U.S. patent number 4,272,190 [Application Number 05/933,465] was granted by the patent office on 1981-06-09 for optical measuring system.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Typalogics. Invention is credited to Alan R. Shapiro.
United States Patent |
4,272,190 |
Shapiro |
June 9, 1981 |
Optical measuring system
Abstract
Automatic test equipment for determining the optical properties
of a test object is described. A highly collimated test beam of
approximately one millimeter diameter is directed through the test
object, is reflected, and passes through the test object a second
time. The test beam source may be a laser and spatial filter, or
equivalent. The reflected beam intensity and the exit point and
return slope angle at which this beam leaves the test object are
accurately measured to determine the optical characteristics of the
test object. In one described embodiment, the exit point is
determined by moving a knife edge to a point where half the light
is blocked. The angle is determined by focusing the reflected beam
and determining the position of the focal point, i.e. image height,
by means of a pinhole mounted on a three axis micrometer platform.
The light transmitted through the pinhole is detected by a light
sensitive diode or equivalent. The entrance point of the test beam
is determined by a mirror driven by a micrometer. A computer may be
used to automatically drive all the micrometer scans and print out
a numerical analysis of the optical properties of the test object.
A second embodiment requires the test object to be located two
focal lengths from an off-axis paraboloid mirror. A pinhole is
located at the focal plane to determine the slope and a means for
determining the beam position is located at the conjugate plane to
measure the height of the exit beam. The second embodiment is more
easily automated since the image height can be measured directly by
any one of several electrical devices.
Inventors: |
Shapiro; Alan R. (Santa Monica,
CA) |
Assignee: |
Typalogics (Santa Monica,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25464016 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/933,465 |
Filed: |
August 14, 1978 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/124 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01M
11/0235 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01M
11/02 (20060101); G01B 009/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/124,124.5,126,127,125,400,152 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Corbin; John K.
Assistant Examiner: Arnold; Bruce Y.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wagner & Bachand
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for determining the optical properties of a test
object having an optical axis and light transmission properties
between first and second spaced light transparent surfaces
comprising:
means for generating a test beam of light parallel to the optical
axis of said test object and directed at a point on said first
surface, through said test object, and to said second spaced
surface;
a reflector located adjacent said second spaced surface of said
test object for reflecting all or part of said test beam back into
and through said test object as a reflected beam;
means for determining the point at which said reflected beam exits
said test object at said first surface; and
means for measuring the intensity of said reflected beam
immediately after said reflected beam exits said first surface of
said test object
whereby the reflected beam exit location and intensity constitute
measures of the optical properties of said test object.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means for generating
comprises:
a laser beam generator;
a spatial filter for forming said laser beam into a highly
collimated and narrow diameter light beam;
means for introducing said narrow diameter light beam into said
test object at a predetermined lateral position with respect to the
optical axis of said test object; and
means spaced from the first surface of said test object for
detecting the position of greatest intensity of said reflected beam
as a function of any optical aberrations of said test object.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said means for measuring
comprises:
an analyzer means for focusing said reflected beam at
a focal point,
light detector means located so that said focal point is between
said analyzer lens and said light detector for measuring the
intensity of light transmitted through said lens; and
pinhole means for locating a pinhole at the point where said
reflected beam is focused, said location being determined by moving
said pinhole through three axes of motion to a point where a
maximum amount of light falls on said light detector.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said pinhole means
comprises:
a mask defining a pinhole; and
a three-axis micrometer scan platform on which said pinhole mask is
located, said platform adapted to use said pinhole to scan the
focal plane of said analyzer lens to find the location of said beam
focal point, said location being the point at which the light
detector measurement is maximum.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said means for determining the
point at which said reflected beam exits comprises:
a knife edge for partially blocking the light in said reflected
beam; and
a one-axis micrometer scan for varying the position of said knife
edge to determine the point where said reflected beam light will be
reduced to one half of its originally measured intensity.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising means for varying
the point at which said test beam intersects said first
surface.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said laser beam generator and
said spatial filter are stationary, said apparatus further
comprising:
a mirror for reflecting said test beam from said spatial filter
onto said first surface; and
a micrometer scan for varying the mirror position to vary the
position at which said test beam intersects said first surface.
