U.S. patent number 4,384,661 [Application Number 06/366,153] was granted by the patent office on 1983-05-24 for aerosol water-based paint compositions.
Invention is credited to Edward H. Page, Frank Scotti.
United States Patent |
4,384,661 |
Page , et al. |
May 24, 1983 |
Aerosol water-based paint compositions
Abstract
This invention concerns sprayable, non-foaming emulsions of a
film-forming polymer in water which are useful as aerosol paint
sprays.
Inventors: |
Page; Edward H. (Ridgewood,
NJ), Scotti; Frank (Wayne, NJ) |
Family
ID: |
23441866 |
Appl.
No.: |
06/366,153 |
Filed: |
April 7, 1982 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
222/394; 524/375;
524/376; 524/378; 524/425; 524/903 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09D
5/021 (20130101); C09K 3/30 (20130101); Y10S
524/903 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C09K
3/30 (20060101); C09D 5/02 (20060101); B65D
083/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;524/425,378,375,376,903
;222/394 ;252/305 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Aerofako by Netherlands, "States Report May 1981, Dimethylether
Pure, A Promising Aerosol Propellant", May 11, 1981, CSMA 67
Midyear Meeting, Chicago, Ill., pp. 1-7. .
Sciara, Aerosol Pain Propellants, Paint and Varnish Production
(1963). .
Bohnenn, Dimethylether Pure, Aerosol Age, p. 26, Jan. 1981. .
Bohnenn, Dimethylether Pure, Part II, Aerosol Age, Feb. 1981. .
Freon Product Information, Aerosol Age, Nov. 1960. .
Chem. Abstracts, 78,113066e. .
Chem. Abstracts, 85,112657f..
|
Primary Examiner: Foelak; Morton
Claims
We claim:
1. A composition suitable for dispensing from an aerosol container
by the action of dimethyl ether propellant comprising an aqueous
emulsion of a film-forming polymer, and a propellant amount of
dimethyl ether, wherein the film-forming polymer is emulsified by a
nonionic surfactant having an HLB value of at least about 14, and
said composition when dispensed from an aerosol container provides
a smooth and foam-free film on the substrate to which it is
applied.
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said emulsion
comprises about 2 to about 25 parts by weight of film-forming
polymer, about 0.3 to about 3.0 parts by weight of said nonionic
surfactant, about 0.2 to about 10 parts by weight of a pigment, and
dimethyl ether dissolved in said emulsion in the amount of about 10
parts by weight of said emulsion and up to the limit of the
solubility of dimethyl ether in said emulsion when said emulsion is
subjected to about 40 to about 60 psi dimethyl ether gaseous
propellant pressure at room temperature; and said emulsion includes
about 2% to about 35% solids.
3. The composition according to claim 2 wherein said emulsion
comprises by weight about 3% to about 15% of the film-forming
polymer, about 0.2% to about 10% by weight pigment, about 0.5% to
about 2.0% surfactant, and about 15% to about 35% by weight
dimethyl ether dissolved in said emulsion.
4. The composition according to claim 3 wherein said film-forming
polymer is selected from the group consisting of
polyethylacrylates, vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids,
alkyl or aryl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl
acetate-ethylene copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, and vinyl
acetate copolymer latexes.
5. The composition according to claim 4 wherein said emulsion is
comprised of a vinyl acetate copolymer latex selected from the
group consisting of a latex of 75% vinyl acetate and 25% dibutyl
maleate and a latex of 75% vinyl acetate and 25% ethylhexyl
acrylate.
6. The composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said
nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of
octylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts, nonylphenolethylene oxide
adducts and lauryl alcohol-ethylene oxide adducts, and said
film-forming polymer is a polyethylacrylate.
7. The composition according to claim 2 wherein said nonionic
surfactant is an alkyl-substituted-phenoxy polyoxyethylene ethanol
wherein the alkyl group is at least about seven carbon atoms and
the ethanoxy groups number at least about 10; or an
alkoxy-polyoxyethylene ethanol wherein the ethanoxy groups number
at least about 10 and the alkoxy group is of at least about 8
carbon atoms.
8. The composition according to claims 2 or 3 wherein said pigment
is calcium carbonate, and said film-forming polymer is a
polyethylacrylate.
9. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said emulsion
comprises about 77 parts by weight of an aqueous emulsion of
polyethylacrylate, about 0.8 parts by weight of a nonionic
surfactant which is an octylphenol-ethylene oxide adduct having 40
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of octylphenol, and about 2.0
parts by weight calcium carbonate.
10. An aerosol dispenser containing therein a dispensable
composition comprising a film-forming polymer emulsified in an
aqueous solution of dimethyl ether, wherein said film-forming
polymer is emulsified by a nonionic surfactant having an HLB value
of at least about 14 or above, and said emulsion being under
dimethyl ether gas propellant pressure in said dispenser sufficient
to propel said emulsion from said dispenser and onto the surface of
a substrate to provide a smooth and foam-free film on the substrate
to which it is applied.
11. The dispenser according to claim 10 wherein said emulsion
comprises about 2 to about 25 parts by weight of film-forming
polymer, about 0.3 to about 3.0 parts by weight of said nonionic
surfactant, about 0.2 to about 10 parts by weight of a pigment, and
dimethyl ether dissolved in said emulsion in an amount of about 10
parts by weight of said emulsion and up to the limit of the
solubility of dimethyl ether in said emulsion when said emulsion is
subjected to about 40 to about 60 psi dimethyl ether gaseous
propellant pressure at room temperature; and said emulsion includes
about 2% to about 35% solids.
12. The dispenser according to claim 11 wherein said emulsion
comprises by weight about 5% to about 15% of the film-forming
polymer, about 0.3% to about 10% by weight pigment, about 0.5% to
about 2.0% surfactant, and about 15% to about 35% by weight
dimethyl ether dissolved in said emulsion. PG,18
13. The dispenser according to claim 12 wherein said film-forming
polymer is selected from the group consisting of
polyethylacrylates, vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids,
alkyl or aryl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl
acetate-ethylene copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, and vinyl
acetate copolymer latexes.
14. The dispenser according to claim 10 wherein said emulsion
comprises about 77 parts by weight of an aqueous emulsion of
polyethylacrylate, about 0.8 parts by weight of nonionic
surfactant, and about 2.0 parts by weight calcium carbonate.
15. The composition according to claim 1, 2, 3, 7 or 9 wherein said
polymer is an acrylic polymer and said film comprises a paint
film.
16. The composition according to claim 1, 2, 3, 7 or 9 wherein said
HLB value is in the range of about 14.0 to about 18.9, and said
film comprises a paint film.
17. The aerosol dispenser according to claim 10, 11 or 12 wherein
said polymer is an acrylic polymer, and said film comprises a paint
film.
18. The aerosol dispenser according to claim 10, 11 or 12 wherein
said HLB value is in the range of about 14.0 to about 18.9, and
said film comprises a paint film.
19. The aerosol dispenser according to claim 10 wherein said
emulsion includes a pigment, said nonionic surfactant is selected
from the group consisting of octylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts,
nonylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts and lauryl alcohol-ethylene
oxide adducts, and said film comprises a paint film.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to water-based paint formulations suitable
for dispensing from an aerosol container.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Polymer-based paint compositions suitable to be sprayed from
pressurized aerosol containers are desirably formulated so that
objectionable foaming of the dispensed paint film does not occur.
Foaming results in marring or pocking of the dried polymer-pigment
film.
In addition, the paint formulation which is dispensed from an
aerosol container should be of sufficient mechanical stability to
withstand the mechanical shearing forces which occur during
dispensing from a conventional aerosol container. Aerosol
formulations having insufficient mechanical stability produce films
having an uneven surface marred by agglomerated bits of the
polymeric component or formulations which clog the narrow orifices
in the aerosol valve outlet.
Currently marketed aerosol paints having appropriate mechanical
stability are entirely solvent-based systems, employing
hydrocarbon- or alcohol-based solvents which employ little, if any,
water. In such formulations, the polymer-pigment concentrate may be
formulated in a liquid hydrocarbon, such as kerosene, and propelled
by a kerosene soluble propellant such as isobutane, or a
fluorocarbon. It is necessary to maintain a low viscosity in
polymer-pigment concentrates in order to provide rapid escape of
the propellant from the film, thus eliminating foam-pocking, and
providing a coherent and even layer of the polymeric component of
the aerosol formulation. Although such solvent-based systems can be
formulated to suppress foaming upon spray application, alcohol- or
hydrocarbon-based concentrates are disadvantageous due to their
high flammability and/or high toxicity. Aerosol-dispensed paint
compositions in which the sprayable concentrate is a
polymer-in-water emulsion would ameliorate many of the
disadvantages associated with the use of toxic and flammable
alcohol- or hydro-carbon-based paint sprays.
