U.S. patent number 5,811,404 [Application Number 08/485,453] was granted by the patent office on 1998-09-22 for sialyl le.sup.x analogues as inhibitors of cellular adhesion.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Cytel Corporation. Invention is credited to Shawn De Frees, Federico C. A. Gaeta, John J. Gaudino, Masaji Hayashi, Zhongli Zheng.
United States Patent |
5,811,404 |
De Frees , et al. |
September 22, 1998 |
Sialyl Le.sup.x analogues as inhibitors of cellular adhesion
Abstract
The present invention relates to analogues of sialyl Le.sup.x
the inhibit cellular adhesion between a selectin and cell that
express sialyl Le.sup.x on their surfaces, as well as methods and
compositions using the same, intermediates and methods for the
preparation of the celluar adhesion inhibitor compounds and their
intermediates. A contemplated intermediate or inhibitor compound
has a structure that corresponds to that of Formula A, ##STR1##
wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl and ##STR2##
Inventors: |
De Frees; Shawn (San Marcos,
CA), Gaeta; Federico C. A. (Foster City, CA), Gaudino;
John J. (Westlake Village, CA), Zheng; Zhongli
(Lexington, MA), Hayashi; Masaji (Kobe, JP) |
Assignee: |
Cytel Corporation (San Diego,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
27370214 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/485,453 |
Filed: |
June 7, 1995 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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345072 |
Nov 28, 1994 |
5604207 |
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241645 |
May 12, 1994 |
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62120 |
May 14, 1993 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/25; 514/54;
514/61; 514/62; 536/124; 536/17.2; 536/18.5; 536/53; 536/55;
536/55.1; 536/55.2; 536/55.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07H
15/04 (20130101); A61K 31/702 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C07H
15/00 (20060101); C07H 15/04 (20060101); A61K
031/70 (); C07H 001/00 (); C07H 005/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;514/25,54,61,62
;536/17.2,18.5,53,55,55.1,55.2,55.3,124 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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WO 91/19502 |
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Dec 1991 |
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WO |
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WO 91/19501 |
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Dec 1991 |
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WO |
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WO 92/07572 |
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May 1992 |
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WO |
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WO 92/16440 |
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Oct 1992 |
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WO |
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WO 92/22563 |
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Dec 1992 |
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WO |
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WO 94/26760 |
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Nov 1994 |
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WO |
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Other References
Danishefsky, Samuel J., et al. (Feb. 22, 1995) "Application of
Glycals to the Synthesis of Oligosaccharides: Convergent Total
Syntheses of the Lewis X Trisaccharide Sialyl Lewis X Antigenic
Determinant and Higher Congeners", J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
117:1940-1953. .
DeFrees, Shawn A., et al. (1996) "Sialyl Lewis x Lipsomes as a
Multivalent Ligand and Inhibitor of E-Selectin Mediated Cellular
Adhesion", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118:6101-6104. .
Graber et al., J. Immunol., 145:819 (1990). .
Bevilacqua et al., Science, 243:1160-1165 (1989). .
Hession et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:1673-1677 (1990). .
Bevilacqua et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84:9238-9242 (1987).
.
Lasky et al., Cell, 56:1045-1055 (1989). .
Drickamer, J. Biol. Chem., 263:9557-9560 (1988). .
Springer, Nature, 346:425-434 (1990). .
Nelson et al., J. Clin. Invest., 91:1157-1166 (1993). .
Furui et al., Carbohydrate Res., 229:C1-C4 (1992). .
Siegelman et al., Science, 243:1165-1172 (1989). .
Langer, Science, 249:1527-1533 (1990). .
Phillips, et al. (1990) "ELAM-1 mediates cell adhesion by
recognition of a carbohydrate ligand, Sialyl-Le.sup.x ", Science,
250:1130-1131 month not available. .
Walz, et al. (1990) "Recognition by ELAM-1 of Sialyl-Le.sup.x
determinant on myeloid and tumor cells", Science, 250:1132-1135
month not available. .
Munro, et al. (1992) "Expression of Sialyl-Lewis X, an E-selectin
ligand, in inflammation, immune processes, and lymphoid tissues",
American Journal of Pathology, 141(6):1397-1408 month not
available. .
Ball, et al. (1991) "Structural requirements for the carbohydrate
ligand of E-selectin", Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 88:10372-10376 month not available. .
Green et al. Biochem. Biiophys. Res. Commun. Oct. 15, 1992, 188(1),
244-251. .
Needham et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Feb. 1993, 90, 1359-1363.
.
DeFrees et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. Aug. 11, 1993, 115(16), 7549-7550.
.
Tyrell et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 10372-10376
month not available. .
Zhou et al. J. Cell Biol. 1991, 115(2), 557-563 month not
available. .
Danishefsky et al. J. Am Chem. Soc. 1992, 114(21), 8331-8333 month
not available..
|
Primary Examiner: Fonda; Kathleen K.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Townsend and Townsend and Crew
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/345,072,
filed Nov. 28, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,207, that is a
continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/241,645, filed May
12, 1994, that is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
08/062,120 filed May 14, 1993, now abandoned, whose disclosures are
incorporated by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound having the formula ##STR23## wherein: Alloc is
allyloxy carbonyl; Z is ##STR24## R.sup.5 is selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, benzyl, methoxybenzyl,
dimethoxybenzyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate and .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, or OR.sup.6 together
form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic
hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.7 is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and
X is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and
azido.
2. A compound having the formula ##STR25## wherein: Alloc is
allyloxy carbonyl; Z is ##STR26## R.sup.5 is selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, benzyl, methoxybenzyl,
dimethoxybenzyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate and .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, or OR.sup.6 together
form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic
hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.7 is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and
X is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and
azido.
3. A method of preparing a pharmaceutical agent, said
pharmaceutical agent having the formula: ##STR27## wherein: Y is
selected from the group consisting of C(O), SO.sub.2, HNC(O), OC(O)
and SC(O);
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a
substituted aryl and a phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene group,
wherein said aryl group has one five-membered aromatic ring, one
six-membered aromatic ring or two fused six-membered aromatic
rings, which rings are selected from the group consisting of
hydrocarbyl, monooxahydrocarbyl, monothiahydrocarbyl,
monoazahydrocarbyl and diazahydrocarbyl rings, and said substituted
aryl group is said aryl group having a substituent selected from
the group consisting of a halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkoxy, amino, mono-C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylamino, benzylamino,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylbenzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 thioalkyl and
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl carboxamido groups;
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate, .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, monosaccharide and
disaccharide, or OR.sup.2 together form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.4 is an alkyl group;
R.sup.7 is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and
X is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and
azido;
said method comprising:
(a) preparing a lactone intermediate selected from the group
consisting of lactones of formula ##STR28## wherein Alloc is
allyloxy carbonyl and Z is a member selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
(b) treating said lactone intermediate with an alkoxide to form an
ester intermediate having the formula ##STR29## wherein: R.sup.4 is
an alkyl group derived from said alkoxide; and
(c) deprotecting, fucosylating and attaching a Y--R.sup.1 to
provide said pharmaceutical agent.
4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically
acceptable diluent having dissolved or dispersed therein a cellular
adhesion-inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula ##STR30##
wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl and ##STR31## Y is selected from the group
consisting of C(O), SO.sub.2, HNC(O), OC(O) and SC(O);
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a
substituted aryl and a phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene group,
wherein said aryl group has one five-membered aromatic ring, one
six-membered aromatic ring or two fused six-membered aromatic
rings, which rings are selected from the group consisting of
hydrocarbyl, monooxahydrocarbyl, monothiahydrocarbyl,
monoazahydrocarbyl and diazahydrocarbyl rings, and said substituted
aryl group is said aryl group having a substituent selected from
the group consisting of a halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkoxy, amino, mono-C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylamino, benzylamino,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylbenzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 thioalkyl and
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl carboxamido groups;
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate, .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, monosaccharide and
disaccharide, or OR.sup.2 together form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.4 is an alkyl group;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, benzyl,
methoxybenzyl, dimethoxybenzyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
R.sup.7 is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and
X is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and
azido.
5. The pharmaceutical composition in accordance with claim 4
wherein R.sup.4 is a member selected from the group consisting of
methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl,
benzyl, pentyl and hexyl.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compounds that inhibit cellular
adhesion, and more particularly relates to analogue compounds of
sialyl Lewis.sup.x (sialyl Le.sup.x or SLe.sup.x) that inhibit
selectin-mediated cellular adhesion, compositions containing and
processes for using the same, and processes for preparing those
analogues.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vascular endothelial cells and blood platelets play key roles in a
number of biological responses by selectively binding certain
cells, for instance phagocytic leukocytes, in the bloodstream. For
example, endothelial cells preferentially bind monocytes and
granulocytes prior to their migration through the blood vessel wall
and into surrounding tissue in an inflammatory response.
Certain inflammation-triggering compounds are known to act directly
on the vascular endothelium to promote the adhesion of leukocytes
to vessel walls. Cells then move through the walls and into areas
of injury or infection.
Cellular adhesion to vascular endothelium is also thought to be
involved in tumor metastasis. Circulating cancer cells apparently
take advantage of the body's normal inflammatory mechanisms and
bind to areas of blood vessel walls where the endothelium is
activated.
Blood platelets are also involved in similar responses. Platelets
are known to become activated during the initiation of hemostasis
and undergo major morphological, biochemical, and functional
changes (e.g., rapid granule exocytosis, or degranulation), in
which the platelet alpha granule membrane fuses with the external
plasma membrane. As a result, new cell surface proteins become
expressed that confer on the activated platelet new functions, such
as the ability to bind both other activated platelets and other
cells. Activated platelets are recruited into growing thrombi, or
are cleared rapidly from the blood circulation. Activated platelets
are known to bind to phagocytic leukocytes, including monocytes and
neutrophils. Examples of pathological and other biological
processes that are thought to be mediated by this process include
atherosclerosis, blood clotting and inflammation.
Recent work has revealed that specialized cell surface receptors on
endothelial cells and platelets, designated E-selectin (endothelial
leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; ELAM-1) and P-selectin (granule
membrane protein-140; GMP-140), respectively, are involved in the
recognition of various circulating cells by the endothelium and
platelets. For example, E-selectin has been shown to mediate
endothelial leukocyte adhesion, which is the first step in many
inflammatory responses. Specifically, E-selectin binds human
neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, certain T-lymphocytes [Graber
et al., J. Immunol., 145:819 (1990)], NK cells, and the
promyelocytic cell line HL-60.
E-selectin is inducibly expressed on vascular endothelial cells
[Bevilacqua et al., Science, 243:1160-1165 (1989) and Hession et
al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:1673-1677 (1990)]. This receptor
has been demonstrated to be induced by inflammatory cytokines such
as interleukin I.beta. (IL-I.beta.) and tumor necrosis factor
.alpha. (TNF.alpha.), as well as bacterial endotoxin
(lipopolysaccharide) [Bevilacqua et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.,
84:9238-9242 (1987)]. These compounds augment polymorphonuclear
leukocyte (neutrophil), and monocyte adhesion [Bevilacqua et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84:9238-9242 (1987)].
P-selectin (also known as GMP-140 and PADGEM) is present on the
surface of platelets and endothelial cells, where it mediates
platelet-leukocyte and endothelium-leukocyte interactions, [Geng et
al., Nature, 343:757-760 (1990)]. Thus, for example, activated
platelets that express P-selectin on their surface are known to
bind to monocytes and neutrophils [Jungi et al., Blood, 67:629-636
(1986)], and also to bind monocyte-like cell lines, e.g., HL-60 and
U937 [Jungi et al., Blood, 67:629-636 (1986); Silverstein et al.,
J. Clin. Invest., 79:867-874 (1987)].
P-selectin is an alpha granule membrane protein of molecular mass
140,000 that is expressed on the surface of activated platelets
upon platelet stimulation and granule secretion [Hsu-Lin et al., J.
Clin. Chem., 259:9121-9126 (1984); Stenberg et al., J. Cell Biol.,
101:880-886 (1985); Berman et al., J. Clin. Invest., 78:130-137
(1986)]. It is also found in megakaryocytes [Beckstead et al.,
Blood, 67:285-293 (1986)], and in endothelial cells [McEver et al.,
Blood, 70:335a (1987)] within the Weibel-Palade bodies [Bonfanti et
al., Blood, 73:1109-1112 (1989)]. Furie et al., U.S. Pat. No.
4,783,330, describe monoclonal antibodies reactive with
P-selectin.
A third receptor is the lymphocyte homing receptor, MEL-14 antigen
or its human counterpart LAM-1 (L-selectin) [Gallatin et al.,
Nature, 304:30-34 (1983); Siegelman et al., Science, 243:1165-1172
(1989); Rosen, Cell Biology, 1:913-919 (1989); and Lasky et al.,
Cell, 56:1045-1055 (1989)]. In addition to lymphocyte homing,
MEL-14 antigen/LAM-1 is believed to function early in neutrophil
binding to the endothelium.
The term "selectin" has been suggested for a general class of
receptors, which includes E-selectin (ELAM-1), P-selectin (GMP-140)
and L-selectin (MEL-14), because of their lectin-like domain and
the selective nature of their adhesive functions. The structure and
function of selectin receptors has been elucidated by cloning and
expression of full length cDNA encoding each of the above receptors
[Bevilacqua et al., Science, 243:1160-1165 (1989), (ELAM-1); Geng
et al., Nature, 343:757-760 (1990), (GMP-140); and Lasky et al.,
Cell, 1045-1055 (1989), (MEL-14 antigen)].
The extracellular portion of selectins can be divided into three
segments based on homologies to previously described proteins. The
N-terminal region (about 120 amino acids) is related to the C-type
mammalian lectin protein family as described by Drickamer, J. Biol.
Chem., 263:9557-9560 (1988) that induces low affinity IgE receptor
CD23. A polypeptide segment follows, which has a sequence that is
related to proteins containing the epidermal growth factor (EGF)
motif. Lastly, after the EGF domain are one or more tandem
repetitive motifs of about 60 amino acids each, related to those
found in a family of complement regulatory proteins.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,353 and its divisional Pat. No. 5,296,594 teach
the synthesis and use of the sialyl Le.sup.x and sialyl Le.sup.a
antigens that are present in cancerous tissues, and are ligands for
the before-described selectin receptors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,712
teaches the binding iteractions between various receptors such as
ELAM-1 (E-selectin) and ligands such as sialyl Le.sup.x as well as
ligands containing a plurality of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc)
units along with a terminal sialyl group and one or more fucosyl
groups that are bonded to the GlcNAc portion of a LacNAc unit.
Published International application WO 91/19501 and WO 91/19502
disclose that oligosaccharides containing the pentameric and
hexameric structures shown below inhibited selective cellular
binding between cells containing the ligand (below) and those
containing a selectin receptor, and that the penta- and
hexasaccharides assayed provided better inhibition than did
SLe.sup.x.
NeuAc.alpha.2.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4(Fuc.alpha.1.fwdarw.3)GlcNAc.beta.
1,3Gal.beta.-;
NeuAc.alpha.2.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4(Fuc.alpha.1.fwdarw.3)GlcNAc.beta.
1,3Gal.beta.1,4Glc-; and
NeuAc.alpha.2.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4(Fuc.alpha.1.fwdarw.3)GlcNAc=SLe.s
up.x.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention contemplates a sialyl Le.sup.x (SLe.sup.x)
analogue compound that inhibits the adhesion of cells that express
SLe.sup.x on their surfaces to a selectin receptor, intermediate
compounds in the synthesis of an inhibitor, as well as a process
for preparing such intermediates and a pharmaceutical composition
containing an inhibitor.
In particular, the present invention provides pharmaceutical
compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent
having dissolved or dispersed therein a cellular
adhesion-inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula ##STR3##
wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl and ##STR4## Y is selected from the group
consisting of C(O), SO.sub.2, HNC(O), OC(O) and SC(O); R.sup.1 is
selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a substituted aryl
and a phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene group, wherein an aryl group
has one five-membered aromatic ring, one six-membered aromatic ring
or two fused six-membered aromatic rings, which rings are selected
from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl, monooxahydrocarbyl,
monothiahydrocarbyl, monoazahydrocarbyl and diazahydrocarbyl rings,
and a substituted aryl group is said aryl group having a
substituent selected from the group consisting of a halo,
trifluoromethyl, nitro, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12
alkoxy, amino, mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkylamino, benzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12
allylbenzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 thioalkyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.12
alkyl carboxamido groups, or R.sup.1 Y is allyloxycarbonyl or
chloroacetyl; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or
cyclic hydrocarbyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5
alkylene .omega.-carboxylate, .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, monosaccharide and
disaccharide, or OR.sup.2 together form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.4 is an alkyl group; R.sup.5 is selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, dimethoxybenzyl and
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl; R.sup.7 is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and X is
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy,
C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and azido. In a
presently preferred embodiment, R.sup.4 is a member selected from
the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,
isobutyl, tert-butyl. benzyl, pentyl and hexyl.
The present invention further provides intermediates which are
useful in the preparation of the pharmaceutical compositons above.
In particular, the intermediates are either lactones or esters,
having the formulae (Va), (Vb) and (VI), respectively, ##STR5## in
which Z, R.sup.4, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 and X are as defined above.
The invention further provides a process for the preparation of
compounds of Formula IV, comprising:
(a) preparing a lactone intermediate of Formula (Va) or (Vb);
(b) treating the lactone intermediate with an alkoxide to form an
ester intermediate of Formula (VI); and
(c) deprotecting, fucosylating and attaching R.sup.1 --Y to provide
the pharmaceutical agents of Formula (IV).
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are useful
in methods of inhibiting intercellular adhesion in a patient for a
disease process, such as inflammation. The selectin receptor, such
as E-Selectin or P-Selectin, may be expressed on vascular
endothelial cells or platelets. The inflammatory process may be,
for example, septic shock, wound associated sepsis, rheumatoid
arthritis, post-ischemic leukocyte-mediated tissue damage
(reperfusion injury), frost-bite injury or shock, acute
leukocyte-mediated lung injury (e.g., adult respiratory distress
syndrome), asthma, traumatic shock, nephritis, and acute and
chronic inflammation, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and
inflammatory bowel disease. Various platelet-mediated pathologies
such as atherosclerosis and clotting can also be treated. In
addition, tumor metastasis can be inhibited or prevented by
inhibiting the adhesion of circulating cancer cells. Examples
include carcinoma of the colon and melanoma.