8. Apparatus for determining the optical properties of a test
object having an optical axis and light transmission properties
between a first and second optical surface comprising:
means for generating a narrow diameter, collimated, test beam
parallel to the optical axis of said test object directed at a
point on said first optical surface of said test object and through
said test object;
a reflector positioned adjacent to the second optical surface of
said test object for reflecting said test beam back through said
test object as a reflected beam;
knife edge means adapted to be positioned where half of said test
beam light will be blocked;
means for determining the test beam exit angle with respect to the
optical axis of the test object; and
means for measuring the light flux transmitted through said means
for determining, and for generating an electrical signal which is a
function of the amount of said light flux.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means for determining the
test beam exit point comprises:
means for laterally displacing the path of the test beam with
respect to the optical axis of the test object;
an analyzer lens for focusing said reflected beam at a focal point;
and
pinhole means adapted to scan a pinhole through said focal point,
the focal point being defined as the point at which the pinhole is
located when said means for detecting detects a maximum amount of
light.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said means for generating
comprises:
a laser for generating a beam of coherent light;
a spatial filter for collimating and narrowing said beam; and
means for introducing said narrow diameter light beam into said
test object at a predetermined lateral position with respect to the
optical axis at said test object.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said means for locating
comprises:
a knife edge close to said first optical surface for partially
blocking the light of said reflected beam; and
a knife edge micrometer scan for moving said knife edge into said
reflected beam.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said pinhole means
comprises:
a mask defining a pinhole located in close proximity to said focal
point; and
a three axis micrometer platform on which said pinhole mask is
mounted, adapted to scan said pinhole to a position that results in
a maximum amount of light falling on said light detector means,
thereby determining the location of said focal point.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising a digital
voltmeter for measuring the electrical signal generated by said
means for detecting.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising means for varying
the point at which said test beam enters said test object.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said means for varying
comprises:
a mirror for reflecting said test beam from said spatial filter
onto said test object; and
a mirror micrometer scan for varying the mirror position to vary
the location at which said test beam enters said test object.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 further comprising a computer for
controlling said mirror micrometer scan, said knife edge micrometer
scan and said three axis micrometer platform for receiving the
output of said means for detecting, and for generating a print-out
of said test object optical properties.
17. A method of determining the optical properties of a test object
having a pair of spaced optical surfaces and an optical path
therebetween comprising the steps of:
directing a narrow diameter, collimated, test beam of light at a
point on the first of said pair of optical surfaces of said test
object, and through said test object;
reflecting said test beam back through said test object;
first, determining the center of said reflected beam at a point
close to said first of said pair of optical surfaces;
second, determining the center of said reflected beam at a point
distant from said first of said pair of optical surfaces; and
measuring the light flux in said reflected beam.
18. The method of claim 17 in which the test object is a circular
lens further comprising the repetition of said method at a
plurality of points along one radius line of said entrance
pupil.
19. The method of claim 18 further comprising the repetition of
said method along a plurality of radii.
20. The method of claim 18 further comprising the repetition of
said method along a second radius at an angle of ninety degrees
from the first radius.
21. Apparatus for determining the optical properties of a test
object having first and second opposed optical surfaces and an
optical axis therebetween comprising;
means for generating a test beam parallel to the optical axis of
said test object and directed at a point on said first surface, and
through said test object;
a reflector located adjacent to the second and opposite surface of
said test object for reflecting all or part of said test beam back
into and through said test object as a reflected beam;
an off-axis paraboloid mirror located two focal lengths from said
point for reflecting said reflected beam;
first means, located at said paraboloid mirror focal plane, for
determining the slope of said reflected beam; and
second means, located at the conjugate plane of said off-axis
paraboloid mirror, for determining the height of said reflected
beam.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said first means for
determining comprises a pinhole mounted on a two axis micrometer
scan platform.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein said second means for
determining further comprises means for measuring the intensity of
said reflected beam.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 further comprising a computer for
controlling said means for generating and said first means for
determining, and for receiving the output of said second means for
determining.
25. A method of determining the optical properties of a test object
having first and second spaced optical surfaces and an optical axis
therethrough comprising the steps of:
directing a narrow diameter, collimated, test beam of light at a
point on the first of said pair of of optical surfaces of said test
object;
reflecting said test beam back through said test object;
reflecting said reflected test beam by an off-axis paraboloid
mirror located two focal lengths away from said test object;
first, determining the location of the focal point at the focal
plane to determine the slope of said test beam;
next, determining the height of said test beam at the conjugate
plane to determine the exit point.
26. The combination in accordance with claim 1 or claim 8 wherein
said reflector comprises a portion of the test object.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to automatic test equipment for testing
optical systems and more particularly describes a system for
automatically determining the optical characteristics of any
optical test object by directing laser beams through the lens
elements and measuring the exit points, slopes and intensities of
the reflected beams.
