U.S. patent number 3,927,958 [Application Number 05/518,518] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-23 for recirculating combustion apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Motors Corporation. Invention is credited to Ronald E. Quinn.
United States Patent |
3,927,958 |
Quinn |
December 23, 1975 |
Recirculating combustion apparatus
Abstract
A combustion apparatus includes a combustion liner with a fuel
prevaporization chamber connected through a venturi to a reaction
chamber. Low pressure in the venturi is used to recirculate
combustion products from the wall of the reaction chamber into a
hollow centerbody on the axis of the prechamber and thence into the
reaction zone.
Inventors: |
Quinn; Ronald E. (Indianapolis,
IN) |
Assignee: |
General Motors Corporation
(Detroit, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
24064272 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/518,518 |
Filed: |
October 29, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
431/116;
60/39.52 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23C
9/06 (20130101); F02C 3/34 (20130101); F23C
3/00 (20130101); F23R 3/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23C
3/00 (20060101); F23R 3/30 (20060101); F23C
9/00 (20060101); F02C 3/00 (20060101); F02C
3/34 (20060101); F23C 9/06 (20060101); F23M
009/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/115,116,9,353
;60/39.65 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Favors; Edward G.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fitzpatrick; Paul
Claims
I claim:
1. A combustion liner for a gas turbine engine combustion apparatus
or the like having an upstream end and a downstream outlet end and
including wall means defining, in flow sequence from the upstream
end of the liner, a fuel vaporizing prechamber, a
convergent-divergent passage having a throat, a reaction chamber,
and a dilution section, means for admitting fuel and combustion air
into the prechamber and thence through the convergent-divergent
passage into the reaction chamber, and means for admitting dilution
air into the dilution section, wherein the improvement comprises a
manifold on the reaction chamber wall to receive combustion
products, a centerbody extending axially of the prechamber and
having an outlet into a region of relatively low static pressure
upstream of the throat in the convergent-divergent passage, and
recirculation conduit means connecting the manifold to the
centerbody, so that combustion products are recirculated from the
reaction zone through the manifold, conduit means, centerbody, and
convergent-divergent passage into the reaction zone.
2. A combustion liner for a gas turbine engine combustion apparatus
or the like having an upstream end and a downstream outlet end and
including wall means defining, in flow sequence from the upstream
end of the liner, a fuel vaporizing prechamber, a
convergent-divergent passage having a throat, a reaction chamber,
and a dilution section, means for admitting fuel and combustion air
into the prechamber and thence through the convergent-divergent
passage into the reaction chamber, and means for admitting dilution
air into the dilution section, wherein the improvement comprises a
manifold on the reaction chamber wall to receive combustion
products, a centerbody extending axially of the prechamber and
having an outlet into a region of relatively low static pressure
upstream of the throat in the convergent-divergent passage, and
recirculation conduit means connecting the manifold to the
centerbody, so that combustion products are recirculated from the
reaction zone through the manifold, conduit means, centerbody, and
convergent-divergent passage into the reaction zone; and means for
injecting fuel into the centerbody.
3. A combustion liner for a gas turbine engine combustion apparatus
or the like having an upstream end and a downstream outlet end and
including wall means defining, in flow sequence from the upstream
end of the liner, a fuel vaporizing prechamber, a
convergent-divergent passage having a throat, a reaction chamber,
and a dilution section, means for admitting fuel and combustion air
into the prechamber and thence through the convergent-divergent
passage into the reaction chamber, and means for admitting dilution
air into the dilution section, wherein the improvement comprises a
manifold on the reaction chamber wall to receive combustion
products, a centerbody extending axially of the prechamber and
having an outlet into a region of relatively low static pressure
upstream of the throat in the convergent-divergent passage, and
recirculation conduit means connecting the manifold to the
centerbody, so that combustion products are recirculated from the
reaction zone through the manifold, conduit means, centerbody, and
convergent-divergent passage into the reaction zone; and means for
injecting fuel into the centerbody; the means for directing the
above-mentioned flows of air into the prechamber and of
recirculated gases into the centerbody including structure
generating swirl components in the same direction.
Description
My invention is directed to combustion apparatus of a type suitable
for use in gas turbine engines, and particularly to the combustion
liner in which combustion takes place. The invention is directed to
improving the cleanness of combustion of such combustion apparatus
by use of a liner having provision for recirculating combustion
products from adjacent the wall of the liner in the reaction zone,
where the combustion products may be relatively high in
incompletely burned hydrocarbons, through improved recirculating
apparatus into the reaction zone.