In light of the environmental hazards associated with aerosol
propellants such as the commonly employed fluorocarbon propellants,
it is also important to employ a propellant which is
environmentally safe. The propellant dimethyl ether is
environmentally safe and also possesses a low flammability when
used in combination with water. However, the prior art does not
disclose dimethyl ether-propelled, water-based polymer emulsions
suitable for use as aerosol dispensed film-formers which are free
of objectionable foaming upon spraying and at the same time possess
the degree of mechanical stability required for aerosol dispensed
formulations.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
dimethyl ether-propelled aqueous polymer emulsion which will
deliver a smooth and unfoamed film when applied to a substrate from
a conventional aerosol dispenser. The formulations of this
invention are well suited for use as aerosol water-based paints and
for this purpose may be formulated with conventional pigments.
It is another object of this invention to provide an aerosol
dispenser containing the composition of this invention which
dispenses an aqueous polymer emulsion so as to provide a smooth,
unpocked film on the surface to which it is applied.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the foregoing objectives, the present invention
provides a composition suitable for dispensing from an aerosol
container by action of dimethyl ether propellant, comprising a
film-forming polymer emulsified in an aqueous solution of dimethyl
ether, wherein the film-forming polymer is emulsified by a nonionic
surfactant having a hydrophile-lipophile (hereinafter HLB) value of
at least about 14 or higher.
This invention also provides a self-propelled liquid (aerosol)
dispenser containing therein a composition comprising a
film-forming polymer emulsified in an aqueous solution of dimethyl
ether, wherein the film-forming polymer is emulsified by a nonionic
surfactant having an HLB value of at least about 14, and the
composition includes dimethyl ether in an amount sufficient to
propel a spray comprised of the emulsion from said container and
onto the surface of a substrate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The compositions of this invention are comprised of an aqueous
emulsion of a film-forming polymer which is further emulsified in
an aqueous solution of dimethyl ether by a nonionic surfactant. As
will be discussed in detail below, the nonionic surfactant employed
must possess an HLB value of about 14 or higher in order to provide
an emulsified aerosol formulation of adequate mechanical stability
which does not objectionably foam upon dispensing.
The polymer component is suitably in the form of an oil. The
aqueous phase of the emulsion is the continuous phase of the
emulsion, with the polymeric component being emulsified and
dispersed therein. The emulsions of this invention are pressurized
by dimethyl ether by, for example, adding liquified dimethyl ether
to an aerosol container containing an aqueous concentrate of the
film-forming polymer and nonionic surfactant emulsifier.
The compositions of the invention present in a suitable dispenser
or container comprise about 2 to about 25 parts by weight, and
preferably about 3 to about 15 parts by weight, of the polymeric
solids component. As will be discussed below, when the composition
is prepared from a preformed aqueous emulsion polymer, the
polymeric emulsion may represent from about 15 to about 30 parts by
weight of the composition. The compositions of this invention also
include about 0.3 to about 3.0 parts by weight, and preferably
about 0.5 to about 2.0 parts by weight of the nonionic surfactant;
about 0.2 to about 10 parts by weight of a pigment and about 20 to
80 parts water, with the dimethyl ether gas being present in this
composition in an amount sufficient to propel the emulsion of the
film forming polymer from the dispenser.
Typically, the emulsions will include about 10 to about 40 parts,
preferably about 15 to about 35 parts by weight of dimethyl ether
at an internal aerosol container pressure of about 40-60 psi and at
about room temperature.
The composition may comprise about 5 to about 35% by weight total
solids. For example, the composition may comprise about 5% to about
15% polymer solids, about 0.3 to about 10% pigment, about 0.5 to
about 2.0% nonionic surfactant, about 15% to about 35% by weight
dimethyl ether and about 25% to about 75% water. In this
application all parts are parts by weight of the total emulsion
unless expressly specified otherwise.
