U.S. patent number 5,432,171 [Application Number 08/100,093] was granted by the patent office on 1995-07-11 for water soluble texaphyrin metal complexes for viral deactivation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Board of Regents, The University of Texas System. Invention is credited to Gregory W. Hemmi, Tarak D. Mody, Jonathan L. Sessler.
United States Patent |
5,432,171 |
Sessler , et al. |
July 11, 1995 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Water soluble texaphyrin metal complexes for viral deactivation
Abstract
The present invention involves water soluble hydroxy-substituted
texaphyrins retaining lipophilicity, the synthesis of such
compounds and their uses. These expanded porphyrin-like macrocycles
are efficient chelators of divalent and trivalent metal ions.
Various metal (e.g., transition, main group, and lanthanide)
complexes of the hydroxy-substituted texaphyrin derivatives of the
present invention have unusual water solubility and stability. They
absorb light strongly in a physiologically important region (i.e.
690-880 nm). They have enhanced relaxivity and therefore are useful
in magnetic resonance imaging. They form long-lived triplet states
in high yield and act as photosensitizers for the generation of
singlet oxygen. Thus, they are useful for inactivation or
destruction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), mononuclear or
other cells infected with such virus as well as tumor cells. They
are water soluble, yet they retain sufficient lipophilicity so as
to have greater affinity for lipid rich areas such as atheroma and
tumors. They may be used for magnetic resonance imaging followed by
photodynamic tumor therapy in the treatment of atheroma and tumors.
These properties, coupled with their high chemical stability and
appreciable solubility in water, add to their usefulness.
Inventors: |
Sessler; Jonathan L. (Austin,
TX), Hemmi; Gregory W. (Austin, TX), Mody; Tarak D.
(Austin, TX) |
Assignee: |
Board of Regents, The University of
Texas System (Austin, TX)
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Family
ID: |
25237423 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/100,093 |
Filed: |
July 28, 1993 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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822964 |
Jan 21, 1992 |
5252720 |
Oct 12, 1993 |
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771393 |
Sep 19, 1991 |
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539975 |
Jun 18, 1990 |
5162509 |
Nov 10, 1992 |
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320293 |
Mar 6, 1989 |
4935498 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/185; 540/472;
534/11; 534/15 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D
487/22 (20130101); A61K 49/0036 (20130101); A61K
51/1093 (20130101); A61K 49/04 (20130101); A61K
49/106 (20130101); C07H 17/02 (20130101); A61P
35/00 (20180101); A61K 49/0058 (20130101); A61K
47/546 (20170801); C07H 21/00 (20130101); A61P
43/00 (20180101); A61K 41/0076 (20130101); A61L
2/0011 (20130101); A61K 49/0021 (20130101); A61K
41/0038 (20130101); A61K 41/10 (20200101); A61K
51/0485 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C07D
487/00 (20060101); A61K 49/00 (20060101); A61K
41/00 (20060101); A61K 49/08 (20060101); A61K
49/06 (20060101); A61L 2/00 (20060101); A61K
51/04 (20060101); A61K 51/02 (20060101); C07H
21/00 (20060101); C07D 487/22 (20060101); A61K
031/40 (); C07D 487/22 () |
Field of
Search: |
;540/465,472 ;534/11,15
;604/4,5,6 ;514/185,186 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0111418A2 |
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Jun 1984 |
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EP |
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0196515A1 |
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Oct 1986 |
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EP |
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0233701A2 |
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Aug 1987 |
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EP |
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WO90/10633 |
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Sep 1990 |
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WO |
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|
Primary Examiner: Shah; Mukund J.
Assistant Examiner: Sripada; Pavanaram K.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Arnold, White & Durkee
Government Interests
The government has certain rights in the present invention pursuant
to National Institutes of Health contract AI28845.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional application of copending Ser. No.
07/822,964, filed Jan. 21, 1992, since issued as U.S. Pat. No.
5,252,720, Oct. 12, 1993. Ser. No. 07/822,964 was a
continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 771,393 filed Sep. 30, 1991,
(now abandoned), which was a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No.
539,957 filed Jun. 18, 1990, (since issued as U.S. Pat. No.
5,162,509, Nov. 10, 1992), which was a divisional application of
U.S. Ser. No. 320,293, filed Mar. 6, 1989, (since issued as U.S.
Pat. No. 4,935,498, Jun. 19, 1990). U.S. Ser. No. 771,393 was also
a continuation of international application no. PCT/US90/01280,
internationally filed 6 Mar., 1990. Each of the above-referenced
patents are incorporated by reference herein.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of deactivating enveloped viruses in vivo or ex vivo in
an aqueous fluid, the method comprising adding a water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex retaining lipophilicity to said aqueous fluid and
exposing the mixture to light to effect the formation of singlet
oxygen.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydroxy-substituted aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal complex has the
structure: ##STR12## wherein: M is a diamagnetic metal cation;
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are independently
H, OH, C.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.Y or OC.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1)
O.sub.y where
at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is
C.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.Y or OC.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.y,
having at least one hydroxy substituent;
the molecular weight of any one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, or R.sub.5 is less than or equal to about 1000
daltons;
n is a positive integer from 1 to 10;
y is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to (2n+1);
and
N is an integer less than or equal to 2.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydroxy-substituted aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal complex is the Lu or
La or In complex of B2T2,
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxypropy
loxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.1
4,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the aqueous fluid is blood,
plasma, edema tissue fluid, ex vivo fluid for injection into body
cavities, cell culture media, or a supernatant solution from cell
culture.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the enveloped viruses are Herpes
simplex virus I, cytomegalovirus, measles virus.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the light has a wavelength range
from about 730 to about 770 nanometers.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydroxy-substituted aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal complex has the
structure: ##STR13## wherein: M is a diamagnetic metal cation;
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are independently
hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, oxyalkyl, oxyhydroxyalkyl,
monosaccharide, carboxyalkyl or carboxyamidealkyl where at least
one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is hydroxyl,
oxyhydroxyalkyl, monosaccharide, oxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl,
carboxyamidealkyl or hydroxyalkyl; the molecular weight of any one
of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 or R.sub.5 is less than or
equal to about 1000 daltons; and
N is an integer less than or equal to 2.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the oxyhydroxyalkyl is C.sub.(n-x)
H.sub.((2n+1)-2x) O.sub.x O.sub.y or OC.sub.(n-x) H.sub.((2n+1)-2x)
O.sub.x O.sub.y where
n is a positive integer from 1 to 10;
x is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to n; and
y is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
((2n+1)-2x).
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the oxyhydroxyalkyl or
monosaccharide is C.sub.n H.sub.((2n+1)-q) O.sub.y R.sup.a.sub.q,
OC.sub.n H.sub.((2n+1)-q) O.sub.y R.sup.a.sub.q or (CH.sub.2).sub.n
CO.sub.2 R.sup.a where
n is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
y is zero or a positive integer less than ((2n+1)-q),
q is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to 2n+1,
R.sup.a is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, monosaccharide,
C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2 CC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z or N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, where
m is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
w is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to m,
z is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
((2m+1)-2w),
R is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or C.sub.m H.sub.((2m+1)-r) O.sub.z
R.sup.b.sub.r where
m is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
z is zero or a positive integer less than ((2m+1)-r),
r is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to 2m+1, and
R.sup.b is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
monosaccharide.
10. The method of claim 7 wherein the carboxyamidealkyl is
(CH.sub.2).sub.n CONHR.sup.a, O(CH.sub.2).sub.n CONHR.sup.a,
(CH.sub.2).sub.n CON(R.sup.a).sub.2, or O(CH.sub.2).sub.n
CON(R.sup.a).sub.2 where
n is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
R.sup.a is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, monosaccharide,
C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2 CC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z or N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, where
m is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
w is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to m,
z is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
((2m+1)-2w),
R is H alkyl hydroxyalkyl or C.sub.m H.sub.((2m+1)-r) O.sub.z
R.sup.b.sub.r where
m is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
z is zero or a positive integer less than ((2m+1)-r),
r is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to 2m+1, and
R.sup.b is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
monosaccharide.
11. The method of claim 7 wherein the carboxyalkyl is C.sub.n
H.sub.((2n+1)-q) O.sub.y R.sup.c.sub.q or OC.sub.n H.sub.((2n+1)-q)
O.sub.y R.sup.c.sub.q where
n is a positive integer from 1 to 10;
y is zero or a positive integer less than ((2n+1)-q),
q is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to 2n+1,
R.sup.c is (CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 R.sup.d, (CH.sub.2).sub.n
CONHR.sup.d or (CH.sub.2).sub.n CON(R.sup.d).sub.2 where n is a
positive integer from 1 to 10;
R.sup.d is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, monosaccharide,
C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2 CC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z or
N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.((2m+1)-2w) O.sub.w O.sub.z, where m is a
positive integer from 1 to 10,
w is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to m,
z is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
((2m+1)-2w),
R is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or C.sub.m H.sub.((2m+1)-r) O.sub.z
R.sup.b.sub.r where
m is a positive integer from 1 to 10,
z is zero or a positive integer less than ((2m+1)-r),
r is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to 2m+1, and
R.sup.b is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
monosaccharide.
12. A method for deactivating an enveloped virus in blood in vitro
or ex vivo comprising:
mixing with blood in vitro or ex vivo a water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex capable of producing singlet oxygen when irradiated
in the presence of oxygen; and
irradiating the mixture in vitro or ex vivo to produce singlet
oxygen in a quantity cytotoxic to said enveloped virus.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex is a hydroxylated texaphyrin.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the metal is a diamagnetic
metal.
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the metal is In(III), Zn(II) or
Cd(II).
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the metal is a lanthanide
metal.
17. The method of claim 12 wherein the metal is Lu(III) or
La(III).
18. The method of claim 12 wherein the wavelength range of
photoirradiation is from about 730 to about 770 nanometers.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the irradiation is at an
intensity from about 10 to about 20 joules/cm.sup.2.
20. The method of claim 12 wherein the water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex in the mixture is at a concentration between about
0.015 .mu.M and 38 .mu.M.
21. A method of deactivating enveloped viruses in vitro or ex vivo
in an aqueous fluid, the method comprising adding a metal complex
of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,-24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxyprop
yloxy)-13,20,-25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup
.14,19 ]heptacosa-1,3,5
7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene, to said aqueous
fluid and exposing the mixture to light to effect the formation of
singlet oxygen.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the aqueous fluid is blood,
plasma, edema tissue fluid, ex vivo fluid for injection into body
cavities, cell culture media, or a supernatant solution from cell
culture.
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the metal is a diamagnetic
metal.
24. The method of claim 21 wherein the metal is In(III), Zn(II) or
Cd(II).
25. The method of claim 21 wherein the metal is a lanthanide
metal.
26. The method of claim 21 wherein the metal is Lu(III) or
La(III).
27. A method of deactivating an enveloped virus in an aqueous
fluid, the method comprising adding a water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex retaining lipophilicity and having the structure:
##STR14## wherein: M is a diamagnetic metal cation;
R.sub.1 is hydroxyalkyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are alkyl;
and R.sub.5 is oxyalkyl;
the molecular weight of any one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4 or R.sub.5 is less than or equal to about 1000 daltons;
and
N is an integer less than or equal to 2;
to said aqueous fluid and exposing the mixture to light to effect
the formation of singlet oxygen.
28. The method of claim 27 where the hydroxyalkyl of R.sub.1 is
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH, the alkyl of R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, the alkyl of R.sub.4 is CH.sub.3, and the
oxyalkyl of R.sub.5 is O(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OR', where R' is H or CH.sub.3.
29. The method of claim 28 where R' is CH.sub.3.
30. The method of claim 27 where M is Lu(III).
31. A method of deactivating an enveloped virus in an aqueous
fluid, the method comprising adding the Lu(III) complex of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis[2-[2-(2-met
hoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy]-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3
,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19 ]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9
11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene to said aqueous
fluid and exposing the mixture to light to effect the formation of
singlet oxygen.
32. A method for deactivating an enveloped virus in blood
comprising:
mixing with blood in vitro or ex vivo a Lu(III) complex of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis[2-[2-(2-met
hoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,
6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene;
and
irradiating the mixture in vitro or ex vivo to produce singlet
oxygen in a quantity cytotoxic to said enveloped virus.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The porphyrins and related tetrapyrrole macrocycles are among the
most versatile of tetradentate ligands.sup.1. Attempts to stabilize
higher coordination geometries with larger porphyrin-like aromatic
macrocycles have met with little success..sup.2-13 Only the uranyl
complex of "superphthalocyanine" has been isolated and
characterized structurally,.sup.2 although several other large
porphyrin-like aromatic macrocycles, including the
"sapphyrins",.sup.3,6 "oxosapphyrins",.sup.6,7 "platyrins",.sup.8
"pentaphyrin",.sup.9 and "[26]porphyrin",.sup.10 have been prepared
in their metal free forms. Large, or "expanded" porphyrin-like
systems are of interest for several reasons: They could serve as
aromatic analogues of the better studied porphyrins.sup.2-10 or
serve as biomimetic models for these or other naturally occurring
pyrrole-containing systems..sup.36,13a In addition, large pyrrole
containing systems offer possibilities as novel metal binding
macrocycles..sup.2,4,5,13b,35,14 For instance, suitably designed
systems could act as versatile ligands capable of binding larger
metal cations and/or stabilizing higher coordination
geometries.sup.2 than those routinely accommodated within the
normally tetradentate ca. 2.0 .ANG. radius porphyrin core..sup.21
The resulting complexes could have important application in the
area of heavy metal chelation therapy, serve as contrast agents for
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications, act as vehicles for
radioimmunological labeling work, or serve as new systems for
extending the range and scope of coordination chemistry..sup.14,39
In addition, the free-base (metal-free) and/or diamagnetic
metal-containing materials could serve as useful photosensitizers
for photodynamic therapeutic applications. In recent years a number
of pentadentate polypyrrolic aromatic systems, including the
"sapphyrins",.sup.3,6 "oxosapphyrins",.sup.7
"smaragdyrins",.sup.3,6 "platyrins",.sup.8 and "pentaphyrin".sup.9
have been prepared and studied as their metal-free forms. For the
most part, however, little or no information is available for the
corresponding metallated forms. Prior to this invention the uranyl
complex of "superphthalocyanine" was the only metal-containing
pentapyrrolic system which has been prepared and characterized
structurally..sup.2 The "superphthalocyanine" system is not capable
of existence in either its free-base or other metal-containing
forms..sup.2 Thus, prior to the present invention, no versatile,
structurally characterized, pentadentate aromatic ligands were
available,.sup.13b although a number of nonaromatic
pyridine-derived pentadentate systems had previously been
reported..sup.37,38
Gadolinium(III) complexes derived from strongly binding anionic
ligands, such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
(DTPA),.sup.40-42 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane
N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (DOTA),.sup.40,43,44 and
1,10-diaza-4,7,13,16-tetraoxacyclooctadecane-N,N'-diacetic acid
(dacda),.sup.40,45 are among the most promising of the paramagnetic
contrast agents currently being developed for use in magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI).sup.40 The complex, [Gd.cndot.DTPA].sup.-,
is now being used clinically in the United States in certain
enhanced tumor detection and other imaging protocols..sup.40
Nonetheless, the synthesis of other gadolinium(III) complexes
remains of interest since such systems might have greater kinetic
stability, superior relaxivity, or better biodistribution
properties than this or other carboxylate-based contrast agents.
The water-soluble porphyrin derivatives, such as
tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) cannot accommodate
completely the large gadolinium(III) cation.sup.47 within the
relatively small porphyrin binding core (r.congruent.2.0
.ANG..sup.48), and, as a consequence, gadolinium porphyrin
complexes are invariably hydrolytically
unstable..sup.33,34,46,49,50 Larger porphyrin-like ligands may
offer a means of circumventing this problem..sup.51-59
A promising new modality for use in the control and treatment of
tumors is photodynamic therapy (PDT)..sup.60-64 This technique uses
of a photosensitizing dye, which localizes at, or near, the tumor
site, and when irradiated in the presence of oxygen serves to
produce cytotoxic materials, such as singlet oxygen (O.sub.2
(.sup.1 .DELTA..sub.g)), from benign precursors (e g. (O.sub.2
(.sup.3 .SIGMA..sub.g -)). Diamagnetic porphyrins and their
derivatives are the dyes of choice for PDT. It has been known for
decades that porphyrins, such as hematoporphyrin, localize
selectively in rapidly growing tissues including sarcomas and
carcinomas..sup.65 The hematoporphyrin derivative
(HPD),.sup.61-64,66-80 is an incompletely characterized mixture of
monomeric and oligomeric porphyrins..sup.81-86 The oligomeric
species, which are believed to have the best tumor-localizing
ability,.sup.82,85 are marketed under the trade name Photofrin
II.RTM. (PII) and are currently undergoing phase III clinical
trials for obstructed endobronchial tumors and superficial bladder
tumors. The mechanism of action is thought to be the
photoproduction of singlet oxygen (O.sub.2 (.sup.1 .DELTA..sub.g))
although involvement of superoxide anion or hydroxyl and/or
porphyrin-based radicals cannot be entirely ruled out..sup.87-92
Promising as HPD is, it and other available photosensitizers (e.g.,
the phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines) suffer from serious
disadvantages.
