U.S. patent number 6,172,445 [Application Number 09/117,891] was granted by the patent office on 2001-01-09 for piezoelectric actuator.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Robert Bosch GmbH. Invention is credited to Friedrich Boecking, Rudolf Heinz, Dieter Kienzler, Roger Potschin, Klaus-Peter Schmoll.
United States Patent |
6,172,445 |
Heinz , et al. |
January 9, 2001 |
Piezoelectric actuator
Abstract
A piezoelectric actuator intended for instance for actuating
injection valves in internal combustion engines of motor vehicles
is protected against destructive tensile strains in that resilient
prestressing elements that subject the piezoelectric body to
precompression are provided for the piezoelectric body of the
actuator.
Inventors: |
Heinz; Rudolf (Renningen,
DE), Kienzler; Dieter (Leonberg, DE),
Potschin; Roger (Brackenheim, DE), Schmoll;
Klaus-Peter (Lehrensteinsfeld, DE), Boecking;
Friedrich (Stuttgart, DE) |
Assignee: |
Robert Bosch GmbH (Stuttgart,
DE)
|
Family
ID: |
7813989 |
Appl.
No.: |
09/117,891 |
Filed: |
February 5, 1999 |
PCT
Filed: |
October 09, 1997 |
PCT No.: |
PCT/DE97/02306 |
371
Date: |
February 05, 1999 |
102(e)
Date: |
February 05, 1999 |
PCT
Pub. No.: |
WO98/25060 |
PCT
Pub. Date: |
June 11, 1998 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 7, 1996 [DE] |
|
|
196 50 900 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/328 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02M
47/027 (20130101); F02M 51/005 (20130101); F02M
51/0603 (20130101); F02M 63/0026 (20130101); H01L
41/0536 (20130101); F16F 1/025 (20130101); F16K
31/004 (20130101); F16K 31/007 (20130101); H01L
41/083 (20130101); F02M 2200/26 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02M
59/46 (20060101); F02M 59/00 (20060101); F16K
31/00 (20060101); H01L 41/083 (20060101); F02M
51/06 (20060101); F02M 47/02 (20060101); F02M
51/00 (20060101); H01L 41/053 (20060101); H01L
41/00 (20060101); F02M 63/00 (20060101); H01L
041/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/328,366,344 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Budd; Mark O.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Greigg; Ronald E. Greigg; Edwin
E.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A piezoelectric actuator, suitable for actuating control valves
or injection valves in internal combustion engines in motor
vehicles, having a piezoelectric body, a form of a multilayer
laminate with layers of piezoelectric or piezoceramic material
layered on one another and intervening metal or electrically
conductive layers acting as electrodes, in which the piezoelectric
body, upon pulsating electrical action on its electrodes, executes
analogously pulsating strokes, changing a distance between two face
ends, facing away from one another, of the piezoelectric body,
the piezoelectric body (2) has an elastic chucking means (7, 8, 10,
13) that braces the face ends against one another, with
precompression of the piezoelectric body (2), and a spring or
tensioning band (48) is wrapped around a face end or a face-end
plate (16, 18) of the piezoelectric body (2) and is suspended by
suspenders (49), secured to its end, or by integrally formed-on end
parts (52), from recesses or slits in a plate (51) disposed on the
other face end of the piezoelectric body (2).
2. The actuator of claim 1, in which
stable plates (5, 15, 16) are disposed on the face ends of the
piezoelectric body (2), and are tensed against one another, with
precompression of the piezoelectric body (2), by tensioning
elements (7, 8, 10, 134, 20) that are operative between them.
3. A piezoelectric actuator, suitable for actuating control valves
or injection valves in internal combustion engines in motor
vehicles, comprising a piezoelectric body formed as a multilayer
laminate with layers of piezoelectric or piezoceramic material
layered on one another and intervening metal or electrically
conductive layers which act as electrodes and connected to an
electrical terminal in which the piezoelectric body upon pulsating
electrical action on the electrodes, executes analogously pulsating
strokes, changing a distance between two face ends of the
piezoelectric body and facing away from each other,
stable plates (5, 15, 16) arc disposed on the face ends of the
piezoelectric body (2), and the stable plates are tensed against
one another by means of at least one spring clip (7, 8, 10), which
fits around the piezoelectric body (2) and over the plates, said at
least one spring clip is arrested in a respective recess machined
into the respective plate which extends parallel to the face of
said plates, and regions of said at least one clip which extends
laterally of the piezoelectric body have an undulating form.