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention and its
preferred embodiments will become apparent from the detailed
description which follows.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
A. The Compounds
The nomenclature used to describe the oligosaccharide moieties of
the present invention follows the conventional nomenclature.
Standard abbreviations for individual monosaccharides are used. For
instance, 2-N-acetylglucosamine is represented by GlcNAc,
2-N-acetylgalactosamine is GalNAc, fucose is Fuc, fructose is Fru,
galactose in Gal, glucose is Glc, and mannose is Man. Unless
otherwise indicated, all sugars except fucose (L-isomer) are
D-isomers in the cyclic configuration (e.g., pyranose or furanose).
The two anomers of the cyclic forms are represented by .alpha. and
.beta..
The monosaccharides are generally linked by glycosidic bonds to
form oligo- and polysaccharides. The orientation of the bond with
respect to the plane of the rings is indicated by .alpha. and
.beta.. The particular carbon atoms that form the bond between the
two monosaccharides are also noted. Thus, a .beta. glycosidic bond
between C-1 of galactose and C-4 of glucose is represented by
Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4Glc. For the D-sugars (e.g., D-GlcNAc, D-Gal,
D-NeuAc and D-Man) the designation .alpha. means the hydroxyl
attached to C-1 (C-2 in NeuAc) is below the plane of the ring and
.beta. is above the ring. In the case of L-fucose, the .alpha.
designation means the hydroxyl is above the ring and .beta. means
it is below.
The present invention contemplates a SLe.sup.x analogue compound of
structural Formula A, below, which structural formula encompasses a
pentasaccharide compound of Formula I that is an analogue of sialyl
Le.sup.x, as well as its penta- and tetrasaccharide precursors of
Formulas II and III, respectively. A compound of structural Formula
I inhibits cellular adhesion mediated by a selectin cell surface
receptor. ##STR6##
In the above structural formulas,
Z is hydrogen (H) or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl, in which case a
compound of Formula III is defined, or an .alpha.-L-fucosyl whose
hydroxyl groups are free or blocked with a protecting group (benzyl
or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl) thereby defining a compound of Formula I
or II, depending upon the identities of R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and
R.sup.5 (R.sup.3-5) groups;
Y is selected from the group consisting of C(O), SO.sub.2, HNC(O),
OC(O) and SC(O);
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a
substituted aryl and a phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene group,
wherein an aryl group has one five- or six-membered aromatic ring,
fused five/six-membered aromatic rings, or two fused six-membered
aromatic rings, which rings are selected from the group consisting
of hydrocarbyl, monooxahydrocarbyl, monothiahydrocarbyl,
monoazahydrocarbyl and diazahydrocarbyl rings, and a substituted
aryl group is a before-mentioned aryl group having a substituent
selected from the group consisting of a halo, trifluoromethyl,
nitro, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkoxy, amino,
mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino,
benzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylbenzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
thioalkyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl carboxamido group, or
R.sup.1 Y is allyloxycarbonyl or chloroacetyl;
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate, .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4
alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene, monosaccharide and
disaccharide,
or OR.sup.2 together form a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain,
branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl carbamate;
R.sup.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or benzyl;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, benzyl,
methoxybenzyl, dimethoxybenzyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl;
R.sup.7 is methyl (CH.sub.3) or hydroxymethyl (CH.sub.2 OH);
and
X is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and
azido.
As noted above, Y can be one of a number of groups. When Y is C(O),
R.sup.1 Y is an acyl substituent group so that an amide is formed
with the saccharide amine nitrogen atom. When Y is SO.sub.2,
R.sup.1 Y forms a sulfonyl substituent group so that a sulfonamide
is formed with the saccharide amine nitrogen atom. When Y is
HNC(O), R.sup.1 Y forms an aminocarbonyl substituent group so that
a urea substituent is formed with that saccharide nitrogen atom. A
urethane substituent is formed with the saccharide amine nitrogen
where Y is oxycarbonyl, OC(O), whereas a thiourethane is formed
where Y is thiocarbonyl, SC(O). A Y group is preferably a carbonyl
group [C(O)].
An R.sup.1 Y group can also be an allyloxycarbonyl or a
chloroacetyl group. An allyloxycarbonyl R.sup.1 Y group is
particularly preferred for a compound of Formula III as it provides
a readily replaceable R.sup.1 group. An R.sup.1 Y allyloxycarbonyl
or chloroacetyl group is present only in a compound of Formula III,
and is not present in a compound of any of Formulas I, II, A, B or
C (Formulas B and C are shown hereinafter).
As discussed before, an R.sup.1 group can be an aryl or substituted
aryl group. Contemplated aryl groups are those that contain one
aromatic five- or six-membered ring, fused five- and six-
(five/six-) membered rings or two fused aromatic six-membered rings
and include hydrocarbyl groups such as phenyl and naphthyl, as well
as hydrocarbyl groups bearing an oxygen, a sulfur, or one or two
nitrogen atoms that replace ring carbon atoms (mono- or
diazahydrocarbyl). Exemplary aryl groups include furyl, thienyl,
pyridyl, pyrazinyl, benzofuranyl (benzo[b]furyl), isobenzofuranyl
(benzo[c]furyl), benzothienyl (benzo[b]thienyl), isobenzothienyl
(benzo[c]thienyl), pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinolinyl,
isoquinoyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, phthalazinyl and
quinazolinyl. Each of those aryl groups can be unsubstituted, or
each can have a substituent selected from the group consisting of
halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 alkoxy, amino, mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino,
di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylbenzylamino
and C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl carboxamido.
The above unsubstituted and substituted aryl R.sup.1 groups are
well known in the art, and each can be bonded to the saccharide
nitrogen atom using well known chemistry. The following discussion
will therefore center upon aryl hydrocarbyl groups, phenyl and
naphthyl, as being exemplary of the group, with the understanding
that the other enumerated aryl and substituted aryl R.sup.1 groups
can be utilized with substantially similar chemistry.
Where R.sup.1 is phenyl, benzoyl chloride or benzoic anhydride can
be used to form a preferred amide bond. A benzenesulfonyl halide
such as benzenesulfonyl chloride can similarly be used where Y is
SO.sub.2. Phenyl isocyanate is used where Y is HNC(O). A phenyl
chloroformate is used where Y is OC(O), whereas a phenyl
chlorothioformate is used where Y is SC(O).
Specifically contemplated substituted phenyl R.sup.1 groups include
those in which the substituent can be substituted at any position
of the ring, with the meta and para positions being preferred.
Mono-substituted R.sup.1 phenyl groups are preferred over
di-substituted groups.
Contemplated halo substituents include fluoro, chloro, bromo and
iodo groups, with p-fluorophenyl, m-chlorophenyl, m-iodophenyl,
p-bromophenyl and o-fluorophenyl being exemplary.
Dihalo-substituted phenyl R.sup.1 groups are also contemplated such
as 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl
and 3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl.
Exemplary C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl groups present as substituent
groups on a phenyl of R.sup.1 include straight and branched chain
alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl,
isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl,
tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl. C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 Alkyl groups
are preferred, whereas C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl groups are
particularly preferred, with methyl being most preferred.
Exemplary, preferred R.sup.1 groups include o-, m- and p-tolyl
(methylphenyl) and p-t-butylphenyl groups as well as
3,4-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-dimethylphenyl groups.
Exemplary C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkoxy groups are ethers containing a
C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, or a particularly preferred C.sub.1
-C.sub.6 alkyl group. Methoxy is preferred here. Exemplary,
preferred R.sup.1 groups include o, m- and p-anisyl
(methoxyphenyl), as well as 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl and
3,5-dimethoxyphenyl.
A nitrophenyl R.sup.1 group is readily prepared by acylation using
3- or 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride. Acylation with 3,4- and
3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride provides the corresponding 3,4- and
3,5-dinitrophenyl R.sup.1 groups. Amide formation using 3- or
4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride similarly provides 3- or
4-trifluoromethylphenyl R.sup.1 groups.
A substituted phenyl R.sup.1 group can also contain an amino,
mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylamino,
benzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylbenzylamino or C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 alkyl carboxamido substituent, wherein C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
alkyl substituents are as discussed before.
Aminophenyl R.sup.1 groups are most readily prepared from
corresponding nitrophenyl R.sup.1 groups discussed before by
catalytic reduction of the nitro group after formation of the amide
bond, as discussed before. Thus, for example, use of 3- or
4-nitrobenzoyl chloride to form the amide bond, upon reduction with
palladium on carbon forms the corresponding 3- or 4-aminophenyl
R.sup.1 group. A similar use of 3,4- or 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride
provides the corresponding 3,4- or 3,5-diaminophenyl R.sup.1 group
after reduction.
Several di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkylaminobenzoic acids such as
4-diethylaminobenzoic acid and 3- and 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acids
can be purchased commercially and used to form an appropriate
benzoyl halide or anhydride for forming an R.sup.1 -containing
amide. The remaining di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylaminobenzoic acids
and those compounds having two dialkylamino groups can be prepared
using well known alkylation techniques from corresponding
aminobenzoic acids or diaminobenzoic acids that are also
commercially available.
A mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkylaminophenyl R.sup.1 group can be
prepared from the corresponding mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
alkylaminobenzoyl halide, whose remaining nitrogen valence is
blocked by a readily removable blocking group such as t-Boc that
can be removed with acid or a benzyl group that can be removed by
hydrogenation, if desired, using palladium on carbon. Thus,
acylation can take place using N-benzyl-N-propylaminobenzoyl
chloride, with the N-benzyl group being removed by catalytic
hydrogenation to provide the mono-C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
alkylaminophenyl R.sup.1 group. Of course, the benzyl group need
not be removed, thereby providing a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18
alkylbenzylamino group.
Each of the above-discussed phenyl or substituted phenyl
substituents can be prepared by a well known amide-forming
reaction. An exemplary reaction reacts an appropriate benzoyl
halide or anhydride such as p-fluorobenzoyl chloride or benzoic
anhydride with the unprotected amine group of an otherwise
protected saccharide as is illustrated in detail hereinafter.
Both 1- and 2-naphthyl R.sup.1 groups are contemplated, with
2-naphthyl being particularly preferred. These compounds can also
be prepared using standard amide-forming technology as above, such
as by reacting 2-naphthoyl chloride with an amine of an appropriate
saccharide as discussed above.
It is to be understood that similar substituents are present on the
oxa-, thia-, aza- and diazahydrocarbyl aryl groups. For example,
one can utilize any of the two furoic acid chlorides, the two
thiophenecarboxyl chlorides, three pyridinecarboxyl chlorides,
quinaldic acid chloride, 3-quinolinecarboxylic acid chloride,
2-quinoxaloyl chloride and the like to carry out an acylation
reaction.
Similarly, where Y is SO.sub.2, a corresponding sulfonyl halide is
used. For example, one may utilize benzenesulfonyl chloride,
toluenesulfonyl chloride, 8-quinolinesulfonyl chloride, 1- or
2-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride, and the like to form the
sulfonamide.
Where Y is HNC(O), the isocyanate corresponding to a
before-described carboxylic acid is a convenient reactant. Such
derivatives can be readily prepared from the acid halide by
reaction with azide, to form the acyl azide, which undergoes the
Curtius rearrangement to form the isocyanate upon heating.
Where Y is OC(O) or SC(O), a hydroxyl or mercapto substituted aryl
R.sup.1 group is reacted with phosgene to form the chloroformate or
chlorothioformate that can be reacted with the saccharide amine to
form the urethane or thiourethane linkage to an R.sup.1.
A phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene R.sup.1 group is a C.sub.1
-C.sub.3 alkylene group that is itself substituted with a phenyl
group, preferably at the terminal hydrocarbyl group carbon. This
R.sup.1 C(O) group thus contains a phenyl ring linked to a chain of
2-4 carbon atoms. Exemplary C(O)R.sup.1 alkylene groups include
2-phenylacetoyl, 3-phenylpropionyl and 4-phenylbutanoyl
[.phi.CH.sub.2 C(O), .phi.CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 C(O) and
.phi.(CH.sub.2).sub.3 C(O), respectively, where .phi.=phenyl].
These compounds can be prepared by reaction of an appropriate acid
halide or anhydride with a saccharidal amine as above. Catalytic
reduction using hydrogen and a palladium on carbon catalyst can be
used to form saturated alkylene groups from the unsaturated
hydrocarbyl chains; saturated hydrocarbyl chains being
preferred.
An R.sup.2 group forms a .beta.-glycoside with the saccharide ring
system. That glycoside bond can be formed from a simple C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl alcohol, from an .omega.-hydroxycarboxylic
acid ester, from an .omega.-hydroxylated silylated alkyl group, or
from a mono- or a disaccharide, or OR.sup.2 together form a C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl
carbamate. A C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group such as ethyl, a
benzyl group or a monosaccharide such as 3-galactosyl is
particularly preferred. R.sup.2 can also be hydrogen.
Exemplary R.sup.2 groups formed from simple precursor alcohol
groups include C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or
cyclic hydrocarbyl groups. Illustrative of such groups are the
before-described C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl groups, which are
preferred, as well as their unsaturated counterparts, such as
allyl, 3-butenyl, 2-but-3-enyl, and but-3-ynyl, as well as longer
hydrocarbyl groups such as benzyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl,
decahydronaphthyl, nonyl, decyl (capryl), dodecyl (lauryl),
dodec-7-enyl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl,
linolenyl and ricinoleyl.
A C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl carbamate is prepared by reaction
of an isocyanate corresponding to a before discussed C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl group with the hydroxyl group of the reducing
end sugar. For example, the 1-hydroxyl group of a terminal glucosyl
unit can be reacted with ethylisocyanate to form the corresponding
ethyl carbamate (urethane). The carbonyl group of the carbamate is
not included in the number of hydrocarbyl carbon atoms.
A C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 -alkylene
.omega.-carboxylate R.sup.2 group is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl ester
of a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 .omega.-carboxylic acid. Such esters are
prepared from precursor .omega.-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters whose
hydroxyl groups are used to form the glycosidic bond. Exemplary
.omega.-hydroxycarboxylate esters include methyl 2-hydroxyacetate,
ethyl 3-hydroxypropionate, t-butyl 4-hydroxybutyrate, hexyl
5-hydroxypentanoate and methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate. Thus, the
hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are at the termini of the chain and
are separated by 1-5 methylene groups. Methyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate
acid is preferred.
An .omega.-tri(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4
alkyl R.sup.2 group is formed from a corresponding precursor
alcohol whose substituted silyl group is at the terminus
(.omega.-position) of the chain opposite the hydroxyl group. As is
well known in the art, substituted silyl groups can include many
combinations of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl and phenyl groups such as
tri-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylphenyl,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyldiphenyl and triphenyl. Exemplary substituted
silyl groups include trimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,
di-t-butylmethylsilyl, dimethylphenylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl
and the like.
Exemplary mono- and disaccharides include 3- and 4-glucosyl
(3/4Glc), 3- and 4-galactosyl (3/4Gal), a 3-galactosyl group being
particularly preferred, 3- and 4-N-acetylglucosyl (3/4GlcNAc), 2,
3-, 4- and 6-mannosyl (2/3/4/6Man), and 3- and 6-N-acetylgalactosyl
(3/6 GalNAc) and Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc. A monosaccharide can
itself form a glycoside linkage with a group, R.sup.6, that
includes all but a saccharide of an R.sup.2 group. Thus, R.sup.6 is
R.sup.2 other than mono- or disaccharide.
A structural formula for a particularly preferred compound of
Formula A having a reducing terminal 3Gal.beta.OR.sup.6 group is
shown below in structural Formula B wherein X, Y, Z and R.sup.1-4,
R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are as defined before. ##STR7##
A particularly preferred compound of Formula B is an inhibitor of
cellular adhesion having a structure of Formula C, below, wherein
X, Y, R.sup.1, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are as before disclosed.
##STR8##
The .beta.-glycosyl bond formed with an R.sup.2 or R.sup.6 group
can be prepared by well known organic chemical reactions with both
the saccharides and other R.sup.2 (R.sup.6) group precursors, as by
reaction of a 1-halo saccharide with a hydroxyl of a desired
R.sup.2 (R.sup.6) group precursor alcohol in the presence of silver
carbonate (Ag.sub.2 CO.sub.3) or silver triflate, as well as by
enzymatic means as with a glycosyl transferase for the
saccharides.
A contemplated R.sup.3 group can be hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
acyl, which is the acid portion of a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl
carboxylic acid ester. A C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl group is preferred
for a compound of Formula II. Exemplary C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl
groups include formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, isobutanoyl,
pentanoyl and hexanoyl. An acetyl group is preferred. Acylation of
saccharide hydroxyl groups is well known and can be carried out
using an appropriate acid halide or anhydride.
A contemplated R.sup.4 group of Formula A can be hydrogen, a
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, as was discussed before for such alkyl
groups, or a benzyl group. An R.sup.4 group along with its bonded
oxygen atom forms the alcohol portion of an ester. A methyl group
is preferred. The R.sup.4 ester can be formed by standard means
prior to the addition of the sialic acid group, after formation of
the sialylated saccharide using a reagent such as diazomethane, or
by reaction of a lactone with an appropriate alcohol as discussed
in regard to Scheme 2, hereinafter.
The R.sup.4 group of a compound of Formula III can be either a
proton, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or benzyl groups with C.sub.1
-C.sub.6 alkyl being preferred. When R.sup.4 is present as a
proton, it is to be understood that that proton can be replaced by
a pharmaceutically acceptable cation (M) such as ammonium, sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like. The R.sup.4 proton or
other cation is typically not shown in the structures herein such
as Formulas I and C because the sialyl carboxylic acid is usually
ionized at physiological pH values of about 7.2-7.4 at which an
inhibitor of Formulas I or C is utilized. Thus, the sialyl carboxyl
group is often shown herein as a carboxylate.
An R.sup.1 group is a hydrogen, a benzyl, methoxybenzyl (3- or 4-
methoxybenzyl being preferred), a dimethoxybenzyl such as 3,4- or
3,5- dimethoxybenzyl, or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl group as discussed
previously. A benzyl group is usually used where the fucosyl group
is added by organic chemical synthesis.