Test apparatus for optical systems may be thought of as being
divided into two types, those that measure the parameters of the
human eye and those that measure the parameters of man-made optical
systems. One well known apparatus for the examination of the eye is
an ophthalmoscope. This instrument is used primarily to view the
internal parts of the eye, but also can be used as a rough measure
of the eye lens refractive power, in that the degree of adjustment
of the ophthalmoscope lens to bring the subject's retina into focus
is also a measurement of the refractive power of the patient's eye
lens. The refractive power of a medium is a measure of the amount
of deflection from a straight line undergone by a light ray in
passing obliquely through the medium. In the eye, it is a measure
of the distance between the lens and the focal point, and
determines near or far-sightedness. The accuracy of the
ophthalmoscope for determining the refraction is limited. Thus, an
accurate measurement of a patient's eye is not practically
obtainable with an ophthalmoscope.
Retinoscopes are used in conjunction with refractors to determine
the refractive condition of the eye but the test results are
approximate and require an operator of skill, and patience on the
part of the subject.
Because of the shortcomings of these and other standard equipment
and techniques now available, the most common method of determining
the refractive condition of the eye is the subjective one where the
subject views a variety of targets through various lenses and
decides which set of lenses produces the clearest image. This
method is, of course, time consuming and subjective on the part of
both the patient and the operator. Further, the equipment operator
does not know what is actually being seen by the patient.
In the case of man-made optical systems, a variety of equipment is
also available. In one test apparatus, a collimated light beam is
directed towards the entrance pupil and the light which is found to
be emanating from the other side of the lens is collected and
analyzed to determine the optical characteristics of the test
object. This technique can be used with single lenses and
multi-element lenses if the image space is accessible. Sometimes,
however, it is inconvenient to access the image space.
Another method is to analyze the differences in images formed by
the test device when its entrance pupil is only partially
illuminated.
The methods mentioned above are time-consuming, require
considerable expertness, and suffer from poor signal to noise
characteristics. Various interferrometric techniques are also
employed but these are less popular because of their sensitivity to
environmental perturbations and the requirement for even greater
operator expertness.
What is required by the optical industry is a compact, economic
test apparatus for determining the optical characteristics of any
test object, including the human eye, which can be used
automatically to test the optical characteristics of the test
object in a minimum amount of time.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the described apparatus, a laser beam with a diameter of
approximately one millimeter is directed into the entrance pupil of
a test object, is reflected by a surface after passing through the
test object and is then reflected back out of the pupil of the test
object where it is analyzed. The analysis of this reflected beam
includes a determination of the location of the point and angle at
which the reflected beam leaves the test object, and the reflected
beam intensity as compared to the test beam intensity. A
determination of these three factors completely categorizes the
optical properties of the test object.
More specifically, the test beam is generated by a laser and
spatial filter to produce a highly collimated beam approximately
one millimeter in diameter. A mirror positioned at an angle of
forty-five degrees is used to reflect this beam into the test
object, said mirror being driven laterally by a micrometer drive so
that the entrance angle of the test beam will always be parallel to
the axis of the test object. After passing through the elements of
the test object, the beam is reflected back through the test object
by a surface. In the case of the eye, this reflection occurs at the
retina. In the case of binoculars or other optical instruments, the
reflection will be caused by light reflected by the reticle or
eyepiece. In the usual case, an amount of light in the order of one
to two percent of the original test beam is reflected back through
the test object. The reflected beam exits the test object at a
particular intensity, location and angle.
Since the test beam enters the test object at a normal angle, the
extent to which the reflected beam deviates from a normal angle is
an indication of the aberration of the lens, where aberration is
defined as the failure of a lens to produce exact point-to-point
correspondence between an object and its image. Similarly, in a
nominal lens, the distance from the central axis to the input beam
should be equal to the distance from the central axis to the
reflected beam. To the extent that these distances differ, the lens
is defective. The exit point and angle of the reflected beam are
measured by determining the center point of the beam as it leaves
the test object and the point at which the center of the beam is
located after travelling a predetermined distance.
The point at which the beam leaves the test object is determined by
using a micrometer scan to drive a knife edge to intersect the beam
at a point in close proximity to the test object. As the knife edge
is advanced into the beam, the point at which the knife edge
intersects exactly half of the beam is used as its exit point. The
beam intensity is measured at a light sensitive device to make this
intensity determination.
The location of the center of the beam at some predetermined
distance away from the test object is determined by positioning a
pinhole by means of a micrometer scan; the amount of light
proceeding through the pinhole being determined by a photo
sensitive diode or equivalent. The pinhole is located at the focal
point of an analyzer lens, which focuses the beam, and then the
location of the pinhole is used as the location of the beam center.
Having thus located the center of the beam at a point close to the
test object and at a point a predetermined distance away from the
test object, the exit point and the slope of the reflected beam is
computed.