4. The actuator of claim 3, in which
two spring clips (8, 10) separate from one another are provided,
each embodied substantially in a C shape and with their ends
fitting over the plates (5).
5. The actuator of claim 3, in which
the spring clip (7) is embodied as an annularly closed part.
6. A piezoelectric actuator, suitable for actuating control valves
or injection valves in internal combustion engines in motor
vehicles, comprising a piezoelectric body, formed as a multilayer
laminate with layers of piezoelectric or piezoceramic material
layered on one another and intervening metal or electrically
conductive layers which act as electrodes and connected to an
electrical terminal, in which the piezoelectric body, upon
pulsating electrical action on the electrodes, executes analogously
pulsating strokes, changing a distance between two face ends of the
piezoelectric body facing away from one another,
stable plates (5, 15, 16) are disposed on the face ends of the
piezoelectric body (2), and are provided with laterally formed
projections for retaining at least one spring clip (7, 8, 10),
which forms a loop wrapped around the projections, and the at least
one spring clip or tensioning bands have an undulating form which
thereby tenses the plates against the piezoelectric body.
7. The actuator of claim 6, in which
the spring or tensioning bands (13) are retained on the projections
(12) by means of eyelets (14) disposed on the tensioning bands.
8. The actuator of claim 6, in which
the spring or tensioning bands (13) are wrapped with an end region
around an associated projection (12), and inserted by the free end
into an axial slit embodied on the projection.
9. The actuator of claim 6, in which the spring or tensioning bands
(13) form one or more crescents between the projections (12).
Description
PRIOR ART
The invention is based on a piezoelectric actuator, having a
piezoelectric body, in particular in the form of a multilayer
laminate with layers of piezoelectric or piezoceramic material
layered on one another and intervening metal or electrically
conductive layers acting as electrodes, in which the body, upon
pulsating electrical action on its electrodes, executes analogously
pulsating strokes, changing the distance between two face ends,
facing away from one another, of the body.
Piezoelectric actuators are widely known and in the case of motor
vehicles may be used for instance for injection valves of the
engine and in brake systems that have anti-locking (ABS) and
traction controls (ASR). Such injection valves have an injection
nozzle controlled by a tappetlike closure device. An operative
surface on the nozzle side is disposed on the tappet and acted upon
by the pressure of the fuel supplied to the nozzle; the pressure
forces seek to force the tappet in the opening direction of the
closure device. The tappet, with a plungerlike end whose cross
section is larger than the aforementioned operative surface,
protrudes into a control chamber. The pressure prevailing there
seeks to urge the tappet in the closing direction of the closure
device. The control chamber communicates with the fuel delivery,
which is at high pressure, via an inlet throttle and with a fuel
return line that has only slight pressure via what as a rule is a
throttled outlet valve, or an outlet valve combined with an outlet
throttle. When the outlet valve is closed, a high pressure prevails
in the control chamber, by which the tappet is moved in the closing
direction of the closure device or is held in the closing position,
counter to the pressure at its operative surface toward the nozzle.
When the outlet valve opens, the pressure in the control chamber
drops; the magnitude of the pressure drop is determined by the size
of the inlet throttle and the magnitude of the throttle resistance
of the opened outlet valve, or the outlet throttle combined with
it. The outcome is that the pressure in the control chamber
decreases when the outlet valve is opened, such that the tappet is
moved in the opening direction of the closure device, or is
retained in the opening position, by the pressure forces operative
at its operative face toward the nozzle.
The aforementioned outlet valve can be actuated by means of a
piezoelectric actuator; in comparison with the reciprocating motion
of the closure device of the injection nozzle, short strokes
suffice.
ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
Piezoelectric actuators have proven to be reliable adjusting and
drive devices. However, when the piezoelectric actuators are used
or disposed care must be taken that the piezoelectric bodies which
are embodied as multilayer laminates by multilayer technology must
not be loaded by tensile stress, or can be so loaded only slightly.
This can make the construction of piezoelectrically actuated
assemblies more difficult.
According to the invention, the piezoelectric actuators are also
suitable for loads in the tensile direction, because it is provided
that the piezoelectric body has an elastic chucking means that
braces the end faces against one another, with precompression of
the piezoelectric body.