R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 groups other than hydrogen are
protecting groups used during synthesis of intermediates such as a
compound of Formulas B, II and III, above. When R.sup.3
.dbd.R.sup.4 .dbd.R.sup.5 .dbd.H (hydrogen) a compound of Formula
II becomes a compound of Formula I, whereas a compound of Formula B
becomes a compound of Formula C, when Z is fuco. Similarly, when Z
is fuco and R.sup.3 .dbd.R.sup.4 .dbd.R.sup.5 .dbd.hydrogen, a
compound of Formula A becomes a compound of Formula I.
An X substituent group can be a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy group;
i.e., a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl ester of a precursor hydroxyl group
at that position, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy group, a
hydroxyl group, a halo group, as discussed previously, or an azido
group. Exemplary C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl groups have already been
discussed, and a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy group is a C.sub.1
-C.sub.6 acyl group that further includes an additional oxygen atom
bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom of an acyl group. A C.sub.2
-C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy group is an above-discussed C.sub.1
-C.sub.6 acyloxy group that further includes a substituent hydroxyl
group. Exemplary C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy groups include
hydroxyacetate, lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, 2-hydroxyisovalerate
and 2-hydroxycaproate. An X substituent is usually other than
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy or C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 hydroxylacyloxy unless
both sialylation and fucosylation are carried out enzymatically, as
is discussed hereinafter.
Syntheses of sialic acid derivatives containing an X substituent
are disclosed in published international application WO 92/16640
that was published on Oct. 1, 1992. The use of those compounds for
sialylating saccharides is also disclosed in that publication.
An R.sup.7 group is methyl or hydroxymethyl, so that along with the
depicted carbonyl group [C(O)] R.sup.7 forms an N-acetyl or
N-hydroxyacetyl group. Sialic acid derivatives containing either
R.sup.7 group can be used in an enzymatic sialylation as described
herein.
Particularly preferred inhibitor compounds of structural Formulas I
and C are illustrated below, along with their compound numbers;
i.e., Compounds 17, 30-38, and 43-51. ##STR9##
B. Compound Syntheses
A before-described SLe.sup.x analogue compound can be prepared in
numerous ways. Thus, completely enzymatic syntheses can be carried
out, syntheses using only the techniques of organic chemistry can
be used, and mixtures of both organic and enzymatic syntheses can
be utilized, as is exemplified here.
One way to distinguish between organic and enzymatic syntheses is
by the presence of one or more enzymes in a water-based reaction
medium (enzymatic synthesis), versus the absence of any enzymes
coupled with a reaction medium that is substantially free of water
and utilizes an organic solvent such as acetonitrile, methanol,
ethanol, dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),
benzene, acetone, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the
like (organic synthesis).
Regardless of which of those methods is utilized, the saccharides
comprising lactosamine, galactose and glucosamine, must be joined
together at some point in the syntheses. Somewhat surprisingly, the
Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcN bond of lactosamine is also one of the more
difficult bonds to form in the synthesis of a contemplated
compound.
Lactosamine is a compound reported in the literature, but is not
readily available. Nevertheless, lactosamine or a derivative of
lactosamine provides a good starting material for synthesis of a
contemplated compound.
Although lactosamine is not readily available, lactulose, a ketose
that possesses no amine group but contains a Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4Fru
bond that is related to lactose and lactosamine, is commercially
available. Lactulose, with its Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4 bond already
formed, provides a starting material for one contemplated synthesis
of lactosamine. A synthesis of lactosamine (Compound 3) as an acid
addition salt is illustrated generally and specifically below in
Schemes 1 and 1A, respectively, as are the syntheses of peracetyl
N-phthalimidolactosamine (Compound 5) and peracetyl
N-phthalimidolactosamine .beta. chloride (Compound 6). Numbered
compounds in both schemes are the same compounds. ##STR10##
Thus, lactulose was reacted neat with a primary amine that is an
ammonia derivative whose nitrogen atom is bonded to a reductively
removable blocking group (benzylamine) as both reactant and solvent
to form the corresponding N-glycoside, lactulose N-benzyl
glycoside, (Bn=benzyl; Compound 1). Reaction of Compound 1 in
methanol with about a stoichiometric amount of an organic
carboxylic acid having a pK.sub.a value of about 2.5 to about 5.0
(glacial acetic acid) provided N-benzyl lactosammonium acetate
(Compound 2) in 50-55 percent yield. Lactosammonium acetate
(Compound 3) was prepared by hydrogenolysis of the above methanolic
solution using palladium on carbon (Pd/C).
It is noted that other reductively removable blocked amines can be
used in place of benzylamine. For example, mono- and
dimethoxybenzylamines can be viewed as reductively removable
blocked ammonia derivatives in that after reaction with the
saccharide, the mono- and dimethoxybenzyl groups can also be
removed by hydrogenolysis. Allyamine can similarly be used, with
the allyl blocking group being removed by reaction with
polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMSH) and
palladium-tetrakistriphenylphosphine [Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 ] in THF
as solvent.
Thus, although a benzyl group (Scheme 1A) is used as R.sup.A in
Scheme 1, it is to be understood that a monomethoxybenzyl,
dimethoxybenzyl or allyl group can be used as R.sup.A.
The discussion above and reactions illustrated in Schemes 1 and 1A
illustrate a process for preparing lactosamine or a lactosammonium
salt from lactulose. In accordance with this process, lactulose is
admixed with a primary amine that is a monosubstituted ammonia
derivative whose nitrogen atom is bonded to a reductively removable
blocking group to form a reaction mixture. The blocked ammonia
derivative serves both as the reaction and solvent in this
process.
The blocked ammonia derivative (or primary amine) is present in a
2- to about 10-fold molar excess over the moles of lactulose
utilized. The primary amine is preferably present in about a 4- to
about 8-fold molar excess.
As noted before, primary amines containing other reductively
removable blocking groups are contemplated. Thus, allylamine and
p-methoxybenzylamine have been successfully used to form the
lactulose N-glycoside, and rearranged to the corresponding
N-substituted lactosamine.
The reaction mixture so formed is maintained at a temperature of
about 10.degree. C. to about 60.degree. C. for a time period
sufficient for the corresponding lactulose N-glycoside to form;
i.e., for the primary amine to replace the lactulose 2-hydroxyl
group. Temperatures from ambient room temperature (about 20.degree.
C.) to about 50.degree. C. are preferred.
The maintenance time is a function of several variables such as the
molar excess of primary amine, maintenance temperature, and the
amount of lactulose N-glycoside desired, and can range from about 8
hours, where little of the product is desired, to as much as two
weeks, using low temperatures and amounts of primary amine. For
example, when 4-7.5 molar excesses of primary amine (here,
benzylamine) were used, the reaction was complete after a
maintenance time of seven days at room temperature, but less than
50 percent complete over the same time when a 2-fold excess of
benzylamine was used under the same conditions. When the
maintenance temperature was raised to 50.degree. C., the reaction
using a 4-fold excess of amine was complete after two days (48
hours), whereas a 70.degree. C. reaction temperature caused
decomposition.
The presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as zinc chloride, zinc
trifluoromethanesulfonate or magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate in
the reaction medium increased the reaction rate so that reactions
using a 7.5-fold excess of benzylamine that were complete after
seven days at room temperature without catalyst were completed in
two days (48 hours). A similar result was obtained using
trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst, which is preferred.
Lactulose is insoluble in alcohol solvents, including methanol.
Lactulose can be dissolved in hot DMF and remain in solution after
cooling. Both methanol and DMF can be used as cosolvents with the
primary amine when an above-discussed catalyst is also present. For
example, when methanol was used as a cosolvent, no reaction was had
at either room temperature or 50.degree. C. However, when a zinc
chloride catalyst was used with a 4-fold excess of benzylamine and
methanol as cosolvent, the reaction was complete after 48 hours at
room temperature.
The lactulose N-glycoside prepared as discussed above is
hygroscopic, and is therefore used quickly after its preparation.
That N-glycoside is reacted with about 0.1 equivalents up to an
equivalent amount (for best yield) of a carboxylic acid having a
pK.sub.a value of about 2.5 to about 5.0 in a C.sub.1 -C.sub.3
alcohol solvent at a temperature of about 10.degree. C. to about
30.degree. C. to rearrange the lactulose N-glycoside into a
lactosammonium salt whose amine group is blocked with an above
reductively removable blocking group; i.e., an amine-blocked
lactosammonium salt having a reductively removable blocking group
bonded to the amine nitrogen atom.
The carboxylic acid utilized can be any of a number of such acids
as are well known in the art such as acetic (pK.sub.a =4.76),
propionic (pK.sub.a =4.88), butyric (pK.sub.1 =4.82), chloroacetic
(pK.sub.a =2.80), methoxyacetic (pK.sub.1 =3.52), and the like.
Glacial acetic acid is preferred. Exemplary C.sub.1 -C.sub.3
alcohols include methanol, which is preferred, ethanol, propanol
and iso-propanol. A reaction temperature of ambient room
temperature is preferred.
The concentration of lactulose N-glycoside can range from about
0.1M to substantial saturation. Typically utilized concentrations
are about 0.5 to about 1.5M in the solvent.
The reductively removable blocking group is then removed.
Hydrogenolysis using a palladium catalyst is a preferred process
for that removal, particularly where benzylamine or a
methoxybenzylamine is used. PMHS and Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 are used
where allylamine is the primary amine.
The above reduction can take place in any appropriate solvent for
the lactosammonium derivative. For example, hydrogenolysis can be
carried out in acidic water or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alcohol as above.
PMHS and Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 are typically utilized in THF or a
similar solvent.
A thus produced lactosammonium salt is generally recovered after
preparation, although, depending upon the solvent used and the use
to be put to the compound, recovery is not necessary. Where it is
desired to recover the lactosammonium salt, whose anion is the
anion form of the acid used in the reduction, can be obtained by
well known methods such as chromatography or precipitation. Free
lactosamine can be prepared from the salt by ion exchange
chromatography or by neutralization, followed by extraction of the
free base into an appropriate organic solvent.
The Compound 3-containing methanolic solution resulting from the
hydrogenolysis reaction, or another appropriate solution, was then
reacted with phthalic anhydride (PhthO) in the presence of a basic
catalyst such as Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 to form the N-phthalamide
half-acid, Compound 4. After a suitable amide half-acid, e.g.
Compound 4, was formed, any reactive solvent such as methanol was
removed. The hydroxyls of the disaccharide were then peracylated
and the phthalimide ring closed to provide peracetylated (Ac)
phthalimido Compound 5 in over 10 percent yield from starting
material.
An additional synthesis of a lactosammonium salt from lactulose is
also contemplated.
Here, lactulose is reacted in a stainless steel autoclave with an
equimolar amount of ammonium acetate and liquid ammonia as solvent,
the liquid ammonia being added to the autoclave cooled to
-78.degree. C. The resulting reaction mixture is warmed to a
temperature from zero degrees C. to about 80.degree. C., and
maintained for a period of about five hours to about five days,
depending upon the temperature used and desired conversion. This
reaction forms lactulose aminoglycoside.
After removing the ammonia and ammonium acetate, the latter being
typically removed under vacuum, the resulting ammonia-free material
is treated with a carboxylic acid as before to form the
lactosammonium salt, e.g. Compound 3. The lactosammonium salt is
also treated as discussed before to form Compound 5. The
.beta.-anomer of Compound 5 was recovered in 3.8 percent overall
yield in the first crystallization, where a reaction temperature of
35.degree. C. and reaction time of 24 hours was utilized in the
first reaction step.
Although the yield of Compound 5 was less using this procedure than
the previously discussed process, this process obviates the need
for reductive removal of the amine blocking group used in that
process. The palladium-containing catalyst used in that reduction
is the most expensive reagent utilized in these syntheses. It is
also noted that methanolic ammonia can be used as solvent rather
than liquid ammonia, thereby obviating the need for use of an
autoclave.
The amine of Compound 5 in Scheme 1 is shown bonded to R.sup.B and
R.sup.B groups that together with the depicted nitrogen atom form a
C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 cyclic imide such as an exemplary phthalimide
(Phth) in Compound 5. It is noted that succinic anhydride, maleic
anhydride, mono- and dimethylsuccinic anhydrides and citraconic
anhydride can also be used to form similar imides, so that R.sup.B
and R.sup.B together with the nitrogen atom form a corresponding
imide. A cyclic imide formed by the --NR.sup.B R.sup.B group
provides an amine protecting group that is stable under conditions
in which O-acyl groups such as acetate are removed, but can be
readily removed with hydrazine. It is also noted that an anhydride
need not be used, but can be replaced by a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl
half ester halide such as methyl phthaloyl chloride.
Compound 5 is shown as the .beta.-anomer. The .alpha.-acetate is
also formed and the yield of the desired .beta.-acetate can be
almost doubled by concentrating the mother liquor from which
Compound 5 was obtained to a foam followed by redissolution in DMF
and then reaction with hydrazinium acetate, which cleaved the
acetate group and caused formation of the .beta.-OH anomer. After
isolation of the reaction product by usual extraction techniques
and drying, dissolution of the dried material in pyridine,
treatment of the pyridine solution with excess acetic anhydride,
reaction, and a further extraction, an additional 8.3 percent
overall percent yield of Compound 5 was obtained. The final yield
of Compound 5 of 18.7 percent was obtained, based on starting
materials.
Reaction of Compound 5 with AlCl.sub.3 in dichloromethane at room
temperature provided a substantially quantitative yield of Compound
6.
Scheme 2, hereinafter, illustrates the transformation of Compound
6, peracetyl N-phthalimidolactosamine .beta.-chloride, into the
fully protected sialylated tetrasaccharide, Compound 13. Thus,
Compound 6 was reacted at ambient temperature for two hours in step
a with Compound 9, whose synthesis is discussed in the examples, in
the presence of molecular sieves, collidine and silver
trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) using dichloromethane as
solvent to prepare the corresponding trisaccharide. That fully
protected trisaccharide was first treated in step b with 80 percent
aqueous acetic acid for two hours at 80.degree. C. to remove the
benzylidene protecting group at the 4- and 6-positions of the
terminal Gal unit. Hydrazine hydrate was then reacted at reflux for
17 hours with the recovered, partially deprotected trisaccharide in
step c to remove the phthalimido and acetyl groups, and form the
completely deprotected trisaccharide. Reaction of the deprotected
trisaccharide in methanol:water (5:1) with diallylpyrocarbonate in
step d provided Compound 10, where AL is allyloxy carbonyl.
Where R.sup.2 is not a glycoside as described in the syntheses of
Scheme 2, and is rather a preferred C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl
group such as benzyl, the glycosylation steps a and b are omitted,
providing a tetrasaccharide of Formulas A, I or II, where R.sup.2
is other than mono- or disaccharide.
Compound 10 was then sialylated enzymatically in step e in an
aqueous buffer using .alpha.-(2,3)-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.6)
and a number of other enzymes. The reaction was followed by TLC for
10-12 days at ambient temperature, at which time more than 95
percent of Compound 10 had been consumed, and Compound 11 was
prepared.
Compound 11 was recovered as a thick syrup that was coevaporated
twice with pyridine and then kept under vacuum for 20 hours. The
thus dewatered material was redissolved in pyridine to which a
catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was added as was
acetic anhydride. Two more additions of acetic anhydride over the
ensuing 44 hours completed the acetylation reaction and formation
of a lactone with the sialyl carboxyl and a saccharide hydroxyl in
step f. Methanol was thereafter added to the recovered material to
form the sialyl methyl ester and thereafter, another addition of
acetic anhydride was made to acetylate the freed hydroxyl to form
completely protected Compound 12 in step g.
It should be apparent that Compounds 11 and 12 are compounds of
structural Formulas A and III. Using Compound 12 as exemplary, Z is
C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl (acetyl), X is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy
(acetoxy), R.sup.2 is 3Gal.beta.O-ethyl, R.sup.3 is acetyl, R.sup.4
is methyl and R.sup.1 is allyloxy. It should be equally apparent
that the before-mentioned other X groups for a compound of any of
the structural formulas are conveniently introduced at the
sialylation step. If it is desired that sialyl unit X substituents
that are C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6
hydroxylacyloxy be present in an inhibitor of structural Formulas I
or C, it is preferred that Compound 10 (or a disaccharide without
the 3Gal.beta.OR.sup.2 group) be peracetylated, the allyloxy
carbonyl group (AL) of Compound 10 be removed as in step h, and
replaced by one of the phenyl ring-containing R.sup.1 acyl groups
as in step c of Scheme 3. The molecule is then deprotected and
enzymatically sialylated and fucosylated as is discussed
hereinafter. For other of the R.sup.1-4 groups or a similar
compound of structural Formulas A, B or III, one can substitute the
3Gal.beta. glycoside R.sup.2 of Compound 9, the acylating agent of
steps f and g, and the esterifying alcohol of step f.
Treatment of recovered, dried Compound 12 with
polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in anhydrous THF at room temperature
followed by palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine
[Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 ] for 18 hours provided Compound 13 in 87
percent yield in step h. ##STR11##
Scheme 3, hereinafter, outlines one remaining synthesis to
illustrative inhibitor Compound 17 of Formulas I and C. Thus,
reaction of Compound 13 with one equivalent of glacial acetic acid
in aqueous methanol for 48 hours at 50.degree. C. provided
selective deacylation of the Glc 3-hydroxyl and gave Compound 14 in
65 percent yield in step a.
Compound 14 was then selectively benzoylated in step b in 83
percent yield by reaction with benzoyl chloride in dichloromethane
with solid sodium bicarbonate at room temperature for 24 hours to
form Compound 15. The alterative R.sup.1 groups of a compound of
structural Formulas A, I, II and III are added at this step or at
an analogous step where R.sup.2 is not a saccharide unit.
An organic chemical fucosylation was carried out in step c of
Scheme 3 by mixing Compound 15 with tri-O-benzyl fucosyl fluoride,
molecular sieves and tetramethylurea in dichloroethane, followed by
cooling to -20.degree. C. and addition of stannous chloride and
silver perchlorate. After warming slowly to room temperature and
stirring for 24 hours, Compound 16 was prepared in 77 percent
yield.