While porphyrin derivatives have high triplet yields and long
triplet lifetimes (and consequently transfer excitation energy
efficiently to triplet oxygen),.sup.101b,g their absorption in the
Q-band region parallels that of heme-containing tissues.
Phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines absorb in a more convenient
spectral range but have significantly lower triplet yields;.sup.102
moreover, they tend to be quite insoluble in polar protic solvents,
and are difficult to functionalize. Thus the development of more
effective photochemotherapeutic agents requires the synthesis of
compounds which absorb in the spectral region where living tissues
are relatively transparent (i.e., 700-1000 nm),.sup.99d have high
triplet quantum yields, and are minimally toxic. The present
inventors have recently reported.sup.103 (see Example 1) the
synthesis of a new class of aromatic porphyrin-like macrocycles,
the tripyrroledimethine-derived "texaphyrins", which absorb
strongly in the tissue-transparent 730-770 nm range. The
photophysical properties of metallotexaphyrins parallel those of
the corresponding metalloporphyrins and the diamagnetic complexes
sensitize the production of .sup.1 O.sub.2 in high quantum
yield.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is among the most serious
public health problems facing our nation today. AIDS, first
reported in 1981 as occurring among male homosexuals,.sup.60 is a
fatal human disease which has now reached pandemic proportions. At
present, sexual relations and needle-sharing are the dominant
mechanisms for the spread of AIDS..sup.60 Since the testing of
blood supplies began, the percentage of AIDS infections due to
blood transfusions has dropped considerably..sup.60,104-107
However, an absolutely fail-proof means must be developed to insure
that all stored blood samples are free of the AIDS virus (and
ideally all other blood-borne pathogens). Serologic tests for HIV-1
are insufficient to detect all infected blood samples, in
particular, those derived from donors who have contracted the
disease but not yet produced detectable antibodies..sup.104-107
Any blood purification procedure used to remove AIDS virus or other
blood-borne pathogens should operate without introducing
undesirable toxins, damaging normal blood components, or inducing
the formation of harmful metabolites. This precludes the use of
common antiviral systems such as those based on heating, UV
irradiation, or purely chemical means. A promising approach is the
photodynamic one alluded to above. Here, preliminary studies,
carried out by researchers at the Baylor Research Foundation, Dr.
Matthews and his team,.sup.93-96 and others,.sup.97,98 have served
to show that HPD and PII, in far lower dosages than are required
for tumor treatment, act as efficient photosensitizers for the
photo-deactivation of cell-free HIV-1, herpes simplex (HSV),
hepatitis and other enveloped viruses. The success of this
procedure derives from the fact that these dyes localize
selectively at or near the morphologically characteristic, and
physiologically essential, viral membrane ("envelope") and catalyze
the formation of singlet oxygen upon photoirradiation. The singlet
oxygen destroys the essential membrane envelope. This kills the
virus and eliminates infectivity. Photodynamic blood purification
procedures, therefore, rely on the use of photosensitizers which
localize selectively at viral membranes, just as more classic tumor
treatments require dyes that are absorbed or retained
preferentially at tumor sites. Simple enveloped DNA viruses like
HSV-1 are good models for testing putative photosensitizers for
potential use in killing the far more hazardous HIV-1 retrovirus.
This correspondence holds only as far as freely circulating (as
opposed to intracellular) viruses are concerned. Complete
prophylactic removal of HIV-1 from blood products will require the
destructive removal of the virus from within monocytes and T
lymphocytes..sup.108
This "first generation" of dyes suffers from a number of serious
deficiencies which may militate against their eventual use in
biomedical applications. Each of these deficiencies has important
clinical consequences. Since HPD and PII do not contain a single
chemically well-defined constituent, coupled with the fact that the
active components have yet to be identified with
certainty,.sup.82-86 means that the effective concentrations vary
from preparation to preparation. Thus the dosage, and the light
fluence, cannot be optimized and predetermined for any particular
application. Since they are not metabolized rapidly, significant
quantities of these dyes remain in stored blood units after
prophylactic photoinduced HIV-1 removal and remain in patients'
bodies long after photodynamic tumor treatment. The latter
retention problem, in particular, is known to be serious; HPD and
PII localize in the skin and induce photosensitivity in patients
for weeks after administration..sup.64,109 Since the longest
wavelength absorption maximum for these dyes falls at 630 nm, most
of the incipient energy used in photo-treatment is dispersed or
attenuated before reaching the center of a deep-seated tumor and as
a result, little of the initial light is available for singlet
oxygen production and therapy..sup.110-112 A study using a mouse
model with a 3 mm tumor implanted beneath the skin indicated that
as much as 90% of the energy is lost by the base of the
tumor..sup.110 More effective treatment of deep-seated or large
tumors may be possible if photosensitizers could be developed which
absorb in the >700 nm region, provided, of course, they retain
the desirable features of HPD and PII (e.g. selective localization
in target tissues and low dark toxicity). One aspect of the present
invention involves development of such improved photosensitizers
for use in photodynamic tumor treatment and blood purification
protocols.
The following list summarizes features which would be desirable in
biomedical photosensitizers:
1. Easily available
2. Low intrinsic toxicity
3. Long wavelength absorption
4. Efficient photosensitizer for singlet oxygen production
5. Fair solubility in water
6. Selective up-take in tumor tissue and/or
7. Showing high affinity for enveloped viruses
8. Quick degradation and/or elimination after use
9. Chemically pure and stable
10. Easily subject to synthetic modification
In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the
synthesis and study of new photosensitizers which might meet these
desiderata. Although a few of these have consisted of classic dyes
such as those of the rhodamine and cyanine classes,.sup.113-115
many have been porphyrin derivatives with extended .pi.
networks..sup.116-126 Included in this latter category are the
purpurins and verdins.sup.116 of Morgan and other chlorophyll-like
species,.sup.117-119 the benz-fused porphyrins of Dolphin et
al.,.sup.120 and the sulfonated phthalocyanines and
napthophthalocyanines studied by Ben-Hur,.sup.121 Rodgers,.sup.122
and others..sup.123-127 Of these, only the napthophthalocyanines
absorb efficiently in the most desirable >700 nm spectral
region. These particular dyes are difficult to prepare in a
chemically pure, water soluble form and are relatively inefficient
photosensitizers for singlet oxygen production, perhaps even acting
photodynamically via other oxygen derived toxins (e.g. superoxide).
Thus a search continues for yet a "third generation" of
photosensitizers which might better meet the ten critical criteria
listed above.
It is an important aspect of the present invention that an improved
"third generation" of photosensitizers is obtained using large,
pyrrole-containing "expanded porphyrins". These systems, being
completely synthetic, can be tuned so as to incorporate any desired
properties. In marked contrast to the literature of the porphyrins,
and related tetrapyrrolic systems (e.g. phthalocyanines, chlorins,
etc.), there are only a few reports of larger pyrrole-containing
systems, and only a few of these meet the criterion of aromaticity
deemed essential for long-wavelength absorption and singlet oxygen
photosensitization..sup.128 In addition to the present inventors'
studies of texaphyrin 1.sub.B, .sup.129 (see FIGS. 1B and 2B), and
"sapphyrin", first produced by the groups of Woodward.sup.3 and
Johnson.sup.6, there appear to be only three large porphyrin-like
systems which might have utility as photosensitizers. These are the
"platyrins" of LeGoff.sup.8, the stretched porphycenes of
Vogel.sup.131a and the vinylogous porphyrins of Franck..sup.130 The
present studies indicate that an expanded porphyrin approach to
photodynamic therapy is promising. The porphycenes,.sup.131b, 131c
a novel class of "contracted porphyrins" also show promise as
potential photosensitizers..sup.132
The present invention involves a major breakthrough in the area of
ligand design and synthesis. It involves the synthesis of the first
rationally designed aromatic pentadentate macrocyclic ligand, the
tripyrroledimethine-derived "expanded porphyrin" 1.sub.B..sup.129
This compound, to which the trivial name "texaphyrin" has been
assigned, is capable of existing in both its free-base form and of
supporting the formation of hydrolytically stable 1:1 complexes
with a variety of metal cations, such as Cd.sup.2+, Hg.sup.2+,
In.sup.3+, Y.sup.3+, Nd.sup.3+, Eu.sup.3+, Sm.sup.3+, La.sup.3+,
Lu.sup.3+, Gd.sup.3+, and other cations of the lanthanide series
that are too large to be accommodated in a stable fashion within
the 20% smaller tetradentate binding core of the well-studied
porphyrins. In addition, since the free-base form of 1.sub.B is a
monoanionic ligand, the texaphyrin complexes formed from divalent
and trivalent metal cations remain positively charged at neutral
pH. As a result, many of these complexes are more water soluble
than the analogous porphyrin complexes.
To date, two X-ray crystal structures of two different Cd.sup.2+
adducts have been obtained, one of the coordinatively saturated,
pentagonal bipyramidal bispyridine complex;.sup.129a the other of a
coordinatively unsaturated pentagonal pyramidal benzimidazole
complex..sup.129b Both confirm the planar pentadentate structure of
this new ligand system and support the assignment of this
prototypical "expanded porphyrin" as aromatic.
Further support for the aromatic formulation comes from the optical
properties of 1.sub.B and 1.sub.C. The lowest energy Q-type band of
the structurally characterized bispyridine cadmium(II) adduct of
complex 1.sub.C at 767 nm (.epsilon.=51,900) in CHCl.sub.3 is
10-fold more intense and red shifted by almost 200 nm as compared
to that of a typical reference cadmium(II) porphyrin. Compound
1.sub.B and both its zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes are very
effective photosensitizers for singlet oxygen, giving quantum
yields for .sup.1 O.sub.2 formation of between 60 and 70% when
irradiated at 354 nm in air-saturated methanol..sup.129c Related
congeneric texaphyrin systems bearing substituents on the
tripyrrole and/or phenyl portions and incorporating La(III) and/or
Lu(III) metal centers, have been found to produce .sup.1 O.sub.2 in
quantum yields exceeding 70% when irradiated under similar
conditions. Thus, it is this remarkable combination of light
absorbing and .sup.1 O.sub.2 photosensitizing properties which make
these systems ideal candidates for use in photodynamic therapy and
blood purification protocols.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The texaphyrin derivatives described in this continuation-in-part
application are extensions of the structure 29.sub.D in FIG. 27 of
the parent application Ser. No. 771,393. By texaphyrin, we mean a
compound with the central ring system depicted in structure 1A.
The present invention involves hydroxyl derivatives of texaphyrin,
a novel tripyrrole dimethine-derived "expanded porphyrin", the
synthesis of such compounds and their uses. The desirable
properties of hydroxylated derivatives of texaphyrin are:
1) appreciable solubility, particularly in aqueous media;
2) biolocalization in desired target tissue;
3) the ability to attach to solid matrices;
4) the ability to be attached to biomolecules;
5) efficient chelation of divalent and trivalent metal cations;
6) absorption of light in the physiologically important region of
690-880 nm;
7) high chemical stability;
8) ability to stabilize diamagnetic complexes that form long-lived
triplet states in high yield and that act as efficient
photosensitizers for the formation of singlet oxygen.
The reduced sp.sup.3 form of the texaphyrin molecule has the
structure 1.sub.A shown in FIG. 1A. Upon oxidation, an aromatic
structure 1.sub.B is formed and upon incorporation of a metal salt,
such as CdCl.sub.2, the chelate 1.sub.C or its analogue
incorporating other di- or trivalent cations, is formed. The
synthetic scheme for the basic texaphyrin molecule is described in
FIGS. 2A and 2B. These molecules are the subject of previous patent
applications Ser. No. 771,393 and 539,975. The derivatives
disclosed in this invention have substituents on the benzene ring
portion of the molecule referred to as B or the tripyrrole portion
of the molecule referred to as T. The number following the B or T
indicates the number of hydroxyl groups that have been incorporated
into that portion of the molecule.
The present invention relates to water soluble compounds retaining
lipophilicity and having the structure: ##STR1## wherein M is H, a
divalent or a trivalent metal cation; wherein N is an integer
between -20 and +2; and wherein the substituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are independently
hydrogen, [H];
hydroxyl, [OH];
alkyl groups attached via a carbon or oxygen;
hydroxyalkyl groups attached via a carbon or oxygen; these may be
C.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.y or OC.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.y ;
where at least one of the subtituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 has at least one hydroxy substituent; where
the molecular weight of any one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3,
R.sub.4, or R.sub.5 is less than or equal to about 1000 daltons;
where n is a positive integer or zero; and where y is zero or a
positive integer less than or equal to (2n+1);
oxyhydroxyalkyl groups (containing independently hydroxy
substituents or ether branches) attached via a carbon or oxygen;
these may be C.sub.(n-x) H.sub.[(2n+1)-2x] O.sub.x O.sub.y or
OC.sub.(n-x) H.sub.[(2n+1)-2x] O.sub.x O.sub.y ; where n is a
positive integer or zero, x is zero or a positive integer less than
or equal to n, and y is zero or a positive integer less than or
equal to [(2n+1)2x];
oxyhydroxyalkyl groups (containing independently substituents on
the hydroxyls of the oxyhydroxyalkyl compounds described above or
carboxyl derivatives) attached via a carbon or oxygen; these may be
C.sub.n H.sub.[(2n+1)-q] O.sub.y R.sup.a.sub.q, OC.sub.n
H.sub.[(2n+1)-q] O.sub.y R.sup.a.sub.q or (CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2
R.sup.a ; where n is a positive integer or zero, y is zero or a
positive integer less than [(2n+1)-q], q is zero or a positive
integer less than or equal to 2n+1, R.sup.a is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, saccharide, C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[2m+1)-2w]
O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2 CC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w
O.sub.z or N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w O.sub.z ;
where m is a positive integer or zero, w is zero or a positive
integer less than or equal to m, z is zero or a positive integer
less than or equal to [(2m+ 1)-2w], R is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
C.sub.m H.sub.[(2m+1)-r] O.sub.z R.sup.b.sub.r ; where m is a
positive integer or zero, z is zero or a positive integer less than
[(2m+1)-r], r is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
2m+1, and R.sup.b is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
saccharide;
carboxyamidealkyl groups (containing independently hydroxyl groups,
or secondary or tertiary amide linkages) attached via a carbon or
oxygen; these may be (CH.sub.2).sub.n CONHR.sup.a,
O(CH.sub.2).sub.n CONHR.sup.a, (CH.sub.2).sub.n CON(R.sup.a).sub.2,
or O(CH.sub.2).sub.n CON (R.sup.a).sub.2 ; where n is a positive
integer or zero, R.sup.a is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl,
saccharide, C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2
CC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w O.sub.z or N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w)
H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w O.sub.z ; where m is a positive integer
or zero, w is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to m, z
is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to [(2m+1)-2w], R
is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or C.sub.m H.sub.[(2m+1)-r] O.sub.z
R.sup.b.sub.r ; where m is a positive integer or zero, z is zero or
a positive integer less than [(2m+1)-r], r is zero or a positive
integer less than or equal to 2m+1, and R.sup.b is independently H,
alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or saccharide; or
carboxyalkyl groups (containing independently hydroxyl groups,
carboxyl substituted ethers, amide substituted ethers or tertiary
amides removed from the ether) attached via a carbon or oxygen;
these may be C.sub.n H.sub.[(2n+1)-q] O.sub.y R.sup.c.sub.q or
OC.sub.n H.sub.[(2n+1)-q] O.sub.y R.sup.c.sub.q ; where n is a
positive integer or zero, y is zero or a positive integer less than
[(2n+1)-q], q is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
2n+1, R.sup.c is (CH.sub.2).sub.n CO.sub.2 R.sup.d,
(CH.sub.2).sub.n CONHR.sup.d or (CH.sub.2).sub.n CON(R.sup.d).sub.2
; where n is a positive integer or zero, R.sup.d is independently
H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, saccharide, C.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w]
O.sub.w O.sub.z, O.sub.2 CC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w
O.sub.z or N(R)OCC.sub.(m-w) H.sub.[(2m+1)-2w] O.sub.w O.sub.z ;
where m is a positive integer or zero, w is zero or a positive
integer less than or equal to m, z is zero or a positive integer
less than or equal to [(2m+1)-2w], R is H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
C.sub.m H.sub.[(2m+1)-r] O.sub.z R.sup.b.sub.r ; where m is a
positive integer or zero, z is zero or apositive integer less than
[(2m+1)-r], r is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to
2m+1, and R.sup.b is independently H, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or
saccharide;
where at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and
R.sub.5 has at least one hydroxy substituent and the molecular
weight of any of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 or R.sub.5 is
less than or equal to about 1000 daltons.