Advantageously, the compositions of this invention employ the
water-soluble propellant dimethyl ether (DME), which in contrast to
the environmentally objectionable fluorocarbon propellants, is
generally regarded as environmentally safe. Dimethyl ether is a
commercially available liquefiable gas having a boiling point of
-23.degree. C. at one atmosphere, and is soluble in water to the
extent of about 35% by weight at 24.degree. C. at about 5
atmospheres of pressure.
The film-forming polymer employed in the composition of this
invention is one which is emulsifiable in water with nonionic
surfactants, and is not otherwise incompatible with DME or the
nonionic surfactant component. The weight-average molecular weight
of preferred polymers is, i.e., from about 100,000-200,000. Among
the film-forming polymers which can be utilized in the compositions
of this invention are homopolymers and copolymers of various
monomers, including vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids, for
example: vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, or the like; alkyl or
aryl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, including acrylates
and methacrylates such as ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate,
2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and the like; and vinyl
acetate ethylene copolymers having, for instance, 30-90% vinyl
acetate therein. Examples of preferred film-formers at room
temperature include acrylate polymers such as AC-33 (46% solids,
pH, 9.4-9.9, min. film-forming temp. of 9.degree. C.) and LC-45
(64.5% solids, pH 4.5-5.3, visc. 280 cps) which are aqueous
emulsions of polyethylacrylates and which may contain up to 1%
acrylic acid. These aqueous emulsions are commercially available
from Rohm and Haas Inc. Other preferred film-formers include vinyl
acetate copolymers such as the vinyl acetate copolymer latexes,
such as a latex of 75% vinyl acetate and 25% dibutyl maleate, and a
vinyl acetate copolymer latex of 75% vinyl acetate and 25%
ethylhexyl acrylate.
Polymeric materials commercially available as aqueous emulsions
(oil-in-water) may be employed. Such polymeric emulsions include a
surfactant emulsifier in the commercially available polymer
formulation. However, these commercial emulsions typically employ a
relatively minor amount of emulsifier in comparison to the amounts
employed in the formulations of this invention, and it is believed
that the use of nonionic surfactant emulsifiers having HLB values
greater than about 14 in the amounts disclosed herein is necessary
to allow formation of substantially foam-free films despite the
presence of an emulsifier surfactant in the commercially available
polymer emulsion.
Any interface active dipolar substance may be correlated with a
numerical value in a scale which runs from 1 through 45 and higher.
These numerical values, the so-called HLB values, represent a
measure of the degree of the lipophilic or hydrophilic nature of
the respective substances; lipophilic substances have a low HLB
number and the HLB value will increase as the hydrophilic character
increases. The boundary value between lipophilicity and
hydrophilicity is approximately at HLB 10.
The hydrophile-lipophile balance can be based on either analytical
or composition data and for many polyhydric alcohol-fatty acid
ester emulsifiers can be calculated from the formula:
wherein S is the saponification number of the ester and A is the
acid number of the acid. In those instances where the fatty acid
esters do not provide adequate saponification number data, the
following formula can be utilized:
wherein E is the weight percent of oxyethylene content of the
surfactant and P is the weight percentage of polyhydric alcohol
content (glycerol, sorbitol, etc.).
For the emulsifiers wherein only ethylene oxide is used as the
hydrophilic portion, and for fatty alcohol ethylene oxide
condensation products, the equation immediately above may be
simplified to read as follows:
wherein E is the weight percentage of oxyethylene content of the
surfactant. A discussion of the calculation of HLB values for
various surfactants is provided by Becker, Emulsions Theory and
Practice, Reinhold Publishing Co. (1957), pp. 189-199, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
The compositions of this invention employ a nonionic surfactant as
an emulsifier having a hydrophile-lipophile balance of about 14 or
above, for example, 14.0 to about 18.9, and the water-soluble
propellant dimethyl ether. It has been found that a nonionic
surfactant having an HLB value in the range of 14 or above will
promote the formation of a stable emulsion which may be propelled
by the water soluble propellant dimethyl ether--that is, an
emulsion which is capable of being sprayed in a fine mist to
provide a foam-free, coherent film which at the same time has
sufficient mechanical stability to resist shearing and running
during dispensing.