Compound 16 is thus a compound of structural Formulas A and B,
where Z is a blocked fucosyl group, as well as a compound of
Formula II. Use of alternative R.sup.5 groups provide the remaining
compounds of those structural formulas when combined with the
before-discussed X and R.sup.1-4 groups.
The O-benzyl blocking groups, R.sup.5, of the fucosyl saccharide
unit were removed in step d by hydrogenation using palladium
hydroxide on carbon [Pd(OH).sub.2 /C] in methanol as solvent.
Reaction for one hour at room temperature provided complete removal
of the O-benzyl groups. Filtration and concentration of the
debenzylated compound provided an oil that was redissolved in
methanol:water (4:1) to which was added sodium methoxide powder in
step e. After 16 hours of reaction at room temperature, a 72
percent yield of inhibitor Compound 17 was obtained.
Where R.sup.5 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl group, the hydrogenation
step is not used and the R.sup.5 C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl group is
removed along with the R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 groups. Use of an
R.sup.5 C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl group and the avoidance of a
hydrogenation step, also provides a route for synthesis of nitro
group-containing R.sup.1 groups. ##STR12##
Where the R.sup.2 group is a mono- or disaccharide, an
appropriately blocked mono- or disaccharide is used such as
Compound 9 of Scheme 2. For example, lactose, a lactose C.sub.1
-C.sub.18 glycoside or melibiose can be made into protected
(blocked) benzylidine derivatives similar to that of Compound 9 and
then used in the coupling step a of Scheme 2, and the resulting
product used in subsequent steps of Schemes 2 and 3.
It is to be understood that lactosamine and its derivatives can be
prepared by other methods well known to skilled workers. It is to
be further understood that the trisaccharide Compound 10 can be
prepared enzymatically by reaction of ethyl
3-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-.beta.-
D-galactoside using uridine-5'-diphosphate-galactosyl transferase
with UDP-Gal, and other appropriate enzymes following known
procedures. Similarly, Compound 11 can be fucosylated enzymatically
using a fucosyl transferase (FT), such as fucosyl transferase V, as
well as the nucleotide sugar donor GDP-fucose, and other enzymes
useful in the regeneration of GDP-fucose, using known procedures.
Of course, slight changes in the reaction schemes shown are
necessitated by those synthetic changes, but those changes are well
within the skill of an ordinary worker.
Still another useful synthetic procedure is shown in Scheme 4,
below. Here, the starting material is the free base, Compound 14a,
of Compound 14 of Scheme 3. ##STR13##
Thus, Compound 14a was reacted in step a with a slight excess of
carbobenzoxy chloride (CBZ-Cl) in dichloromethane, in the presence
of sodium bicarbonate followed by another equal amount of CBZ-Cl
about eighteen hours later to form the amine-protected Compound 39
in 65 percent yield. Step b of Scheme 4 is substantially the same
glycosylation step shown as step c of Scheme 3, with Compound 40
being formed in 73 percent yield, plus recovery of 17 percent
starting Compound 39.
The fucosylated free amine, Compound 41, was thereafter formed in
96 percent yield in step c by reaction with ten percent Pd-C in
ammonium formate in ethanol at reflux. The free amine of Compound
41 was thereafter reacted in step d with an acyl (YR.sup.1)
chloride in dichloromethane in the presence of sodium bicarbonate
to provide the corresponding hydroxy-blocked N-acylated compound,
here, the 3,5-dichlorbenzamide derivative, Compound 42, in high
yield. The hydroxyl groups were de-blocked by reaction in 28
percent sodium methoxide-methanol in substantially quantitative
yield.
The structures of several particularly preferred inhibitors,
Compounds 17, 30-38 and 43-51 have already been shown. Compounds
30-33 were prepared from their respective precursor Compounds 26-29
as described for conversion of Compound 16 into Compound 17 in
Scheme 3. Compounds 34-38 and 51 were prepared in manners analogous
to those of Scheme 3. Compounds 43-49 were prepared similarly,
using the general approach shown in Scheme 4. Compound 50 was
prepared following Scheme 3, using the reduction of Scheme 4, step
c. These are compounds of structural Formula I, as well as Formula
A.
D. Pharmaceutical Compositions
A pharmaceutical composition containing a contemplated SLe.sup.x
analogue compound dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or diluent is also contemplated. Such a
composition contains a cell adhesion-inhibiting amount of a
before-discussed, contemplated SLe.sup.x analogue compound.
As will be seen from the following disclosure, a cellular
adhesion-inhibiting amount can vary widely. That amount is,
however, sufficient to inhibit binding of cells that express sialyl
Le X on their cell surfaces to selectin, particularly E-selectin
(ELAM-1) preferably by about one-half or more. An exemplary
cellular adhesion-inhibiting amount is about 5 to about 60
mg/kg.
A contemplated pharmaceutical composition can be used to block or
inhibit cellular adhesion associated with a number of disorders.
For instance, a number of inflammatory disorders are associated
with selectins expressed on vascular endothelial cells and
platelets. The term "inflammation" is used here to refer to
reactions of both the specific and non-specific defense systems. A
specific defense system reaction is a specific immune system
reaction to an antigen. Exemplary of specific defense system
reactions include antibody response to antigens, such as viruses,
and delayed-type hypersensitivity. A non-specific defense system
reaction is an inflammatory response mediated by leukocytes
generally incapable of immunological memory. Such cells include
macrophages, eosinophils and neutrophils. Examples of non-specific
reactions include the immediate swelling after a bee sting, and the
collection of peripheral mononuclear (PMN) leukocytes at sites of
bacterial infection (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates in bacterial
pneumonia and pus formation in abscesses).
Other treatable disorders include, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis,
post-ischemic leukocyte-mediated tissue damage (reperfusion
injury), frost-bite injury or shock, acute leukocyte-mediated lung
injury (e.g., adult respiratory distress syndrome), asthma,
traumatic shock, septic shock, nephritis, and acute and chronic
inflammation, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and
inflammatory bowel disease. Various platelet-mediated pathologies
such as atherosclerosis and clotting can also be treated. In
addition, tumor metastasis can be inhibited or prevented by
inhibiting the adhesion of circulating cancer cells. Examples
include carcinoma of the colon and melanoma.
By way of example, reperfusion injury is particularly amenable to
treatment by a contemplated pharmaceutical composition. A
composition that inhibits a P-selectin-ligand interaction can be
particularly useful for treating or preventing reperfusion injury.
A contemplated pharmaceutical composition can be used
prophylactically prior to heart surgery to enhance postsurgical
recovery.
Because P-selectin is stored in Weibel-Palade bodies of platelets
and endothelial cells and is released upon activation by thrombin
to mediate adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes, inhibitors of the
P-selectin-ligand interaction can be especially useful in
minimizing tissue damage that often accompanies thrombotic
disorders. For instance, such inhibitors can be of therapeutic
value in patients who have recently experienced stroke, myocardial
infarctions, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, etc. The
compounds are especially useful in pre-thrombolytic therapy.
A contemplated composition finds particular use in treating the
secondary effects of septic shock or disseminated intravascular
coagulation (DIC). Leukocyte emigration into tissues during septic
shock or DIC often results in pathological tissue destruction.
Furthermore, these patients can have widespread microcirculatory
thrombi and diffuse inflammation. A therapeutic composition
provided herein inhibits leukocyte emigration at these sites and
mitigates tissue damage.
An inhibitor of a selectin-cellular SLe.sup.x ligand interaction is
also useful in treating traumatic shock and acute tissue injury
associated therewith. Because the E-selectin (ELAM-1) in cases of
acute injury and inflammation, inhibitors thereof can be
administered locally or systemically to control tissue damage
associated with such injuries. Moreover, because of the specificity
of such inhibitors for sites of inflammation, e.g., where ELAM-1
receptors are expressed, these compositions can be more effective
and less likely to cause complications when compared to traditional
anti-inflammatory agents.
Thus, the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical
composition that can be used in treating the aforementioned
conditions. A contemplated pharmaceutical composition is comprised
of a before-described SLe.sup.x analogue compound that inhibits the
interaction between a cellular SLe.sup.x ligand and a selectin
receptor, which compound is dissolved or dispersed in a
pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. A contemplated pharmaceutical
composition is suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery
systems. For a brief review of present methods for drug delivery,
see, Langer, Science, 249:1527-1533 (1990).
In light of the complexity of the inflammatory response in mammals,
one of skill will readily recognize that a contemplated
pharmaceutical composition can further include other compounds
known to interfere with the function of other cellular adhesion
molecules. For instance, members of the integrin family of adhesion
molecules are thought to play a role in the extravasation of
leukocytes at points of infection. For a review of intercellular
adhesion receptors, including selectin receptors, and their role
immune function, see Springer, Nature, 346:425-434 (1990). In
addition, successful treatment using a contemplated pharmaceutical
composition can also be determined by the state of development of
the condition to be treated. Because different adhesion molecules
can be up or down regulated in response to a variety of factors
during the course of the disease or condition, one of skill will
recognize that different pharmaceutical compositions can be
required for treatment of different inflammatory states.
In another embodiment, a before-described SLe.sup.x analogue
compound of the pharmaceutical composition can be used to target
conventional anti-inflammatory drugs or other agents to specific
sites of tissue injury. By using such a compound to target a drug
to a selectin receptor on, e.g., a vascular endothelial cell, such
drugs can achieve higher concentrations at sites of injury. Side
effects from the conventional anti-inflammatory chemotherapeutic
agents can be substantially alleviated by the lower dosages, the
localization of the agent at the injury sites and/or the
encapsulation of the agent prior to delivery.
The targeting component, i.e., the SLe.sup.x analogue compound that
binds to a selectin, can be directly or indirectly coupled to the
chemotherapeutic agent. The coupling, which can be performed by
means, generally known in the art, should not substantially inhibit
the ability of the ligand to bind the receptor nor should it
substantially reduce the activity of the chemotherapeutic agent. A
variety of chemotherapeutics can be coupled for targeting. For
example, anti-inflammatory agents that can be coupled include
immunomodulators, platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists,
cyclooxygenase inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, and leukotriene
antagonists. Some preferred moieties include cyclosporin A,
indomethacin, naproxen, FK-506, mycophenolic acid, etc. Similarly,
anti-oxidants, e.g., superoxide dismutase, are useful in treating
reperfusion injury when targeted by a contemplated saccharide
compound. Likewise, anticancer agents can be targeted by coupling
the SLe.sup.x analogue compound to the chemotherapeutic agent.
Examples of agents that can be coupled include daunomycin,
doxorubicin, vinblastine, bleomycin, etc. Here, again a C.sub.1
-C.sub.6 alkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene .omega.-carboxylate
R.sup.1 group can be used for coupling.
The selectin receptor targeting can also be accomplished via
amphipaths, or dual character molecules (polar:nonpolar) that exist
as aggregates in aqueous solution. Amphipaths include nonpolar
lipids, polar lipids, mono- and diglycerides, sulfatides,
lysolecithin, phospholipids, saponin, bile acids and salts. These
molecules can exist as emulsions and foams, micelles, insoluble
monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions and lamellar
layers. These are generically referred to herein as liposomes. In
these preparations the drug to be delivered is incorporated as part
of a liposome in conjunction with a SLe.sup.x analogue compound
that binds to the selectin receptor.
A contemplated SLe.sup.x analogue compound whose R.sup.2 group is a
C.sub.12 -C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl group is particularly useful in such
liposome preparation. Thus, liposomes filled with a desired
chemotherapeutic agent can be directed to a site of tissue injury
by the selectin-SLe.sup.x analogue compound interaction. When the
liposomes are brought into proximity of the affected cells, they
deliver the selected therapeutic compositions.
The liposomes of the present invention are formed standard
vesicle-forming lipids, which generally include neutral and
negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol.
The selection of lipids is generally guided by consideration of,
e.g., liposome size and stability of the liposomes in the
bloodstream.
Typically, the major lipid component in the liposomes is
phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholines having a variety of acyl
chain groups of varying chain length and degree of saturation are
available or may be isolated or synthesized by well-known
techniques. In general, less saturated phosphatidylcholines are
more easily sized, particularly when the liposomes must be sized
below about 0.3 microns, for purposes of filter sterilization.
Methods used in sizing and filter-sterilizing liposomes are
discussed below. The acyl chain composition of phospholipid can
also affect the stability of liposomes in the blood. One preferred
phosphatidylcholine is partially hydrogenated egg
phosphatidylcholine.
Targeting of liposomes using a variety of targeting agents (e.g.,
ligands, receptors and monoclonal antibodies) is well known in the
art. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,957,773 and 4,603,044, both of
which are incorporated herein by reference). Glycoproteins and
glycolipids of a variety of molecular weights can be used as
targeting agents. Typically, glycoproteins having a molecular
weight less than about 300,000 daltons, preferably between about
40,000 and about 250,000 are used, more preferably between about
75,000 and about 150,000. Glycolipids of molecular weight of less
than about 10,000 daltons, preferably between about 600 and about
4,000 are used.
Standard methods for coupling targeting agents to liposomes can be
used. These methods generally involve incorporation into liposomes
of lipid components, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, which can be
activated for attachment of targeting agents, or derivatized
lipophilic compounds, such as lipid derivatized bleomycin, in
addition to using a SLe.sup.x analogue compound for such
coupling.
Targeting mechanisms generally require that the targeting agents be
positioned on the surface of the liposome in such a manner that the
target agents are available for interaction with the selectin
receptor. The liposome is typically fashioned in such a way that a
connector portion is first incorporated into the membrane at the
time of forming the membrane. The connector portion has a
lipophilic portion that is firmly embedded and anchored in the
membrane. It also has a hydrophilic portion that is chemically
available on the aqueous surface of the liposome. The hydrophilic
portion is selected so that it is chemically suitable to form a
stable chemical bond with the targeting agent which is added later.
Therefore, the connector molecule has both a lipophilic anchor and
a hydrophilic reactive group suitable for reacting with the target
agent and holding the target agent in its correct position,
extended out from the liposome's surface. In some cases one can
attach the target agent to the connector molecule directly, but in
most instances it is more suitable to use a third molecule to act
as a chemical bridge, thus linking the connector molecule which is
in the membrane with the target agent which is extended, three
dimensionally, off the vesicle surface.
Liposome charge is an important determinant in liposome clearance
from the blood, with negatively charged liposomes being taken up
more rapidly by the reticuloendothelial system [Juliano, Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun., 63:651 (1975)] and thus having shorter
half-lives in the bloodstream. Liposomes with prolonged circulation
half-lives are typically desirable for therapeutic and diagnostic
uses. Liposomes that can be maintained from 8, 12, or up to 24
hours in the bloodstream provide sustained release of the
selectin-ligand inhibitors of the invention, or can facilitate
targeting of the inhibitors (which can be labeled to provide for in
vivo diagnostic imaging) to a desired site before being removed by
the reticuloendothelial system.
Typically, the liposomes are prepared with about 5-15 mole percent
negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol. Added negatively
charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol, also serves to
prevent spontaneous liposome aggregating, and thus minimize the
risk of undersized liposomal aggregate formation.
Membrane-rigidifying agents, such as sphingomyelin or a saturated
neutral phospholipid, at a concentration of at least about 50 mole
percent, and 5-15 mole percent of monosialylganglioside, can
provide increased circulation of the liposome preparation in the
bloodstream, as generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028,
incorporated herein by reference.
Additionally, the liposome suspension can include lipid-protective
agents that protect lipids and drug components against free-radical
and lipid-peroxidative damages on storage. Lipophilic free-radical
quenchers, such as alphatocopherol and water-soluble iron-specific
chelators, such as ferrioxianine, are preferred.
Several methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described
in, e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 2:467 (1980),
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728 and 4,837,028, incorporated
herein by reference. One method produces multilamellar vesicles of
heterogeneous sizes. In this method, the vesicle-forming lipids are
dissolved in a suitable organic solvent or solvent system and dried
under vacuum or an inert gas to form a thin lipid film. If desired,
the film can be redissolved in a suitable solvent, such as tertiary
butanol, and then lyophilized to form a more homogeneous lipid
mixture that is in a more easily hydrated powder-like form. This
film is covered with an aqueous solution of the targeted drug and
the targeting component and allowed to hydrate, typically over a
15-60 minute period with agitation. The size distribution of the
resulting multilamellar vesicles can be shifted toward smaller
sizes by hydrating the lipids under more vigorous agitation
conditions or by adding solubilizing detergents such as
deoxycholate.
The hydration medium contains the targeted drug at a concentration
that is desired in the interior volume of the liposomes in the
final liposome suspension. Typically the drug solution contains
between 10-100 mg/mL in a buffered saline. The concentration of the
targeting SLe.sup.x analogue compound which binds a selectin is
generally between about 0.1-20 mg/mL.
Following liposome preparation, the liposomes can be sized to
achieve a desired size range and relatively narrow distribution of
liposome sizes. One preferred size range is about 0.2-0.4 microns,
which allows the liposome suspension to be sterilized by filtration
through a conventional filter, typically a 0.22 micron filter. The
filter sterilization method can be carried out on a high
through-put basis if the liposomes have been sized down to about
0.2-0.4 microns.
Several techniques are available for sizing liposomes to a desired
size. One sizing method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,323,
incorporated herein by reference. Sonicating a liposome suspension
either by bath or probe sonication produces a progressive size
reduction down to small unilamellar vesicles less than about 0.05
microns in size. Homogenization is another method that relies on
shearing energy to fragment large liposomes into smaller ones. In a
typical homogenization procedure, multilamellar vesicles are
recirculated through a standard emulsion homogenizer until selected
liposome sizes, typically between about 0.1 and 0.5 microns, are
observed. In both methods, the particle size distribution can be
monitored by conventional laser-beam particle size
discrimination.
Extrusion of liposome through a small-pore polycarbonate membrane
or an asymmetric ceramic membrane is also an effective method for
reducing liposome sizes to a relatively well-defined size
distribution. Typically, the suspension is cycled through the
membrane one or more times until the desired liposome size
distribution is achieved. The liposomes can be extruded through
successively smaller-pore membranes, to achieve a gradual reduction
in liposome size.
Even under the most efficient encapsulation methods, the initial
sized liposome suspension can contain up to 50 percent or more drug
and targeting agent in free (non-encapsulated) form. Therefore, to
maximize the advantages of liposomal-targeted drug, it is important
to remove free drug and targeting agent from the final injectable
suspension.
