surfactant is sodium
lauryl sulfate.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the pH of said aqueous cleaning
composition is from about 9 to 11.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of rinsing
the textile.
8. An aqueous cleaning composition consisting essentially of: a)
from about 0.1 wt-% to 3 wt-% carbonate source; and b) about 0.1
wt-% to about 0.2 wt-% sodium lauryl sulfate.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said carbonate source is
selected from the group consisting of alkaline metal salts of
hydrogen carbonate, carbonate and mixtures thereof.
10. The composition of claim 8, wherein said carbonate source is
selected from the group consisting of sodium hydrogen carbonate,
sodium carbonate and mixtures thereof.
11. The composition of claim 8, wherein the pH of said aqueous
cleaning composition is from about 9 to 11.
12. An aqueous cleaning composition consisting essentially of: a)
from about 0.8 to 1 wt-% carbonate source; b) from about 0.1 wt-%
to 0.2 wt-% of sodium lauryl sulfate; and c) a balance of
water.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein said carbonate source is
selected from the group consisting of sodium hydrogen carbonate,
sodium carbonate and mixtures thereof.
14. The composition of claim 12, wherein the pH of said aqueous
cleaning composition is from about 9 to 11.
15. An aqueous cleaning composition consisting essentially of: a)
from about 0.4 to 0.5 wt-% of sodium hydrogen carbonate; b) from
about 0.35 to 0.45 wt-% of sodium carbonate; c) from about 0.10 to
0.20 wt-% of sodium lauryl sulfate; and d) a balance of water.
16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the pH of said aqueous
cleaning composition is from about 9 to 11.
17. A pre-spotter composition for removal of blood, coffee or fruit
juice stains from textiles, consisting essentially of: a) from
about 0.1 to 3 wt-% carbonate source; and b) about 0.1 wt-% to
about 0.2 wt-% sodium lauryl sulfate.
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein said carbonate source is
selected from the group consisting of sodium hydrogen carbonate,
sodium carbonate and mixtures thereof.
19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the pH of said aqueous
cleaning composition is from about 9 to 11.
20. A pre-spotter composition for removal of blood, coffee or fruit
juice stains from textiles, consisting essentially of: a) from
about 0.80 to 1 wt-% carbonate source; b) from about 0.1 wt-% to
0.2 wt-% of sodium lauryl sulfate; and c) a balance of water.
21. A pre-spotter composition for removal of blood, coffee or fruit
juice stains from textiles, consisting essentially of: a) from
about 0.4 to 0.5 wt-% of sodium hydrogen carbonate; b) from about
0.35 to 0.45 wt-% of sodium carbonate; c) from about 0.10 to 0.20
wt-% of sodium lauryl sulfate; and d) a balance of water.
22. A method of using the pre-spotter composition of claim 21,
comprising the step of applying the pre-spotter composition to the
fabric.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTOPN
This invention relates to compositions and methods for removal of
blood, fruit juice or coffee stains from textiles. More
specifically, the invention relates to aqueous inorganic
salt-surfactant blends and methods of using these composition for
the removal of blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from textiles
including carpeting and natural and synthetic fabrics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The routine soiling of clothing, uniforms, carpeting, and other
textiles is common in many industries. In most instances, fabrics
and carpeting soiled in the course of professional service can be
laundered and cleaned, effectively returning the fabric or
carpeting to a condition suitable for use. As one might suspect,
certain types of soils are more difficult to remove from fabric and
carpeting than others.
Soiling of textiles resulting from contact with mammalian blood can
be some of the most resistant to cleaning and laundering. Blood is
generally considered a fluid connective tissue comprising plasma
and cells which circulates within vessels in mammalian bodies. Of
the many constituents of mammalian blood, certain elements such as,
for example, hemoglobin and iron may contribute to the difficulty
in removing blood stains from fabrics. As the blood dries on the
fabric, it becomes a hydrophobic, protein-based soil that forms a
crusty surface that is difficult to disrupt. Colored beverages such
as soft drinks, tea and coffee present serious staining problems to
textiles. These colored beverages are commonly acid dyes which
cause severe staining. Coffee stains are very difficult to remove
from synthetic fibers and are particularly unsightly due to their
dark brown color.