The relative intensity of the reflected beam in comparison with the
test beam is also determinable using this equipment. For instance,
a test optical system which reflects a known percent of the test
beam may be substituted for the test object to calibrate the light
sensitive diode. Then, the test object is replaced and a relative
reading of light intensity determined.
In order to determine completely the optical properties of the test
object, test measurements must be taken along two radii of the test
object, said radii being ninety degrees apart, to determine
astigmatism or de-centering of the test object. A total of,
perhaps, five readings per radius should be sufficient, the result
of these ten readings being a complete measurement of the optical
properties of the test object. The output of the light sensitive
diode is transmitted to a computer for analysis, and the computer,
in certain embodiments hereof, is adapted to drive:
(1) the micrometer scan apparatus for the mirror which determines
the entrance point of the beam;
(2) the adjustment mechanism for the light blocking knife edge;
and
(3) the apparatus for determining the location of the focal point.
Thusly driven, this equipment is completely automated.
In the case of an eye being used as a test object, the apparatus is
rotated ninety degrees to enable test readings to be taken along
two radii of the eye. In the case of binoculars, camera lenses or
any other man-made optical test objects, the test object is rotated
ninety degrees. In either case the result is a compact and highly
accurate system for the automatic measurement of test objects.
In use as an eye measuring device, the computer is able to print
out a prescription for eye glasses or a numerical description of
eye disorders such as glaucoma. Alternatively, this apparatus is
useful as an automatic quality control station at the end of a
production line to test various optical systems, the computer
printout comprising a "pass" indication or an error message,
describing the failure mode in case the test object did not pass
the inspection.
The apparatus described herein thus provides a system for the
automated determination of all of the optical properties of test
objects, including the human eye and complex optical systems, and
more specifically comprises a means for generating a test beam of
light parallel to the test object axis and directed at a point on
the first surface of, and into, said test object. An internal
reflecting surface reflects the test beam back through the test
object, and out of the first surface. Means for determining the
point at which the reflected beam exits said test object at the
first surface, means for measuring the intensity of the reflected
beam and means for measuring the angle between the test object axis
and the reflected beam complete the apparatus.
In the preferred embodiment, the test beam is generated by a laser
and a spatial filter, and the reflected beam is measured through
the use of an analyzer lens for focusing the light, a pinhole for
finding the center of the focused beam and a light detector for
measuring the amount of light coupled through the analyzer lens. A
three-axis micrometer is adapted to scan the pinhole to find the
location of the beam's focal point.
The means for locating the point at which the reflected beam leaves
the test object surface comprises a knife edge for partially
blocking the light and a one-axis micrometer for varying the
position of the knife edge.
The position of the test beam at the surface of the test article is
varied by a mirror for reflecting the test beam onto the surface
and a third micrometer scan for varying the mirror position.
The system is automated by connecting a digital voltmeter to
measure the electrical signal generated by the means for detecting
the reflected beam intensity, and using a computer to control the
mirror, knife edge and pinhole micrometer platforms, and to
generate a print-out of the test object optical properties.
A series of measurements along two radii ninety degrees apart will
completely categorize the test object optical properties.
Alternatively a set of readings along one radius and another
annular set of readings at an equal distance from the test object
center would be equivalent.
A second embodiment uses an off-axis paraboloid mirror located two
focal lengths from said test object to reflect said reflected beam.
A pinhole or equivalent is located at the paraboloid mirror's focal
plane to determine the slope of the reflected beam, and a moveable
light detector or electrical equivalent is used at the conjugate
plane to determine the height of the reflected beam. This
embodiment may also be controlled by a computer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This invention may be more clearly understood by the following
detailed description and by reference to the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the test apparatus showing the spatial
relationships of the various components.
FIG. 1a is a simplified graphical representation showing certain
relevant angles involved in this invention.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed view showing the spatial relationships
between the test object, the test beam, the analyzer lens and the
focal plane in terms of two reflected beams leaving the test object
at normal and non-normal angles.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment using an
off-axis paraboloid mirror; and
FIG. 4 is an alternative test pattern.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is well-known that the intensity distribution in the
retroreflected field formed by an optical system contains
information about the system's image-forming properties. This
phenomenon has been employed for many years by optometrists and has
recently been implemented in automated refractometers. The prior
art, devices, however, are limited as to their generality, in
precision and convenience. In particular, these devices only
provide a determination of defocus and astigmatism. My invention
provides the analytical concepts and apparatus necessary to extend
this approach to the determination of the primary aberrations of an
unknown system in accordance with Seidel as described in Born and
Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, Fourth Edition 1970,
Page 211 et seq. THEORY
The intensity distribution in the retroreflected pattern,
J(R,.theta.,.phi.) is related to the retroreflected field in the
aperture (r,.phi.') of the device under test by the Huygens-Fresnel
integral per Born and Wolf, Supra, at Page 370 et seq. Thus
##EQU1## Thus where J.sub.0 is the intensity in the incident beam;
k is the ratio of the output flux to input flux; A(=.pi. D.sup.2
/4) is the area of the test device aperture; f(r,.phi.') is the
amplitude distribution and; W is the wave aberration function or
"optical path difference" (OPD) that describes the deviation of the
return wavefront for a retroreflected field in a plane wave.