Several methods are available for removing non-entrapped compound
from a liposome suspension. In one method, the liposomes in the
suspension are pelleted by high-speed centrifugation leaving free
compound and very small liposomes in the supernatant. Another
method involves concentrating the suspension by ultrafiltration,
then resuspending the concentrated liposomes in a drug-free
replacement medium. Alternatively, gel filtration can be used to
separate large liposome particles from solute molecules.
Following treatment to remove free drug and/or targeting agent, the
liposome suspension is brought to a desired concentration for use
in intravenous administration. This can involve resuspending the
liposomes in a suitable volume of injection medium, where the
liposomes have been concentrated, for example by centrifugation or
ultrafiltration, or concentrating the suspension, where the drug
removal step has increased total suspension volume. The suspension
is then sterilized by filtration as described above. The
liposome-ligand preparation may be administered parenterally or
locally in a dose which varies according to, e.g., the manner of
administration, the drug being delivered, the particular disease
being treated, etc.
For a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a SLe.sup.x
analogue compound that binds to selectin receptors and inhibits
binding thereto by SLe.sup.x ligand-containing cells, the dose of
the compound varies according to, e.g., the particular compound,
the manner of administration, the particular disease being treated
and its severity, the overall health and condition of the patient,
and the judgment of the prescribing physician. For example, for the
treatment of reperfusion injury, the dose of a contemplated
SLe.sup.x analogue compound is in the range of about 50 .mu.g to
10,000 mg/day for a 70 kg patient. Ideally, therapeutic
administration should begin as soon as possible after the
myocardial infraction or other injury. A pharmaceutical composition
is intended for parenteral, topical, oral or local administration,
such as by aerosol or transdermally, for prophylactic and/or
therapeutic treatment. A pharmaceutical composition can be
administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the
method of administration. For example, unit dosage forms suitable
for oral administration include powder, tablets, pills, capsules
and dragees.
Preferably, a pharmaceutical composition is administered
intravenously. Thus, this invention provides a composition for
intravenous administration that comprises a solution of a
contemplated SLe.sup.x analogue compound dissolved or dispersed in
a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent (carrier), preferably an
aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers can be used, e.g.,
water, buffered water, 0.4 percent saline, and the like. These
compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well known
sterilization techniques, or can be sterile filtered. The resulting
aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized,
the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous
solution prior to administration. A composition can contain
pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to
approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and
buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and the
like, for example, sodium acetate, sodium lactate, sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sorbitan monolaurate,
triethanolamine oleate, etc.
The concentration of SLe.sup.x analogue compound utilized is
usually at or at least about 1 percent to as much as 10 to 30
percent by weight and is selected primarily by fluid volumes
viscosities, etc., in according with the particular mode of
administration selected. As described above, the composition
components can be delivered via liposome preparations.
Thus, a typical pharmaceutical composition for intravenous infusion
can be made up to contain 250 ml of sterile Ringer's solution, and
25 mg of the SLe.sup.x analogue compound. Actual methods for
preparing parenterally administrable compounds are known or
apparent to those skilled in the art and are described in more
detail in for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th
ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), which is
incorporated herein by reference.
For solid compositions, conventional nontoxic solid diluents
(carriers) may be used which include, for example, pharmaceutical
grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium
saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium
carbonate, and the like. For oral administration, a
pharmaceutically acceptable nontoxic composition is formed by
incorporating any of the normally employed excipients, such as
those carriers previously listed, and generally 10-95 percent of
active ingredient, that is, a before-described SLe.sup.x analogue
compound, preferably about 20 percent (see, Remington's,
supra).
For aerosol administration, a contemplated SLe.sup.x analogue
compound is preferably supplied in finely divided from along with a
surfactant and propellant. Typical percentages of a SLe.sup.x
analogue compound are about 0.5 to about 30 percent by weight, and
preferably about 1 to about 10 percent. The surfactant must of
course, be nontoxic, and preferably soluble in the propellant.
Representative of such agents are the esters or partial esters of
fatty acids containing from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, such as caproic,
octanoic, lauric, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, olesteric
and oleic acids with an aliphatic polyhydric alcohol or its cyclic
anhydride such as, for example, ethylene glycol, glycerol,
erythritol, arabitol, manitol, sorbitol, the hexitol anhydrides
derived from sorbitol, and the polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene
derivatives of these esters. Mixed esters, such as mixed or natural
glycerides can be employed. The surfactant can constitute about 0.1
to about 20 percent by weight of the composition, and preferably
about 0.25 to about 5 percent. The balance of the composition is
ordinarily propellant. Liquefied propellants are typically gases at
ambient conditions, and are condensed under pressure. Among
suitable liquefied propellants are the lower alkanes containing up
to 5 carbons, such as butane and propane; and preferably
fluorinated or fluorochlorinated alkanes. Mixtures of the above can
also be employed. In producing the aerosol, a container equipped
with a suitable valve is filled with the appropriate propellant,
containing the finely divided compounds and surfactant. The
ingredients are thus maintained at an elevated pressure until
released by action of the valve.
A pharmaceutical composition containing a SLe.sup.x analogue
compound can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic
treatments. In therapeutic application, a composition is
administered to a patient already suffering from a disease, as
described above, in an amount sufficient to inhibit binding between
cells expressing a selectin and neutrophils or HL-60 cells; i.e.,
cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and
its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined
as "therapeutically effective dose" or "a cell adhesion-inhibiting
amount". Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity of
the disease and the weight and general state of the patient, but
generally range from about 0.5 mg to about 10,000 mg of SLe.sup.x
analogue compound per day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages of from
about 5 mg to about 2,000 mg of a compound per day being more
commonly used.
In prophylactic application, a composition containing a
contemplated compound is administered to a patient susceptible to
or otherwise at risk of a particular disease. Such an amount is
defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose" and is also an
amount sufficient to inhibit adhesion (binding) of SLe.sup.x
-containing cells to selectin. In this use, the precise amounts
again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, but
generally range from about 0.5 mg to about 2,000 mg per 70 kilogram
patient, more commonly from about 5 mg to about 2,000 mg per 70 kg
of body weight.
Another way to assess an adhesion-inhibiting amount of a
contemplated SLe.sup.x analogue compound is to compare binding
inhibition exhibited by the SLe.sup.x analogue compound to that
provided by SLe.sup.x itself. One convenient way to make that
comparison is by use of IC.sub.50 (the concentration needed to
inhibit binding by one-half) of the two compared material, and bas
the amount used on the amount of SLe.sup.x and an amount of the
SLe.sup.x analogue compound that is a multiple of the IC.sub.50
value for that compound.
Typically, a compound whose IC.sub.50 value is about one-tenth that
of SLe.sup.x itself, when used at ten times the molar amount of
SLe.sup.x is a useful cell adhesion-inhibiting amount. More
preferably, the amount is about four times the amount of SLe.sup.x.
More preferably still, the amount is equal to that of SLe.sup.x.
Most preferably, as is the case with most of the SLe.sup.x analogue
compounds described herein, the amount used is less than the amount
of SLe.sup.x used such as about one-half to about one-tenth the
molar amount of SLe.sup.x itself.
Single or multiple administrations of a composition can be carried
out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating
physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should
provide a quantity of a SLe.sup.x analogue compound sufficient to
effectively treat the patient.
The compounds can also find use as diagnostic reagents. For
example, labeled compounds can be used to locate areas of
inflammation or tumor metastasis in a patient suspected of having
an inflammation. For this use, the compounds can be labeled with
.sup.125 I, .sup.14 C, or tritium.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Lactulose N-Benzyl Glycoside (Compound 1)
A 500 mL 3-neck round bottom flask was immersed in an ice bath and
charged with lactulose (23.9 gm, 69.8 mmol) and benzylamine (109
mL, 526 mmol, 7.5 equivalent). The flask was then capped and
stirred using a magnetic stirbar. The ice bath was permitted to
melt and the reaction was permitted to slowly warm to room
temperature. Dissolution of the solid material occurred over
several hours and the reaction became yellow in color. TLC in
60:50:15 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH:15 mM CaCl.sub.2 can be used to monitor
the progress of the reaction (lactulose R.sub.f =0.45, product
R.sub.f =0.75, orcinol visualization).
The reaction was quite slow and appeared to reach completion in 5-7
days. At the time the reaction was judged to be complete, the
stirbar was removed from the reaction, the flask was fitted with an
overhead mechanical stirrer, and the apparatus was immersed in an
ice bath. Hexane (250 mL) was then added to the flask and the
mixture was stirred vigorously for approximately 60 seconds.
Stirring was then discontinued and the mixture was permitted to
separate into two distinct layers (this separation takes from 15
minutes to one hour). At this time, the upper hexane/benzylamine
layer was removed through a tube by suction. Extraction of
benzylamine was repeated twice more using hexane (250 mL portions)
and then was done three more times using 250 mL portions of diethyl
ether (all extractions were done on ice).
After these extractions were performed a viscous pale yellow
residue was left. This material was dissolved in ethanol (300 mL)
and was transferred to a 2 liter single neck round bottom flask.
The yellow solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a
thick syrup. Reagent grade acetone (1000 mL) was then rapidly
stirred with a magnetic stirbar at zero degrees C., and the
solution was then slowly treated with the ethanolic syrup. As the
syrup was slowly added, a milky white precipitate began to form.
After addition was complete, the flask was capped and stored in a
-20.degree. C. freezer overnight (about 18 hours). After removal
from the freezer, a white solid cake was apparent at the bottom of
the flask and the supernatant was clear yellow. The solution was
then decanted off and the crude solid Compound 1 was pulled under
high vacuum to remove residual acetone. The product (Compound 1) is
a very unstable solid and was used immediately in the next
reaction.
Example 2
N-benzyl Lactosamine Acetate Salt (Compound 2)
The crude product (Compound 1) from above (30.1 gm, 69.8 mmol,
theoretical) was dissolved in 1000 mL of reagent grade methanol and
was stirred at room temperature. Glacial acetic acid (4 mL, 70
mmol) was then added and the flask was capped. The pale yellow
reaction mixture was permitted to stir at room temperature and was
monitored by TLC in the same solvent system as described above. The
product Compound 2 appeared at R.sub.f =0.65 (residual lactulose is
noticeable by TLC from the beginning of this reaction but its
amount does not seem to increase substantially as the reaction
progresses). When Compound 1 appeared to have been completely
consumed by TLC (24-48 hours), 100 .mu.L was withdrawn from the
reaction mixture and was evaporated under a stream of argon. The
yellow residue was then dissolved in CD.sub.3 OD and evaporated
again to a yellow residue. This material was then dissolved in
D.sub.2 O and was analyzed by .sup.1 H-NMR.
This crude solution of Compound 2 was then used in the next
reaction. For yield calculation purposes, a small aliquot of known
volume can be removed from the reaction mixture, concentrated to
dryness, dissolved in H.sub.2 O, brought to pH >10, and
chromatographed using reverse phase silica gel flash chromatography
first eluting with H.sub.2 O and then with 2:1 H.sub.2 O:MeOH.
Typical yields from lactulose were 50-55 percent. .sup.1 H-NMR (300
MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to HOD) 7.44 (m, 5H), 5.49 (d, J=3 Hz,
1H), 5.05 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=8 Hz,
2H), 4.35 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.5 (m, 11H), 3.24 (dd, J=3 Hz,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J=8 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (s, 3H).
Example 3
Lactosamine Acetate Salt (Compound 3)
The 2 liter flask containing the crude acidic methanolic solution
of Compound 2 from the previous reaction was equipped with a
three-way stopcock and was put through an argon/vacuum/purge cycle
three times using a balloon of argon and a house vacuum line. The
flask was opened and 10 percent palladium on carbon was added (7.4
gm, 6.98 mmol). The flask was then re-equipped with a three-way
stopcock and put through a vacuum/purge cycle three times using
hydrogen gas. The reaction was then held under a hydrogen
atmosphere using a balloon.
The reaction was monitored closely by TLC (product R.sub.f =0.2).
When starting material was consumed, a 100 .mu.L aliquot was
withdrawn, placed in an eppendorf tube, spun in a microfuge, and
the clear supernatant was removed and was used to prepare an NMR
sample as in the previous reaction. Once the NMR showed complete
loss of Compound 2, the slurry was filtered through a plug of
celite on a medium porosity sintered glass funnel using methanol.
The clear yellow solution was then concentrated by rotary
evaporation to 140 mL in a 500 mL round bottom flask and used crude
in the following reaction. Compound 3: .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz,
.delta. in ppm relative to HOD) 5.40 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=8
Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.5 (m, 11H), 3.28 (dd, J=3 Hz,
J=8 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=7 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H).
Example 4
2-Deoxy-2-(2'-carboxy)-benzamido-4-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-gl
ucopyranoside (Compound 4) and
1,3,6-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-0-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta
.-D-galactopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside (Compound 5)
The crude acidic methanolic solution of Compound 3 was diluted with
14 mL of H.sub.2 O and treated with sodium carbonate (29.7 gm, 280
mmol) followed by phthalic anhydride (20.7 gm, 140 mmol). The
reaction was watched carefully because some foaming occurs
initially. After four hours, the reaction was complete, and the
slurry was filtered through a sintered glass funnel to remove
residual sodium carbonate and phthalate-based material. The
filtrate was then concentrated to a paste first by rotary
evaporation and then under high vacuum to provide Compound 4.
Removing as much of the trace methanol and H.sub.2 O left in the
material is essential to avoid side reaction with acetic anhydride
in the following acetylation.
When the material was judged to be dry enough, pyridine (212 mL)
was added followed by acetic anhydride (106 mL, 1.12 mol). The
mixture was shaken manually at first to promote dissolution, but
once an initial exotherm began to occur, dissolution proceeded and
magnetic stirring was then used. After stirring overnight (about 18
hours), TLC in 20:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH indicated preponderance of one
major UV active spot which cospotted with authentic Compound 5. The
solution was cooled to zero degrees C., treated with 32 mL of
H.sub.2 O, and stirred for 15 minutes to hydrolyze excess acetic
anhydride. The solution was then diluted to 1000 mL with
dichloromethane and washed (3.times.1000 mL) with 2N HCl,
(3.times.1000 mL) with saturated NaHCO.sub.3, and (1.times.1000 mL)
with saturated NaCl. The organic solution was then dried
(MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated to a crude product. .sup.1
H-NMR was then run in CDCl.sub.3 and indicated an approximately 1:1
mixture of .alpha.- and .beta.-anomers. This crude product was
dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (about 30 mL) and
crystallization ensued within a matter of minutes. After remaining
at room temperature for several hours, the solid was collected by
filtration and rinsed with ice cold methanol. After air drying the
product, pure Compound 5 was collected (5.6 gm, 10.4 percent) as a
white powder. .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to
CHCl.sub.3) 7.90-7.70 (m, 4H), 6.50 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (dd,
J=10.5 Hz, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=8 Hz,
J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56-3.83 (m,
9H), 2.20-1.90 (7s, 21H).
Example 5
Conversion of
1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta
.-D-galactopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside to Compound 5
The .alpha.-acetate-containing mother liquor from the
crystallization of Compound 5 discussed above was concentrated to a
foam and dissolved in DMF (110 mL). This solution was stirred under
argon at 55.degree. C. Hydrazinium acetate (9.5 gm, 104 mmol) was
then added. After 15 minutes, TLC in 20:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH
indicated complete loss of starting material and appearance of a
slightly lower R.sub.f spot. The reaction was cooled to room
temperature and diluted to 1000 mL with ethyl acetate. The solution
was then washed (2.times.1000 mL) with H.sub.2 O and (1.times.1000)
with saturated NaCl. The organics were dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered
and concentrated.
The crude concentrated product was dissolved in pyridine 50 mL and
treated with acetic anhydride (25 mL). After stirring overnight
(about 18 hours), TLC in 20:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH indicated
preponderance of one major UV active spot that cospotted with
authentic Compound 5. The solution was cooled to zero degrees C.,
treated with 7.5 mL of H.sub.2 O, and stirred for 15 minutes to
hydrolyze excess acetic anhydride. The solution was diluted to 250
mL with dichloromethane and washed (3.times.250 ML) with 2N HCl,
(3.times.250 mL) with saturated NaHCO.sub.3, and (1.times.250 mL)
with saturated NaCl. The organic solution was dried (MgSO.sub.4),
filtered, and concentrated to a crude product. The crude product
was then dissolved in a minimum of methanol and once again
crystallization occurred. After several hours, the solid Compound 5
was isolated as before to provide another crop of product (4.4 gm,
8.3 percent) as a white powder. Overall yield of Compound 5 for two
crops, 18.7 percent, 10 gm.
Example 5A
Alternative Preparation of Compound 5 from Lactulose
A. Lactulose aminoglycoside (Compound 1A)
A 300 mL stainless steel autoclave containing a stirbar, lactulose
(17.1 g, 50 mmol), and ammonium acetate (3.85 g, 50 mmol) was
cooled to -78.degree. C. and charged with 80 mL of liquid ammonia.
The autoclave was sealed and allowed to warm to room temperature
with stirring. Once the autoclave had reached room temperature, it
was placed in an oil bath and heated to 35.degree. C. for 24 hours.
The autoclave was then cooled to room temperature and carefully
vented to the atmosphere. Once all of the ammonia had dissipated,
approximately two hours, the entire autoclave was placed in a
vacuum desiccator containing phosphorous pentoxide and carefully
put under high vacuum. After being held under high vacuum
overnight, the contents of the autoclave had become a pale yellow
foam. The compound was quite hygroscopic and was quickly removed
from the autoclave and placed in a sealed jar. This material was
used crude in the following reaction.
B. Lactosamine acetate (Compound 2A)
Lactulose aminoglycoside (Compound 10) (3.41 gm, 10 mmol) was
dissolved in 100 mL of anhydrous methanol and stirred at room
temperature under argon. Glacial acetic acid (572 uL, 10 mmol) was
then added. After 24 hours, the yellow solution was concentrated to
a foam that appeared to contain lactosamine acetate salt as a 1:1
mixture of .alpha. and .beta. anomers. Two other products were
apparent which are thought to be the .alpha. and .beta. anomers of
galactopyranosyl mannosamine. This product was used crude in the
following reaction.