The invention is based on the general concept of elastically
precompressing the piezoelectric body of the actuator by means of
prestressing elements disposed or retained on it, counter to the
direction of the desired tensile stress, and thus of loading them
constantly with pressure; upon imposition of pulsating or
alternating electrical fields, the piezoelectric body forces the
aforementioned face ends apart, thereby exerting pressure on the
piezoelectric material and elastically stretching the chucking
means, and then these face ends are subsequently urged toward one
another, utilizing the energy elastically stored in the chucking
means, thereby exerting pressure on the piezoelectric body, and
work that is operative toward the outside can then be accomplished
in both directions of motion.
In the invention, the fact that the face ends, which vary their
spacing during work strokes of the piezoelectric body, are meant to
be covered with stable coupling elements or end plates in order to
transmit force to abutments or to elements that are to be driven,
which coupling elements or end plates can be structurally simply
connected by elastic tensioning elements, can advantageously be
exploited in order to constant assure the desired impingement of
pressure on the piezoelectric body.
In a first embodiment of the invention, the tensioning elements may
be embodied as one or more resilient clips, which seek to force the
aforementioned coupling elements or end plates toward one another,
exerting pressure on the piezoelectric body.
Instead of this, it is also possible to connect the coupling
elements or end plates to one another by means of resiliently
embodied tensioning bands.
The tensioning bands may comprise round or flat material. Finally,
the possibility exists of connecting the coupling elements or end
plates to one another via a tubular bellows embodied in the manner
of a tension spring, so that the chucking means of the
piezoelectric body also forms a housing that protects the
piezoelectric body.
The tensioning elements are preferably embodied with only slight
stiffness, such that their tensioning forces vary only relatively
little upon pulsating motions of the piezoelectric body; in
particular, the magnitude of the change in force should be slight
in comparison with the operative force.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In addition, with regard to preferred characteristics of the
invention, reference will be made to the ensuing description of the
drawings, in terms of which the especially advantageous
characteristics and embodiments are described.
FIG. 1 is a view partly in section of a first embodiment of an
actuator according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line II--II of FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view, corresponding to FIG. 2, of a modified
embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a further modified embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a view of an embodiment in which resilient tensioning
bands are disposed between plates disposed on the face ends of the
actuator;
FIG. 6 is an elevation view in the direction of the arrow VII of
FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 shows various variants for resilient tensioning bands;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of an embodiment in which a spring
sleeve is disposed between face-end plates of the actuator;
FIG. 9 is an overview of an injection valve;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a further embodiment of an actuator;
and
FIG. 11 shows an advantageous variant for retaining a spring band
acting as a chucking means for the piezoelectric body.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
In FIGS. 1 and 2, a piezoelectric actuator 1 has a piezoelectric
body 2, which by way of example may comprise many layers of
piezoceramic material, between each of the layers electrically
conductive layers are disposed that are electrically conductively
connected in alternation with an electrical terminal 3 or an
electrical terminal 4, so that when the terminals 3 and 4 are
connected to a pulsating electrical voltage source or alternating
voltage source, not shown, the piezoelectric body 2 is excited in a
known manner to execute pulsating motions, in which the distance or
spacing between the upper and lower face ends, in terms of FIG. 1,
of the piezoelectric body 2 varies.
The aforementioned face ends are covered by stable plates 5, which
in the example of FIGS. 1 and 2 are provided with a central
face-end groove 6. The groove 6 of the upper plate 5, in terms of
FIGS. 1 and 2, is disposed parallel to the groove 6 in the lower
plate 5. The grooves 6 serve to receive and retain a spring clip 7,
embodied as a closed ring, which in framelike fashion encloses both
the piezoelectric body 2 and the plates 5 and is received with
transverse regions in the groove 6. The spring clip 7 has elastic
portions 71, extending laterally of the piezoelectric body 2, which
are prestressed in tensile fashion and accordingly place the
piezoelectric body 2 between the plates 5 under precompression. To
attain a spring stiffness to be predetermined, the portions 7' have
one or more crescents or an undulating form, and the tensile forces
operative between the plates 5 seek to bend the crescents or
undulations open.
The embodiment of FIG. 3 differs from the above-described
embodiment, among other ways, in that on the piezoelectric body 2
two spring clips 8 separate from one another are provided, and that
a bore 9 is provided in each of face-end plates 5 on the
piezoelectric body 2, into which bores the respective spring clips
8 are inserted with ends bent at an angle.
The embodiment of FIG. 4 differs from the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and
2 again in that two spring clips 10 are provided.