In the above-described metallic complexes M may be a divalent metal
ion selected from the group consisting of Ca.sup.+2, Mn.sup.+2,
Co.sup.+2, Ni.sup.+2, Zn.sup.+2, Cd.sup.+2, Sm.sup.+2 and
UO.sub.2.sup.+2, (and N is 1). In certain aspects M is preferably
Cd.sup.+2 or Zn.sup.+2 or Hg.sup.+2. When M is a trivalent metal
ion, it is preferably selected from the group consisting of
Mn.sup.+3, Co.sup.+3, Ni.sup.+3, Y.sup.+3, In.sup.+3, Pr.sup.+3,
Nd.sup.+3, Sm.sup.+3, Fe.sup.+3, Ho.sup.+3, Ce.sup.+3, Eu.sup.+3,
Gd.sup.+3, Tb.sup.+3, Dy.sup.+3, Er.sup.+3, Tm.sup.+3, Yb.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3 and U.sup.+3 ; (and N is 2). Most preferred
trivalent metal ions are In.sup.+3, La.sup.+3 , Lu.sup.+3, and
Gd.sup.+3.
A preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity has
hydroxyl groups only in the B portion of the molecule and has the
structure: ##STR2## wherein M is H, a divalent or a trivalent metal
cation; N is an integer between -20 and +2; R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 where n
is a positive integer; and R.sub.5 is hydroxyl, hydroxyalkyl,
oxyhydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl or carboxyamidealkyl; where R.sub.5
has at least one hydroxy substituent, and the molecular weight of
any one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, or R.sub.5 is less
than or equal to about 1000 daltons.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has hydroxyl groups only in the T portion of the molecule and has
the structure: ##STR3## wherein M is H, a divalent or a trivalent
metal cation; N is an integer between -20 and +2; R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently hydroxyl, alkyl,
hydroxyalkyl, oxyhydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl or carboxyamidealkyl;
and R.sub.5 is H or C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 ; where at least one of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 has at least one hydroxy
substituent, the molecular weight of any one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2,
R.sub.3, R.sub.4, or R.sub.5 is less than or equal to about 1000
daltons, and n is a positive integer.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has hydroxyl groups in both the B and T portions of the molecule
and has the structure: ##STR4## wherein M is H, a divalent or a
trivalent metal cation; N is an integer between -20 and +2;
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 are independently
H, OH, C.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1) O.sub.y or OC.sub.n H.sub.(2n+1)
O.sub.y ; where at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and
R.sub.4 has at least one hydroxy substituent, R.sub.5 has at least
one hydroxy substituent, the molecular weight of any one of
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, or R.sub.5 is less than or
equal to about 1000 daltons, n is a positive integer or zero, and y
is zero or a positive integer less than or equal to (2n+1).
In the above described metallic complexes M may be a divalent
metallic cation selected from the group consisting of Ca.sup.+2,
Mn.sup.+2, Co.sup.+2, Ni.sup.+2, Zn.sup.+2, Cd.sup.+2, Hg.sup.+2,
Sm.sup.+2 and UO.sub.2.sup.+2, and N is 1. When M is a trivalent
metal cation, it is preferably selected from the group consisting
of Mn.sup.+3, Co.sup.+3, Ni.sup.+3, Y.sup.+3, In.sup.+3, Pr.sup.+3,
Nd.sup.+3, Sm.sup.+3, Eu.sup.+3, Gd.sup.+3, Tb.sup.+3, Dy.sup.+3,
Er.sup.+3, Fe.sup.+3, Ho.sup.+3, Ce.sup.+3, Tm.sup.+3, Yb.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, and U.sup.+3 ; and N is 2. Most preferred
trivalent metal ions are In.sup.+3, Gd.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or
Lu.sup.+3 and N is + 2.
A preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity of this
invention has been prepared as one having the structure with the
trivial name B2 (See FIG. 6): ##STR5## wherein M is H, a divalent
or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1 or 2. Particularly
preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3, Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or
In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
Another Preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has the structure with the trivial name T2: ##STR6## wherein M is
H, a divalent or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1 or 2
Particularly preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3, Lu.sup.+3,
La.sup.+3, or In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has the structure with the trivial name B2T2 or T2B2: ##STR7##
wherein M is H, a divalent or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1
or 2. Particularly preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has the structure with the trivial name B4: ##STR8## wherein M is
H, a divalent or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1 or 2.
Particularly preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3, Lu.sup.+3,
La.sup.+3, or In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has the structure with the trivial name B4T2 or T2B4: ##STR9##
wherein M is H, a divalent or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1
or 2. Particularly preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
Another preferred water soluble compound retaining lipophilicity
has the structure with the trivial name B4T3 or T3B4: ##STR10##
wherein M is H, a divalent or trivalent metal cation, and N is 0, 1
or 2. Particularly preferred metal cations are Gd.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or In.sup.+3, and N is 2.
In the above described preferred compounds M may be a divalent
metallic cation selected from the group consisting of Ca.sup.+2,
Mn.sup.+2, Co.sup.+2, Ni.sup.+2, Zn.sup.+2, Cd.sup.+2, Hg.sup.+2,
and Sm.sup.+2 UO.sub.2.sup.+2, and N is 1. When M is a trivalent
metal cation, it is preferably selected from the group consisting
of Mn.sup.+3, Co.sup.+3, Ni.sup.+3, Y.sup.+3, In.sup.+3, Pr.sup.+3,
Nd.sup.+3, Sm.sup.+3, Eu.sup.+3, Gd.sup.+3, Tb.sup.+3, Dy.sup.+3,
Er.sup.+3, Fe.sup.+3, Ho.sup.+3, Ce.sup.+3, Tm.sup.+3, Yb.sup.+3,
Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, and U.sup.+3 ; and N is 2. Most preferred
trivalent metal ions are In.sup.+3, Gd.sup.+3, La.sup.+3, or
Lu.sup.+3 and N is +2.
By combining various substituted intermediates, one skilled in the
art can see how a large variety of hydroxy-substituted texaphyrins
could be synthesized. Water soluble means soluble in aqueous fluids
to about 1 mM or better. Retaining lipophilicity means having
greater affinity for lipid rich tissues or materials than
surrounding nonlipid rich tissues or materials and in the case of
viruses in suspension means affinity for the membraneous coat of
the virus. Lipid rich means having a greater amount of
triglyceride, cholesterol, fatty acids or the like. Hydroxyalkyl
means alkyl groups having hydroxyl groups attached. Oxyalkyl means
alkyl groups attached to an oxygen. Oxyhydroxyalkyl means alkyl
groups having ether or ester linkages, hydroxyl groups, substituted
hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, substituted carboxyl groups or
the like. Saccharide includes oxidized, reduced or substituted
saccharide. Carboxyamidealkyl means alkyl groups with hydroxyl
groups, secondary or tertiary amide linkages or the like.
Carboxyalkyl means alkyl groups having hydroxyl groups, carboxyl or
amide substituted ethers, ester linkages, tertiary amide linkages
removed from the ether or the like.
A method for the synthesis of an aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog metal complex having at least one hydroxy
substituent is an aspect of the present invention. By aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog we mean texaphyrin. This
method comprises synthesizing a diformyltripyrrole having structure
A; condensing said tripyrrole with an orthophenylenediamine having
structure B: ##STR11## where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4,
and R.sub.5 are independently H, OH, alkyl, oxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,
carboxyalkyl, carboxyamidealkyl or oxyhydroxyalkyl and where at
least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 has at
least one hydroxy substituent and where the molecular weight of any
one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, or R.sup.5 is less than
or equal to about 1000 daltons; and oxidizing the condensation
product to form an aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog
metal complex having at least one hydroxy substituent. A preferred
diformyltripyrrole is
2,5-bis[(5-formyl-3-hydroxyalkyl-4-alkylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-dialkylpyr
role or
2,5-bis[(5-formyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylp
yrrole, (7.sub.H, FIG. 7B); or
2,5-bis((3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-diethylpyrrole
(6.sub.E, FIG. 6).
A preferred "B" portion of these molecules is synthesized from
phenylenediamine or 1,2-diamino-4,5-bis(oxyhydroxyalkyl)benzene or
1,2-diamino-4,5-bis((3'-hydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene, (6.sub.D, FIG.
6), or 1,2-diamino-4,5-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene,
(8.sub.D, FIG. 8).
Said condensation product is mixed in an organic solvent with a
trivalent metal salt, a Bronsted base and an oxidant; and stirred
at ambient temperature or heated at reflux for at least 2-24 hours
to form an aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal
complex having at least one hydroxy substituent. A preferred
Bronsted base is triethylamine; preferred oxidants are air, oxygen,
platinum oxide, and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and
preferred organic solvents are methanol and chloroform or methanol
and benzene.
The metal complexes may be associated with, depending on the metal,
anywhere from 0-6 apical ligands about the encapsulated metal
center. The ligands are typically some combination of acetate,
chloride, nitrate, hydroxide, water, or methanol and when bound,
are not readily dissociable.
The present invention involves a method of deactivating
retroviruses and enveloped viruses in an aqueous fluid. Aqueous
fluid may be biological fluids, blood, plasma, edema tissue fluids,
ex vivo fluids for injection into body cavities, cell culture
media, supernatant solutions from cell cultures and the like. This
method comprises adding a water soluble hydroxy-substituted
aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog metal complex
retaining lipophilicity to said aqueous fluid and exposing the
mixture to light to effect the formation of singlet oxygen.
Preferred metals are diamagnetic metals and a preferred metal
complex is the Lu, La or In complex of B2T2.
A method of light-induced singlet oxygen production is an aspect of
the present invention. The method comprises the use of a water
soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog metal complex retaining lipophilicity and having
intrinsic biolocalization selectivity as a photosensitizer.
Preferred metals are diamagnetic metals and a preferred metal
complex is the Lu, La or In complex of B2T2. Intrinsic
biolocalization selectivity means having an inherently greater
affinity for certain tissues relative to surrounding tissues.
A method of enhancement of relaxivity comprising the administration
of a paramagnetic metal ion (such as gadolinium, for example)
complexed with a water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog retaining lipophilicity is
an aspect of the present invention. A preferred complex is the Gd
complex of B2T2.
A method of treating a host harboring atheroma or benign or
malignant tumor cells is an aspect of the present invention. The
method comprises the administration to a host as a first agent, a
water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog-detectable-metal complex retaining lipophilicity,
said complex exhibiting selective biolocalization in such atheroma
or tumor cells relative to surrounding tissue; determining
localization sites in the host by reference to such detectable
metal, followed by the administration to the host as a second agent
a water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog-detectable-metal complex retaining lipophilicity
and having essentially identical biolocalization property and
exhibiting the ability to generate singlet oxygen upon exposure to
light; and photoirradiating the second agent in proximity to said
atheroma or tumor cells. The first agent is further defined as
being a paramagnetic metal complex, said paramagnetic metal serving
as said detectable metal. In this case, the determination of
localization sites occurs by magnetic resonance imaging and the
second agent is a diamagnetic metal complex. The paramagnetic metal
is most preferably Gd(III) and the diamagnetic metal is most
preferably La(III), Lu(III) or In(III). A variation of this method
uses as a first agent, a gamma emitting radioisotope as the
detectable-metal complex, said gamma emitting radioisotope serving
as said detectable metal; determination of localization sites
occurs by gamma body scanning and is followed by photoirradiating
the second agent as described above. A preferred first agent is the
Gd complex of B2T2,
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxypropy
loxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaaza
pentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.O.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene
and a preferred second agent is the Lu, La or In complex of B2T2.
Detectable as used herein means that the location may be found by
localization means such as magnetic resonance imaging if the metal
is paramagnetic or gamma ray detection if the metal is gamma
emitting or using monochromatic X-ray photon sources. Selective
biolocalization means having an inherently greater affinity for
certain tissues relative to surrounding tissues. Essentially
identical biolocalization property means the second agent is a
texaphyrin derivative having about the same selective targeting
characteristics in tissue as demonstrated by the first agent.
Another aspect of this invention is a method of imaging atheroma in
a host comprising the administration to the host as an agent a
water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog-detectable-metal complex retaining lipophilicity,
said complex exhibiting selective biolocalization in such atheroma;
and imaging the atheroma in the host by reference to such
detectable metal. The agent is preferably a water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin
analog-paramagnetic metal complex retaining lipophilicity, said
paramagnetic metal serving as said. detectable metal; amd imaging
of the atheroma occurs by magnetic resonance imaging. The
paramagnetic metal is preferably Gd(III). The agent is preferably
the Gd complex of B2T2,
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxypropy
loxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaaza
pentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene.
In these methods of use, by water soluble hydroxy-substituted
aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog retaining
lipophilicity we mean water soluble texaphyrins retaining
lipophilicity, however, one skilled in the art would recognize that
water soluble hydroxy substituted sapphyrin metal complexes may be
used in methods for generating singlet oxygen. Sapphyrins compounds
are disclosed in patent applications Ser. No. 454,298 and 454,301
which are incorporated by reference herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and 1B show a schematic representation of the reduced
(1.sub.A) and oxidized (1.sub.B) forms of the free-base
"texaphyrin" and a representative five coordinate cadmium complex
(1.sub.C) derived from this "expanded porphyrin".
FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically summarize the synthesis of texaphyrin
(2.sub.G also designated 1.sub.B in FIG. 1B).
FIGS. 3A and 3B show .sup.1 H NMR spectrum of 1.sub.C
.cndot.NO.sub.3 in CDCl.sub.3. The signals at 1.5 and 7.26 ppm
represent residual water and solvent peaks respectively.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show a UV-visible spectrum of 1.sub.C
.cndot.NO.sub.3 1.50.times.10.sup.-5 M in CHCl.sub.3.
FIGS. 5A and 5B show metal complexes and derivatives (5.sub.A
-5.sub.E) of compounds of the parent patent application.
FIG. 6 schematically summarizes the synthesis of B2TXP, 6.sub.F and
[LuB2TXP].sup.2+, 6.sub.G, compounds of the present invention.
Compounds 6.sub.D and 6.sub.E are claimed as intermediates in the
synthesis of B2TXP in the present invention.
FIGS. 7A and 7B schematically summarize the synthesis of
B2T2TXP(7.sub.J), [Gd B2T2 TXP].sup.2+ (7.sub.K), [Lu B2T2
TXP].sup.2+ (7.sub.L), and [La B2T2 TXP].sup.2+ (7.sub.M),
compounds of the present invention. Other trivalent metal complexes
analogous to those shown can be prepared including that of In(III).
Compound 7.sub.H is claimed as an intermediate in the synthesis of
B2T2TXP in the present invention.
FIG. 8 schematically summarizes the synthesis of B4T2TXP (8.sub.F)
and [Gd B4T2 TXP].sup.2+ (8.sub.G), compounds of the present
invention. Compound 8.sub.D is claimed as an intermediate in the
synthesis of B4T2TXP in the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows mononuclear cell killing by complexes 2.sub.H
(M=Zn.sup.+2) and 1.sub.C without irradiation. Cell kill was
determined by [3H]-Thy uptake after phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
stimulation.
FIG. 10 shows mononuclear cell killing by 1 .mu.g/ml complex
1.sub.C and irradiation. Cell kill was determined by [.sup.3 H]-Thy
uptake after PHA stimulation.
FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C summarizes the synthesis of polyether-linked
polyhydroxylated texaphyrins. Ts is a tosyl group.
FIG. 12 summarizes the synthesis of catechol (i.e. benzene diol)
texaphyrin derivatives bearing further hydroxyalkyl substituents
off the tripyrrane-derived portion of the macrocycle.
FIG. 13 provides an example of a saccharide substituted texaphyrin
in which the saccharide is appended via an acetal-like glycosidic
linkage. Triflate is trifluoromethanesulfonate.
FIG. 14 summarizes the synthesis of a doubly carboxylated
texaphyrin system in which the carboxyl groups are linked to the
texaphyrin core via aryl ethers or functionalized alkyl
substituents. The products of this scheme, compounds 14.sub.H and
14.sub.J could be converted on to various esterified products
wherein the ester linkages serve to append further
hydroxyl-containing substituents.
FIGS. 15A and 15B summarize the synthesis of polyhydroxylated
texaphyrin derivatives via the use of secondary amide linkages. DCC
is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DMF is dimethylformamide, and DME is
dimethoxyethane.
FIGS. 16A and 16B summarize the synthesis of another set of
polyhydroxyl substituted texaphyrin derivatives using similar amide
bonds as in FIGS. 15A and 15B.
FIGS. 17A and 17B summarizes the synthesis of saccharide
substituted texaphyrins, wherein the saccharide moieties are
appended via amide bonds.
FIG. 18 summarizes the synthesis of polyhydroxylated texaphyrin
derivatives containing branched polyhydroxyl (polyol) subunits
appended to the texaphyrin core via aryl ethers.
FIGS. 19A and 19B summarize how similar polyol subunits may be
appended via ester linkages.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention involves the synthesis and utility of novel
water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded
porphyrin analog metal complexes retaining lipophilicity, in
particular, hydroxy-substituted texaphyrin metal complexes. The
presence in this structure of a near circular pentadentate binding
core which is roughly 20% larger than that of the porphyrins,
coupled with the realization that almost identical ionic radii
pertain for hexacoordinate Cd.sup.2+ (r=0.92 .ANG.) and Gd.sup.3+
(r=0.94 .ANG.),.sup.30 prompted exploration of the general
lanthanide binding properties of this monoanionic porphyrin-like
ligand. The synthesis and characterization of a water-stable
gadolinium (III) complex derived formally from a 16,17-dimethyl
substituted analogue of the original "expanded porphyrin" system is
described, as well as the preparation and characterization of the
corresponding europium(III) and samarium(III) complexes.