Compound 5 was then prepared from Compound 2A by using the crude
material obtained in step B., above, with the procedures of Example
4 at about 1/7-1/10 scale. Acetone constituted about one-third of
the solvent utilized to form the phthalamide half-acid. The
ultimately produced peracetyl phthalimide (Compound 5) was prepared
in 3.8 percent yield based on lactulose, with no second crop of
crystals being sought.
Example 6
1-Chloro-3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-
.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-glycopyranoside (Compound
6)
The anomeric acetate (Compound 5) (3.3 gm, 4.3 mmol) was stirred in
43 mL of dry CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 under argon at room temperature.
Aluminum trichloride (2.9 gm, 21.5 mmol) was then added as a solid.
After 40 minutes, the mixture was rinsed into a separatory funnel
to a volume of 400 mL in 1:1 CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 :H.sub.2 O. The
mixture was shaken, the aqueous phase removed, and the organic
solution was washed 2.times.200 mL with H.sub.2 O and 3.times.200
mL with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 solution. The clear pale yellow
solution was then dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered and concentrated to
a pale yellow powder (3.2 gm, 10096). This material was then used
for the condensation in Example 7.
Example 7
Ethyl .beta.-D galactopyranoside (Compound 7)
A solution of 2,3,4,6,-tetra-O-acetyl-galactosyl bromide (2.5 kg)
in dichloromethane (4 L) was added at a rate of 20-25 mL/minute to
a reactor charged with silver carbonate (3.13 kg, 11.4 mol), 4
.ANG. molecular sieves (2.37 kg), dichloromethane (16 L), and
anhydrous ethanol (4.0 L). Agitation was maintained to provide
vigorous mixing of the reagents. Two hours after complete addition
of the bromide solution was achieved, TLC on silica gel developed
with hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1 showed no bromide present. At that
time the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad (1 kg),
and the filtrate was evaporated at 30-35.degree. C. under vacuum to
give a brown oil (1.95 kg). This oil was dried under vacuum for 17
hours. .sup.1 H-NMR (CDCL.sub.3) .delta.: 5.36(1H, d, J.sub.3,4
=3.7Hz, H-4), 5.17(1H, dd, J.sub.2,3 =11.0 Hz, H-2), 4.99(1H,
dd,H-3), 4.46(1H, d, J.sub.1,2 =8.3 Hz, H-1), 2.15, 2.05, 2.04,
1.95(12H, 4s, OAc), 1.21(3H, t, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3).
The crude ethyl tetraacetyl galactopyranoside (1.95 kg) was
dissolved in anhydrous methanol (11.7 L) and a 25 percent sodium
methoxide in methanol solution (90 mL) was added dropwise. The
solution was stirred for one hour at which time TLC on silica gel
developed with ethyl acetate:methanol 2:1 showed no starting
material to be present. The product had an R.sub.f =0.6. The
solution was neutralized by the addition of Amberlite
IR-120(H.sup.+) resin (0.6 kg) and stirring. When the solution
pH=6-7, the resin was removed by filtration and the filtrate was
evaporated under vacuum to afford a pale yellow solid. This solid
was dissolved in boiling ethanol (11 L). The resulting solution was
permitted to cool to 25.degree. C. and then cooled to zero degrees
C. to give a white precipitate. Filtration of this solid gave ethyl
.beta.-D-galactopyranoside, Compound 7, (0.851 kg). .sup.1 H-NMR
(D.sub.2 O) .delta.: 4.38(1H, d, J.sub.1,2 =8.0 Hz, H-1), 3.89(1H,
bd, J.sub.3,4 =3.7 Hz, H-4), 1.2(3H, t, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3).
Example 8
Ethyl 4,6-O-benzyliden-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 8)
Ethyl .delta.-D-galactopyranoside, Compound 7, (0.851 kg, 4.09 mol)
was charged into a 20 L rotovap flask with toluene sulfonic acid
(1.5 g, 7.9 mmol). The evaporator flask was fixed to the evaporator
and benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (1.23 L, 8.18 mol) was added by
aspiration. The mixture was tumbled for four hours. Between thirty
and forty minutes after addition of the acetal, near complete
solution was obtained followed rapidly by the appearance of a heavy
precipitate. Rotation was continued for four hours at which time
triethylamine (1.5 mL) was added to neutralize the reaction
mixture. A vacuum was applied and the solvent was removed to give a
solid mass. Hexane (6 L) was charged into the flask and the mixture
tumbled for 0.5 hours. The resulting solid was filtered and washed
on the filter with hexane:ethyl ether 1:1 (2 L). The white solid so
obtained was dried under vacuum for 17 hours to give pure ethyl
4,6-O-benzyliden-.alpha.-D-galactopyranoside Compound 8, (1.0 kg,
3.38 mol) in 83 percent yield. .sup.1 H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.:
7.53(2H, m, aromatics), 7.37(3H, m, aromatics), 5.57(1H, s, CHPh),
4.29(1H, d, J.sub.1,2 =7.0Hz, H-1), 4.21(1H, d, J.sub.3,4 =3.27Hz,
H-4), 1.29(3H, t, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3).
Example 9
Ethyl 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-.alpha.-D-galactopyranoside
(Compound 9)
Ethyl 4,6-O-benzyliden-.alpha.-D-galactopyranoside, Compound 8,
(0.924 kg, 3.12 mol) was put into a 20 liter reactor equipped with
an air drive, a pressure equalizing addition funnel with gas inlet,
cooling bath, and a gas outlet. Before sealing the flask,
dichloromethane (9.3 L) and pyridine (2 L) were added, which gave a
homogeneous solution. The addition funnel was charged with
chloroacetyl chloride (0.388 kg, 3.43 mol, 273 mL) as a 60 percent
solution in dichloromethane. The flask was sealed and a low flow of
dry nitrogen was begun. The bath was cooled to
-65.degree..+-.5.degree. C. and the reaction mixture was stirred
for 30 minutes. At that time dropwise addition of the acyl chloride
solution was begun at a rate of 3-4 mL per minute. After complete
addition of this solution, the reaction mixture was maintained at
-65.degree..+-.5.degree. C. for an additional one hour. At that
time benzoyl chloride (0.614 kg, 4.37 mol, 0.507 L) was added to
the reaction mixture at a rate of 8-12 mL per minute. The reaction
mixture was permitted to warm to room temperature and left for 17
hours. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove precipitated
salts, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to remove most of
the dichloromethane. A small sample was set aside for .sup.1 H-NMR.
.sup.1 H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 5.75(1H, dd, J.sub.2,3 =10.6Hz,
H-2), 5.56(1H, s, CHPh), 5.25(1H, dd, J.sub.3,4 =3.44Hz, H-3),
4.69(1H, d, J.sub.1,2 =8.48Hz, H-1), 4.48(1H, bd, H-4), 1.15(3H, t,
OCH.sub.2 H.sub.3).
Water (180 mL) was added to the concentrate and the resulting
mixture was agitated for two hours at 40.degree. C. At that time,
the reaction mixture was further concentrated to give a yellow
residue that was dissolved in dichloromethane (11 L) and
transferred to a 50 liter extractor. The organic solution was
successively extracted with ice cold aqueous 0.5N HCl (11 L),
aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (11 L), and cold water
(11 L). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate
(1.0 kg), filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to give a
yellow solid that was dried under high vacuum. This reaction was
monitored by TLC on silica gel developed with hexane:ethyl acetate
1:1. This solid was dissolved in hot ethanol (9.5 L) that, after
cooling and filtration, gave ethyl
2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside, Compound
9, (0.737 kg, 1.85 s, CBPh), 5.36(1H, dd, J.sub.2,3 =10.07 Hz,
H-2), 4.64(1H, d, J.sub.1,2 =8.21Hz, H-1), 1.15(3H, t, OCH.sub.2
CH.sub.3).
To confirm that the benzoate was at the C-2 and that C-3 carried a
free hydroxyl group, a drop of trichloroacetyl isocyanate was added
to the nmr sample and the spectrum was reacquired. This spectrum
contained a low field doublet of doublets at .delta.=5.27 typical
of H-3 of galactose which is esterified at C-3. The original
filtrate obtained from the reaction mixture contained additional
quantities of product.
Example 10
Ethyl
(.beta.-D-Galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy-.beta.-D
-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside Compound
10)
To a mixture of ethyl
2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzyliden-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside, Compound
9, (0.76 g, 1.9 mmol), 4 .ANG. molecular sieves (2 g),
dichloromethane (10 mL), collidine (0.278 mL, 2.1 mmol), and silver
trifluoromethanesulfonate (0.522 g, 2 mmol) cooled to -25.degree.
C. was added dropwise a solution of
4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-3,4,6-tri-O-acet
yl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl chloride (Compound
6; 1.484 g, 2 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL). The
resulting mixture was stirred and warmed to ambient temperature
after complete addition of the chloride. After two hours, the
mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and filtered. The filtrate
was washed successively with aqueous sodium bisulfite, aqueous
hydrochloric acid, aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate, and finally
water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,
filtered and evaporated to give a solid mass that was
recrystallized from dichloromethane:hexane.
The resulting fully blocked trisaccharide (0.66 g) was treated with
80 percent aqueous acetic acid (5 mL) at 80.degree. C. for two
hours at which time the solvent was removed by evaporation. The
residue was coevaporated with toluen-ethyl acetate two times to
give a residue that was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL). Hydrazine
hydrate (0.3 mL) was added and the resulting mixture was refluxed
for 17 hours to give a precipitate that was filtered to give a
solid (0.45 g) after drying. This solid was dissolved in
methanol:water 5:1 and treated with diallylpyrocarbonate (0.166 mL)
for one hour. The resulting mixture was evaporated and partitioned
between dichloromethane and water. The aqueous layer was separated
and concentrated to provide Compound 10 as a residue that
solidified upon trituration with ethyl acetate:acetone 2:1.
This provided the title trisaccharide (Compound 10) which was
enzymatically sialylated to give ethyl [sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosylonate)
]-(2-3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyrano
2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-O-.beta.-D-gal
actopyranoside (Compound 11) which was identical to that produced
in the following procedure.
Example 11
Ethyl [sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosylonate)
]-(2-3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy
-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside
(Compound 11)
The following describes the enzymatic conversion of a disaccharide
(Compound 9) to produce the title compound (Compound 11) using
galactosyl transferase and sialyl transferase.
To water (12 L), N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazin-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic
acid] (0.410 Kg) was added and the pH of the resulting solution was
adjusted to 7.5. Bovine serum albumin (17 g) was added and the
mixture stirred until a complete solution was obtained. Ethyl
3-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-.beta.-
D-galactopyranoside (Compound 9) (0.3 kg), glucose-1-phosphate
(0.271 kg), phosphoenolpyruvate (0.177 kg), potassium chloride
(0.087 kg), sodium azide (8.4 g), and uridine-5'-diphosphate (8.76
g) were added and the resulting mixture stirred until all of the
solids are dissolved. Manganese chloride (1M, 506 mL) and magnesium
chloride (1M, 168 mL) were then added. Pyruvate kinase (42,000 U),
uridin.alpha.-5'-diphosphate-glycose pyrophosphorylase (2,000 U),
inorganic pyrophosphatase (8,400 U),
uridin.alpha.-5'-diphosphate-galactose epimerase (91,000 U), and
uridine-5'-diphosphate-galactosyl transferase (8,850 U) were then
added. The final volume of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 17
L with water. After 48 hours magnesium chloride (1M, 340 mL) was
added. The reaction was monitored by TLC on silica gel developed
with isopropanol:1M ammonium acetate 4:1. After 8-9 days TLC
indicated that the reaction had proceeded to >95 percent at
which time the following solution was prepared.
A solution of N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic
acid] (0.528 kg) was prepared in water (15 L) and the pH of the
resulting solution was adjusted to 7.5. Bovine serum albumin (22
g), sodium azide (11.5 g), sialic acid (0.242 kg),
phosphoenolpyruvate (0.395 kg), cytidine-5'-monophosphate (25 g),
adenosin.alpha.-5'-triphosphate (4.7 g), manganese chloride (1M,
780 mL) are added. To this solution was added pyruvate kinase
(207,000 U), myokinase (125,000 U),
cytidin.alpha.-5'-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase
(3245 U), inorganic pyrophosphatase (9400 U), and
.alpha.-2,3-sialyltransferase (1640 U). The volume of this mixture
was adjusted to 22 L and this solution was added to the galactosyl
transferase reaction. The reaction was monitored by TLC on silica
gel developed with isopropanol: 1M ammonium acetate 4:1. After
10-12 days, TLC indicated that the reaction had proceeded to give
>95 percent of the title compound, Compound 11.
Example 12
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-nonulopyranosylonate) ]-(2-3)-O-(2,4,
6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(3,6-di-O-acetyl-2-N-all
yloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.
beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 12)
A solution (40 L) of ethyl [sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosylonate)
]-(2-3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy
-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 11)
was filtered through paper. The filtrate was evaporated to a thick
syrup in a 50 L rotavapor. The syrup was coevaporated twice with
pyridine (2.times.2 L), then kept under vacuum for 20 hours. The
evaporation flask was charged with a solution of
N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (20 g) in pyridine (12 L). The rotavapor
bath was charged with ice-water mixture, and rotation was continued
while acetic anhydride (6 L) was added during a period of one hour.
Two hours after complete addition, more acetic anhydride (2 L) was
added and the resulting mixture was left for 20 hours rotating
slowly at room temperature. To ensure compete acetylation, more
acetic anhydride (1 L) was added and the mixture was rotated for an
additional 24 hours. The reaction was checked by TLC (ethyl
acetate: hexane:ethanol, 10:10:3).
Upon complete reaction vacuum was applied and 14 L of distillate
were collected. To the resulting residue, methanol (15 L) was added
over a period of one hour and the mixture was rotated at room
temperature for 20 hours. At this time, TLC on silica gel (ethyl
acetate:hexane:ethanol, 10:10:3 and dichloromethane:acetone 3:2)
showed complete conversion of the lactone to a slower-moving spot
that was the methyl ester monohydroxy compound. The mixture was
then concentrated (18 L evaporated) and the mixture was cooled in
ice water while acetic anhydride (3 L) was added over a period of
30 minutes. The mixture was left for 20 hours. TLC on silica gel
(dichloromethane:acetone 3:2) showed complete acetylation with the
product running slightly faster.
Methanol (1 L) was added to destroy excess acetic anhydride during
which a slight exotherm was noticed. After one hour, the mixture
was concentrated to a syrup, which was transferred to a 50 L
extractor with the aid of ethyl acetate-water mixture (13/13 L).
The mixture was agitated vigorously. After phase separation, the
lower aqueous layer was drawn off, and the remaining organic layer
was filtered through paper. The filtrate was washed with 5 percent
aqueous hydrochloric acid (15 L, the aqueous layer should still be
strongly acidic to pH-paper after washing), and aqueous 1M sodium
bicarbonate (15 L, the aqueous layer should still be alkaline to pH
paper after washing). The organic layer was then transferred to a
20 L container, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
filtered.
The filtrate was concentrated to a semi-solid residue. This residue
was dissolved in dichloromethane (3 L), and applied to a silica gel
column (10 kg), packed in dichloromethane. Elution first with
dichloromethane (25 L), then with 3:1 dichloromethane:acetone (25
L), and finally with 1:1 dichloromethane:acetone (50 L) gave
fractions containing product. Base-line separation was achieved
from the disaccharide material, but very little separation was
achieved from the traces of slightly faster moving material. The
fractions containing product were evaporated, and redissolved in
dichloromethane (1.5 L). This solution was slowly added to a
vigorously stirred mixture of ethyl ether (7.5 L) and hexane (10
L). The resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with 2:1
ether:hexane, air-dried overnight, then dried in high vacuum for 48
hours. The precipitate was shown to be the title Compound 12 by
.sup.1 H-NMR, and contained a small amount of residual solvent (1-5
percent, weight/weight). .sup.1 H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 4.67(d,
1H, H-1"), 4.49(d, 1H, H-1'), 4.33(d, 1H, H-1).
Example 13
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,
3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound
13)
To a stirred solution of ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate
]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-allylox
ycarbonylamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4
,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 12) (5.10 gm,
3.80 mmol) in anhydrous THF under argon at room temperature was
added polymethylhydrosiloxane (420 .mu.L). The reaction mixture was
put through a vacuum/purge cycle three times with argon to degas
the solution. The flask was wrapped in aluminum foil to protect the
solution from light, and the solution was treated with palladium
tetrakistriphenylphosphine [Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 ; 158 mg, 0.14
mmol]. After stirring for 18 hours at room temperature, TLC in 10:1
CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH indicated complete consumption of Compound 12 and
the presence of a single lower rf product. The reaction mixture was
diluted with 600 ML of EtOAc and washed 1.times.200 mL with H.sub.2
O and 1.times.200 mL with saturated NaCl solution. The organic
solution was dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, concentrated by rotary
evaporation, and flash chromatographed on a 65mm.times.10" column
of silica gel using 3:1 EtOAc:acetone as eluant. The
product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) were pooled and
concentrated to provide Compound 13 (4.42 gm, 87 percent) as a tan
solid. .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to
CHCl.sub.3) 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.44 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=2Hz, 1H), 5.35-5.01
(m), 4.89 (m, 2H), 4.63 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.35 (m), 4.22-3.38
(m), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.69 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H),
2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.21 (t, J=5
Hz, 3H).