These spring clips 10 again have end regions received in the
grooves 6 of plates 5, but these end regions are embodied in
hooklike fashion; the hooklike ends each engage one indentation 11
formed inside the grooves 6.
In all the embodiments described above, the spring clips 7, 8 and
10 may comprise a spring steel wire of circular cross section.
In principle, however, other cross sections and other spring
materials are also conceivable.
If two separate clips 8 or 10 are disposed and insulated
electrically from one another, then these clips can also be
disposed as electrical terminals and electrically connected to
corresponding contact faces of the piezoelectric body 2 by
press-fitting, soldered connections, or the like.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, lateral projections 12
which serve to retain resilient tensioning bands 13 are provided on
each of the face-end plates 5.
These bands may be embodied as in FIG. 6 in the manner of a loop
wrapped around the projections 12 of the plates 5 and may have an
undulating form in the region between the projections 12; the
tensioning forces operative between the projections 12 seek to bend
the aforementioned undulations open. In the region of the
projections 12, the tensioning bands 13 may have a comparatively
great width, while the undulating regions of the tensioning bands
13 are narrower.
As a result of the tensile forces of the tensioning bands 13 that
are operative between the projections 12, the piezoelectric body 12
is again subject to a constantly operative precompression.
FIG. 7 shows modified embodiments of the tensioning bands 13. In
diagram A, each tensioning band 13 may be provided on its ends with
an eyelet 14, which can be slipped onto each of the projections 12.
In diagrams B and C, the projections 12 can each have an axial slit
that receives a respective end of an end region, wrapped around the
respective projection 12, of a tensioning band 13.
In the example of diagram B, the tensioning band 13 has an S-shaped
region 13', in the region of the projection 12, that is resilient
because of its shape; that is, major tensile forces seek to pull
this region 13' smooth.
In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the piezoelectric body 2 is provided,
on one face end, with a face-end concave plate 15 and, on its other
end, with a plate 16, which on its side remote from the body 2 has
a tappetlike extension 17. The edge of the plate 16 is received by
an annular flange 18, which is connected to an annular bottom 19 of
a spring sleeve 20 whose other end is retained on a bottom 21,
which with an inner convexity engages the concavity on the side
facing it of the plate 15. The spring sleeve is subject to
relatively major tensile stress, such that the bottoms 19 and 21
subject the piezoelectric body 2 to a corresponding
precompression.
In its upper region in terms of FIG. 8, the spring sleeve 20 has a
substantially cylindrical shape, while its lower region undulates
in bellowslike fashion; the undulations preferably each form
semicircular arcs, as shown in FIG. 8.
The wall thickness of the sleeve, which is preferably of spring
steel, may range between 0.1 and 0.6 mm and is preferably
approximately 0.3 mm.
The maximum tensile stress in the undulating region should not
exceed 800 to 900 N/mm.sup.2. Because of the multiple undulations,
the total tensile stress of the spring sleeve 20 can be
approximately 500 to 1500 N. If the cross section of the
piezoelectric body is on the order of 1 cm.sup.2, the resultant
precompression is then approximately 500 to 2000 N/cm.sup.2.
A support plate 22 is disposed on the bottom 21 and is received in
turn in a cup-shaped cap 23. The bottom 21, the support plate 22,
and the cap 23 have openings aligned with one another, through
which the terminals 3 and 4 are passed; pluglike closure elements
25 are disposed in the aforementioned openings and may optionally
be embodied by casting material. The closure elements 25 have
terminal contacts 26, by way of which the piezoelectric body 2 can
be subjected to an electrical voltage.
The cap 23 is connected to a cylinder 27, which sheaths the spring
sleeve 20 with radial spacing and whose lower end is provided with
a female thread, so that the cylinder can be screwed onto the
housing of an injection valve in a manner to be described
hereinafter.
In FIG. 9, an injection nozzle 30 controlled by a needle 29 is
disposed on a multipart housing 28 of the injection valve assembly
shown; fuel at relatively high pressure can be delivered to the
injection nozzle via a housing bore 31 that receives the needle 29.