In the past textiles soiled with blood were cleaned with a highly
alkaline solution or a solution containing enzymes and/or chelating
agents obtained from complex detergent formulations. However, the
use of caustic alkaline solutions, for example in the laundering of
clothes, uniforms, and other fabrics, requires the application of a
large volume of rinse water to avoid deterioration of the fabric
and burning of any person who may come into contact with the
fabric. In turn, the rinse water resulting from alkaline cleaning
methods creates environmental concerns as the cleaning solutions
must be neutralized and disposed.
The use of solutions containing enzymes and/or chelating agents for
the removal of blood from textiles also caused problems. Often such
cleaning solutions left behind a sticky residue which led to
additional soiling. In order to avoid leaving behind a sticky
residue extensive rinsing was necessary. The need for such
extensive rinsing results in additional work and, in some cases,
the need for additional equipment. Complex formulations are also
expensive to formulate and process.
A number of cleaning solutions have been proposed in the past for
the removal of stains from textiles. For example, volatile
dry-cleaning fluids have been utilized, but result in only marginal
success with respect to water-soluble stains. There are also
environmental concerns associated with the use and disposal of such
dry-cleaning solutions. Aqueous compositions containing surfactants
and/or enzymes have been utilized, but such compositions have not
been found particularly effective against blood and especially
coffee stains. These aqueous enzymatic compositions also lack shelf
stability. Also, it is often the case that a specific cleaner must
be used for a particular type of stain. Alkaline or enzymatic
cleaners containing a chelating agent are usually used for blood
while acidic cleaners, such as acetic acid, are used for
coffee.
We have been able to formulate effective materials without a
chelator, solvent, organic base, acid source, or other
additions.
The use of carbonate in cleaning composition is known in the art.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,047 discloses laundry detergents
compositions including a carbonate builder along with a surfactant
and a carboxcyclic polymer. Additionally U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,695
discloses a detergent composition including sodium carbonate as a
detergent builder, calcium carbonate as a precipitation inhibitor,
and a detergent active compound. Cleaning composition including
carbonate, enzymes and chelating agents is also known. U.S. Pat.
No. 3,858,854 discloses a detergent composition including a
surfactant or mixture of surfactants, a carbonate builder, and
polymeric beads including an enzyme. Typically, the use of
carbonate in such cleaning compositions is as a builder to
supplement and enhance the cleaning effect of an active surfactant
present in the composition. Carbonate builders improve the cleaning
power of the formulated composition by the sequestration or
precipitation of hardness causing metal ions such as calcium,
reduction of critical micelle concentration, and by enhancing
various properties of the active detergent, such as emulsification
of soil particles and foaming and sudsing characteristics. The use
of carbonate builders in detergent compositions does often result
in the problem of calcium carbonate precipitation and textile
encrustation due to the deposition of calcium carbonate.
As a result, there is still a need for simple, stable laundry and
carpet cleaning compositions and methods. These two part
(carbonate/surfactant) formulae can effectively remove both
beverage, including for example, coffee, and blood stains from
textiles while not leaving a tacky residue requiring extensive
rinsing steps or impairing the color or integrity of the textile
with out substantive formulations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Generally, the present invention relates to aqueous carbonate
surfactant compositions for the removal of blood, coffee or fruit
juice from textiles. One embodiment is a method of removing blood,
coffee or fruit juice from textiles comprising the step of applying
an aqueous cleaning composition to the textile comprising from
about 0.1 wt-% to 3 wt-% carbonate source, an effective amount,
from about 0 wt-%, up to 0.2 wt-% of an ionic or nonionic
surfactant, and a balance of water.
Another embodiment of the present invention is an aqueous cleaning
composition comprising an amount of a carbonate compound effective
to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice from textiles and an ionic
or nonionic surfactant where the pH of the composition is from
about 9 to about 11.