Example 14
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-
2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 14)
To a stirred solution of Compound 13 (4.42 gm, 3.29 mmol) in 366 mL
of 4:1 MeOH:H.sub.2 O at room temperature in a capped flask was
added glacial acetic acid (188 .mu.L, 3.29 mmol). The pale yellow
solution was then heated to 50.degree. C. After 48 hours, TLC in
10:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH indicated nearly complete disappearance of
Compound 13 and appearance of a predominant, slightly higher
R.sub.f product. The reaction was cooled to room temperature,
concentrated by rotary evaporation to an oil, and flash
chromatographed on a 65mm.times.10" column of silica gel using
10:10:4 EtOAc:hexane:MeOH as eluant. The product-containing
fractions (as judged by TLC) were pooled and concentrated to give
Compound 14 (2.78 gm, 65 percent) as a foam. .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz,
.delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.40 (d, J=2
Hz, 1H), 5.25 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.04
(dd, J=6 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=6 Hz,
1H), 4.59 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.42-3.40 (m), 3.81 (s, 3H),
2.69 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H),
1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.21 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Example 15
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-benzamido-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3
)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 15)
To a stirred solution of Compound 14 (150 mg, 0.12 mmol) in 2 mL of
dichloromethane at room temperature under an argon atmosphere was
added anhydrous NaHCO.sub.3 (40 mg, 0.48 mmol), and benzoyl
chloride (34 mg, 0.24 mmol, 28 .mu.L). After stirring for 24 hours,
TLC in 80:20 EtOAc:acetone indicated complete consumption of
starting material and the appearance of a slightly higher R.sub.f
material. The reaction mixture was diluted with 150 mL of ethyl
acetate and washed 1.times.50 mL with H.sub.2 O. The organic
solution was dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, concentrated, and flash
chromatographed on a column of silica gel using 90:10 EtOAc:acetone
as eluant. The product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) were
pooled and concentrated by rotary evaporation and then by high
vacuum to a cream waxy solid, Compound 15: (140 mg, 83 percent).
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.75
(d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=7 Hz, J=7 Hz,
2H), 6.45 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.40 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.37
(d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (m, 1H), 5.09 (m, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H),
4.63 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.39-3.40 (m),
3.81 (s, 3H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H),
2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (t, J=5
Hz, 3H).
Example 16
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-ben
zamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O
-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 16)
To a stirred solution of Compound 15 (140 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 1 mL of
dichloroethane at room temperature under an argon atmosphere were
added powdered, flame-dried 4 .ANG. molecular sieves (100 mg),
tetramethylurea (120 uL, 1 mmol), and tri-O-benzyl fucosyl fluoride
(218 mg, 0.5 mmol). After stirring for one hour at room
temperature, the reaction was cooled to -20.degree. C. and treated
with SnCl.sub.2 (95 mg, 0.5 mmol) and AgClO.sub.4 (126 mg, 0.5
mmol). The reaction was then allowed to slowly warm to room
temperature. After stirring for 24 hours, TLC in 10:1 CHCl.sub.3
:MeOH indicated near complete consumption of starting material and
the appearance of a slightly lower R.sub.f material.
The reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of celite with 50
mL of dichloromethane, and the filtrate was washed 2.times.50 mL
with H.sub.2 O. The organic solution was dried (MgSO.sub.4),
filtered, concentrated, and flash chromatographed on a
20mm.times.6" column of silica gel using 10:10:3 EtOAc:hexane:MeOH
as eluant. The product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) were
pooled and concentrated by rotary evaporation and then by high
vacuum to a white film, Compound 16 (140 mg, 77 percent). .sup.1
H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.46 (d, J=7
Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.12 (m, 18H), 6.45 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H),
3.20 (m, 1H), 2.55 (dd, J=4 Hz, J=12 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (d, J=6 Hz, 3H),
1.10 (t, J=6 Hz, 3H).
Example 17
Ethyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(
1,3)]-O-(2-benzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-gala
ctopyranoside (Compound 17)
To a stirred solution of Compound 16 (140 mg, 77 .mu.mol) in 4 mL
of methanol was added palladium hydroxide on carbon (140 mg, 20
percent by weight palladium). The slurry was then put through a
vacuum/purge cycle three times with hydrogen gas and then held
under hydrogen at one atmosphere pressure at room temperature.
After one hour, TLC in 5:1 EtOAc:MeOH indicated complete
disappearance of Compound 16 and the appearance of a single lower
R.sub.f material. The slurry was filtered through a plug of celite
with 50 mL of methanol and concentrated by rotary evaporation to an
oil.
This oil was dissolved in 5 mL of 4:1 MeOH:H.sub.2 O and stirred at
room temperature in a capped flask. Sodium methoxide powder (140
mg, 2.6 mmol) was added to the stirred solution. After 16 hours,
TLC in 60:50:15 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH:15 mM CaCl.sub.2 indicated
complete disappearance of starting material and the appearance of a
single lower R.sub.f product.
The mixture was treated with 1 gram of Dowex 50x8-400 cation
exchange resin (hydrogen form, freshly methanol washed) and stirred
for one minute. The mixture was filtered through a fritted funnel
and the filtrate concentrated by rotary evaporation to an oil. This
material was chromatographed on a 40 mm.times.8" column of Bio-Rad
Bio-Gel P2 gel filtration media (mesh size: fine) using 0.1M
ammonium bicarbonate as eluant. The product-containing fractions
(as judged by TLC) were pooled and lyophilized to a white powder
for Compound 17 (60 mg, 72 percent). .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta.
in ppm relative to HOD) 7.70 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H),
7.47 (dd, J=7 Hz, J=7 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=8
Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.40 (m),
2.70 (dd, J=4.6 Hz, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.74 (dd, J=12.4
Hz, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=7 Hz, 3H).
Example 18
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-2'-napthamido-2-deoxy-
3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-
D-galactopyranoside (Compound 29)
To a stirred solution of Compound 25 (prepared analogously to
Compound 16; 90 mg, 48 .mu.mol) in 5 mL of methanol was added
palladium hydroxide on carbon (40 mg, 40 percent by weight
palladium). The slurry was put through a vacuum/purge cycle three
times with hydrogen gas and held under hydrogen at one atmosphere
pressure at room temperature. After 24 hours, TLC in 90:10 CH.sub.2
Cl.sub.2 :MeOH indicated complete disappearance of Compound 25 and
the appearance of a single lower R.sub.f material. The slurry was
filtered through a plug of celite with 50 mL of methanol and
concentrated by rotary evaporation to a cream waxy solid. The
product was treated by flash column chromatography on a column of
silica gel using 90:10 CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 :MeOH as eluant. The
product containing fractions (as judged by TLC) were then pooled
and concentrated to give Compound 29 (55 mg, 72%) as a white waxy
solid. .sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to
CHCl.sub.3) 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.57
(m, 2H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 5.57-5.41 (m, 3H), 5.22 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H),
5.15 (m, 1H), 4.97-4.39 (m), 4.35 (d, J=4 Hz, 2H), 4.19-3.42 (m),
3.81 (s, 3H), 3.23 (m, 1H), 2.75 (bs, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H),
1.23 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Following procedures substantially similar to those discussed above
and as to Scheme 3 for the conversion of Compound 14 into Compounds
15, 16 and 17, Compounds of 18-38 were also prepared. Tables 1, 2
and 3, below show the generalized structures for groups of
compounds corresponding to Compounds 15, 16 or 17, and provides
other pertinent data for each of those compounds. Table 1 shows the
acylating agent used to prepare each R.sup.1 group. Tables 1-3 are
followed by NMR and added data for several of those compounds, and
inhibitor Compounds 30-38, including last step yields.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
##STR14## R.sup.1 Group Compound # Acylating agent Yield R.sub.f
(solvent)
__________________________________________________________________________
18 ##STR15## 148 mg, 87% 0.4 (90:10 EtOAc:acetone) 19 ##STR16## 136
mg, 78% 0.43 (90:10 EtOAc:acetone) 20 ##STR17## 133 mg, 78% 0.40
(90:10 EtOAc:acetone) 21 ##STR18## 143 mg, 82% 0.45 (90:10
EtOAc:acetone)
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2
__________________________________________________________________________
##STR19## Compound # Glycosyl acceptor Yield R.sub.f (solvent)
__________________________________________________________________________
22 18 135 mg, 74% 0.35 (92:8 EtOAc:acetone) 23 19 100 mg, 58% 0.39
(92:8 EtOAc:acetone) 24 20 105 mg, 65% 0.37 (92:8 EtOAc:acetone) 25
21 100 mg, 58% 0.37 (92:8 EtOAc:acetone)
__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3
__________________________________________________________________________
##STR20## Benzylated Compound # pentasaccharide Yield R.sub.f
(solvent)
__________________________________________________________________________
26 22 62 mg, 60% 0.32 (90:10 CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 :MeOH) 27 23 35 mg,
50% 0.39 (90:10 CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 :MeOH) 28 24 73 mg, 65% 0.31
(90:10 CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 :MeOH)
__________________________________________________________________________
Example 19
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galacto-pyra
nosyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamido-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosy
l)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound
39)
A solution of benzyloxycarbonyl chloride (CBZ-Cl) (1.2 ml, 8.4
mmol) in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (2.0 ml) was added dropwise to a mixture
of Compound 14a (10.8 g, 8.3 mmol) and NaHCO.sub.3 (1.4 g, 16.6
mmol) in CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (100 ml), and the reaction mixture was
stirred overnight (about 18 hours). To this mixture were added
NaHCO.sub.3 (1.4 g, 16.6 mmol) and CBZ-Cl (1.2 ml, 8.4 mmol), and
the resulting mixture was stirred an additional four hours. The
resulting mixture was diluted with AcOEt, washed with H.sub.2 O,
dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed on silica gel to provide Compound 39 (7.75 g, 65
percent yield) as a white solid.
Example 20
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-ben
zyloxycarbonylamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-
O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 40)
To a stirred solution of Compound 39 (3.90 g, 2.72 mmol) in 100 ml
of ClCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Cl were added powdered molecular sieves
(MS4A) (12 g), tetramethyl urea (TMU) (3.25 ml, 27.2 mmol) and
2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-L-fucosyl fluoride (CMH-048, 5.94 g, 13.6 mmol).
After stirring for 90 minutes at room temperature, the mixture was
shielded from light, cooled to -20.degree. C. and treated with
SnCl.sub.2 (2.59 g, 13.6 mmol) and AgCIO.sub.4 (98 percent, 2.88 g,
13.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was permitted to warm to room
temperature over a 90 minute time period, and stirred for 24 hours.
In order to complete the reaction, TMU (1.95 ml, 16.3 mmol),
CMH-048 (3.56 g, 8.16 mmol), SnCl.sub.2 (1.55 g, 8.17 mmol) and
AgClO.sub.4 (1.73 g, 8.17 mmol) were added again to the mixture at
zero degrees C., which was then permitted to slowly warm to room
temperature. After 48 hours, the resulting mixture was filtered
through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was washed with H.sub.2 O.
The organic phase was dried over Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4, filtered,
concentrated, and chromatographed on silica gel
(Hexane/AcOEt/MeOH=10/10/2) to provide Compound 40 (3.65 g, 73
percent yield) and recovered starting material, Compound 39, (672
mg, 17 percent yield).
Example 21
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O
-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galact
opyranoside (Compound 41
The mixture of Compound 40 (3.06 g, 1.66 mmol), HCOONH.sub.4 (1.05
g, 16.6 mmol) and 10 percent Pd-C (wet, 3.0 g) in EtOH (80 ml) was
refluxed with stirring for 9.5 hours. To this mixture were added
more HCOONH.sub.4 (1.05 g, 16.6 mmol) and 10 percent Pd-C (3.0 g),
and the resulting mixture was refluxed an additional 11 hours. That
resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and
concentrated to provide Compound 41 (2.30 g, 96 percent yield) as a
white solid.
Example 22
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-[2-(3,5-dichlorobenzoylam
ido)-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.
beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 42)
To a stirred solution of Compound 41 (40 mg, 0.028 mmol) in
CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (8.9 ml) were added NaHCO.sub.3 (46 mg, 0.54
mmol) and 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (58.6 mg, 0.28 mmol). After
12 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with
EtOAc and washed with H.sub.2 O. The organic phase was dried over
MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and evaporated to afford crude Compound 42
(98.4 mg) as a pale yellow oil.
Example 23
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-[2-(3,5-dichlorobenzamido
)-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acet
yl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 43)
To a stirred solution of crude Compound 42 (98.4 mg) in MeOH (8.9
ml) was added 28 percent NaOMe-MeOH (300 .mu.l). After 48 hours at
room temperature, the mixture was neutralized with DOWEX 50W-X8
(H.sup.+ -form) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated,
diluted with EtOAc, and extracted with H2O. The aqueous phase was
evaporated to give the corresponding ester. The ester was treated
with 1N-NaOH (200 .mu.l) in H.sub.2 O (5.0 ml). The mixture was
stirred for 12 hours at room temperature, neutralized with DOWEX
50W-X8 (H.sup.+ -form) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated,
purified by Gel (p-2) filtration (H2O as eluent), and lyophilized
to afford Compound 43 (31.6 mg, quantitative yield) as a white
powder.
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.61
(s, 3H), 5.00 (d, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=7.59 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d,
J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=2.97 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.30 (m), 2.67 (m,
1H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.72 (t, J=11.88 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (m, 6H).
Example 24
This example illustrates the preparation of esterified forms of
compound 17 beginning with Ethyl (sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosylonate)
)-(2-3)-O-(.delta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deox
y-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside
(Compound 11)
An aqueous solution (40 L) of ethyl (sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulopyranosylonate)
)-(2-3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-4)-O-(2-N-allyloxycarbonyl-2-deoxy
-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 11)
was filtered through paper. The filtrate was evaporated to a thick
syrup in a 50 L rotavapor. The syrup was coevaporated twice with
pyridine (2.times.2 L), then kept under vacuum for 20 hours. The
evaporation flask was charged with a solution of
N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (20 g) in pyridine (12 L). The rotavapor
bath was charged with ice-water mixture, and rotation was continued
while acetic anhydride (6 L) was added during a period of one hour.
Two hours after complete addition, more acetic anhydride (2 L) was
added and the resulting mixture was left for 20 hours rotating
slowly at room temperature. To ensure compete acetylation, more
acetic anhydride (1 L) was added and the mixture was rotated for an
additional 24 hours. The reaction was checked by TLC (ethyl
acetate:hexane:ethanol, 10:10:3). Upon complete reaction, vacuum
was applied and 14 L of distillate were collected.
To the resulting residue, an alcohol (15 L) is added over a period
of one hour and the mixture is rotated at room temperature for 20
hours, or until TLC on silica gel (ethyl acetate: hexane:ethanol,
10:10:3 and dichloromethane:acetone 3:2) shows complete conversion
of the lactone to a slower-moving spot which is the ester
monohydroxy compound. The mixture is then concentrated (18 L
evaporated) and cooled in ice water while acetic anhydride (3 L) is
added over a period of 30 minutes. The mixture is left for 20
hours, or until TLC on silica gel (dichloromethane:acetone 3:2)
shows complete acetylation with the product running slightly
faster.
Alcohol (1 L) is added to destroy excess acetic anhydride during
which a slight exotherm is typically noticed. After 1 hour, the
mixture is concentrated to a syrup, and transferred to a 50 L
extractor with the aid of ethyl acetate-water mixture (13/13 L).
The mixture is agitated vigorously. After phase separation, the
lower aqueous layer is drawn off, and the remaining organic layer
is filtered through paper. The filtrate is washed with 5 percent
aqueous hydrochloric acid (15 L, the aqueous layer should still be
strongly acidic to pH-paper after washing), and aqueous 1M sodium
bicarbonate (15 L, the aqueous layer should still be alkaline to pH
paper after washing). The organic layer is then transferred to a 20
L container, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.
The filtrate is concentrated to a semi-solid residue. This residue
is dissolved in dichloromethane (3 L), and applied to a silica gel
column (10 kg), packed in dichloromethane and eluted first with
dichloromethane (25 L), then with 3:1 dichloromethane:acetone (25
L), and finally with 1:1 dichloromethane:acetone (50 L) to give
fractions containing product. The fractions containing product are
evaporated, and redissolved in dichloromethane (1.5 L). This
solution is slowly added to a vigorously stirred mixture of ethyl
ether (7.5 L) and hexane (10 L). The resulting precipitate is
filtered and washed with 2:1 ether:hexane, air-dried overnight,
then dried in high vacuum for 48 hours to provide a purified
product of the ester-form of the blocked tetrasaccharide.
To a stirred solution of blocked tetrasaccharide (5.10 g, 3.80
mmol) in anhydrous THF (8 L) under argon at room temperature is
added polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMSH, 420 .mu.L). The reaction
mixture is put through a vacuum/purge cycle three times with argon
to degas the solution. The flask is wrapped in aluminum foil to
protect the solution from light, and the solution is treated with
palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine (Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 ; 158 mg,
0.14 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture is then stirred at room
temperature for 18 hours, or until TLC (10:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH)
shows completion of the reaction. The resulting reaction mixture is
diluted with acetic acid (600 mL) and washed 1.times.200 mL with
H.sub.2 O and 1.times.200 mL with saturated NaCl solution. The
organic solution is dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, concentrated by
rotary evaporation, and flash chromatographed on a 65 mm.times.10"
column of silica gel using 3:1 EtOAc:acetone as eluant. The
product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) are pooled and
concentrated.
To a portion of the resulting product in 4:1 alcohol:H.sub.2 O (366
mL) at room temperature in a capped flask is added glacial acetic
acid (188 .mu.L, 3.29 mmol). The solution is stirred and heated to
50.degree. C. for 48 hours, or until TLC (10:1 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH)
shows a complete reaction. The reaction is cooled to room
temperature, concentrated by rotary evaporation to an oil, and
flash chromatographed on a 65 mm.times.10" column of silica gel
using 10:10:4 EtOAc:hexane:MeOH as eluant. The product-containing
fractions (as judged by TLC) are pooled and concentrated.
To a stirred solution of the resulting product in 2 mL of
dichloromethane at room temperature under an argon atmosphere is
added anhydrous NaHCO.sub.3 (40 mg, 0.48 mmol), and benzoyl
chloride (34 mg, 0.24 mmol, 28 .mu.L) and stirred for 24 hours, or
until TLC (80:20 EtOAc:acetone) shows the reaction is completed.
The reaction mixture is diluted with 150 mL of ethyl acetate and
washed 1.times.50 mL with H.sub.2 O. The organic solution is dried
(MgSO.sub.4), filtered, concentrated, and flash chromatographed on
a column of silica gel using 90:10 EtOAc:acetone as eluant. The
product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) are pooled and
concentrated by rotary evaporation and high vacuum.