Nonionic surfactants are those in which the affinity for water or
hydrophobicity is due to the present of nonionizing polar groups.
Any nonionic surfactant having the requisite HLB value of about 14
or above may be employed in the compositions of this invention. For
example, nonionic surfactants useful in the present invention
include alkyl-substituted-phenoxy polyoxyethylene ethanols wherein
the alkyl group is at least of seven carbon atoms and the ethanoxy
(--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O--) groups number at least about 10; and
the alkoxy-polyoxyethylene ethanols wherein the ethanoxy groups
number at least about 10, and the alkoxy group is at least of about
8 carbon atoms. When the molar ratio of ethylene oxide which is
condensed with the phenol or alcohol in such compounds is about 10
or above, the HLB of such surfactants will generally be greater
than about 14. An ethylene oxide to phenol or alcohol mole ratio of
less than about 7 will generally yield an adduct with an HLB lower
than the preferred value. For example, long-chain fatty-alcohol
ethylene-oxide condensates comprised of about 10 to about 70 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of the alcohol, and having an HLB value
of about 14 or higher are well suited for use in the compositions
of this invention, i.e., octylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts,
nonylphenolethylene oxide adducts, lauryl alcohol-ethylene oxide
adducts, and the like.
Suitable nonionic surfactants for use in the formulations described
herein are commercially available, e.g., octyphenol-ethylene oxide
adducts are available from Rohm and Haas Inc. (Triton X series),
the nonylphenol-ethylene oxide adducts are available from Jefferson
Chemical Company (Surfonic N series) and linear lauryl alcohol
ethylene oxide adducts are available from Continental Chemical
Company (Alfonics).
Anionic surfactants are not effective in the compositions of this
invention. Examples of anionic surfactants are potassium oleate
(HLB 20), triethanolamine oleate (HLB 12), sodium lauryl ether
sulfate (HLB 45) and sodium lauryl sulfate (HLB 40) which do not
adequately suppress foam formation or impart sufficient mechanical
stability to a dimethyl ether propelled water-based formulation,
despite their high HLB values.
The compositions of this invention may also employ an amount of a
conventional dye or pigment sufficient to impart color to the film
coating dispensed. Suitable pigments include calcium carbonate,
titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide-barium sulfate, titanium
dioxide-calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, mica,
talc, diatomaceous silica, colloidal silica, pyrophylate,
CaSO.sub.4 (gypsum), magnesium silicate (3MgO.SiO.sub.2.H.sub.2 O),
magnesium carbonate (MgCO.sub.3), China Clays (Al.sub.2
O.sub.2.2SiO.sub.2.2H.sub.2 O), or mixtures thereof.
Optical brighteners and fluorescent materials may also be included
in the formulations disclosed herein. Examples of fluorescent and
optical brighteners include, for example, stilbenic compounds such
as 4,4'-bis(p-amino-benzamide)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonate,
4-4'-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)stilbene,
4,4'-bis(5-methoxybenzoxazol-2-yl)stilbene; as well as such well
known fluorescent pigments as finely powdered pink, orange, green,
red or yellow organic pigments, which are conventional in this
art.
The compositions of this invention may be applied as films to
various surfaces or substrates. For example, films of this
composition may be applied to wood, steel, cement or stucco-type
surfaces employed in the construction industries.
The compositions of this invention can be prepared, and aerosol
dispensers readily filled with them, e.g., by pressure-filling a
suitable container or by another conventional method. For example,
the polymeric component and pigment may be emulsified in water by
the nonionic surfactant component, and the resulting emulsion
concentrate added to an open aerosol container. Preferably, the
film-forming polymer and pigment are added to water, and then the
nonionic surfactant is added, emulsifying the system and providing
a uniform dispersion of the solids in the water. After the
emulsification step, the container is sealed with a closure having
a dispensing valve suitable to deliver a fine mist type spray,
e.g., a vapor tap valve adapted for continuous dispensing of the
pressurized composition, once the valve is activated. A large
cylinder or another aerosol container containing liquid dimethyl
ether under pressure is then connected to the container containing
the emulsion. The dimethyl ether is charged into the dispensing
container through the valve and equilibrates between the gaseous
and liquid phases to achieve a final pressure of preferably 40-60
psi.