The aromatic "texaphyrin" system described herein provides an
important complement to the existing rich coordination chemistry of
porphyrins. For instance, by using methods similar to those
described, zinc(II), manganese(II), mercury(II), Iron(III),
neodymium(III), samarium(III), gadolinium(III), lutetium(III),
indium(III), and lanthanum(III) complexes have been prepared and
characterized.
The present invention involves hydroxy substituted derivatives of
texaphyrin, and the synthesis and characterization thereof. The
introduction of hydroxy substituents on the B (benzene ring)
portion of the molecule is accomplished by their attachment to
phenylenediamine in the 4 and 5 positions of the molecule. The
introduction of hydroxy substituents on the T (tripyrrole) portion
of the molecule is accomplished by appropriate functionalization of
the alkyl substituents in the 3 and/or 4 positions of the pyrrole
rings at a synthetic step prior to condensation with the
substituted phenylenediamine. Most preferred derivatizations
introduce substituents at the R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 sites of the
diformyltripyrrole (A, pg 23) and at the R.sub.5 sites of the
orthophenylenediamine (B, pg 23). Standard deprotection methodology
such as ester hydrolysis may be used to unmask the free hydroxyl
substituents. These derivatives exhibit significant solubility in
aqueous media, up to 1 mM or better, yet they retain affinity for
lipid rich regions which allows them to be useful in a biological
environment.
The photophysical properties of the tripyrroledimethine-derived
"expanded porphyrins" are reported; these compounds show strong low
energy optical absorptions in the 690-880 nm spectral range as well
as a high triplet quantum yield, and act as efficient
photosensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen, for example,
in methanol solution.
Results indicate that these expanded porphyrin-like macrocycles are
efficient photosensitizers for the destruction of free HIV-1 and
for the treatment of atheroma, benign and malignant tumors in vivo
and infected mononuclear cells in blood. Altering the polarity and
electrical charges of side groups of these macrocycles will alter
markedly the degree, rate, and site(s) of binding to free enveloped
viruses such as HIV-1 and to virally-infected peripheral
mononuclear cells, thus modulating photosensitizer take-up and
photosensitization of leukemia or lymphoma cells contaminating
bone-marrow. The use of La(III), Lu(III) or In(III) rather than
Cd(II) for the production of singlet oxygen will reduce the
toxicity of these compounds in any biomedical usage. A powerful
technique is the use of these hydroxy-substituted texaphyrins in
magnetic resonance imaging followed by photodynamic tumor therapy
in the treatment of atheroma, and benign and malignant tumors.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of Compounds 1.sub.A -1.sub.C
This example describes the synthesis of compounds depicted in FIGS.
1A, 1B, 2A and 2B; the nonaromatic methylene-bridged macrocycle
1.sub.A, the expanded porphyrin named "texaphyrin" 1.sub.B and the
nitrate salt of the cadmium (II) complex 1.sub.C.
All solvents and reagents were of reagent grade quality, purchased
commercially, and used without further purification. Sigma
lipophilic Sephadex (LH-20-100) and Merck type 60 (230-400 mesh)
silica gel were used for column chromatography. Melting points were
recorded on a Mel-temp Laboratory Devices capillary apparatus and
are uncorrected.
2,5-Bis[[5-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-ethyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl]methyl]-3,4-diet
hylpyrrole (2.sub.C, FIG. 2A). 3,4-Diethylpyrrole (2.sub.A, FIG.
2A).sup.28 (0.6 g, 4.9 mmol), benzyl
5-(acetoxymethyl)-3-methyl-4-ethyl-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.sub.B,
FIG. 2A).sup.29 (2.5 g, 7.9 mmol), and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.15
g) were dissolved in 60 mL of absolute ethanol and heated at
60.degree. C. for 8 h under nitrogen. The resulting suspension was
reduced in volume to 30 mL and placed in the freezer for several
hours. The product was then collected by filtration, washed with a
small amount of cold ethanol, and recrystallized from
dichloromethane-ethanol to afford a white powder (2.07 g, 82%): mp
211.degree. C. NMR spectra and high resolution mass spectral data
were obtained as described and are reported .sup.13a.
2,5-Bis[(3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylpyrrole
(2.sub.E, FIG. 2B). The above diester (2.sub.C) (4.5 g, 7.1 mmol)
was dissolved in 500 mL of dry THF containing 1 drop of
triethylamine and hydrogenated over 5% palladium-charcoal (250 mg)
at 1 atm H.sub.2 pressure until the reaction was deemed complete by
TLC. The catalyst was separated and the solution was taken to
dryness on the rotary evaporator. Recrystallization from
dichloromethane-hexane yielded 2.sub.D (3.2 g, quantitative) as a
white powder which quickly develops a red hue upon standing in air:
mp 111.degree.-115.degree. C. dec. The above diacid (3 g, 6.6 mmol)
was dissolved in 5 mL of freshly distilled trifuoroacetic acid and
heated at reflux for 5 min under nitrogen and allowed to cool to
room temperature over the course of 10 min. The above heating and
cooling sequence was repeated once more and the resulting dark oil
was then cooled in an ice-salt bath. Freshly distilled
triethylorthoformate (5 mL) was then added dropwise with efficient
stirring. After 10 min the solution was poured into 300 mL of ice
water and let stand 30 min. The dark red precipitate was collected
by filtration and washed well with water. Ethanol (ca. 50 mL) was
then used to wash the precipitate from the filter funnel into 350
mL of 10% aqueous ammonia. The resulting yellow suspension was
stirred well for an hour and then extracted with dichloromethane
(5.times.150 mL). The dichloromethane extracts were washed with
water, dried over MgSO.sub.4, and evaporated to dryness on the
rotary evaporator to give 2.sub.E as an off-white mass. Two
recrystallizations from chloroform-ethanol gave crystalline product
(1.91 g, 68%) with mp 202.degree.-203+ C. NMR spectra and high
resolution mass spectra data were obtained as described and are
reported .sup.13a.
4,5,9,24-Tetraethyl-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1
.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.O.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene (1.sub.A).
A. Acid-Catalyzec Procedure. The diformyltripyrrane (2.sub.E, FIGS.
2A and 2B) (105 mg, 0.25 mmol) and o-phenylenediamine (27 mg., 0.25
mmol) were dissolved, with heating, in a degassed mixture of 300 mL
of dry benzene and 50 mL of absolute methanol. Concentrated HCl
(0.05 mL) was then added and the resulting gold solution heated at
reflux for 24 h under nitrogen. After cooling, solid K.sub.2
CO.sub.3 (20 mg) was added and the solution filtered through
MgSO.sub.4. The solvent was then removed on the rotary evaporator
and the resulting product dissolved in 50 mL of CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2
and refiltered (to remove unreacted 2.sub.E). Heptane (100 mL) was
added to the filtrate and the volume reduced to 50 mL on the rotary
evaporator whereupon the flask was capped and placed in the freezer
overnight. The resulting white powder was then collected by
filtration, washed with hexane, and dried in vacuo to yield 1.sub.A
(55 mg, 44%): mp 188.degree.-190.degree. C.
Metal Template Procedure. The diformyltripyrrane 2.sub.E and
o-phenylenediamine reactants were condensed together on a 0.25-mmol
scale exactly as described above except that 1.0 equiv of either
Pb(SCN).sub.2 (80 mg) or UO.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (85 mg) was added to the
boiling solution at the outset of the reaction. Following workup as
outlined above, 68 mg (69%) and 60 mg (61%) of 1.sub.A were
obtained respectively for the Pb.sup.2+ - and UO.sub.2.sup.2+
-catalyzed reactions. The products produced in this manner proved
identical with that prepared by procedure A. NMR spectra and high
resolution mass spectra data were obtained as described and are
reported .sup.13a.
4,5,9,24-Tetraethyl-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1
.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14,16,18,20,22(25),23-tridecaene,
free-base "texaphyrin" 1.sub.B. Macrocycle 1.sub.A (50 mg, 0.1
mmol) was stirred in methanol/chloroform (150 ml, v/v/2/1) in the
presence of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene ("proton
sponge") for one day at room temperature. The reaction mixture was
then poured into ice water. The organic layer was separated and
washed with aqueous ammonium chloride solution and then brine (a
saturated solution of sodium chloride in water). Following
concentration on a rotary evaporator, the crude material was
purified by chromatography on SEPHADEX using first pure chloroform
and then chloroform/methanol (v/v/10/1) as eluents. After several
faster red bands were discarded, a dark green band was collected,
concentrated in vacuo, and recrystallized from chloroform/n-hexane
to give the sp.sup.2 form of the ligand as a dark green powder in
yields ranging from 3-12% with the better yields only being
obtained on rare occasions. Spectral data are reported in the
parent patent application Ser. No. 07/771,393.
The preparation of complex 1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 was as follows:
the reduced sp.sup.3 form of the macrocyclic compound (1.sub.A) (40
mg, 0.08 mmol) was stirred with cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (31
mg, 0.1 mmol) in chloroform/methanol (150 ml, v/v/=1/2) for 1 day.
The dark green reaction mixture was then concentrated and purified
by chromatography on silica gel as described above. The resulting
crude material was then recrystallized from chloroform/n-hexane to
give analytically pure 1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 in 27% yield. Under
the reaction conditions both ligand oxidation and metal
complexation take place spontaneously. Spectral data are reported
in the parent patent application Ser. No. 07/771,393.
The structure of compound 1.sub.C suggests that it can be
formulated as either an 18 .pi.-electron benzannelated [18]annulene
or as an overall 22 .pi.-electron system; in either case an
aromatic structure is defined. The proton NMR spectrum of complex
1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 .cndot.(HNO.sub.3) (see FIG. 3A) is
consistent with the proposed aromaticity. For the most part,
complex 1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 shows ligand features which are
qualitatively similar to those observed for compound 1.sub.A. As
would be expected in the presence of a strong diamagnetic ring
current, however, the alkyl, imine, and aromatic peaks are all
shifted to lower field. Furthermore, the bridging methylene signals
of compound 1.sub.A (at .delta.4.0).sup.13 are replaced by a sharp
singlet, at ca. 9.2 ppm, ascribable to the bridging methine
protons. The chemical shift of this "meso" signal is similar to
that observed for Cd(OEP).sup.16 (.delta..apprxeq.10.0),.sup.17 an
appropriate 18 .pi.-electron aromatic reference system, and is also
similar to that observed for the free-base form of
decamethylsapphyrin (.delta.11.5-11.7),.sup.3 a 22 .pi.-electron
pyrrole-containing macrocycle.
The optical spectrum of complex 1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 (FIG. 4A)
bears some resemblance to those of other aromatic
pyrrole-containing macrocycles.sup.3,6,7,18 and provides further
support for the proposed aromatic structure. The dominant
transition is a Soret-like band at 424 nm (.epsilon.=72,700), which
is considerably less intense than that seen for Cd(OEP)(pyr).sup.16
.lambda..sub.max =421 nm, .epsilon.=288,000..sup.18 This peak is
flanked by exceptionally strong N- and Q-like bands at higher and
lower energies. As would be expected for a larger .pi. system, both
the lowest energy Q-like absorption (.lambda..sub.max =767.5 nm,
.epsilon.=41,200) and emission (.lambda..sub.max =792 nm)) bands of
complex 1.sub.C .cndot.NO.sub.3 are substantially red-shifted (by
ca. 200 nm!) as compared to those of typical cadmium
porphyrins..sup.18,19
The molecular structure of the bis-pyridine adduct, determined by
X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the aromatic nature of the
ligand..sup.20 The central five nitrogen donor atoms of the complex
are essentially coplanar and define a near circular cavity with a
center-to-nitrogen radius of ca. 2.39 .ANG. which is roughly 20%
larger than that found in metalloporphyrins..sup.21 The Cd atom
lies in the plane of the central N.sub.5 binding core. The
structure of the "expanded porphyrin" thus differs dramatically
from that of CdTPP.sup.16,22 or CdTPP-(dioxane).sub.2,.sup.23 in
which the cadmium atom lies out of the porphyrin N.sub.4 donor
plane (by 0.58 and 0.32 .ANG. respectively). Moreover, in contrast
to cadmium porphyrins, for which a five-coordinate square-pyramidal
geometry is preferred and to which only a single pyridine molecule
will bind,.sup.24 in the bis-pyridine adduct, the cadmium atom is
seven-coordinate, being complexed by two apical pyridine ligands.
The configuration about the Cd atom is thus pentagonal bipyramidal;
a rare but not unknown geometry for cadmium(II)
complexes..sup.25
Under neutral conditions complex 1.sub.C appears to be more stable
than cadmium porphyrins: Whereas treatment of CdTPP or CdTPP(pyr)
with aqueous Na.sub.2 S leads to cation loss and precipitation of
CdS, in the case of complex 1.sub.C no demetallation takes place.
(Exposure to aqueous acid, however, leads to hydrolysis of the
macrocycle.) Indeed, it has not been possible to prepare the
free-base ligand 1.sub.B by demetallation. The
tripyrroledimethine-derived free-base ligand 1.sub.B was
synthesized directly from 1.sub.A by stirring in air-saturated
chloroform-methanol containing
N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene..sup.15 Although the
yield is low (.ltoreq.12%),.sup.26 once formed, compound 1.sub.B
appears to be quite stable: It undergoes decomposition far more
slowly than compound 1.sub.A..sup.13 Presumably, this is a
reflection of the aromatic stabilization present in compound
1.sub.B. A further indication of the aromatic nature of the
free-base "expanded porphyrin" 1.sub.B is the observation of an
internal pyrrole NH signal at .delta.=0.90, which is shifted
upfield by over 10 ppm as compared to the pyrrolic protons present
in the reduced macrocycle 1.sub.A..sup.13 This shift parallels that
seen when the sp.sup.3 -1inked macrocycle, octaethylporphyrinogen
(.delta.(NH)=6.9),.sup.27 is oxidized to the corresponding
porphyrin, H.sub.2 OEP (.delta.(NH)=-3.74)..sup.17 This suggests
that the diamagnetic ring current present in compound 1.sub.B is
similar in strength to that of the porphyrins.
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of compounds 5.sub.A -5.sub.E.
The presence in texaphyrin of a near circular pentadentate binding
core which is roughly 20% larger than that of the
porphyrins,.sup.13b coupled with the realization that almost
identical ionic radii pertain for hexacoordinate Cd.sup.2+ (r=0.92
.ANG.) and Gd.sup.3+ (r=0.94 .ANG.),.sup.30 prompted exploration of
the general lanthanide binding properties of this new monoanionic
porphyrin-like ligand. The synthesis and characterization of a
water-stable gadolinium(III) complex (5.sub.C) derived formally
from a 16,17-dimethyl substituted analogue (5.sub.B).sup.31 of the
original "expanded porphyrin" system is described in this
example.
All solvents and reagents were of reagent grade quality, purchased
commercially, and used without further purification. Sigma
lipophilic SEPHADEX (LH-20-100) and Merck type 60 (230-400 mesh)
silica gel were used for column chromatography.
Compound 5.sub.C is the metal adduct of ligand 5.sub.A which was
obtained in ca. 90% yield by condensing
1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene with
2,5-Bis-(3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-diethylpyrrole
under acid catalyzed conditions identical to those used to prepare
1.sub.A..sup.13a The sp.sup.3 form of ligand 5.sub.A (42 mg, 0.08
mmol) was stirred with gadolinium acetate tetrahydrate (122 mg, 0.3
mmol) and Proton Sponge.TM.,
N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,8-diaminonaphthalene (54 mg, 0.25 mmol) in
chloroform/methanol (150 ml, v/v 1/2) for one day at room
temperature. The dark green reaction mixture was concentrated under
reduced pressure and chromatographed through silica gel (25
cm..times.1.5 cm.) which was pretreated with
chloroform/triethylamine (50 ml, v/v 25/1).
Chloroform/triethylamine (25/1) and
chloroform/methanol/triethylamine 25/2.5/1 v/v) was used as
eluents. A dark red band was first collected followed by two green
bands. The last green band, which showed a clear aromatic pattern
by UV/VIS, was concentrated and recrystallized from
chloroform/n-hexane to give 14 mg (22%) of the Gd complex
5.sub.C.
Treatment of compound 5.sub.A with Gd(OAc).sub.3, Eu(OAc).sub.3,
and Sm(OAc).sub.3 under reaction and work-up conditions similar to
those used to obtain 1.sub.C, then gave the cationic complexes
5.sub.C, 5.sub.D, and 5.sub.E, as their dihydroxide adducts, in
22%, 33%, and 37% yields respectively. As judged by the IR and
microanalytical data, under the reaction and work up conditions,
hydroxide anions serve to displace the acetate ligands presumably
present following the initial metal insertion procedure.