Yet another embodiment is a pre-spotter composition and methods for
using the same for the removal of blood, coffee or fruit juice
satins from textiles. The composition comprising an amount of a
carbonate compound effective to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice
from textiles and an ionic or nonionic surfactant, where the pH of
the composition is from about 9 to about 11.
The invention has various aspects which allow removal of blood,
coffee or fruit juice stains from natural and synthetic textiles.
The invention allows removal of blood, coffee or fruit juice stains
from textiles without the use of separate alkaline or enzymatic
cleaners for blood stains and acidic cleaners for coffee stains.
Further, the compositions and methods of the invention do not have
shelf-life limitations and do not leave tacky deposits requiring
extensive rinsing.
Representative textiles which may be treated by the compositions
and methods of the invention include those derived from natural and
synthetic fibers including celluloses, acrylics, olefins, acetates,
aramids, nylons, polyesters, segmented polyurethanes (spandex),
regenerated proteins (azlon), polyphenylene sulfides, and
carbon/graphite fibers as well as inorganic fibers based on glass,
metal, or ceramic constituents. These representative textiles may
be incorporated into a variety of articles including, for example,
clothing, uniforms, coverings, window treatments and carpeting
We have discovered that aqueous solutions of carbonate can be
formulated to be a very effective means of removing blood, coffee
or fruit juice stains from textiles without the need of chelating,
enzymatic, or acidic components. These carbonate compositions are
not only able to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from
textiles with a single formulation, but are also free of shelf-life
and residue problems associated with past cleaners. Additionally,
the aqueous carbonate composition of the present invention dries to
a powder which can be easily removed, for example, by vacuum,
without the requirement of additional rinsing steps.
The carbonate cleaning compositions of the present invention use a
carbonate source as the active cleaning agent. The main purpose of
the carbonate source is not to act as a builder which enhances the
cleaning effect of an active surfactant present in the composition.
The carbonate cleaning compositions of the present invention
effectively remove blood, coffee or fruit juice stains without the
requirement of chelating agents, enzymes or surfactants. Any of the
above methods or compositions can be embodied in a formulation
substantially free of another surfactant or another source of
alkalinity.
The above summary of the present invention is not intended to
describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the
present invention. The detailed description which follows more
particularly exemplifies these embodiments.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment
The present invention is believed to be applicable to the removal
of blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from textiles. In
particular, the present invention is directed to compositions and
methods for the removal of blood, coffee or fruit juice stains from
textiles. Included in the invention are spot removers and
pre-spotters. The constituents of these systems may include sources
of carbonate and surfactants. While the present invention is not so
limited, an appreciation of various aspects of the invention will
be gained through a discussion of the examples provided below.
The Carbonate Compound
The composition of the present invention generally include a
carbonate source as the cleaning agent. Useful inorganic carbonate
sources include alkali and alkali earth metal carbonate
(CO.sub.3.sup.2-), hydrogen carbonate (HCO.sub.3.sup.-), and
sesquicarbonate salts. Such carbonate sources include, for example,
sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, calcium
carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate),
potassium hydrogen carbonate and the like. Preferably, potassium or
sodium carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are preferred. Most
preferably, the carbonate source is a combination of sodium
carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate at a wt/wt ratio of about
1:0 to 0.5:1. The concentration of the carbonate generally ranges
from about 0.1 wt-% to 3 wt-%, based on the total weight of the
cleaning composition. Preferably the concentration of the carbonate
is from about 0.8 wt % to 1 wt %. Typically, the carbonate source
includes a mixture of sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium
carbonate where the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate is
from about 0.0 wt-% to 1.5 wt-% and the concentration of sodium
carbonate is from about 0.1 wt-% to 3 wt-%, based on the total
weight of the cleaning composition. Preferably, the concentration
of sodium hydrogen carbonate is from about 0.4 wt-% to 0.5 wt-% and
the concentration of sodium carbonate is from about 0.35 wt-% to
0.45 wt-%, based on the total weight of the cleaning
composition
The concentration of carbonate source in the cleaning composition
is such so as to provide a resulting pH that effectively removes
blood, coffee or fruit juice stains yet does not damage the textile
fibers. Cleaning compositions for fifth generation nylon textiles,
for example, which exceed a pH of 10 can cause degradation of stain
blockers or preventers which are applied to the textile, rendering
them ineffective. Preferably cleaning composition of the present
invention have a carbonate concentration such that the resulting pH
of the composition is from about 9 to about 11. Most preferably the
pH of the cleaning composition is about 10.