The one-way aberration function, W.sub.0, is one of the means
generally used to describe the performance of optical and infrared
devices. There is a systematic, but non-trivial, relationship
between the W.sub.0 and the two-way aberration function, W, which
describes the retroreflected wave-front. A matrix formulation for
this relationship that holds for the paraxial region is provided
below. Thus the Huygens-Fresnel integral, given above, provides a
basis for inferring some of the optical performance characteristics
from a measured retro-intensity pattern. However, the direct
measurement of W, f and k provides more information about the test
device. Such measurements, in addition, may be used in the
Huygens-Fresnel integral to predict the retro-intensity pattern for
all points in space.
In my system the retro-aberration function W is obtained from
measurements of the slopes and exit locations of a series of small
pencil beams which enter the test device at known aperture
locations with known slopes. The measured locations and slopes of
all the exiting pencil beams are used to determine the shape of the
wavefront that would have been returned were the test object
irradiated with a plane wave. The relationship between the measured
slopes (r,.phi.'), and the function W(r,.phi.') is
For each value of .phi.' a separate scan is made and the measured
.delta.'s are used to estimate the function W' (r) at constant
.phi.'. The entire set of .phi.' scans are then used to obtain the
function W(r,.phi.'). The variation of the performance of the test
device with field angle is obtained by repeating the above
procedure at various aspect angles, .alpha..
For example, the non-reciprocal tilt, transverse and longitudinal
focal error, distortion, astigmatism, field curvature, third-order
spherical aberration and fifth order astigmatism of the test device
may be obtained by regressing a set of measured values of
(.delta.,r), (.alpha.,r'), wherein r' is the location of the input
beam, on the test device
The regression provides estimates of the mean and variance of each
A.sub.ij. These aberration coefficients for the retro-wavefront are
then used to infer the properties of the test object. Higher order
aberration models are employed as required.
Additional information about the internal structure of the test
device is obtained from regressing the measured values of the
output location, r, on the input variables (.alpha.,r') on the
model
The regression again provides means and variances for each B.sub.i,
where B.sub.1 is a measure of focal plane orientation, and B.sub.3
is equal to the effective focal length. The interpretation of focal
plane tilt and defocus is accomplished with the aid of a matrix
optics formulation described below. The coefficient B.sub.2
provides an indication of the quality of the entire data set.
The optical efficiency, k, and the uniformity of image plane
radiance is obtained from measurements of the relative intensity in
each of the pencil beams as the test device is scanned.
MATRIX THEORY OF PARAXIAL OPTICS WITH TILT AND DECENTRATION
The matrix formulation of paraxial ray optics as described by E. L.
O'Neill in Introduction to Statistical Optics, Addison-Wesley, Publ
#6, Reading, Mass. (1963), can be extended to include small tilts
and decentrations. The general theory of this extension is known in
the field; here we describe only the formation needed to treat a
tilted mirror in the focal plane of a retro device.
Using the paraxial basis vector ##EQU2## in O'Neill's notation
where .alpha.=.alpha./n is the direction cosine of a ray on a given
surface and n is the refractive index of the medium, and the
transfer matrix ##EQU3## representing the composite action of a
symmetrical optical train on the paraxial vector, we define an
extended transfer matrix ##EQU4## acting on the basis vector
##EQU5## Here .delta. and d represent a small tilt and decentration
added to the vector ##EQU6## on the surface associated with M.
If M represents the transfer matrix on the one way path to the
reflection plane of a retroreflector, the addition of ##EQU7##
represents a tilt and lateral displacement of the reflecting plane.
Given M.sub.e for the incoming path it is possible to show that the
corresponding transfer matrix for the return path is ##EQU8## The
total system matrix is then M=M.sub.e.sup.r M.sub.e.
For a simple lens with tilt in the reflecting plane ##EQU9## Thus
the net effect of M acting on a vector ##EQU10## is to introduce a
displacement into the exit ray height giving ##EQU11## Employing
the foregoing fundamental and matrix theory, a truly improved
optical system analyzer may be produced.