The following specific examples are presented to more fully
illustrate this invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Aerosol water-based paint compositions were prepared and evaluated
according to the following general procedure. Twenty parts by
weight of a 60% aqueous emulsion of polyethylacrylate (LC-45, Rohm
and Haas) were mixed with 0.8 parts by weight of a surfactant
(Triton X405 which is an octylphenolethylene oxide adduct having 40
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of octylphenol) and 2.0 parts by
weight of finely divided calcium carbonate to form a concentrate.
This concentrate was then diluted with 57.2 parts of water and then
added to an aerosol container fitted with a standard vapor tap
valve. The air was evacuated from the container, which was then
pressurized with 20 parts by weight of dimethyl ether.
EXAMPLES 2-16
In Examples 2-16, aerosol paint compositions were prepared in
accordance with Example 1 with the exception that the surfactants
listed in Table I were substituted for the surfactant employed by
the formulation of Example 1. Each of these formulations was
sprayed from the aerosol container to provide a film which on a
glass surface. The film produced by each composition was visually
examined for evidence of foam formation.
Aerosol dispensed formulations are subjected to high shear forces
when dispensed from an aerosol container. These high shear forces
in some cases cause a dispensed polymer-based composition to
coagulate, which is exhibited in the form of visible agglomerates
in the film produced. A formulation suitable for dispensing from an
aerosol container should have sufficient mechanical stability to
withstand high shear forces and at the same time to provide a film
free from objectionable agglomerates.
In Examples 1-16 the film produced by the spray was visually
examined for evidence of agglomeration or coagulation. Where no
agglomeration was observed, the mechanical stability of the
dispersed formulation was rated as "E," or as having mechanical
stability. Where objectionable agglomeration was observed, the
dispensed formulation was rated as "P," or as not having acceptable
mechanical stability.
TABLE I ______________________________________ PAINT COMPOSITIONS
Moles ethylene oxide/ Moles Foam Ex- Surfactant phenol or HLB
Mechanical Devel- ample Class alcohol Value Stability opment
______________________________________ 1 Octylphenol- 40 18.1 E No
ethylene oxide adduct 2 Octylphenol- 70 18.2 E* No ethylene oxide
adduct 3 Octylphenol- 10 14.0 E No ethylene oxide adduct 4
Octylphenol- 5 10.8 P** Yes ethylene oxide adduct 5 Nonylphenol- 70
18.7 E No ethylene oxide adduct 6 Nonylphenol- 40 17.9 E No
ethylene oxide adduct 7 Nonylphenol- 10 13.5 F Some ethylene oxide
adduct 8 Nonylphenol- 5 10.2 P Yes ethylene oxide adduct 9 Lauryl
alcohol- 70 18.9 E No ethylene oxide adduct 10 Lauryl alcohol- 40
18.3 E No ethylene oxide adduct 11 Lauryl alcohol- 10 14.5 E No
ethylene oxide adduct 12 Lauryl alcohol- 5 11.3 P Yes ethylene
oxide adduct 13 Sodium Lauryl -- 40 P Yes Sulfate 14 Sodium Lauryl
-- 45 P Yes Ether Sulfate 15 Triethanol -- 12 P Yes Amine Oleate 16
Potassium -- 20 P Yes Oleate ______________________________________
*Excellent mechanical stability. **Poor mechanical stability.
From the results set forth in Table I, it is observed that
compositions containing the nonionic surfactants of Examples 1-3,
5-6, and 9-11 are effective to provide formulations of excellent
mechanical stability and to provide films which do not develop foam
upon application. The nonionic surfactants employed in these
Examples have HLB values in the range of 14.0 to 18.9 but nonionic
surfactants with HBL values of greater than 18.8 should also
provide non-foaming paint films of acceptable mechanical
stability.
On the other hand, nonionic surfactants with HLB values of less
than about 14.0, i.e., Examples 4, 7-8 and 12, and all of the
anionic surfactants used (Examples 13-16) resulted in compositions
which provided unsatisfactory paint films exhibiting both foaming
and poor mechanical stability.
While certain representative embodiments of the present invention
have been shown for the purpose of more particularly illustrating
the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
various changes and modifications may be made therein without
departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
* * * * *