Surfactants
The use of surfactants in the compositions of the invention
improves wetting of the stain loosens staining material from the
textile and enhances the transfer of this material into the
cleaning system so that this material may be removed. Both nonionic
amphoteric and anionic surfactants can be utilized in the present
invention but are not required.
Nonionic surfactants useful in this invention include, for example,
alkyl phenol ethoxylates, dialkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol
ethoxylates, and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers
such as the PLURONIC.TM. surfactants commercially available from
BASF Wyandotte, glycol esters, polyethylene glycol esters, sorbitan
esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, surfactants which comprise
alkyl ethylene oxide compounds, alkyl propylene oxide compounds, as
well as mixtures thereof, and alkyl ethylene oxide propylene oxide
compounds where the ethylene oxide-propylene oxide moiety is either
in heteric or block formation. Further useful nonionic surfactants
are those having any mixture or combination of ethylene
oxide-propylene oxide moieties linked to an alkyl chain where the
ethylene oxide and propylene oxide moieties may be in any
randomized or ordered pattern and of any specific length.
Amphoteric surfactants useful in the present invention include, for
example, those from the classes of glycinates, propionoates,
betaines, and amine oxides.
Anionic surfactants useful in the present invention include, for
example, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate,
calcium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,
sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl sulfonate, ammonium
polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl sulfonate, Disodium Laureth-3
Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Cetyl Glutamate, Sodium Undecenyl Glutamate,
Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, sodium diisooctyl sulphosuccinate,
tetrasodium N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl) N-alkyl (C18) sulfocuccinamate
and sodium alkyl sarcosinate.
Surfactants based on silicone or fluorine hydrophobes are also
expected to provide the desired wetting and surfactant properties.
These surfactants could also include anionic, amphoteric and
nonionic types.
Preferred surfactants are anionic surfactants. The most preferred
surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate. Typically, the compositions of
the present invention include an amount of surfactant effective to
remove blood, coffee or fruit juice from textiles. Preferably, the
composition of the present invention include an effective amount up
to about 0.2 wt % surfactant. Most preferably, the compositions
include from about 0.1 wt % to 0.2 wt % surfactant.
Formulation and Use of Cleaning Compositions
In formulation and use, the compositions of the invention can be
used independently, for example, as a spot remover or as a
pre-spotter followed by an additional cleaning method. One further
aspect of the invention is detergent compositions containing the
coffee or blood stain removing compositions of the invention. For
example, the compositions of the present invention can be used
autonomously in the prewash steps of industrial washing
applications. The detergent compositions of the invention may also
contain additional detergent components. The precise nature of
these additional components, and levels of incorporation thereof
will depend on the physical form of the composition, and the
precise nature of the washing operation for which it is to be
used.
The compositions of the invention may contain one or more
additional detergent components selected from additional
surfactants, additional bleaches, bleach catalysts, alkalinity
systems, builders, organic polymeric compounds, additional enzymes,
suds suppressers, lime soap dispersants, soil suspension and
anti-redeposition agents, corrosion inhibitors and chelating
agents.
As noted above, exemplary compositions include detergent
pre-spotters and additives. The detergent pre-spotter may be used
autonomously without mixing in a detergent.
The general composition for a pre-spotter includes an amount of
carbonate source effective to remove blood, coffee or fruit juice
from textiles, and an effective soil removing amount of surfactant.
A preferred pre-spotter composition includes, for example, from
about 0.1 wt % to 3 wt % carbonate source, from about 0 wt % to
about 0.2 wt % surfactant and a balance of water. Most preferably a
pre-spotter composition includes, for example, from about 0.4 to
0.5 wt-% of sodium hydrogen carbonate, from about 0.35 to 0.45 wt-%
of sodium carbonate, from about 0.1 to 0.2 wt-% of sodium lauryl
sulfate and a balance of water.