To a stirred solution of the resulting product in 1 mL of
dichloroethane at room temperature under an argon atmosphere are
added powdered, flame-dried 4 .ANG. molecular sieves (100 mg),
tetramethylurea (120 .mu.L, 1 mmol), and tri-O-benzyl fucosyl
fluoride (218 mg, 0.5 mmol). After stirring for one hour at room
temperature, the reaction is cooled to -20.degree. C. and treated
with SnCl.sub.2 (95 mg, 0.5 mmol) and AgClO.sub.4 (126 mg, 0.5
mmol). The reaction is then allowed to slowly warm to room
temperature while stirring for 24 hours, or until TLC (10:1
CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH) shows the reaction is complete.
The reaction mixture is filtered through a plug of celite with 50
mL of dichloromethane, and the filtrate is washed 2.times.50 mL
with H.sub.2 O. The organic solution is dried (MgSO.sub.4),
filtered, concentrated, and flash chromatographed on a 20
mm.times.6" column of silica gel using 10:10:3 EtOAc:hexane:MeOH as
eluant. The product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) are
pooled and concentrated by rotary evaporation and high vacuum.
To a stirred solution of the resulting product in 4 mL of an
alcohol is added palladium hydroxide on carbon (140 mg, 20 percent
by weight palladium). The slurry is put through a vacuum/purge
cycle three times with hydrogen gas and then held under hydrogen at
one atmosphere pressure at room temperature for 1 hour, or until
TLC (5:1 EtOAc:MeOH) shows completion of the reaction. The slurry
is filtered through a plug of celite with 50 mL of ethyl acetate
and concentrated by rotary evaporation to an oil.
This oil is dissolved in 5 mL of an alcohol and stirred at room
temperature in a capped flask. An alkoxide powder or pyridine is
added to the stirred solution. The reaction mixture is stirred for
16 hours, or until TLC (60:50:15 CHCl.sub.3 :MeOH:15 mM CaCl.sub.2)
shows completion of the reaction. The mixture is treated with 1
gram of Dowex 50x8-400 cation exchange resin (hydrogen form,
freshly alcohol washed) and stirred for one minute. The mixture is
filtered through a fritted funnel and the filtrate concentrated by
rotary evaporation to an oil. This material is chromatographed on a
40 mm.times.8" column of Bio-Rad Bio-Gel P2 gel filtration media
(mesh size: fine) using 0.1M ammonium bicarbonate as eluant. The
product-containing fractions (as judged by TLC) are pooled and
lyophilized to give the prodrug pentasaccharide esters having the
formula: ##STR21## wherein: Z is selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl ##STR22## Y is selected from the
group consisting of C(O), SO.sub.2, HNC(O), OC(O) and SC(O);
R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a
substituted aryl and a phenyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkylene group,
wherein an aryl group has one five-membered aromatic ring, one
six-membered aromatic ring or two fused six-membered aromatic
rings, which rings are selected from the group consisting of
hydrocarbyl, monooxahydrocarbyl, monothiahydrocarbyl,
monoazahydrocarbyl and diazahydrocarbyl rings, and a substituted
aryl group is said aryl group having a substituent selected from
the group consisting of a halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro, C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkoxy, amino, mono-C.sub.1
-C.sub.12 alkylamino, di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylamino, benzylamino,
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkylbenzylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 thioalkyl and
C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl carboxamido groups, or R.sup.1 Y is
allyloxycarbonyl or chloroacetyl; R.sup.2 is selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain,
branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl
C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkylene .omega.-carboxylate, .omega.-tri(C.sub.1
-C.sub.4 alkyl/phenyl)silyl C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkylene,
monosaccharide and disaccharide, or OR.sup.2 together form a
C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 straight chain, branched chain or cyclic
hydrocarbyl carbamate; R.sup.4 is an alkyl group; R.sup.5 is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, benzyl,
methoxybenzyl, dimethoxybenzyl and C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyl; R.sup.7
is methyl or hydroxymethyl; and X is selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 acyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6
hydroxylacyloxy, hydroxy, halo and azido. In a presently preferred
embodiment, R.sup.4 is a member selected from the group consisting
of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl.
benzyl, pentyl and hexyl.
NMR data of Compounds 18-28
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O(2-p-fluorobenzamido-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosy
l)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound
18)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.79
(m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.42 (m,
1H), 5.23 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (m, 2H), 4.89 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 4.63
(d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.42-3.40 (m), 3.81
(s, 3H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85
(12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz,
3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.D-galactopyrano
syl)-(1,4)-O-(2-p-nitrobenzamido-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl
)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound
19)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 8.22
(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.95 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 6.81 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H),
5.59-5.37 (m, 2H), 5.21 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (m, 2H), 4.89 (d, J=2
Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dd, J=1 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H),
4.42-3.40 (m), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H),
1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[2-(E-1-oxo-3-phenylprop-2-ene)amino-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta
.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-alactopyranoside
(Compound 20)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.57
(d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.25 (m, 5H), 6.39 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 5.87
(d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 5.39 (m, 2H), 5.21 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H),
5.17-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.89 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.59
(dd, J=1 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.42-3.40 (m), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.05 (m,
1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77
(dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-(2-2'-napthamido-2-deoxy-6-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-
(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound
21)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 8.25
(s, 1H), 7.95-7.42 (m, 6H), 6.58 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H),
5.44 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.41-5.23 (m), 5.17-5.01 (m), 4.89 (d, J=3
Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=7 Hz, 1H),
4.42-3.40 (m), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H),
1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethlyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-p-f
luorobenzamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4
,6-tri-O-acetyl-b-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 22)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.42
(m, 2H), 7.39-7.17 (m, 15H), 6.95 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=5 Hz,
1H), 5.57-5.37 (m, 3H), 5.27 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.17-4.45 (m), 4.39
(d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 4.25-3.41 (m), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.21 (m, 1H), 2.57
(dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethlyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-p-n
itrobenzamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,
6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 23)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 8.15
(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.15 (m, 15H), 6.63 (d,
J=5 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (m, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (d,
J=6 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.15-4.45 (m), 4.42 (t, J=4 Hz,
1H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.18-3.40 (m), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 2.59
(dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-[2-(E-
1-oxo-3-phenylprop-2-ene)amino-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyrano
syl]-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside
(Compound 24)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.42
(d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.15 (m, 20H), 5.94 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 5.85
(d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.29 (m, 4H), 5.17-4.42 (m), 4.25 (m, 2H),
4.17-3.40 (m), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.19
(d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-2'-
napthamido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-t
ri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 25)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 8.13
(s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (m, 2H),
7.37-7.11 (m, 16H), 6.98 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H),
5.57-5.35 (m, 2H), 5.22 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 5.15-5.01 (m, 3H),
4.97-4.45 (m), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.19-3.42 (m), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.23 (m,
1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77
(dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.19 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J=5 Hz,
3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-p-fluorobenzamido-2-de
oxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.be
ta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 26)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.83
(m, 2H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 6.40 (m, 2H), 5.23 (d, J=5 Hz,
1H), 5.17-4.75 (m, 3H), 4.77-4.45 (m, 4H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 4.19-3.41
(m), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.09 (bs, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz,
1H), 1.24(d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-galactopyran
osyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-(2-p-aminobenzamido-2-deo
xy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.bet
a.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 27)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3) 7.61
(d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 2H), 6.75 (d, J=5 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H),
5.57 (m, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J=6 Hz, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H),
5.19 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (m, 1H), 4.95 (m, 2H), 4.77-4.63 (m),
4.55 (dd, J=7 Hz, J=1 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (t, J=4 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H),
4.21-3.38 (m), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.95 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (dd,
J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (bs, 1H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77
(dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.22 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz,
3H).
Ethyl [methyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetyl-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galact
o-2-nonulopyranosylonate]-(2,3)-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-.beta.D-galactopyrano
syl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1,3)]-O-[2-(3'-phenyl)-propionamid
o-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,3)-O-2,4,6-tri-O-acet
yl-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 28)
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CHCl.sub.3)
7.29(m, 5H), 6.39 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 5.85 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.19
(m, 5H), 5.11 (t, J=5 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (m, 4H), 4.71-4.35 (m),
4.17-3.22 (m), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.95 (t, J=3H, 2H), 2.57 (dd, J=3 Hz,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (t, J=3 Hz 2H), 2.27-1.85 (12s, 36H), 1.77 (dd,
J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (t, J=5 Hz,
3H).
Data for Compounds 30-38
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-
(1,3)]-O-(2-p-fluorobenzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.bet
a.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 30)
R.sub.f =0.62 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 41 mg, 96
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.83
(m, 2H, aromatic), 7.25 (m, 2H, aromatic), 5.18 (d, J=5 Hz,
H-1(fuc), 1H), 4.95 (m), 4.56 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J=8 Hz,
1H), 4.19 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.42 (m), 2.77 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H, NAc), 1.79 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, 1H), 1.19
(m, 3H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-
(1,3)]-O-(2-p-aminobenzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta
.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 31)
R.sub.f =0.52 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 26 mg, 96
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.65
(d, J=9 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 6.82 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (d, J=3 Hz,
H-1-fuc, 1H), 4.95 (m), 4.59 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H),
4.19 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.42 (m), 3.19 (q, J=6 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2
CH.sub.3), 2.79 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=11 Hz, H.sub.eq -3 (sialic acid),
1H), 2.05 (s, 3H, NAc), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, H.sub.ax -3
(sialic acid), 1H), 1.19 (d, J=6 Hz, 3H, H-6-fuc), 1.17 (t, J=6 Hz,
3H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.delta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)
-(1,3)]-O-[(2-(3'-phenyl)-propionamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,
3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 32)
R.sub.f =0.62 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 47 mg, 98
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O)
7.42-7.25(m, 5H), 5.19 (d, J=4 Hz, H-1-fuc, 1H), 4.95 (m), 4.57 (d,
J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.11-3.42
(m), 2.95 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H, .alpha.-CH.sub.2), 2.75 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10
Hz, H.sub.eq -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 2.63 (t, J=5 Hz, 2H, CH.sub.2
Ph), 2.05 (s, 3H, NAc), 1.80 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, H.sub.ax -3
(sialic acid), 1H), 1.24 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=5 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(
1,3)]-O-(2,2'-napthamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-
galactopyranoside (Compound 33)
R.sub.f =0.52 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 35 mg, 96
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 8.39
(s, aromatic, 1H), 8.02 (m, aromatic, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=7 Hz,
aromatic, 1H), 7.63 (m, aromatic, 3H), 5.19 (d, J=4 Hz, H-1(fuc),
1H), 4.95 (m), 4.57 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (d,
J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.42 (m), 2.77 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=11 Hz, H.sub.eq -3
(sialic acid), 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H, NAc), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz,
H.sub.ax -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 1.19 (d, J=6 Hz, 3H, H-6-fuc), 1.05
(t, J=6 Hz, 3H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)]
-(1,3)-O-(2,2'-phenylacetamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.be
ta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 34)
R.sub.f =0.62 (4.5:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 24 mg, 68
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O)
7.45-7.27(m, 5H), 4.85 (d, J=3 Hz, H-1-fuc, 1H), 4.75 (m), 4.55 (d,
J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.09-3.42
(m), 2.78 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=10 Hz, H.sub.eq -3 (sialic acid), 1H),
2.05 (2s, 5H, NAc, PhCH.sub.2), 1.80 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz,
H.sub.ax -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 1.24 (t, J=5 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=5
Hz, 3H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-
(1,3)]-O-(2-p-methoxybenzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.be
ta.-D-galactopyrmoside (Compound 35)
R.sub.f =0.52 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 46 mg, 90
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.75
(d, J=9 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.05 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (d, J=3 Hz,
H-1-fuc, 1H), 4.95 (m), 4.52 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H),
4.19 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.39 (m), 3.82 (s, 3H, OCH.sub.3), 2.75
(dd, J=3 Hz, J=11 Hz, H.sub.eq -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H,
NAc), 1.77 (dd, J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, H.sub.ax -3 (sialic acid), 1H),
1.17 (m, 5H, H-6-fuc, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-
(1,3)]-O-(2-p-tert-butylbenzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-
.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 36)
R.sub.f =0.52 (3:1 i-PrOH:NH.sub.4 OAc), white solid, 46 mg, 90
percent.
.sup.1 H-NMR (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.65
(d, J=9 Hz, 2H, aromatic), 7.58 (d, J=9 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (d, J=4 Hz,
H-1(fuc), 1H), 4.95 (m), 4.57 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=8 Hz,
1H), 4.19 (d, J=2 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.39 (m), 2.73 (dd, J=3 Hz, J=11
Hz, H.sub.eq -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H, NAc), 1.77 (dd,
J=10 Hz, J=10 Hz, H.sub.ax -3 (sialic acid), 1H), 1.24 (s, 9H,
.sup.t -Bu), 1.17 (m, 5H, H-6-fuc, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3).
(5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonate
)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1
,3)]-O(2-benzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-galact
opyranoside (Compound 37)
.sup.1 H NMR, (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 1.15
(3H, d, J=6.5 Hz, CH.sub.3 of Fuc), 1.81 (1H, t, J=10.4 Hz, H-3"a
of NANA), 2.02 (3H, s, CH.sub.3 CONH), 2.78 (1H, dd, J=10.4 Hz, 3.2
Hz, H-3"e of NANA), 3.5-4.2 (m), 4.4-4.8 (m), 5.09, 5.16 (d, d, H-1
of FUC, .alpha.,.beta.), 5.2 (d, J=3.4 Hz, H-1 .alpha.), 7.5-7.8
(5H, Aromatic).
Benzyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl-(1,
3)]-O-(2-benzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-galact
opyranoside (Compound 38)
.sup.1 H NMR, (300 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 1.08
(3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, CH.sub.3 of Fuc), 1.76 (1H, t, J=10.4 Hz, H-3"a
of NANA), 1.97 (3H, s, CH.sub.3 CONH), 2.7 (1H, dd, J=10.4 Hz, 3.2
Hz, H-3"e of NANA), 3.4-.42 (m), 4.5 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 4.6 (1H, d,
J=8.0 Hz), 5.02 (d, J=3.8 Hz, H-1 of FUC), 7.1-7.8 (10H,
Aromatic).
NMR data of Compounds 44-49
Ethyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(
1,3)]-O-[2-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,3)-O
-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 44)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.82
(s, 1H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 5.99 (d, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J=7.59 HZ,
1H), 4.25 (d, J=7.91 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.22 (m), 2.66 (dd, J=12.54 Hz,
J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.76 (t, J=12.54 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (m,
6H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)]
-(1,3)-O-(2-furanamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-ga
lactopyranoside (Compound 45)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.59
(d, J=1.98 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=3.63 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J=3.36 Hz,
J=1.98 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=4.29 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=7.59 Hz, 1H),
4.23 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=2.97 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.32 (m),
2.68 (dd, J=12.87 Hz, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.77 (t,
J=12.87 Hz, 1H), 1.08 (m, 6H).
Ethyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonuiopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(
1,3)]-O-(2-thiophenamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-
Ralactopyranoside (Compound 46)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.63
(m, 2H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=3.63 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J=7.92 Hz,
1H), 4.23 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=3.30 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.30
(m), 2.67 (dd, J=12.21 Hz, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.73 (t,
J=12.21 Hz, 1H), 1.07 (m, 6H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)]
-(1,3)-O-[2-(2-thiomethyl)nicotinamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1,
3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 48)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O) 7.62
(m, 2H), 7.06 (m, 1H), 5.04 (d, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J=7.59 Hz,
1H), 4.23 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.20 (m), 2.68 (m, 1H), 2.14 (s,
3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.05 (m, 6H).
Ethyl
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)-(
1,3)]-O-[2-(6-dodecyloxy-2-naphthamido)-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl]-(1
,3)-O-.beta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 47)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to CH.sub.3 OH) 8.32
(s, 1H), 7.90-7.78 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.17-5.13 (m, 1H),
4.48-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.22-3.32 (m), 2.88-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H),
1.85-1.19 (m), 0.91-0.85 (m, 3H).
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)]
-(1,3)-O-(2-m-butyloxybenzamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.b
eta.-D-galactopyranoside (Compound 49)
.sup.1 H-NMR (270 MHz, .delta. in ppm relative to H.sub.2 O)
7.39-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.09 (m, 1H), 5.03 (d, J=3.96 Hz, 1H), 4.46
(d, J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 1H), 4.07-3.34 (m),
2.68-2.64 (m, 1H), 1.93 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.30-1.44 (m,
2H), 1.07 (t, J=7.25 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=5.60 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (t,
J=7.58 Hz, 3H).
Data for Compounds 50 and 51
Ethyl
[(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylona
te]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[(.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl)]
-(1,3)-O-(2-nicotinamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1,3)-O-.beta.-D-
galactopyranoside (Compound 50)
R.sub.f =0.22 (silica, isopropanol/1M NH.sub.4 OAc); .sup.1 H NMR
(300 MHz, D.sub.2 O): .alpha. 1.13 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz, CH.sub.3 Fuc),
1.15 (t, 3H, J=6.7 Hz, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.78 (t, 1H, J=11.9 Hz,
H-3a NANA), 2.01 (s, 3H, COCH.sub.3), 2.74 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 11.9,
H-3e NANA), 3.41-4.33 (multiple peaks, 34H), 4.31 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz,
.beta.-anomer Gal), 4.53 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, .beta.-anomer Gal), 5.10
(d, 1H, J=3.7 Hz, .alpha.-anomer Fuc), 7.56 (m, 1H, H-5 pyridyl),
8.16 (dd, 1H, J=1.3, 8.1 Hz, H-4 pyridyl), 8.68 (m, 1H, H-6
pyridyl), 8.85 (s, 1H, H-2 pyridyl).
Ethyl [Sodium
(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-.alpha.-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonat
e)]-(2,3)-O-(.beta.-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1,4)-O-[.alpha.-L-fucopyranosyl-(1
,3)-O-]-(2-benzenesulfonamido-2-deoxy-.beta.-D-glucopyranoside)-.beta.-D-ga
lactopyranoside (Compound 51)
R.sub.f =0.28 (silica, 20 percent 1M NH.sub.4 OAc/iso-propanol).
.sup.1 H NMR (300 MHz, D.sub.2 O, ppm relative to H.sub.2 O):
.delta. 7.92 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.69 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (t,
J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.47 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.51
(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=3.1, 9.6 Hz,
1H), 3.99 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96=3.46 (m, 29H), 2.75 (dd, J=4.6,
12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=8.1, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.78 (t,
J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 1.20 (t, 3H), 1.16 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).
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