The new lanthanide complexes reported here are unique in several
ways. For instance, as judged by fast atom bombardment mass
spectrometric (FAB MS) analysis, complexes 5.sub.C -5.sub.E are
mononuclear 1:1 species, a conclusion that is further supported, by
both high resolution FAB MS accurate molecular weight
determinations and combustion analysis. In other words, we have
found no evidence of 1:2 metal to ligand "sandwich" systems, or
higher order combinations as are often found in the case of the
better studied lanthanide porphyrins..sup.32
The electronic spectra represents a second remarkable feature of
these new materials. The lanthanide complexes isolated to date
display a dominant Soret-like transition in the 435-455 nm region
which is considerably less intense than that observed in the
corresponding metalloporphyrins,.sup.33 and show a prominent low
energy Q-type band in the 760-800 nm region. This latter feature is
diagnostic of this class of 22 .pi.-electron "expanded
porphyrins".sup.13b and is both considerably more intense and
substantially red-shifted (by ca. 200 nm!) as compared to the
corresponding transitions in suitable reference lanthanide
porphyrins (e g., [Gd.cndot.TPPS].sup.+, .lambda..sub.max =575
nm.sup.33).
Within the context of these general observations, it is interesting
to note that complexes derived from the somewhat more electron rich
ligand 5.sub.B all display Q-type bands that are blue shifted by
ca. 5-15 nm as compared to those obtained from the original
texaphyrin 1.sub.B
A third notable property of complexes 5.sub.C -5.sub.E is their
high solubility in both chloroform and methanol. The fact that
these three complexes are also moderately soluble (to roughly
10.sup.-3 M concentrations) in 1:1 (v.v.) methanol/water mixtures
was of particular interest. For instance, a 3.5.times.10.sup.-5 M
solution of the gadolinium complex 5.sub.C in 1:1 (v.v.)
methanol/water at ambient temperature shows less than 10% bleaching
of the Soret and Q-type bands when monitored spectroscopically over
the course of 2 weeks. This suggests that the half-life for
decomplexation and/or decomposition of this complex is .gtoreq.100
days under these conditions. Under the conditions of the experiment
described above, no detectable shifts in the position of the Q-type
band are observed yet the Q-type transition of the free-base
5.sub.B falls ca. 20 nm to the blue of that of 5.sub.C. Thus,
shifts in this direction would be expected if simple demetalation
were the dominant pathway leading to the small quantity of observed
spectral bleaching.
The strong hydrolytic stability of complexes 5.sub.C -5.sub.E is in
marked contrast to that observed for simple, water soluble
gadolinium porphyrins, such as [Gd.cndot.TPPS].sup.+, which undergo
water-induced demetalation in the course of several days when
exposed to an aqueous environment..sup.33,34 It thus appears likely
that gadolinium(III) complexes derived from the new texaphyrin
ligand 5.sub.B, or its analogues, should provide the basis for
developing new paramagnetic contrast reagents for use in MRI
applications. In addition, the ease of preparation and stable
mononuclear nature of complexes 5.sub.C 14 5.sub.E suggests that
such expanded porphyrin ligands might provide the basis for
extending further the relatively underdeveloped coordination
chemistry of the lanthanides.
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of texaphyrin derivative B2.
Nomenclature. The trivial abbreviations assigned to the
hydroxylated derivatives of texaphyrin (TXP) in this and following
examples refer to the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the
benzene ring portion (B) and the tripyrrole (T) portion of the
molecule.
General Information. .sup.1 H and .sup.13 C NMR spectra were
obtained on a General Electric QE-300 (300 MHz.) spectrometer.
Electronic spectra were recorded on a Beckman DU-7
spectrophotometer in CHCl.sub.3. Infrared spectra were recorded, as
KBr pellets, from 4000 to 600 cm.sup.-1 on a Nicolet 510P FT-IR
spectrophotometer. Chemical ionization mass spectrometric analyses
(CI MS) were made using a Finnigan MAT 4023. Low resolution and
high resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS)
were performed with a Finnigan-MAT TSQ-70 and VG ZAB-2E
instruments, respectively. A nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA) matrix was
utilized with CHCl.sub.3 as the co-solvent. Elemental analyses were
performed by Atlantic Microlab, Inc. Melting points were measured
on a Mel-temp apparatus and are uncorrected.
Materials. All solvents and reagents were of reagent grade quality,
purchased commercially, and used as received. Merck Type 60
(230-400 mesh) silica gel was used for column chromatography.
Thin-layer chromatography was performed on commercially prepared
Whatman type silica gel 60A plates.
1,2-bis((2-carboxy)ethoxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene. 6.sub.B, FIG. 6. To
a well stirred solution of
o-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene.sup.207 (5.0 g, 22 mmol) in 30
mL glacial acetic acid cooled to 15.degree. C., 20 mL of
concentrated nitric acid (70%) was added dropwise over a period of
15 minutes. The temperature was held below 40.degree. C. by cooling
and proper regulation of the rate of acid addition. After the
addition, the yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for
15 minutes. Here, the solution was cooled again to 15.degree. C.
and 50 mL of fuming nitric acid (90%) was added dropwise over a
period of 30 minutes. The orange solution was brought to room
temperature and stirred for approximately 48 hours. After 48 hours,
the reaction solution was checked by TLC, which displayed only one
low R.sub.f spot, the diacid. Therefore, the orange solution was
poured onto 600 mL of ice in a 1 liter beaker. The precipitated
dinitro product was filtered, washed with water (1000 mL) until
free from acid and dried in vacuo for 24 hours. The crude product
was recrystallized from acetone/n-hexanes to yield the diacid as
fluffy yellow needles (4.20 grams, 55.2%). For the diacid: .sup.1 H
NMR (d.sub.6 -acetone) .delta.: 2.87 (t, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CO.sub.2 H), 4.49 (t, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 H), 7.71 (s,
2H, Ar--H), 9-10 (br s, 2H, CO.sub.2 H). .sup.13 C NMR (d.sub.6
-acetone) .delta.: 33.76, 66.57, 109.85, 137.14, 152.06, 171.51. EI
MS, m/z (rel. intensity: 346 (100))
1,2-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene. 6.sub.C, FIG. 6.
In a dry 500 mL round bottom flask, equipped with a 125 mL pressure
equalized dropping funnel,
1,2-bis((2-carboxy)ethoxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene (5.0 g, 14.5 mmol)
was dissolved in 50 mL dry THF (distilled over ketyl) and stirred
at 0.degree.-10.degree. C. under nitrogen. To the resulting clear
solution, 120 mL of BH.sub.3 .cndot.THF (1M) was added dropwise
over a period of 30 minutes. After the borane addition, the
reaction mixture was stirred an additional 5 minutes at 10.degree.
C. and then it was brought up to room temperature. The formation of
the diol product was followed by TLC and the reaction was deemed
complete after approximately 2 hours. The borane solution was
quenched by careful addition of 65 mL of absolute methanol
(Careful: frothing occurs!). After stirring the yellow solution for
30 minutes, it was concentrated to a bright yellow solid on a
rotary evaporator. The crude solid was dissolved in 200 mL ethyl
acetate and washed with 4M sodium acetate (2.times.100 mL), water
(2.times.100 mL) and then brine (50 mL). The organic layer was
dried over MgSO.sub.4 and concentrated to dryness on a rotary
evaporator. The crude product was recrystallized from
acetone/n-hexanes to afford 4.12 grams (90%) of orange needles. For
the diol: mp 129.degree.-130.degree. C.; .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 2.10 (p, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.81 (t, 4H,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 4.28 (t, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 7.41 (s, 2H, Ar--H). .sup.13 C NMR (d.sub.6 -acetone)
.delta.: 32.52, 58.50, 67.81, 107.88, 137.03, 152.47. EI MS, m/z
(rel. intensity): 316 (100); HRMS (M.sup.+) 316.0914 (calcd. for
C.sub.12 H.sub.16 N.sub.2 O.sub.8 : 316.0907).
1,2-Diamino-4,5-bis(3'-hydroxypropyl)oxybenzene, 6.sub.D, FIG. 6.
The diamine was obtained by reduction of the corresponding
1,2-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene (3.0 g, 9.6 mmol)
with hydrazine hydrate (4.7 mL, 96.2 mmol) and 10% palladium on
carbon (200 mg) in 120 mL refluxing absolute ethanol. The resulting
brown suspension bubbled for approximately 15-20 minutes and then
turned colorless after 1 hour. At this point, the reduction was
deemed complete as judged by TLC (a low R.sub.f spot). The reaction
solution was hot filtered through celite into a dry flask, covered
with aluminum foil, and then concentrated to a gray solid. The
diamine was recrystallized from hot acetone/n-hexanes to yield 2.20
grams (91%) of an off-white fine powder. For the diamine: mp
115.degree.-117.degree. C.; .sup.1 H NMR (d.sub.6 -DMSO) .delta.:
1.76 (p, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.53 (q, 4H,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.82 (t, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 4.06 (s, 4H, NH), 4.44 (t, 2H, OH), 6.25 (s, 2H,
ArH). .sup.13 C NMR (d.sub.6 -DMSO) .delta.: 42.68, 67.84, 77.08,
114.95, 139.01, 150.63. EI MS, m/z (rel. intensity): 256 (100);
HRMS (M.sup.+) 256.1420 (calcd for C.sub.12 H.sub.20 N.sub.2
O.sub.4 : 256.1423).
4,5,9,24-Tetraethyl-16,17-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25
,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]-heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene. sp.sup.3
B2 TXP, 6.sub.F, FIG. 6. This macrocycle was prepared in >90%
yield from 1,2-diamino-4,5-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene and
2,5-bis((3-ethyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-diethyl
pyrrole by using the acid-catalyzed procedure reported earlier for
the preparation of the reduced sp.sup.3 texaphyrin, see Example 1.
For B2 sp.sup.3 texaphyrin: mp 190.degree. C. dec; .sup.1 H NMR
(CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 1.05 (t, 6H, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.12 (t, 6H,
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.00 (t, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH),
2.28 (s, 6H, pyrr-CH.sub.3), 2.35 (q, 4H, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.48
(q, 4H CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 3.00-3.50 (bs, 2H, OH), 3.78 (t, 4H,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.93 (s, 4H, (pyrr).sub.2
-CH.sub.2), 4.19 (s, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 7.16 (s,
2H, ArH), 8.34 (s, 2H, CHN), 11.16 (s, 1H, NH), 12.04 (s, 2H, NH);
.sup.13 C NMR (CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 9.65, 15.45, 16.61, 17.23,
17.60, 22.18, 31.71, 60.75, 68.58, 100.86, 120.23, 120.37, 124.97,
125.06, 130.05, 133.86, 140.16, 140.86, 147.62; UV/vis
.lambda..sub.max 369 nm; CI MS (M.sup.+) 642; CI HRMS (M.sup.+)
642.4039 (calcd for C.sub.34 H.sub.43 N.sub.5 O.sub.2 :
642.4019).
Lutetium (III) complex of
4,5,9,24-tetraethyl-16,17-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,2
5,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene
[LuB2Txp].sup.2+ 6.sub.G, FIG. 6. A mixture of the reduced
texaphyrin ligand,
4,5,9,24-tetraethyl-16,17-bis((3-hydroxypropyl)oxy)-10,23-dimethyl-13,20,2
5,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa 3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene (100 mg.,
0.16 mmol), lutetium (III) nitrate hydrate (177 mg, 0.47 mmol) and
triethylamine (10 drops) were combined in 150 mL of refluxing
methanol for 12-24 hours. The dark green reaction mixture was
concentrated on a rotary evaporator to dryness and dried in vacuo
for 24 hours. The crude complex was dissolved in a 100 mL 1:1 (v/v)
mixture of chloroform and methanol, filtered through celite and
concentrated to 20 mL. A small amount of silica gel (approx. 3
grams) was added to the flask and then the dark green solution was
carefully concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The
silica was dried for 2 hours in vacuo, then it was loaded on a
chloroform packed silica column and the complex was purified by
first using neat chloroform and then increasing concentrations of
methanol in chloroform (0%-20%) as eluents. The dark green band
collected from the column was concentrated to dryness on a rotary
evaporator and recrystallized from chloroform/methanol/diethyl
ether to yield 50 mg (ca. 35%) of the lutetium (III) B2 texaphyrin.
For the Lu (III) complex: .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3 /CD.sub.3 OH)
.delta.: 1.82-1.91 (m, 12H, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.39 (m, 4H,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.32 (m, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 3.39 (s, 6H, pyrr-CH.sub.3), 3.92-4.04 (m, 12H,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH and CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 9.52 (s, 2H,
CH.dbd.C), 10.24 (s, 2H, ArH), 12.23 (s, 2H, CH.dbd.N); UV/vis:
.lambda..sub.max 420.0, 477.5, 730.0; FAB MS M.sup.+ 811.
Other lanthanide and rare earth-like metal complexes may be
synthesized including the Gd.sup.+3, Lu.sup.+3, La.sup.+3,
In.sup.+3 and Dy.sup.+3 complexes.
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of B2T2 TXP, see FIGS. 7A and 7B.
2,5-Bis[(5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3-methoxycarbonylethylpyrrol-2-yl)met
hyl]-3,4-diethylpyrrole. 7.sub.C, FIG. 7A. In a 500 mL round bottom
flask was placed 250 mL of ethanol from an unopened bottle and this
was then purged with dry nitrogen for ten minutes.
3,4-Diethylpyrrole 7.sub.B (1.29 g, 0.01 mol) and
2-acetoxymethyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3-methoxycarbonylethylpyrrole
7.sub.A (7.83 g, 0.02 mol) were added and the mixture heated until
all of the pyrroles dissolved. p-Toluenesulfonic acid (65 mg) was
added and the reaction temperature maintained at 60.degree. C. The
reaction slowly changed color from a clear yellow to a dark red
with the product precipitating out of the solution as the reaction
progressed. After ten hours the reaction was cooled to room
temperature, the volume reduced to one half on a rotary evaporator,
and then placed in the freezer for several hours. The product was
collected by filtration, washed with a small amount of cold ethanol
to afford 4.61 g of an off white fine powder (61%): .sup.1 H NMR
(CDCl.sub.3, 250 MHz): .delta.1.14 (6H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.23
(6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.31 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2
CH.sub.3), 2.50 (4H, q, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.64 (4H, t, CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 3.60 (10 H, br s, CH.sub.3 CO.sub.2 -
and (pyrrole).sub.2 -CH.sub.2), 4.44 (4H, br s, C.sub.6 H.sub.5
CH.sub.2), 6.99-7.02 (4H, m, aromatic), 7.22-7.26 (6H, m,
aromatic), 8.72 (1H, s, NH), 10.88 (2H, br s, NH); .sup.13 C NMR
(CDCl.sub.3, 250 MHz): .delta.10.97, 16.78, 17.71, 19.40, 22.07,
35.09, 51.46, 65.32, 117.37, 119.34, 122.14, 126.58, 126.79,
127.36, 128.19, 133.55, 136.62, 162.35, 173.49; CI MS (M+H).sup.+
750; HRMS 749.3676 (calc. for C.sub.44 H.sub.51 N.sub.3 O.sub.8 :
749.3676).
2,5-Bis[(5-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,
4-diethylpyrrole. 7.sub.D, FIG. 7A.
2,5-Bis[(5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-methyl-3-methoxycarbonylethylpyrrol-2-yl)me
thyl]-3,4-diethylpyrrole 7.sub.C (5.00 g, 0.007 mol) was placed in
a three necked 100 mL round bottom flask and vacuum dried for at
least 30 minutes. The flask was equipped with a thermometer, an
addition funnel, a nitrogen inlet tube, and a magnetic stir bar.
After the tripyrrane was partially dissolved into 10 mL of dry THF,
29 mL of borane (1M BH.sub.3 in THF) was added dropwise with
stirring. The reaction became mildly exothermic and was cooled with
a cool water bath. The tripyrrane slowly dissolved to form a
homogeneous orange solution which turned to a bright fluorescent
orange color as the reaction went to completion. After stirring the
reaction for one hour at room temperature, the reaction was
quenched by adding methanol dropwise until the vigorous
effervescence ceased. The solvents were removed under reduced
pressure and the resulting white solid redissolved into CH.sub.2
Cl.sub.2 . The tripyrrane was washed three times with 0.5M HCl (200
mL total), dried over anhydrous K.sub.2 CO.sub.3, filtered, and the
CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 removed under reduced pressure until crystals of
the tripyrrane just started to form. Hexanes (50 mL) was added and
the tripyrrane allowed to crystallize in the freezer for several
hours. The product was filtered and again recrystallized from
CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 /ethanol. The product was collected by filtration
and vacuum dried to yield 3.69 g of an orangish white solid (76%):
mp 172.degree.-173.degree. C.; .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz):
.delta.1.11 (6H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.57 (4H, p, CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 2.23 (6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.39-2.49
(8H, m, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.50
(4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.66 (4H, s,
(pyrrole).sub.2 -CH.sub.2), 4.83 (4H, s, C.sub.6 H.sub.5
-CH.sub.2), 7.17- 7.20 (4H, m, aromatic), 7.25-7.30 (6H, m,
aromatic), 8.64 (1H, s, NH), 9.92 (2H, s, NH); .sup.13 C NMR
(CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz): .delta.10.97, 16.72, 17.68, 20.00, 22.38,
33.22, 62.01, 65.43, 117.20, 119.75, 120.72, 122.24, 127.23,
127.62, 128.30, 132.95, 136.60, 162.13; FAB MS (M.sup.+) 693.
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,
4-diethylpyrrole. 7.sub.E, FIG. 7A.
2,5-Bis[(5-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3
,4-diethylpyrrole 7.sub.D (36.4 g, 0.05 mol) was placed in a 1 L
three necked round bottom flask and dried under vacuum for at least
30 minutes. The flask was equipped with a dropping funnel, a
thermometer, a nitrogen inlet tube, and a magnetic stir bar.
CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 (600 mL dried over CaH.sub.2) was added to the
tripyrrane and stirred under nitrogen to form an orange suspension.
Pyridine (10.5 mL) was added directly to the flask followed by
acetyl chloride (9.5 mL) in 50 mL of dry CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 which
was added dropwise from the addition funnel at such a rate that the
temperature of the reaction didn't exceed 25.degree. C. An
ice/water bath was used to cool the reaction. The tripyrrane slowly
dissolved as the acetyl chloride was added to form a dark red
homogeneous solution. The reaction was stirred at room temperature
for approx. 3 hours then quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The
organic layer was separated, washed three times with 0.5M HCl, then
once with sat. NaHCO.sub.3. The organic layer was separated, dried
over MgSO.sub.4, filtered, then reduced to dryness on the rotary
evaporator. The orange solid was dried in vacuo for several hours
then redissolved into CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 and crystallized using
hexanes. 36.8 g of an orange colored product was obtained (89%). A
purer product can be obtained by recrystallization from CH.sub.2
Cl.sub.2 /ethanol. For tripyrrane 7.sub.E : mp
127.degree.-129.degree. C.; .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz):
.delta.1.14 (6H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.67 (4H, p, CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 2.04 (6H, s, CH.sub.3 CO.sub.2 CH.sub.2),
2.22 (6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.37 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OAc), 2.48 (4H, q, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 3.57 (4H, s,
(pyrrole).sub.2 -CH.sub.2), 3.98 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
OAc), 4.45 (4H, s, C.sub.6 H.sub.5 --CH.sub.2), 7.01-7.03 (4H, m,
aromatic), 7.23-7.29 (6H, m, aromatic), 8.69 (2H, s, NH), 10.95
(1H, s, NH); .sup.13 C NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz): .delta.11.06,
16.89, 17.74, 20.19, 20.93, 21.98, 29.70, 63.83, 65.31, 117.38,
118.81, 119.89, 122.24, 126.42, 126.68, 127.24, 128.11, 133.53,
136.73, 162.62, 171.12; CI MS (M.sup.+) 777; HRMS (M+H).sup.+,
778.4060 (calc for C.sub.46 H.sub.56 N.sub.3 O.sub.8,
778.4067).
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-carboxyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethyl
pyrrole. 7.sub.F, FIG. 7A
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3
,4-diethylpyrrole 7.sub.E (15.0 g, 0.02 mol) was placed in a 500 mL
side arm round bottom flask and dried under vacuum for at least 30
minutes. After dissolving the tripyrrane into 400 mL of dry THF,
10% Pd on carbon (0.75 g) and two drops of triethylamine were added
and the mixture stirred at room temperature under one atm. of
H.sub.2. After 15 hrs. celite was added to the mixture and the
catalyst was filtered off. The light orange solution was reduced to
one half volume under reduce pressure, then 100 mL of heptane was
added and the solution further reduced in volume until crystals of
the tripyrrane diacid just started to appear. The tripyrrane was
allowed to crystallize in the freezer for several hours and then
filtered to yield a white color solid which developed a reddish hue
on standing in air. 10.94 grams of product was obtained (96%): mp
146-148 dec; .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz): .delta.1.09 (6H,
t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.76 (4H, p, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
OAc), 2.03 (6H, s, CH.sub.3 CO.sub.2), 2.23 (6H, s,
pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.42 (4H, q, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.49 (4H, t,
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 3.77 (4H, s, (pyrrole).sub.2
-CH.sub.2), 4.01 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 8.23 (1H,
s, NH), 9.29 (2H, s, NH); FAB MS (M.sup.+) 597.
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylpy
rrole. 7.sub.G, FIGS. 7A and 7B.
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-carboxyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethy
lpyrrole 7.sub.F (5.80 g, 0.0097 mol) was placed in a 250 mL round
bottomed flask equipped with a nitrogen inlet and a magnetic stir
bar. At room temperature under nitrogen trifluoroacetic acid (16
mL) was added to the tripyrrane dropwise via syringe. The
tripyrrane dissolved with visible evolution of CO.sub.2 to form a
dark orange solution. The reaction was stirred at room temperature
for 10-15 minutes, then cooled to -20.degree. C. using a dry
ice/CCl.sub.4 bath. Freshly distilled triethylorthoformate (16 mL,
dried over CaH.sub.2) was added dropwise via syringe to produce a
deep red solution which was stirred an additional ten minutes at
-20.degree. C. The cold bath was removed and 100 mL of water was
added slowly to the solution. A precipitate formed during addition
of the water and the resulting orange suspension was stirred at
room temperature for 20-30 minutes. The product was collected by
filtration, washed several times with water, and resuspended in 1:1
50% aqueous NH.sub.4 OH/Ethanol (240 mL). The yellow/brown
suspension was stirred for one hour at room temperature, filtered,
washed several times with water and then washed with a small amount
of cold ethanol. The tripyrrane was recrystallized from CH.sub.2
Cl.sub.2 /ethanol to yield 4.50 g of a reddish color solid (82%):
mp 179.degree.-181.degree. C.; .sup.1 H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz):
.delta.1.11 (6H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.67 (4H, p, CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 2.05 (6H, s, CH.sub.3 CO.sub.2 --), 2.19
(6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.42-2.49 (8H, m, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 and
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 3.83 (4H, s, (pyrrole).sub.2
-CH.sub.2), 3.99 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OAc), 9.07 (2H,
s, CHO), 9.42 (1H, s, NH), 10.70 (2H, s, NH); .sup.13 C NMR
(CDCl.sub.3, 300 MHz): .delta.8.75, 16.55, 17.62, 19.98, 20.85,
22.56, 29.04, 63.71, 120.26, 121.41, 121.65, 128.02, 132.81,
138.52, 171.08, 175.38; CI MS (M+1).sup.+ 567; HRMS (M+H).sup.+,
566.3208 (calc for C.sub.38 H.sub.44 N.sub.3 O.sub.6,
566.3230).
2,5-Bis[(5-formyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylpy
rrole. 7.sub.H, FIG. 7B.
2,5-Bis[(3-acetoxypropyl-5-formyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylp
yrrole 7.sub.G (5.98 g, 0.011 mol) and LiOH (1.76 g, 0.042 mol)
were added to 400 mL of 95% methanol, which had been degassed with
nitrogen prior to use, and the mixture heated to reflux under a
nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction became homogeneous when heated.
After heating for 1.25 hours, the reaction was allowed to cool to
room temperature. The product precipitated as a tan color solid as
the reaction cooled. The volume of the reaction mixture was reduced
to 75 mL on a rotary evaporator and the resulting slurry placed in
the freezer for several hours. The product was filtered and then
purified by forming a slurry with 400 mL of methanol and 50 mL of
water and heating close to boiling. The slurry was first cooled to
room temperature, reduced to 1/2 volume under reduced pressure, and
placed in the freezer for several hours. The product was collected
by filtration and vacuum dried to yield 4.96 g of a tan powder
(94%): .sup.1 H NMR (CD.sub.3 OD, 300 MHz): .delta.0.96 (6H, t,
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 1.49 (4H, p, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH),
2.25 (6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3), 2.32-2.43 (8H, m, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3
and CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.46 (4H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 3.85 (4H, s, (pyrrole).sub.2 -CH.sub.2), 9.34 (2H, s,
CHO); CI MS (M.sup.+) 480; HRMS (M).sup.+, 481.2942 (calc for
C.sub.28 H.sub.39 N.sub.3 O.sub.4, 481.2941).
4,5-Diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis(3-hydroxypro
pyloxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2,1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup
.14,19 ]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene.
7.sub.J, FIG. 7B.
2,5-Bis[(5-formyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylp
yrrole 7.sub.H (1.00 g, 0.002 mol) and
1,2-diamino-4,5-bis(3-hydroxypropyloxy)benzene 7.sub.I (0.52 g,
0.002 mol) were placed in a 2 L round bottom flask with 1000 mL of
toluene and 200 mL of methanol. The solvents were purged with
nitrogen prior to use. Concentrated HCl (0.5 mL) was added and the
reaction heated to reflux under nitrogen. The reaction went from a
clear suspension of starting materials to a dark red homogeneous
solution as the reaction proceeded. After 10 hours the reaction was
cooled to room temperature and the solvents removed under reduced
pressure until the product precipitated out of solution. The
remainder of the solvent was decanted off and the macrocycle dried
under vacuum. The dark red product was used without further
purification (90-100%): mp 181.degree. C.-dec; .sup.1 H NMR
(CD.sub.3 OD, 300 MHz): .delta.1.11 (6H, t, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3),
1.76 (4H, p, pyrrole-CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 2.03 (4H, p,
OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 2.36 (6H, s, pyrrole-CH.sub.3),
2.46 (4H, q, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3), 2.64 (4H, t, pyrrole-CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 3.61 (4H, t, pyrrole-CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 3.77 (4H, t, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH), 4.10
(4H, s, (pyrrole).sub.2 -CH.sub.2), 4.22 (4H, t, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2
CH.sub.2 OH), 7.41 (2H, s, aromatic), 8.30 (2H, s, CHN); .sup.13 C
NMR (CD.sub.3 OD, 300 MHz): .delta.9.96, 17.17, 18.65, 20.89,
24.52, 33.15, 33.45, 59.58, 61.93, 67.82, 107.11, 120.66, 123.76,
124.98, 125.80, 128.68, 144.80, 144.96, 150.72, 154.60; FAB MS
(M+H).sup.+ 703; HRMS M.sup.+ 701.4120 (calc for C.sub.40 H.sub.55
N.sub.5 O.sub.6, 701.4152).
Gadolinium (III) complex of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,2-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxypropyl
oxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.14
,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23tridecaene.
7.sub.K, FIG. 7B. [GdB2T2Txp]. A mixture of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis(3-hydroxypr
opyl)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.1
4,19 ]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene 7.sub.J
(1.52 g, 0.002 mol), gadolinium (III) acetate tetrahydrate (2.64 g,
0.007 mol), and triethylamine (ca. 1 mL) in 2 L of methanol was
heated to reflux under air for 3.5-4 hours. The dark green reaction
was cooled to room temperature and the solvent removed under
reduced pressure. Dichloromethane, containing 2% methanol, was
added to the resulting green solid to form a slurry and was
filtered to wash away some red colored impurities (incomplete
oxidation products). The complex was then washed through the filter
with methanol to leave behind some excess gadolinium salts on the
filter. The methanol was reduced to a small volume on a rotary
evaporator and then a small amount of silica gel was added. The
rest of the methanol was removed carefully under reduced pressure
and the complex/silica gel mixture dried under vacuum for several
hours. The silica mixture was placed on top of a silica gel column
and eluted with CHCl.sub.3 containing increasing concentrations of
methanol (5-100%). Fractions containing the complex were collected
and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. The complex was
further purified by passing it through a plug of neutral alumina
using 1:1 CHCl.sub.3 /methanol as the eluent. The final column was
used to remove any remaining free gadolinium salts. The complex was
recrystallized from methanol/diethyl ether to yield 0.92 g of dark
green powder (44%): UV/vis .lambda..sub.max, nm (CH.sub.3 OH) 414,
474, 738, (H.sub.2 O) 417, 469, 740; FAB MS (M+H).sup.+ 855; HRMS,
(M).sup.+, 854.2995 (calc for C.sub.40 H.sub.50 N.sub.5
O.sub.6.sup.158 Gd, 854.3002).
Lanthanum (III) complex of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxypropy
loxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1,1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.1
4,19 ]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14
(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene. 7.sub.M, FIG. 7B. [LaB2T2Txp].
A-mixture of
4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis(3-hydroxypr
opyloxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.su
p.14,19 ]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene
7.sub.J (100 mg, 0.14 mmol), lanthanum (III) nitrate hexahydrate
(185 mg, 0.42 mmol), and triethylamine (5 drops) in methanol (150
mL) were heated to reflux under air for 16 hours. The dark green
reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvents removed on
a rotary evaporator. The complex was dissolved into methanol and
filtered through a fine glass frit. A small amount of neutral
alumina was added and the methanol removed under reduced pressure.
The alumina/complex mixture was dried under vacuum for several
hours then placed on top of a neutral alumina column. The column
was eluted using neat CHCl.sub.3 and CHCl.sub.3 containing
increasing concentrations of methanol (5-20%). Fractions containing
the complex were reduced to dryness on a rotary evaporator and the
resulting green solid recrystallized several times from
methanol/diethyl ether. A dark green product (66 mg) was obtained
(50%): UV/vis .lambda..sub.max,nm (CH.sub.3 OH) 417, 476, 746; FAB
MS (M+H).sup.+ 836; HRMS (M+H).sup.+ 836.2886 (calc for
C.sub.40.sub.H.sub.51 N.sub.5 O.sub.6.sup.139 La, 836.2903).
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of B4T2 TXP:
1,2-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitrobenzene. 8.sub.B, FIG. 8. In a dry 500 mL
round bottom flask, 1,2-dimethoxy-4,5-dinitrobenzene (3.2 g, 0.12
mmol) 8.sub.A was stirred vigorously in 40 mL of glacial acetic
acid at 30.degree. C. Once a homogeneous solution 200 mL of 48% HBr
was added to the flask and the reaction was slowly heated to
reflux. The reaction was complete as indicated by TLC after 4
hours. The work up involved pouring the cooled solution into 800 mL
of ice water and then extracting the aqueous phase with CHCl.sub.3
(3.times.150 mL) in order to remove any organic impurities. The
dinitro catechol was extracted out of the aqueous layer with ethyl
acetate (3.times.150 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were
washed with water and brine (3.times.100 mL), then dried over
MgSO.sub.4 and concentrated to an orange residue. Approximately 100
mL of dichloromethane was added to the residue and then placed in
the freezer for several hours. The light yellow needles that formed
were filtered and washed with dichloromethane to yield 2.37 g of
product (84%). .sup.1 H NMR (d.sub.6 -acetone): .delta.3.45 (OH),
7.42 (Ar--H); .sup.13 C NMR (d.sub.6 -acetone): .delta.112.44,
137.00, 149.97, EI MS M.sup.+ 200.
1,2-Bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyloxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene. 8.sub.C, FIG.
8. 1,2-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitrobenzene 8.sub.B (5.0 g, 22 mmol) and
1-chloro-2,3-dihydroxypropane (12.1 g, 110 mmol) were refluxed for
48 hours in a solution of potassium hydroxide (4.4 g) in 1-butanol
(100 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was
concentrated under reduced pressure, and the dark residue was
partitioned between 100 mL of THF and 100 mL of brine/50 mL water
solution in a 500 mL separatory funnel. The mixture was allowed to
separate and the aqueous phase was extracted with THF (2.times.100
mL). The combined THF extracts were washed with brine (2.times.50
mL), dried over MgSO.sub.4 and concentrated to an oily residue.
Here, CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 was added very carefully to insure
precipitation of the crude product. After stirring for 15 minutes,
the suspension was filtered with a medium glass fritted funnel and
air dried for several minutes. The orange solid was taken up in 120
mL of CHCl.sub.3 and 80 mL of diethyl ether at reflux and hot
filtered to remove some impurities. The crude product was dissolved
in a mixture of acetone and methanol (sonication may be required),
then 6 grams of deactivated silica gel was added to the orange
solution. The slurry was concentrated to dryness and the orange
solid was dried in vacuo for one hour. The orange solid was loaded
on a packed deactivated silica gel column. The column was eluted
starting with neat CHCl.sub.3 followed by CHCl.sub.3 with
increasing concentration of methanol (0-10%). After a bright yellow
impurity (monoalkylated product) was removed a colorless product
began to elute (using 8-10% methanol in CHCl.sub.3 eluents).
Conversely, on TLC the product will elute faster than the bright
yellow monoalkylated product. The purified dialkylated tetrahydroxy
product can be recrystallized from acetone/diethyl ether to yield
2.60 grams (30%) of a light yellow fluffy solid. .sup.1 H NMR
(d.sub.6 -acetone): .delta.2.95 (bs, 4H, OH), 3.69 (d, 4H,
OCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 OH), 4.06 (p, 2H, OCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2
OH), 4.24-4.35 (m, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 OH), 7.72 (s, 2H,
Ar--H); .sup.13 C NMR (d.sub.6 -acetone): .delta.63.55, 70.89,
72.53, 109.99, 137.22, 152.77. CI MS 349.
1,2-Diamino-4,5-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene. 8.sub.D, FIG.
8. The diamine was obtained by reduction of the corresponding
1,2-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)-4,5-dinitrobenzene (0.30 g, 0.86
mmol) with hydrazine hydrate (1 mL) and 10% palladium on carbon (50
mg) in 40 mL refluxing absolute ethanol. The resulting brown
suspension bubbled for approximately 15-20 minutes and then turned
colorless after 1 hour. At this point the reduction was deemed
complete as judged by TLC (R.sub.f =0.63, 100% methanol). The
reaction solution was hot filtered through celite into a dry flask,
covered with aluminum foil, and then concentrated to a light
yellowish oil. The diamine was taken to the next step without
further purification. For B4 diamine: .sup.1 H NMR (CD.sub.3 OD):
.delta.3.54-3.58 (m, 4H, OCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 OH), 3.80-3.85
(m, 6H, OCH.sub.2 CH(OH)CH.sub.2 OH), 6.39 (s, 2H, Ar--H); .sup.13
C NMR (CD.sub.3 OD): .delta.64.27, 71.88, 73.22, 107.61, 130.31,
143.74.
4,5-Diethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)-1
0,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11
.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene. [sp.sup.3
B4T2 TXP] 8.sub.F,FIG. 8.
2,5-Bis[(5-formyl-3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrol-2-yl)methyl]-3,4-diethylp
yrrole (336 mg, 0.70 mmol) and
1,2-diamino-4,5-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)benzene (ca 223 mg,
0.77 mmol) were placed in a 1 L round bottom flask with 600 mL of
toluene and 175 mL of methanol. The solvents were purged with
nitrogen prior to use. Concentrated HCl (ca 3 drops) was added and
the reaction heated to reflux under nitrogen. After one hour the
reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solvent removed
under reduced pressure until the dark brown product precipitated.
The remainder of the solvent was decanted off and the product dried
in vacuo. The product was used in the next step without further
purification.
Gadolinium (III) complex of
4,5-Diethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)-
10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,1
1.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene
[GdB4T2Txp]. 8.sub.G, FIG. 8. Two identical reactions containing a
mixture of reduced B4T2 texaphyrin ligand,
4,5-Diethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-bis((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)oxy)-
10,23-dimethyl-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,1
1.0.sup.14,19
]heptacosa-3,5,8,10,12,14(19),15,17,20,22,24-undecaene, (0.75 g,
0.001 mol), gadolinium (III) acetate tetrahydrate (1.19 g, 0.003
mol), and triethylamine (ca 1 mL) were heated at reflux under air
in 750 mL of absolute methanol. After heating for 17 hours the
reactions were cooled slightly and air bubbled through the reaction
mixture for several minutes. The reactions were then heated to
reflux again. After heating for a total of 21 hours the reactions
were cooled to room temperature, the solvent removed on a rotary
evaporator, and the dark green products combined and dried in vacuo
for several hours. The metal complex was dissolved into 100 mL of
methanol and 6-8 grams of deactivated silica gel was added. (The
silica gel was deactivated by adding a mixture of 6 mL water in 20
mL of methanol to 100 g of silica gel. After thorough mixing, the
silica gel was allowed to air dry for 12 hours before bottling).
The solvent was carefully removed on a rotary evaporator and the
silica/complex mixture dried in vacuo for one hour. The complex was
loaded onto a prepacked column of deactivated silica gel (5 cm
length.times.3.5 cm diameter) and eluted with chloroform containing
increasing amounts of methanol (0-80%). Fractions containing the
complex were collected and concentrated to dryness. The green
complex was further purified by recrystallization from
methanol/anhydrous ethyl ether. 480 mg of product was obtained from
the two combined reactions (25%). For the complex: UV/vis,
.lambda..sub.max, nm (CH.sub.3 OH) 415, 474, 740; FAB MS
(M+H).sup.+ 887; HR MS (M+H).sup.+ 887.2977 (calc for C.sub.40
H.sub.51 N.sub.5 O.sub.8.sup.158 Gd, 887.2981).
EXAMPLE 6
Further derivatives of Texaphyrin.
Intermediates hydroxylated in various positions can be combined to
effect the synthesis of a number of compounds. For example, the B4
TXP derivative is synthesized by reacting the intermediate compound
6.sub.E from FIG. 6 with compound 8.sub.D of FIG. 8. This
constructs a molecule without hydroxyl groups on the tripyrrole
moiety but with 4 hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring moiety.
The molecule T2 TXP is synthesized by reacting intermediate 7.sub.H
in FIG. 7B with 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine to yield a
texaphyrin derivative with two hydroxyls on the tripyrrole portion
of the molecule and no hydroxyl substituents on the benzene
ring.
A heptahydroxylated target B4T3 TXP is obtained by using the
appropriate derivative 3-hydroxypropyl-4-methylpyrrole of the
pyrrole (structure 7.sub.B of FIG. 7A) to make the trihydroxylated
tripyrrole precursor which is then reacted with compound 8.sub.D of
FIG. 8.
FIGS. 11A-11C, 12-14, 15A-17B, 18, 19A and 19B provide specific
examples of how one skilled in the art could extend and refine the
basic synthetic chemistry outlined in this application so as to
produce other hydroxylated texaphyrins equivalent in basic utility
to those specifically detailed in the examples. FIGS. 11A-11C
summarizes the synthesis of polyether-linked polyhydroxylated
texaphyrins. FIG. 12 summarizes the synthesis of catechol (i.e.
benzene diol) texaphyrin derivatives bearing further hydroxyalkyl
substituents off the tripyrrane-derived portion of the macrocycle.
FIG. 13 provides an example of a saccharide substituted texaphyrin
in which the saccharide is appended via an acetal-like glycosidic
linkage. FIG. 14 summarizes the synthesis of a doubly carboxylated
texaphyrin system in which the carboxyl groups are linked to the
texaphyrin core via aryl ethers or functionalized alkyl
substituents. The products of this scheme, compounds 14.sub.H and
14.sub.J could be converted to various esterified products wherein
the ester linkages serve to append further hydroxyl-containing
substituents. FIGS. 15A and 15B summarize the synthesis of
polyhydroxylated texaphyrin derivatives via the use of secondary
amide linkages. FIGS. 16A and 16B summarize the synthesis of
another set of polyhydroxyl substituted texaphyrin derivatives
using similar amide bonds as in FIGS. 15A and 15B. FIGS. 17A and
17B summarizes the synthesis of saccharide substituted texaphyrins,
wherein the saccharide moieties are appended via amide bonds. FIG.
18 summarizes the synthesis of polyhydroxylated texaphyrin
derivatives containing branched polyhydroxyl (polyol) subunits
appended to the texaphyrin core via aryl ethers. FIGS. 19A and 19B
summarize how similar polyol subunits may be appended via ester
linkages.
EXAMPLE 7
Characterization of new derivatives.
New texaphyrin derivatives may be characterized fully using normal
spectroscopic and analytical means, including, X-ray diffraction
methods. A complete analysis of the optical properties may be made
for new systems under a range of experimental conditions including
conditions designed to approximate those in vivo. Detailed
analyses, including triplet lifetime and singlet oxygen quantum
yield determinations may be made. The objective is to obtain a
complete ground and excited state reactivity profile for each new
texaphyrin produced. Questions such as when singlet oxygen
production is maximized, how the quantum yield for its formation is
influenced by the position of the lowest energy (Q-type)
transition, whether aggregation is more prevalent in certain
solvents or in the presence of certain biologically important
components (e.g. lipids, proteins, etc.), and, finally, whether
significant differences in vitro optical properties are derived
from the use of elaborated texaphyrins bearing cationic, anionic,
or neutral substituents may be answered.
With newly prepared complexes, screening experiments are carried
out. Standard in vitro protocols are used to evaluate the in vitro
photo-killing ability of the texaphyrin derivatives in question.
For instance, the texaphyrin complexes of choice may be
administered in varying concentrations to a variety of cancerous
cells and the rate of cell replication determined both in the
presence and absence of light. Similarly, texaphyrin complexes of
choice may be added to standard viral cultures and the rate of
viral growth retardation determined in the presence and absence of
light. A variety of solubilizing carriers will be used to augment
the solubility and/or monomeric nature of the texaphyrin
photosensitizers and the effect, if any, that these carriers have
in adjusting the biodistribution properties of the dyes will be
assessed (using primarily fluorescence spectroscopy). Appropriate
control experiments are carried out with normal cells so that the
intrinsic dark and light toxicity of the texaphyrins may be
determined.
From a generalized set of in vitro experimental procedures, a clear
picture of the photodynamic capabilities of the texaphyrin
derivatives will emerge. Preliminary toxicity and stability
information will result from the in vitro experiments. Particular
questions of interest include the texaphyrin derivatives half life
under physiological conditions, whether the nature of the central
metal influences stability and whether the central cation is
affecting cytotoxicity. As discussed in papers published by the
present inventors,.sup.129 it is not possible to remove the larger
bound cations (e.g. Cd.sup.2+ or Gd.sup.3+) by simple chemical
means (Zn.sup.2+, however, appears to "fall out" with ease).
Preliminary results indicate that the lanthanum(III)-containing
texaphyrin complex is not appreciably cytotoxic. Nonetheless, the
question of intrinsic toxicity is one of such central importance
that the cytotoxicity of all new systems should be screened in
vitro and, where appropriate, further in vivo toxicity studies
carried out.
EXAMPLE 8
Vital Inactivation by Texaphyrin Macrocycles.
One aspect of the utility of the present invention is the use of
complexes described herein for photon-induced deactivation of
viruses and vitally infected or potentially infected eucaryotic
cells. The general photodeactivation method used in this example
was developed by the Infectious Disease and Advanced Laser
Applications Laboratories of the Baylor Research Foundation,
Dallas, Tex. and is a subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,878,891 which is
incorporated herein by reference.
The efficiency of some of the porphyrin-like macrocycles in
photosensitized inactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1)
and of human lymphocytes and monocytes, both peripheral
mononucleated vascular cells (PMC) and cellular hosts of HIV-1 has
been initiated. Previous studies of vital inactivation using the
macrocyclic photosensitizers dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) or
hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) have shown that with the
porphyrins, only those viruses studied which are enveloped or
possess a membraneous coat are inactivated. The enveloped viruses
studied include HSV-1, cytomegalovirus, measles virus.sup.133, and
the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1.sup.134.
The photosensitized inactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus, Type 1
(HSV-1) was investigated in culture medium using various
macrocycles. Results are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Herpes Simplex Virus
I Inactivation with Expanded Porphyrin Macrocycle Complexes* %
Survival Viral Complex** Conc. (.mu.M) Infectivity
______________________________________ 1.sub.c 20 12 10 8 2.5 20
0.25 100 5.sub.B (where M = Cd) 20 4 10 14 2.5 42 0.25 100
______________________________________ *All light irradiation at
.lambda. max absorption and to give a light fluence of 10
J/cm.sup.2 **Structural formulas in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 5A and 5B.
The two cadmium-containing macrocycles (1.sub.C, 5.sub.B (where M
is Cd)), at concentrations of 20 .mu.M demonstrated.apprxeq.90%
viral inactivation as judged by viral plaque assay.
The macrocycle photosensitizing studies employed enveloped HSV-1 as
the model for screening based on its ease of propagation and
assessment of infectivity in cell culture. The screening procedure
for photoinactivation of HSV-1 was similar to the methods
previously described..sup.135 Essentially, selected macrocycles at
different concentrations were added to a cell-free suspension of
10.sup.6 PFU/ml of HSV-1. The viral suspensions were irradiated at
the optimal absorption wavelength of the selected dye at different
light-energy densities. Controls consisted of (1) nonirradiated
virus, (2) virus irradiated in the absence of macrocycle, and (3)
virus treated with selected concentrations of macrocycle and
maintained in the dark. All samples were then assessed for viral
infectivity by determining the number of PFU/ml in Vero cells.
Viral suspensions were serially diluted and subsequently absorbed
onto Vero cellmonolayers for 11/2 hours at 37+ C. An overlay medium
was added and the cells incubated at 37.degree. C. for 3-4 days.
The overlay medium was then removed, the monolayers fixed with
methanol and tinctured with Giemsa, and individual plaques counted
under a dissecting microscope. Uninfected cell cultures also were
exposed to the macrocycle complexes to rule out direct cytotoxic
effects.
The inactivation of PMC's in the absence and presence of light
after exposure to concentrations of complex 1.sub.C in whole human
plasma ranging from 0.015 to 38 .mu.M is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10.
Inactivation was judged by mitogenic assay. Toxicity onset with
1.sub.C (see FIG. 1B) and 2.sub.H (M=Zn.sup.++, see FIG. 2B) in the
absence of light was between 0.15 and 1.5 .mu.M (FIG. 9). As shown
by mitogenic assay in FIG. 10, aerobic photosensitization of cells
exposed to 1.sub.C at 0.15 .mu.M concentration and 20
joules/cm.sup.2 of 770 nm wavelength light caused significant
inhibition of the cellular division of PMC's. Moderate increase in
either photosensitizer concentration or light dosage is expected to
result in essentially complete cellular inactivation.
Results indicate that the expanded porphyrin-like macrocycles
should be efficient photosensitizers for free HIV-1 and infected
mononuclear cells. Altering the polarity and electrical charges of
side groups of these macrocycles is anticipated to alter the
degree, rate, and perhaps site(s) of binding to free enveloped
viruses such as HIV-1 and to virally-infected peripheral
mononuclear cells, thus modulating photosensitizer take-up and
photosensitization of leukemia or lymphoma cells contaminating
bone-marrow as well.
EXAMPLE 9
Antibody Conjugates
Radioisotopes play a central role in the detection and treatment of
neoplastic disorders. Improving their efficacy in medical
applications involves attaching radioisotopes to tumor-directed
monoclonal antibodies and their fragments. Radiolabeled antibodies
could therefore serve as "magic bullets" and allow the direct
transport of radioisotopes to neoplastic sites thus minimizing
whole body exposure to radiation..sup.177-187 The use of
bifunctional metal chelating agents in radioimmunodiagnostics (RID)
and therapy (RIT) is most closely related to the present
invention.
Bifunctional metal chelating agents for use in antibody
conjugate-based treatment and diagnostic applications must 1) have
functional groups suitable for conjugation to the antibody, 2) form
covalent linkages that are stable in vivo and which do not destroy
the immunological competence of the antibody, 3) be relatively
nontoxic, and 4) bind and retain the radiometal of interest under
physiological conditions..sup.187-191 The last of these conditions
is particularly severe. The potential damage arising from "free"
radioisotopes, released from the conjugate, can be very serious. On
the other hand, only nanomole concentrations of isotopes, and hence
ligand, are generally required for RID and RIT applications, so
that the concerns associated with intrinsic metal and/or free
ligand toxicity are somewhat relaxed.
For the purposes of imaging, an ideal isotope should be readily
detectable by available monitoring techniques and induce a minimal
radiation-based toxic response. In practice these and other
necessary requirements implicate the use of a .gamma.-ray emitter
in the 100 to 250 KeV range, which possesses a short effective
half-life (biological and/or nuclear), decays to stable products,
and, of course, is readily available under clinical
conditions..sup.178-180 To date, therefore, most attention has
focused on .sup.131 I (t.sub.1/2 =193 h), .sup.123 I (t.sub.1/2 =13
h), .sup.99m Tc (t.sub.1/2 =6.0 h), .sup.67 Ga (t.sub.1/2 =78 h),
and .sup.111 In (t.sub.1/2 =67.4 h) which come closest to meeting
these criteria..sup.192 Each of these enjoys advantages and
disadvantages with respect to antibody labeling for RID. .sup.131 I
and .sup.123 I for instance are easily conjugated to antibodies via
electrophilic aromatic substitution of tyrosine residues..sup.193
The metabolism of .sup.131 I or .sup.123 I labeled proteins,
however, produces free radioactive iodide anion and as a result can
lead to a fair concentration of radioactivity at sites other than
those targeted by the antibody-derived "magic bullet"..sup.193 The
half-lives of both .sup.131 I and .sup.123 I are relatively
inconvenient for optimal use, being too long and too short,
respectively, and the fact that .sup.131 I is also a .beta.
emitter..sup.192 99m TC, .sup.67 Ga, and .sup.111 In all suffer
from the disadvantage that they cannot be bound directly to the
antibody in a satisfactory fashion and require the use of a
bifunctional conjugate. The chemistry of such systems is furthest
advanced in the case of .sup.99m Tc and a number of effective
ligands, are now available for the purpose of .sup.99m Tc
administration..sup.178-188,194 This radioisotope has a very short
half-life which makes it technically very difficult to work with.
Both .sup.67 Ga and .sup.111 In have longer half-lives and possess
desirable emission energies. Both are "hard" cations with high
charge density in their most common trivalent forms. No suitable
ligands exist for either .sup.111 In.sup.3+ or .sup.67 Ga.sup.3+
which form stable nonlabile complexes and which might be suitable
for radioimmunological applications. As described elsewhere herein
texaphyrin forms a kinetically and hydrolytically stable complex
with In.sup.3+. Such a ligand system may be elaborated and serve as
the critical core of a bifunctional conjugate for use in .sup.111
In-based RID.
Many of the same considerations hold true for radioisotope-based
therapy as do for radioisotope-based diagnostics: An ideal isotope
must also be readily available under clinical conditions (i.e. from
a simple decay-based generator),.sup.178 possess a reasonable
half-life (i.e. on the order of 6 hours to 4 weeks), and decay to
stable products. In addition, the radioisotope must provide good
ionizing radiation (i.e. in the 300 KeV to 3 MeV range). A number
of .beta. emitters, including .sup.131 I, are currently receiving
attention as possible candidates for RIT. Among the more promising,
are .sup.186 Re (t.sub.1/2 =90 h, .sup.67 Cu (t.sub.1/2 =58.5 h)
and .sup.90 Y (t.sub.1/2 =65 H). Of these, .sup.90 Y is currently
considered the best,.sup.192,197 with an emission energy of 2.28
MeV, it is calculated to deliver roughly 3 to 4 times more energy
(dose) to the tumor per nanomole than either .sup.186 Re or .sup.67
Cu. Good immuno-compatible chelands exist for only .sup.186 Re and
.sup.67 Cu the former may be attached using the same ligands as
were developed for .sup.99m Tc,.sup.194 and the latter via the
rationally-designed activated porphyrins developed by Prof.
Lavallee of Hunter College and the Los Alamos INC-11 team..sup.191
Further benefits should be derived from a bifunctional conjugate
which is capable of forming stable, nonlabile complexes with
.sup.90 Y.sup.3+ (which cannot be done with porphyrins). The
texaphyrin ligand of the present invention not only forms stable
complexes with In.sup.3+ but also binds y.sup.3+ effectively. A
texaphyrin-type bifunctional conjugate may be prepared for use in
.sup.111 In-based RID and in .sup.90 Y-based RIT. Both .sup.90 Y
and .sup.111 In could conceivably be attached to an antibody of
choice using a functionalized texaphyrin. The Y.sup.3+ and
In.sup.3+ complexes of texaphyrin are formed rapidly (insertion and
oxidation times are less than 3 hours) from the methylene-linked
reduced precursor, and are hydrolytically stable in 1:1
methanol-water mixtures (the half-lives for decomplexation and/or
ligand decomposition exceed 3 weeks in both cases.
The hydroxy-substituted texaphyrin molecules of the present
invention are especially suited for acting as bifunctional
chelating agents in antibody conjugate-based treatment since they
have functional groups suitable for conjugation to the antibody,
they form covalent linkages that are stable in vivo which do not
destroy the immunological competence of the antibody, they are
relatively nontoxic, and they are readily soluble in a
physiological environment. A further advantage of these soluble
texaphyrins is that many of these would be suitable for further
functionalization. Treatment of carboxylated texaphyrins with
thionyl chloride or p-nitrophenol acetate would generate activated
acyl species suitable for attachment to monoclonal antibodies or
other biomolecules of interest. Standard in situ coupling methods
(e.g. 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI).sup.202) could be used to
effect the conjugation. The ability to attach and deliver a potent
photosensitizer directly to a tumor locus could have tremendous
potential benefit in the treatment of neoplastic disorders. In
addition, this approach will allow a variety of useful
radioisotopes such as .sup.90 Y and .sup.111 In to be attached to a
monoclonal antibody.
The hydroxy-substituted texaphyrin molecules of the present
invention are also suited for delivering radioactivity to a tumor
on their own since they chelate radioisotopes and have intrinsic
biolocalization selectivity.
EXAMPLE 10
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enhancement, Imaging with B2T2 in
vivo.
In many respects the key to cancer control lies in early detection
and diagnosis as it does in subsequent therapeutic management. New
techniques which allow neoplastic tissue to be observed and
recognized at an early stage of development thus have a critical
role to play in the battle against these disorders. One such
promising technique is magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)..sup.136-140 Although quite new, this noninvasive, apparently
innocuous method, is now firmly entrenched as a diagnostic tool of
prime importance, complementing or, in some cases, supplanting
computer assisted X-ray tomography as the method of choice for
solid tumor detection.
The physical basis of current MRI methods has its origin in the
fact that in a strong magnetic field the nuclear spins of water
protons in different tissues relax back to equilibrium at different
rates. When these local, tissue-dependent relaxation differences
are large, tissue differentiation can be effected. Paramagnetic
compounds, containing one or more unpaired spins, enhance the
relaxation rates for the water protons in which they are
dissolved..sup.141 The extent of this enhancement is termed
relaxivity. At present, only one paramagnetic MRI contrast agent is
in clinical use, the bis(N-methyl-glucamine) salt of Gd(III)
diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, (MEG).sub.2 [Gd(DTPA)(H.sub.2 O)]
(c.f. structure 10).sup.146-153 marketed by Berlex Laboratories.
This dianionic complex localizes selectively in extracellular
regions, and is being used primarily in the visualization of the
capillary lesions associated with cerebral tumors..sup.146-148
Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of new
potential MRI contrast agents..sup.156 Most of this work has
centered around preparing new complexes of
Gd(III)..sup.156-164,171-172 The emphasis on Gd(III) salts stems
from the fact that this cation, with 7 unpaired f-electrons, has a
higher magnetic moment than other paramagnetic cations such as
Fe(III) and Mn(II)..sup.139-140 Thus complexes of Gd(III) would be
expected to be superior relaxation agents than those derived from
Mn(II) or Fe(III). In addition, both iron and, to a lesser extent,
manganese are sequestered and stored very efficiently in humans
(and many other organisms) by a variety of specialized
metal-binding systems..sup.173 Moreover both iron and manganese are
capable of existing in a range of oxidation states and are known to
catalyze a variety of deleterious Fenton-type free-radical
reactions..sup.174 Gadolinium(III), which suffers from neither of
these deficiencies, thus appears to offer many advantages. As is
true for Fe(III) and Mn(II), the aqueous solution of Gd(III) is too
toxic to be used directly for MRI imaging at the 0.01 to 1 mM
concentrations required for effective enhancement..sup.139,140
Hence the emphasis is on developing new agents which, as is true
for DTPA, form hydrolytically stable complexes in vivo with Gd(III)
and/or other paramagnetic cations. A number of such ligands,
including the very promising DOTA.sup.156-162 and EHPG.sup.163,164
systems, are now known (c.f. reference 140 for an extensive
review). In almost all cases, however, reliance is made on the same
basic philosophical approach. Specifically, for Gd(III) binding,
carboxylates, phenolates, and/or other anionic chelating groups are
being used to generate intrinsically labile complexes of high
thermodynamic stability in the hope that such high thermodynamic
stability will translate into a kinetic stability that is
sufficient for in vivo applications. Little effort is currently
being devoted to the preparation of nonlabile Gd(III) complexes
that would in and of themselves enjoy a high kinetic stability. The
problem seems to be quite simply that such systems are hard to
make. For instance, unlike the transition metal cations which are
bound well to porphyrins (a synthetically versatile ligand which is
readily subject to modification and which, at least for
[Mn(III)TPPS].sup.138, and other water soluble
analogues,.sup.165-169 shows good relaxivity and good tumor
localizing properties), Gd(III) forms only weak and/or
hydrolytically unstable complexes with porphyrins,.sup.165c,169,175
although other simple macrocyclic amine- and imine-derived
ligands.sup.171,172,176 will support stable complexes with certain
members of the lanthanide series and do show some promise, as yet
unrealized, of acting as supporting chelands for Gd(III)-based MRI
applications.
According to the present invention nonlabile Gd(III) complexes of
hydroxy-substituted texaphyrins prove to be useful contrast agents
for MRI applications. Hydroxy-substituted texaphyrins are capable
of stabilizing complexes with a variety of di- and trivalent
cations, including Cd.sup.2+, Hg.sup.2+, Lu.sup.+3, Gd.sup.+3, and
La.sup.+3. Such complexes are particularly soluble in physiological
environments.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging with B2T2 in vivo
The T2B2 gadolinium complex showed low toxicity and good tissue
selectivity in magnetic resonance imaging enhancement.
Imaging: Scanning was performed using a circumferential
transmit/receive coil (Medical Advances, Milwaukee, Wis.) in the
bore of a 1.5 Tesla Signa scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee,
Wis.). Normal male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5) weighing from 280-320
grams and rats bearing subcutaneously implanted
methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in their left flanks (n=4)
were studied. Tumor size at the time of the study ranged from 2.5
to 3.5 cm in widest diameter. The rats were anesthetized with 90
mg/kg of ketamine (Vetalar, Aveco Corporation, Fort Dodge, Iowa)
and 10 mg/kg of xylazine (Rompun, Mobay Corporation, Shawnee,
Kans.) intraperitoneally. Following the insertion of an intravenous
catheter in the tail vein, each animal was placed in supine (normal
rats) or prone (tumor-bearing rats) position in the center of the
coil. Coronal and axial T1 weighted images were obtained of each
animal using a spin echo pulse sequence with the following
parameters: TR 300 msec, TE 15 msec, slice thickness 5 mm, matrix
128.times.256, field of view 10 cm, 4 excitations and no phase
wrap. Next, 17 umol/kg of the Gd(III)texaphyrin complex dissolved
in normal saline was infused at a rate of 0.25 ml/min intravenously
and repeat images were obtained at 10-15 minutes post contrast. One
tumor-bearing rat was studied at 6 and 28 hours post-contrast. All
tuning parameters and the rats' positions were kept identical in
the pre and post contrast scans.
Image Analysis: Operator defined regions of interest (ROI)
measurements were made on axial slices of all pre and 10-15 minutes
post contrast studies. Regions in which measurements were made
included the right lobes of the livers and the whole kidneys in the
normal rats and the whole tumor in tumor-bearing rats. In addition,
large ROI's of background air were measured for standardization
purposes. Standardized signal intensities (SSI) were calculated as
follows: signal intensity (SI) of organ/SI air. An unpaired
Student's t test was used to compare pre contrast and post contrast
SSIs.
Toxicity: At 24 hours, there were no deaths in the mice injected
i.p. although those receiving the highest dose (312.5 umol/kg)
appeared lethargic. Autopsies of two mice from each dosage group
revealed some edema and pallor of the liver and kidneys in the two
groups receiving the highest doses (312.5 and 156.3 umol/kg).
Autopsies from the remaining groups were normal. At 48 hours, the
remaining mice (n=3 in each dosage group) in the two highest dosage
groups died. The animals in the three lower dosage groups
demonstrated no morbidity. There was no mortality or evidence of
morbidity in the rats during the month of observation after
scanning.
Enhancement: Liver SSI increased by 81.7% (p<0.001), kidney by
114.9% (p<0.001) and tumor by 49.7% (p<0.02) from pre to
10-15 minutes post contrast. There was no significant difference in
enhancement between the right and left lobe of the liver and
between the two kidneys. Pre contrast, tumor parenchyma appeared
homogeneous and of an intensity similar to adjacent muscle. Post
contrast, tumor tissue demonstrated a mottled pattern of
enhancement and was easily distinguished from adjacent tissues. The
MRI appearance reflected the heterogeneous appearance of the tumor
grossly which consists of necrotic tissue surrounded by viable
stroma. In addition, in the one animal studied at 6 and 28 hours
post contrast, there was visible tumor enhancement throughout the
study period. The pattern of enhancement, however, changed over
time, with enhancement starting at the edges of the tumor initially
and including the center by 28 hours.
These results show that the T2B2 gadolinium complex is an hepatic,
renal and tumor-specific contrast agent. The agent was found to
have relatively low toxicity in rodents. Intravenous administration
resulted in statistically significant hepatic, renal and tumor
enhancement in rats within 10-15 minutes with persistence of tumor
enhancement for up to 28 hours. The early enhancement of tumor
edges may represent contrast localization in areas of viable tumor.
The later appearance of the tumor probably was caused by passive
diffusion of some of the agent into central necrotic areas. It is
unclear whether a selective transport or passive diffusion
mechanism is responsible for initial tumor enhancement with
GD(III)texaphyrin and whether intracellular binding to
peripheral-type benzodiazepene receptors occurs. The tumor could be
differentiated from adjacent tissues for up to 28 hours.
The chemical properties of this texaphyrin class of macrocyclic
ligands can be varied by peripheral substitution, which would allow
biological properties to be optimized in terms of biodistribution,
pharmacokinetics and toxicity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atheroma. The gadolinium complex of
B2T2
[4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxyprop
yloxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.
14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene]
shows accumulation in human cadaveric aorta. Two aortas obtained
from autopsies were examined using magnetic resonance imaging
before and after incubation in vitro for 15 minutes with the
gadolinium complex of B2T2. Selective labeling of the endothelial
cell surface and atheromas plaque relative to surrounding tissue
was observed. These data indicate that the Gd(III)B2T2 complex has
utility in the non-invasive imaging of atheroma.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Upper GI Tract. The gadolinium
complex of B2T2
[4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxyprop
yloxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.
14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene]
shows accumulation in the upper GI tract, especially the stomach,
as determined by magnetic resonance imaging.
EXAMPLE 11
Photodynamic Therapy, In vitro and In vivo Experiments
In vitro data and experiments. The lanthanum complex of B2T2
[4,5-diethyl-10,23-dimethyl-9,24-bis(3-hydroxypropyl)-16,17-(3-hydroxyprop
yloxy)-13,20,25,26,27-pentaazapentacyclo[20.2.1.1.sup.3,6.1.sup.8,11.0.sup.
14,19
]heptacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11(27),12,14(19),15,17,20,22(25),23-tridecaene]
(LaB2T2) was used at concentrations of 5.0, 1.0 or 0.1 micromolar
in tissue culture medium. The murine mammary carcinoma cell line
designated EMT-6 was cultured in medium containing LaB2T2 for 1
hour or 3 hours in the dark. Experimental cultures were irradiated
with 10 Joules/cm.sup.2 using an arc lamp with a 750 nanometer band
pass filter. Cell survival was measured using a cell cloning assay.
There was no dark toxicity indicating that LaB2T2 had no direct
toxicity to the cells. Cultures which were irradiated with the
visible red light showed viabilities of 3%, 50% and 100% for
concentrations of LaB2T2 of 5.0, 1.0 and 0.1 micromolar
respectively. The results were similar for 1 and 3 hour incubation
periods. The results established that LaB2T2 was phototoxic to
these tumor cells in vitro.
In vivo experiments. Murine adenocarcinoma cells were inoculated
into both flanks of Balb/c mice. Four days later, palpable tumor
masses were present on both flanks of the mice. Ten mg/kg of
lutetium B2T2 (LuB2T2) in aqueous solution was injected IV. Seven
hours later, one tumor mass was irradiated with 500 Joules of Argon
laser light at 746 nanometers. The unirradiated tumor served as a
control. Animals were monitored daily and tumor measurements were
made using calipers. Following a single treatment, 65% cell kill
was estimated based on the reduction in size of the treated tumors.
No phototoxicity of skin or normal tissues surrounding the tumors
was observed indicating relatively selective uptake of the LuB2T2
in the tumors. This experiment established the in vivo photodynamic
activity of LuB2T2 in vivo.
The hydroxy-substituted texaphyrins can be conjugated to biological
molecules, especially proteins of molecular weight greater than
about 20,000 daltons, e.g. albumin and gamma globulin, in order to
slow their clearance by the kidneys. A prolonged presence of these
complexes in tissue may be desirable for photoirradiation purposes.
The conjugation would be accomplished as described in Example 9 for
antibody conjugates.
EXAMPLE 12
Hydroxy-Substituted Texaphyrins in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
followed by Photodynamic Therapy for Tumor Destruction
This example describes a use of the present invention of hydroxy
substituted texaphyrins in the destruction of tumor tissue. A
detectable metal complex of a water soluble hydroxy-substituted
aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog retaining
lipophilicity, said complex exhibiting selective biolocalization in
benign or malignant tumor cells relative to surrounding tissue is
administered as a first agent to a host harboring benign or
malignant tumor cells. Localization sites in the host are
determined by reference to the detectable metal. A water soluble
hydroxy-substituted aromatic pentadentate expanded porphyrin
analog-detectable-metal complex retaining lipophilicity and having
essentially identical biolocalization property and exhibiting the
ability to generate singlet oxygen upon exposure to light will be
administered as a second agent. The second agent is photoirradiated
in proximity to the benign or malignant tumor cells, as is using
fiber optics, to cause tumor tissue destruction from the singlet
oxygen produced. The water soluble hydroxy-substituted aromatic
pentadentate expanded porphyrin analog retaining lipophilicity is a
hydroxy-substituted texaphyrin although one skilled in the art can
see from the foregoing that substituted sapphyrins, pentaphyrins or
other macrocyclic ligands capable of chelating a metal, soluble in
aqueous fluids and localizing in a lipid rich environment may be of
particular value. The detectable metal in the first agent is a
paramagnetic metal, preferably Gd(III) or a gamma emitting metal.
The localization sites are determined using MRI when a paramagnetic
metal is used and gamma body scanning when a gamma emitting metal
is used. The detectable metal in the second agent is a diamagnetic
metal, preferably La(III), Lu(III) or In(III). Texaphyrin-metal
complexes will be chosen which themselves show a high intrinsic
biolocalization selectivity for tumors or neoplastic tissues. For
example, the B2T2 Gd(III) complex demonstrates in vivo affinity for
tissue high in lipid content, atheroma, the liver, kidneys and
tumors. When appropriately followed by fiber optic photodynamic
therapy, cells in the atheroma or tumor can be deactivated.
The hydroxy substituted diamagnetic texaphyrin complexes are good
candidates for such biomedical photosensitizers. They are easily
available, have low intrinsic cytotoxicity, long wavelength
absorption, generate singlet oxygen, are soluble in physiological
environments, have the ability to be conjugated to site specific
transport molecules, have quick elimination, are stable and are
easily subject to synthetic modification.
Literature citations in the following list are incorporated by
reference herein for the reasons cited.
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