The treatment process for the pre-spotter entails wetting the
soiled textile with the pre-spotter followed by a post treatment
step. Typical post treatment steps include, for example, blotting
the loosened spot with an absorbent cloth or towel, a solvent
rinse, a solvent rinse followed by vacuum extraction, dry vacuum
extraction, or normal wash operation.
EXAMPLES
The following are non-limiting illustration of the invention
intended to exemplify some of the advantages of the invention.
Example 1
Textile swatches made of cotton or cotton polyester blend (i.e.
clothing or carpet) soiled with dried blood were treated with equal
amounts of various alkaline solutions. The composition of the
cleaning solutions are stated in the table below. The textile
samples were then agitated followed by a water extraction. The
samples were each assessed and the cleaners scored with respect to
their ability to remove blood stains.
The results obtained showed that the carbonate based cleaner is
superior in blood removal to highly chelating solutions, such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic (HEDTA), which would be
expected to provide equal or more effective blood removal.
Low Blood Removal Increased Blood Removal 1% aqueous solution of
EDTA, pH 10.1 1% aqueous solution of sodium sesquicarbonate, pH
10.1 1% aqueous solution of HEDTA, pH 10.1
Example 2
The following soils were applied to textiles of cotton or cotton
polyester blend (i.e. clothing or carpet) in moderate quantities
and exposed to the sun for approximately six hours. The dried
stains were then allowed to stand undisturbed at room temperature
for an additional 62 hours. Equal amounts of a cleaning solution
were then applied to each stain. The textile samples were then
agitated followed by a water extraction. The samples were each
assessed for stain removal and scored as follows: 1=excellent
removal 2=moderate removal 3=slight removal 4=no removal
The various cleaning solutions included the carbonate cleaning
composition of the present invention (e.g. 0.44% sodium
bicarbonate, 0.40% sodium carbonate, 0.15% sodium lauryl sulfate,
and 99.01% water); commercial general purpose cleaner, commercial
solvent cleaner; commercial 5% aqueous hydrogen peroxide cleaner,
and a commercial acid cleaner.
The results obtained showed that the carbonate spot remover was
equal or superior to the commercial cleaners in the removal of acid
based type stains such as coffee, tea and juice.
General Solvent Carbonate Purpose Spotter H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Acid
Spotter Spotter Coffee 2 3 1.5 2 2 Tea 3 3 1 3 2 Orange juice 1.5 4
1 1 1 Grape juice 1.5 2 1 2 1.5 Red wine 3 3 1.5 3 1.5
Example 3
The following soils were applied to textiles of unprotected nylon
carpet in moderate quantities and allowed to dry. Equal amounts of
a cleaning solution were then applied to each stain and then
agitated. The samples were each assessed for stain removal and
scored as follows: 1=excellent removal 2=moderate removal 3=slight
removal 4=no removal
The various cleaning solutions included the following commercial
stain removers: Ramsey general purpose stain remover (Ramsey Co.,
Marlbourough, Mass.), SC Johnson tannin stain remover, SC Johnson
protein spotter, SC Johnson general purpose stain remover (SC
Johnson Wax, Racine, Wisc.).
The results obtained showed that the various commercial cleaners,
including the enzymatic protein stain remover, low scores in the
removal of acid based type stains such as coffee, tea and juice. In
comparison to the carbonate based cleaner in Example 2, the
commercial cleaners, including the enzymatic protein stain remover,
were inferior in the removal of the same acid based type stains
such as coffee, tea and juice.
Ramsey SC Johnson SC general SC Johnson general Johnson purpose
stain tannin stain purpose stain protein remover remover remover
spotter Coffee 3 3 2 3 Tea N/A N/A N/A N/A Orange juice 3 3 3 3
Grape juice 1 3 1 1 Red wine 1 2 1 1
The present invention should not be considered limited to the
particular examples described above, but rather should be
understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out
in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent
processes, as well as numerous structures to which the present
invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of
skill in the art to which the present invention is directed upon
review of the instant specification.
* * * * *