PHYSICAL EMBODIMENT
As shown in FIG. 1, the laser output beam 9 is produced by a laser
10. Any commercial laser adapted to produce a narrow beam is usable
in this application. Two commercial laser generating devices used
in the preferred embodiment are the Hughes Aircraft helium neon
laser at 0.6328 micrometers, and the Spectrophysics helium neon
laser at 1.15 micrometers. A laser test beam generator is generally
used because the laser can produce a beam of high brightness or
radiance while simultaneously confining the beam to a high degree
of collimation which enhances the ability to measure optical
properties accurately. A sufficiently narrowly collimated beam to
sample the test object entrance pupil at multiple discrete points
is necessary to make a meaningful observation as to the complete
properties of the test object. Therefore, a very small beam
relative to the test object entrance pupil is required.
An incoherent light source could be used in place of the laser
where high accuracy of measurement is not necessary. This would be
true, for instance, in the case where an eye was the test object.
For the purpose of determining an eye glass prescription, accuracy
to a small fraction of a diopter is all that is necessary, and for
this application, ordinary light may be used. This will be
discussed in greater detail below. Also, too much light intensity
may injure the eye of the patient so that the brightness of a laser
beam must be limited by medical considerations.
A typical value for the test beam brightness for use in eye testing
would be ten microwatts per square centimeter per milliradian
squared. A higher brightness would be required in binoculars, for
instance, where damage to the lens elements is not a problem, and
where a higher number of lens elements, each one dissipating a
certain amount of light intensity, would dictate higher test beam
brightness. For instance, a pair of binoculars may have six
elements in series and energy is lost at every element. There is
also light loss at the reflective surface at the back of the test
object. The retina of the eye reflects about as much light as the
reticle in a telescope or as sometimes found in a pair of
binoculars, roughly one to two percent.
The laser output beam 9, is however, initially not well shaped and
must be formed into a well collimated test beam of approximately
one millimeter in diameter, in the preferred embodiment, by a
spatial filter 11. Spatial filters are common commercial optical
system elements. The filter used in the instant apparatus typically
comprises a twenty power microscope objective, a ten micron
pinhole, model number 900 p-10, and a ten power microscope
objective, e.g. as vended by Newport Research Corp. The spatial
filter 11 produces a uniform, narrow output beam 25 and limits
spurious radiation.
The output beam 25 is reflected from moveable mirror 12 onto the
test object 13. The arrangement of the preferred embodiment is in
FIG. 1; the laser output beam 9 and spatial filter output beam 25
are perpendicular to the test object axis 18, spatial filter output
beam 25 being reflected by mirror 12 through an angle of ninety
degrees to create a test beam 16 which enters the test object 13
parallel to the axis 18.
The moveable mirror 12 is driven to the right or left, as shown by
the double headed arrow, by a micrometer scan apparatus 14 which
does not vary the angle of the mirror 12 but simply varies the
translational position of the mirror allowing the test beam 16 to
enter the test object 13 at different off axis points although
parallel to the axis 18. The aspect angle may be changed by
rotation of Table 13b. The moveable mirror used in this application
is a 1/10 wave optical front surface mirror manufactured by Newport
Research Corp., and others. The micrometer scan apparatus 14 is
made by Klinger Scientific Apparatus Corp., among others. A type MT
Translational Stage is an example of one model. This corporation
also makes a controller for the positioner, Model #TL17, which
contains the electronics to drive the micrometer scan apparatus 14
which is useful in a fully automated and computerized system where
the scan is controlled through a closed loop by the computer 15. A
dotted line 15a is shown in FIG. 1 to indicate control of all of
the micrometer scans by the computer 15.
Again, as shown in FIG. 1, the distance between the point at which
the test beam 16 enters the test object 13, and the axis 18 denoted
R1, should be equal to the distance between the axis 18 and the
point at which the reflected beam 17a exits from the test object
13, denoted R2. In a perfect test object, the reflected beam 17a
will be parallel to the test beam 16 at zero aspect angle which is
the case illustrated and at a predicted angle for each aspect angle
as illustrated in FIG. 1a. For this discussion, it is assumed that
the test beam 16 never enters the center point of the test object
13. In this case, the reflected beam 17a and the test beam 16 would
exit and enter the test object 13 at the same point. The apparatus
could be made to function under this circumstance through the use
of a beam splitter above the test object 13. However, this adds
unnecessary complexity to the system. It is assumed that, in all
practical applications, the test beam 16 will enter the test object
and the reflected beam 17a will exit the test object 13 at two
different points, resulting in the relationships shown in FIG.
1.