The housing bore 31 widens toward the top to form a cylindrical
work chamber 32 for a plungerlike tappet 33, firmly connected to
the needle 29 and received reciprocatingly inside the work chamber
32. The widened end region, the lower region in FIG. 9, of the work
chamber 32 communicates, via a housing bore not visible in FIG. 9,
with a transverse bore 34, which via a gap filter 35 communicates
with a fuel delivery line, not shown. The transverse bore 34
discharges into an annular chamber 36, which via an inlet throttle
37 communicates with what is the upper end region in FIG. 9 of the
work chamber 32. In addition, the upper end region of the work
chamber 32 is adjoined by a bore 39 that is coaxial with the work
chamber 32 and is provided with an outlet throttle 38. The bore 39
discharges into an adjoining coaxial bore 49, which communicates
both with a relief chamber 41 and a compensation bore 42 that is
disposed parallel to the bore 40 and connects the ends thereof to
one another. A control valve 43 is disposed in the bore 40; it
controls the orifice toward it of the bore 39 and thus controls the
communication of the bore 39 with the relief chamber 41. The
control valve 43 is actuated by means of a tappet 44, which is
disposed in the bore 40 and is actuated in turn by means of the
piezoelectric actuator 1. The actuator 1 is accommodated in the
cylinder 27, whose interior may be sealed off from the entry of
fuel by a diaphragm 46 that is retained between the adjoining
housing part 45 and the cylinder 24.
The arrangement shown functions as follows:
If the actuator 1 is acted upon by an electrical voltage or a
pulsating electrical voltage, the piezoelectric body 2 executes
pulsating motions, which are transmitted to the tappet 44, causing
the tappet to open or close the control valve 43, via the
tappetlike extension 17 disposed on the piezoelectric body 2, or on
the face-end plate 5 disposed on the piezoelectric body. When the
control valve 43 is closed, the pressure of the fuel delivered via
the transverse bore 34 acts on both ends of the plungerlike tappet
33. Since the lower end, compared with the upper end, has a cross
section reduced by the cross section of the needle 29, the tappet
33 is forced downward by the fuel pressure, so that the needle 29
closes the injection nozzle 30. As soon as the control valve 43
opens, the pressure at the upper end of the tappet 33 drops, the
pressure drop being determined by the ratio between the throttle
resistances of the input throttle 37 and the outlet throttle 38. As
a result, the pressure of the fuel acting on the lower end of the
tappet 33 can lift the tappet 33, thereby causing the needle 29 to
open the injection nozzle 30.
The embodiment shown in FIG. 10 differs from the embodiment of FIG.
8 above all in that instead of the spring sleeve 20 of FIG. 8, an
undulating spring band 48 is provided, which is wrapped around the
side of the annular flange 18 remote from the piezoelectric body 2
and on that side has an opening for the extension 17 of the plate
16.
The two ends of the spring band 48 are hard-soldered
(copper-soldered) each in a respective nipplelike suspender 49,
which is supported on a disklike support and compensation element
50 that in turn rests on an end plate 51 of the piezoelectric body
2. Slits that are open toward the side are provided both in the
support and compensation element 50 and in the end plate 51, so
that the spring band 48 can pass through them.
Instead of the suspenders 49 firmly connected to the spring band
48, armature-like end parts 52 may also be integrally formed onto
the spring band 48, as shown in diagram A of FIG. 11. These parts,
in the example of FIG. 11, are embodied as essentially square tabs
with a central opening for the engagement of a tool. Each end part
52, or the tab forming it, is dimensioned such that the slit
through which the spring band 48 passes and which is disposed in
the end plate 51 or the associated support and compensation element
50 in the transverse direction of the slit can be spanned by this
end part or tab, the end part or tab being supported with corner
regions 52' on both sides of the aforementioned slit on a face end
of the support and compensation element 50 or of the end plate
51.
The transitions between the corner regions 52' and the--relatively
narrow--part of the spring band 48 passing through the slit are
embodied as U-shaped or (preferably) keyhole-shaped recess, such
that the corner regions 52' form short extensions of the end part
52 oriented toward the facing face end of the support and
compensation element 50 or of the end plate 51, and the formation
of cracks at the transitions is avoided.
In diagram B, which shows a first variant of a side view of the end
part 52 in the direction of the arrow P in diagram A of FIG. 11,
the corner regions 52' may be embodied substantially flat and may
be disposed at approximately the same level as the rest of the end
part 52.
Instead, it is also possible and advantageous, as shown in diagram
C of FIG. 11, to bend the ends of the corner regions 52 relative to
the plane of the end part 52 in such a way that a bent portion of
each corner region 52' rests generally flatly on the associated
face end of the support and compensation element 50.
The foregoing relates to a preferred exemplary embodiment of the
invention, it being understood that other variants and embodiments
thereof are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention,
the latter being defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *