U.S. patent number 4,395,639 [Application Number 06/375,568] was granted by the patent office on 1983-07-26 for uninterruptible power supply with battery back-up.
This patent grant is currently assigned to SAB NIFE Aktiebolag. Invention is credited to Karl-Birger Bring.
United States Patent |
4,395,639 |
Bring |
July 26, 1983 |
Uninterruptible power supply with battery back-up
Abstract
A charger in the form of a primary switched rectifier and
transformer charges a battery and carries a load when the operating
voltage is available to a sufficient extent. When a voltage drop or
break in voltage automatically disconnects the battery from the
charger, the load is supplied with voltage from the battery. The
battery voltage is chopped into square wave form and transformed up
via the secondary side of the transformer to the voltage required
for the load. A diode is connected between the load and the battery
allowing the battery voltage to act directly on the load as long as
this voltage is sufficiently high.
Inventors: |
Bring; Karl-Birger (Oskarshamn,
SE) |
Assignee: |
SAB NIFE Aktiebolag
(Landskrona, SE)
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Family
ID: |
20339228 |
Appl.
No.: |
06/375,568 |
Filed: |
May 6, 1982 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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198362 |
Oct 20, 1980 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Oct 30, 1979 [SE] |
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7909064 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
307/66;
320/135 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02J
9/061 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H02J
9/06 (20060101); H02J 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;307/66,130
;320/9,13,14,21,39,40,50 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Pellinen; A. D.
Assistant Examiner: Dwyer; James L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Schaffer; Murray
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.
198,362 filed Oct. 20, 1980 now abondened.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of uninterruptedly maintaining a current supply to a
load normally supplied from a main source comprising the steps of
providing a battery, charging said battery via a charger comprising
a primary switched rectifier and a charging transformer through
which said main source is supplied when the voltage from the main
source is available to a sufficient extent to provide on the
secondary winding of said charging transformer an operating voltage
for said load and a charging voltage for said battery and
automatically disconnecting the battery from the charging voltage
of the secondary winding upon a voltage drop or voltage
interruption from the main source and supplying the load with
voltage from the battery, the battery voltage being chopped into
square wave form and transformed up via the secondary winding of
the charging transformer to the voltage required for the load.
2. The method according to claim 1, including the step of placing a
diode between the battery and load, said diode being so arranged
that the battery voltage acts directly on the load during an
interruption in the operating voltage, as long as the battery
voltage is higher or equal to the voltage required for the
load.
3. A current supply installation for uninterruptedly maintaining a
current supply to a load normally supplied from a main source
comprising a battery, a charger connected to said main source for
charging said battery, said charger comprising a rectifier for a
fed-in operating voltage, a smoothing filter, a square wave
generator for chopping the rectified and smoothed operating voltage
to square wave form, a charging transformer for retransforming the
voltage and supplying from the secondary winding a charging voltage
suitable for charging the battery and carrying a load, a second
rectifier for removing the square wave form on the charging voltage
from the charging transformer, a filter for filtering said charging
voltage, a first switch for connecting and disconnecting the
charging voltage to the battery and an output for carrying the
load, a control unit sensing the operating voltage and the voltage
across the load for regulating the square wave generator, a second
switch interposed bvetween the battery and the secondary winding of
the charging transformer operable on disconnection of said first
switch for feeding the battery voltage back to the secondary
winding of the charging transformer for transformation to the
voltage required by the load during a voltage drop or rupture in
the operating voltage.
4. The installation according to claim 3, wherein said second
switch comprises a square wave generator connected between the
battery and the secondary winding of the charging transformer.
5. The installation according to claim 3, wherein a diode is
connected between the battery and the output to the load.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE IVENTION
The invention relates to a method of uninterrupted operation of a
current supply installation and apparatus for the method.
In such an installation, a storage battery charger is driven, which
rectifies the operating voltage coming from an AC current supply or
a generator, and which via a transformer transforms it to a
suitable voltage for charging a battery and carrying a load. If
there is a break in voltage, the load is carried by the battery.
The battery voltage is thus always the same as the load voltage.
Nearly always, the load has a limited voltage range, within which
the ingoing voltage must be kept. Battery dimensioning is thus
dependent to a great degree on the permitted voltage range of the
load. The battery charger must be of the so-called constant voltage
type.
In order to fully charge the battery, a certain least voltage per
cell is required. The number of cells in the battery is therefore
determined by the greatest permitted voltage of the load divided by
this least charging voltage per cell. The lowest final cell voltage
which can be tolerated, when the battery is carrying the load, will
be equal to the lowest permitted load voltage divided by the number
of cells in the battery.
Even with a relatively generously defined range for the load
voltage, relatively high permitted final voltages per cell are
often arrived at in this kind of dimensioning. A high final voltage
combined with operating times, e.g. in the range of 10-60 minutes,
for the battery, give poor utilization of the energy stored in the
battery.
A complete current supply installation of a kind known up to now is
generally constructed in the following way. An incoming AC voltage
is rectified, smoothed and chopped into square wave form, e.g. in a
transistor. The square wave voltage is then transformed to a
suitable voltage for charging and operation, and is once again
rectified to remove the square wave form, filtered and used for
charging the battery and carrying the load. Regulation of the
output voltage is obtained by pulse width, amplitude or frequency
being varied by a control unit, which senses the output signal and
regulates the square wave generator. If the incoming alternating
voltage is interrupted, the load is fed directly with the voltage
from the battery.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a current supply installation with
another method of operation, whereby the energy of the battery is
better utilized. There is thus the choice of obtaining sufficient
operating voltage for the load during a longer time, by retaining
the same battery capacity as with previous installations, or, while
maintaining the time for the lowest permitted load voltage, using a
battery with lower capacity, which is thus cheaper.
The invention thus relates to a method of operation of an
uninterrupted current supply installation which, via a charger in
the form of a primary-switched rectifier with transformer charges a
battery and carries a load when the operating voltage is available
to a sufficient extent, but with a voltage drop or interruption
automatically disconnects the battery from the charger and supplies
the load with voltage from the battery instead. The battery voltage
is here chopped into square wave form and transformed up on the
secondary side of the transformer to the voltage required for the
load.
A diode can be placed to advantage between the battery and load,
this diode permitting battery voltage to act directly on the load
during an interruption in the operating voltage, as long as the
battery voltage is higher, or equal to the voltage required for the
load. In this way a part of the small, but unavoidable capacity
losses occuring in giving the battery voltage square form and
transforming it up are avoided.
The invention also relates to a current supply installation with
uninterrupted operation, in accordance with the patent claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This invention will now be described in detail with the aid of the
appended drawings on which:
FIG. 1 illustrates voltage and capacity graphs for discharging the
battery in a current supply installation with uninterrupted
operation,
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the principle for a current
supply installation in accordance with the invention,
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram for the installation in accordance with
the invention,
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram for a second embodiment of the
installation in accordance with the invention, and;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a suitable control unit for use in
the installation of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The graphs in FIG. 1 relates to nickel-cadium batteries, but
similar conditions prevail for other battery types as well. These
graphs are only selected as an arbitrary example and do not signify
any restriction of the inventive concept. The graph A shows how the
battery voltage falls with discharge of a battery which is loaded
with 2C A, and without control means in accordance with the
invention. The quantity C here denotes the nominal capacity of the
battery expressed in ampere-hours for a 5-hour discharge. It is
apparent from the graph that with the load 2C A it is only possible
to take out 4% of the total battery capacity at the voltage of 1,14
V/cell or 11% at the voltage 1,10 V/cell, whereas it is possible to
utilize 69% of the capacity if the voltage is allowed to drop to
0,8 V cell. The graph B illustrates the output voltage when using a
circuiting method in accordance with the invention. The graph is
plotted for a load which is to be carried at the same loading as
above and a lowest voltage of 1,14 V. Instead of only being able to
take out 4% of the battery capacity at this voltage, as illustrated
above, 52% of the battery capacity can now be utilized at the same
voltage.
The graph shows the voltage across the battery during plotting
graph B. The voltage falls somewhat more quickly now, but the
losses on the portion of the graph lying over 1,14 V in this
example can be avoided by connecting the load directly to the
battery via a diode, which will be non-conducting when the battery
voltage falls below this value. That the battery voltage will be
lower than according to graph A when using the circuit according to
the invention as in graph C, is because the battery will be more
heavily loaded, since the output voltage is higher, and also
because the circuit causes some losses. In spite of this,
considerable gains in the degree of utilization of the battery can
be achieved.
In FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 the numeral 10 denotes a rectifier, which
rectifies the incoming driving voltage from an AC current supply or
a generator. A smoothing filter 12 contains a capacitor and a
square wave generator 14, e.g. one or more transistors in which the
rectified voltage is chopped to square wave form. The chopped
voltage then goes to the transformer 16 which has a primary winding
18 and at least one secondary winding 20. The transformer is
preferably a ferrite core transformer. The voltage is transformed
here to one suitable for charging the battery and carrying the
load. The voltage is once again rectified in the rectifier 22 and
filtered in a filter 24, which can comprise a choke and a capacitor
to remove the square wave form of the voltage. A switch 26 suitably
comprises a thyristor, which is closed as long as sufficient
operating voltage is applied to the input of the rectifier 10. The
battery 28 thus obtains a charging current, so that it is always
kept fully charged during normal operation. The load 30 is given
operating voltage at the same time. Regulation of the charging and
operating voltage takes place by the pulse width, amplitude or
frequency being varied with the aid of a control unit 32, which
senses the output signals at the point 34 and regulates the square
wave generator 14. The apparatus further contains a switch 36,
which is in the open position when sufficient alternating voltage
is applied to the input of the rectifier 10.
When there is sufficiernt alternating voltage, the switch 26 is in
the ON position and the switch 36 in the OFF position, and the
apparatus functions as an ordinary primary-switched rectifier,
which charges the battery 28 and carries the load 30. When there is
a voltage drop or an interruption in the alternating voltage on the
input, the switch 26 goes to the OFF position, as well as the
square wave generator 14, which hereby serves as a switch. The
battery will thus be disconnected from the charger output. The
switch 36 now serves as a square wave generator. This switch can
comprise two transistors T1 and T2, for example, as illustrated in
FIG. 3, T1 and T2 in turn comprising a plurality of transistors
connected in parrallel. The secondary winding 20 of the transformer
is provided with voltage from the battery via this square wave
generator 36. The transforming ratio of the transformer between the
battery input and output is so selected that transformation up to
the operating voltage of the load is obtained. Energy then goes via
the rectifier 22 and filter 24 to carry the load 30.
In the circuit according to FIG. 3, the square wave generator 14
comprises two transistors T3 and T4, the outputs of which are
connected to the outer ends of the primary winding 18 in the
transformer 16. The rectified voltage is here connected to the
centre terminal on the primary winding. Saturation of the
transformer is hereby avoided, and less load is also obtained on
the transistors. In the same way, the square wave generator 36 also
comprises two transistors, T1 and T2, which are connected to the
secondary winding 20 of the transformer.
FIG. 4 illustrates a simpler circuit, where both the generator 14
and generator 36 each comprises one transistor.
A diode 38 is also indicated in the Figures. This diode is not
necessary for the function of the apparatus, but can save some
energy in many applications. The diode namely allows the battery
voltage to directly act on the load for an interruption in the
voltage from the rectifier 10, as long as the battery voltage is
higher than the voltage which is obtained via the feedback to the
secondary side of the transformer.
As to the control unit 32, various drives for regulating flow, at
proper voltage from a main source to a load and battery charger,
when there is sufficient main voltage; and, on the other hand from
the battery to the load, when the main voltage is insufficient are
well known in the art, and use can be made of such units. FIG. 5,
wherein the components 12, 14 T1-T4, 26, 28, 30 and 38 are the same
as shown in FIG. 3 is illustrative of such a control unit.
The control unit 32 in one mode, regulates the voltage to the load
30 such, that the voltage is kept within given values and indicates
whether a current interruption has occured and in such a case acts
in a second mode to disconnect the battery from the battery charger
and connect the battery to the secondary side of the transformer,
whereby the current can be supplied to the load. The control unit
further regulates the transformation of the battery voltage to a
voltage, correct for the load.
In the first mode when a sufficient main voltage is at hand, the
voltage over the capacitor 12 then is sufficient to give the
positive input of an operation amplifier 40 a voltage, higher than
the voltage supplied from a zener diode 42 connected to the
negative input of the amplifier. The output of amplifier 40 thus is
high, causing two opto switches 44 and 46 connected to the output
of the amplifier to be activated. This causes the thyristor 26 to
have a current applied to its gate and thus be conductive.
A switch-mode regulator 48 and attached components, function to
compare the output voltage from the rectifier 10 with a reference
and to generate a pulse train at its output to control the current
to the transformer 16 such, that a constant output voltage from the
rectifier is achieved. Details of such a switch-mode regulator
circuit can be found for instance in Motorola, Application Report,
"Switch-mode Regulator Control Circuit" No. Ds 9424 1977.
As the opto switch 46 is activated a voltage is applied to the
bases of a pair analogue gates T7 and T8 which voltage is low,
resulting in the choking of transistors T1 and T2 of the switch 36.
A second set of analogue gates T5 and T6, connected to the square
wave generator 14 however, are open due to the high voltage on the
output of the amplifier 40. Thus signals from the output
transistors of the switch mode regulator 48 pass through a second
set of opto switches 50 and 52 through transistors T5 and T6 to the
transistors T3 and T4, of the square wave generator 14.
When the opto switch 44 is activated an inverter 54 connected to it
has a high voltage on its output, thus opening another analogue
gate T9 and connecting one input of the switch-mode regulator 48 to
a reference signal from a potentiometer P1. The other input the
switch mode regulator 48 is connected to the load 30. A further
analogue gate T10 is blocked as the control voltage to its base is
low. Thus the rectifier is switched as a common switch mode
rectifier.
On the other hand, should the voltage from the rectifier 12
decrease due to insufficient mains voltage from the rectifier 10,
than at a level, given by resistances R1, R2 and the zener voltage
over diode 42 the amplifier 40 reverses so that its output will be
low. The opto switches 44 and 46 will not be activated and thus the
gaste current to thyristor 26 ceases and the thyristor 26 stops
being conductive and the charging of the battery ceases. The
analogue gates T5, T6, and T9 are then blocked whereas gates T7, T8
and T10 are opened.
The rectifier 10 now operates as a DC voltage converter where the
battery voltage via the transistors T1 and T2 is transformed to a
higher voltage in the secondary winding 20 (FIG. 3) of the
transformer and is applied to the load 30 via the direct connection
between the anode of the thryistor 26 and the load. The reference
voltage to the switch mode regulator 48 is now received from a
potentiometer P2 which may be adjusted to the voltage being most
favorable to the load.
When the main voltage returns to the proper levels the amplifier 40
is reversed and the analogue gates T5-T10 reverse and the rectifier
reverts to operate as a common switch mode rectifier.
An apparatus in accordance with the invention thus functions in the
following way. When sufficient ingoing AC voltage is available, the
switch 36 is non-conducting and the switch 26 conducting. If the
square wave generator 14 comprises two transistors, these operate
now in a push-pull circuit. The appartus now operates as a
primary-switched charging unit. When the DC voltage over the
capacitor in the filter 12 falls below a certain predetermined
value, the generator 14 is blocked, and the switch 26 will be
non-conducting, as a result of the control voltage being zeroed and
also by the charging current ceasing, due to the lowered operating
voltage. The battery now takes over carrying the load, possibly via
a diode 38. When the battery has dropped to a given lower limit,
the square wave generator 36 is started with the battery voltage as
operating voltage. The chopped voltage is transformed up in the
secondary winding of the transformer to a voltage required for the
load. The battery voltage continues to drop while the control unit
32 regulates the output voltage to a constant value via the switch
36. The diode 38 will be blocked and the load is fed directly from
the transformed and filtered voltage at point 34 in the FIGS. 2, 3
and 4. When the AC voltage is once again normal, the apparatus
returns to normal operation according to the above.
The inventive concept is thus to increase the battery voltage by
means of DC voltage converter during discharge, so that a greater
portion of the stored battery energy is made available. During
interruption of the ordinary AC voltage to the charger, a portion
of the charger transformer is utilized as a voltage increaser and
regulator with feed from the battery. A simple and cheap regulating
means is hereby obtained.
* * * * *