The point EP at which the reflected beam 17a exits the test object
13 is measured by a knife edge 22 which is close to the test object
13 and is driven by a micrometer element 21. The micrometer element
21 is driven toward the left in FIG. 1 until the amount of light
remaining in the reflected beam 17a is exactly half the original
value. This position then defines the center of the reflected beam
17a and therefore can be used to compute the point EP at which the
reflected beam 17a exits the test object 13.
Stationary mirror 19 is identical to moveable mirror 12 and is also
positioned at an angle of forty-five degrees to the reflected beam
17a in the described embodiment so that the reflected beam 17b is
directed at an angle of ninety degrees into the analyzer lens
20.
In the preferred embodiment, the analyzer lens 20 is a single lens
element with a focal length of approximately one meter. The
analyzer lens 20 focuses the analyzer lens output beam 26 at point
FP, the position of which can be determined, thus establishing the
angle of the reflected beam 17a with respect to the test object 13.
The accuracy of this measurement may be increased by increasing the
focal length of the analyzer lens 20. On the other hand, increasing
the focal length requires a higher intensity reflected beam 17b and
also makes the equipment larger. The same increased accuracy can be
obtained in a more compact form by using a mirror, not shown, to
fold the analyzer lens output beam 26. However, this adds to the
complexity and cost of the system. In the described embodiment, a
single analyzer lens 20 is allowed to focus directly at a focal
point FP at a distance of one meter.
Because of the variations in the location of the exit point EP, the
slope, and the amount of divergence of the reflected beam 17a as it
leaves the test object 13, the location of the focal point FP for
each test object 13 may vary. However, the pinhole 23 must be
located exactly at the focal point FP if the apparatus is to
operate properly. To provide for this accurate positioning, the
pinhole 23 is mounted on a three axis micrometer scan platform 27.
The Z axis positioning determines the distance between the analyzer
lens 20 and the pinhole 23. A perfectly collimated reflected beam
will focus at a different point from a beam that is converging or
diverging through an angle upon exiting from the test object 13.
This divergence, or lack thereof, will be common to all of the test
objects 13 in a run of test objects at, for instance, the end of an
assembly line, and the Z axis adjustment of the pinhole 23,
therefore, is not likely to be reset from one test object 13 to the
next.
However, the exit point EP and the angle of the reflected beam 17a
with respect to the axis 18 is likely to vary from one test object
13 to the next and therefore the pinhole 23 must be adjusted in the
X and Y directions so that the pinhole 23 is exactly at the focal
point FP for each individual test object 13. This is accomplished
by scanning the pinhole 23 through the X and Y directions to
maximize the amount of light falling on the light sensitive diode
24 or equivalent. It is assumed that when there is a maximum amount
of light falling on the light sensitive diode 24, the pinhole 23
is, in fact, at the focal point FP for this particular test object
13.
Any commercial light sensor may be used for this application. The
one used in the preferred embodiment is model #PIN40B, manufactured
by United Detector Technology, Inc. The amplifier is Model #101,
manufactured by the same company.
Having defined the exit point EP of the reflected beam 17a through
the use of the knife edge 22, and having defined the final analyzer
lens focal point FP through the use of pinhole 23, both the exit
point EP and the slope of the reflected beam 17a can be calculated
by the computer 15. To indicate that the knife edge 22 and pinhole
23 positioning can be accomplished by the computer 15, FIG. 1 shows
dotted lines 15a connecting these elements.
The output of the light sensitive diode 24 is amplified through a
suitable amplifier or digital to analog converter 25 and is then
supplied directly to a computer 15 or, for the benefit of an
operator, the output may be supplied to a digital voltmeter 26,
which will display a voltage which is a function of the light
intensity impinging upon light sensitive diode 24.
To fully categorize a particular test object 13, at one aspect
angle readings are taken along two radii at five readings per
radius, making a total of ten readings. Each reading consists of a
repositioning of moveable mirror 12 to provide a new entrance
location for the test beam 16, a repositioning in the X and Y axis
of the pinhole 23 to locate a new focal point FP, and the
repositioning of the knife blade 22 to locate where the intensity
of light at diode 24 is diminished to half, which determines the
exit point EP of the reflected beam 17 from the test object 13.
Given these parameters and knowing the intensity of the beam
measured at diode 24, all of the characteristics of the test object
13 can be computed either by the computer 15 or the test
operator.
A single set of measurements along one lens radius is sufficient to
compute the refraction of the test object and its light efficiency,
while the second set of measurements along a radius ninety degrees
apart from the first yields astigmatism information in terms of eye
tests, or yields information on lens decentering, in the case of
lens elements being used in binoculars and cameras. Alternatively,
readings along one radius and an annular set of readings, as shown
in FIG. 4, would yield the same information.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed diagram showing the relationship of the
final focal point 30, 31 to the original exit angle of the
reflected beams, 17a. As shown, a theoretical reflected beam 17a,
which exits in parallel with the axis 18, is reflected by
stationary mirror 19, travels through the center of the analyzer
lens 20 and is focused on a central focal point 30. On the other
hand, when testing a practical test object 13 which typically has a
significant amount of aberration, the reflected beam 17a will leave
the test object at some angled relation from the axis 18, and this
angled beam will be reflected by stationary mirror 19 onto a
non-central portion of the analyzer lens 20 and then will focus at
a point 31 higher or lower than the central focal point 30.
In terms of FIG. 2, the knife edge 22 is shown abutting reflected
beam 17a and the Figure assumes but does not show that the pinhole
23 will be scanned to find the actual focal point 31.
For eye testing, the refractive power of the lens need not be
measured at an accuracy of greater than a quarter of a diopter
since the eye easily adapts to a lens prescription error of that
magnitude. Therefore, the distance between analyzer lens 20 and the
focal plane may be reduced. Also, as noted, the eye is sensitive to
intense light beams. For these reasons, a low intensity source of
incoherent light may be used for eye testing if a more economic
test apparatus is desired.
An alternate embodiment is shown in FIG. 3. Any commercial means,
including the apparatus described in connection with FIG. 1 may be
used to generate and locate a test beam 16 in spatial relationship
to the test object 13. In FIG. 3, this function is performed by the
scan and spectral control means 30 which generates a collimated
test beam 16 and mechanically drives a movable mirror 12 or
equivalent to position said test beam 16 at a point on the test
object 13. A computer 15 sends scan control information to the
control means 30 and receives position feedback information from
the control means 30 to close the position loop.
Two reflected beams 31, 32 are shown exiting the test object, each
being reflected by the off-axis paraboloid mirror 33. Since the
test object 13 in this particular installation is located a
distance two focal lengths from the paraboloid mirror 33, there is
a focus at the focal plane 34 and an image of the test object 13 at
the conjugate plane 35.
In this embodiment, as in the embodiment described in connection
with FIG. 1, a difference in angular slope of the reflected beam
31, 32 results in a difference of position of the focal point in
the focal plane 34. This point can be determined, as it is in the
FIG. 1 apparatus, through the use of a pinhole mounted on a three
axis micrometer platform. However, in this embodiment, the beam
continues on to create an aperture image at the conjugate plane 35.
Therefore, the height of the exit beam will be equal to the
distance between the exit point of the reflected beam 32 and the
test object center point CP. A detector mounted on a two axis
micrometer scan platform at this conjugate plane 35 can be used to
determine the point at which the reflected beam 31, 32 crosses the
conjugate plane and therefore the point at which the beam leaves
the test object 13.
In this FIG. 3 embodiment, any means for determining the location
of the reflected beam at the conjugate plane could be used instead
of a light detector and micrometer scan platform. One alternative
is an image dissector tube, a commercially available T.V.
camera-like device which produces an electrical signal as a
function of the position of the light input.
A quadrant detector and a light detector mosaic would be functional
equivalents. All of these devices act as an electrical equivalent
of a light detector mounted on a micrometer platform.
The advantage of the FIG. 3 embodiment is that it is more easily
adapted to a fully automatic mode of operation since the mechanical
positioning of a micrometer platform is not required to measure the
height of the reflected beam, the measurement being done
electrically in this case through the use of one of the electrical
devices mentioned above.
The apparatus described herein satisfies the industry requirement
of a compact, low cost test apparatus that is accurate and adapted
to be fully automated. The size and cost are low since the entire
optical test system is assembled from small and common optical
devices. The accuracy is a function of the analyzer lens or
paraboloid mirror focal length and may be optimized for the
application. Finally, all devices are controllable by computer
allowing a fully automated test system and a printout of test
results.
Certain obvious modifications may be made to this basic apparatus
to adapt it to an individual use as will be obvious to one skilled
in the optical arts. For instance, the light path may be changed by
suitable arrangement of mirrors to fit into any particular test
station environment.
This system may also be used with lasers in the ultra-violet or
infra-red light frequencies, to test optical systems used in the
medical and military surveillance fields, among others. Lasers to
produce infrared frequencies in the three to five, and eight to
twelve micron ranges would be more likely to be used, as well as
ultra-violet light in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 microns.
The above described embodiments of this invention are merely
descriptive of its principles and are not to be considered
limiting. The scope of this invention instead shall be determined
from the scope of the claims including their equivalents.
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