The invention is also directed to employing the flow of air through
a throat from a fuel-air mixing or fuel vaporizing prechamber into
the reaction zone as a means for creating suction to effect such
recirculation.
It is also directed to providing a central core of recirculating
products entering the reaction zone through the throat to move the
reversal point of the internal circulation within the reaction zone
downstream away from the throat.
It also is directed to provision of a centerbody in the combustion
liner prechamber.
The principal objects of my invention are to provide a particularly
clean-burning combustion apparatus of high heat release rate, and
to provide a combustion liner suitable for use with gas turbine
combustion apparatus to provide a particularly clean exhaust. It is
also an object of my invention to provide improved combustion
products recirculating means in a gas turbine combustion
apparatus.
The nature of my invention and its advantages will be clear to
those skilled in the art from the accompanying drawings, the
succeeding detailed description of preferred embodiments of the
invention, and the accompanying claims.
Referring to the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a gas turbine combustion
liner.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross-section taken on the plane indicated
by the line 2--2 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary cross-section taken on the plane indicated
by the line 3--3 in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary view of a modification of the combustion
products recirculating structure.
Referring first to FIG. 1, a combustion liner 6 may be considered
to be mounted within a space or plenum 7 to which air is supplied
under pressure. The air flows into the combustion liner, fuel is
burned in it, and the combustion products are discharged through a
downstream or outlet end 8 of the liner. A fuel spray nozzle 10
extends through a sleeve 11 in the upstream end of the liner. The
liner may be supported by the nozzle 10 and by a suitable structure
(not illustrated) into which the discharge end 8 of the liner is
inserted. The major part of the upstream end closure of the nozzle
is provided by an annular plate 12 which forms the upstream end of
an inlet air swirler 14, the downstream end of which is bounded by
a ring 15. The intermediate portion of the swirler 14 defines a
ring of air inlet passages 16 which are inclined to the radial
direction, generally as illustrated in FIG. 3. The swirler 14 may
be an assembled structure, or the air entrance 16 may be provided
by machining a ring; the details are immaterial.
The combustion liner downstream from swirler 14 is bounded by wall
means 18 of circular cross section and varying diameter. Wall means
18 bound, in succession from the swirler 14, a prechamber 19, a
convergent-divergent passage 20, a steeply flaring forward wall 22,
the side wall of a reaction chamber 23, and a dilution section
24.
Prechamber 19 is bounded by a generally cylindrical wall section 26
and the converging portion 27 of the passage 20. It terminates at a
throat 28. The diverging portion 30 of the passage terminates at
the inner boundary of the forward wall 22. A ring of small
combustion air ports 31 extend through the diverging portion 30.
Air entering through these ports mixes with the air and fuel
flowing into the reaction chamber through passage 20 and serves to
break up the stratified fuel-air mixture emerging from the
prechamber.
A manifold 32 to receive combustion products for recirculation is
defined by a circumferential enlargement 34 of the combustion
chamber near the middle of the length of the reaction chamber.
Air is admitted to the dilution zone 24 through a ring of ports 35.
The area of these ports is varied by a ported valve sleeve 36
axially slidable on the outer surface of the combustion liner wall,
which may be moved by suitable means (not illustrated) connected to
lugs 38 extending outwardly from the sleeve. The shape of ports 35
is such as to provide the desired relation between axial position
of the sleeve and area of the dilution air ports. Fuel is deposited
on the interior of the prechamber wall section 26, to be picked up
by the air entering through swirler 14, from a circumferential fuel
manifold 39 supplied from a suitable source (not illustrated)
through a conduit 40. The fuel may flow from the manifold 39 into
the interior of the prechamber through a ring of small tangential
fuel ports 42. The fuel manifold is preferably mounted within a
shroud 43 through which cooling air is circulated circumferentially
from an inlet pipe 44 to an outlet (not illustrated).
A centerbody 46 of generally cylindrical form fixed in plate 12 has
an upstream end wall 47 within which the fuel nozzle mounting
sleeve 11 is concentrically mounted. The centerbody has a tapering
downstream end 48 leading to an outlet 50 on the axis of the
converging portion 27 of the passage 20. The outlet 50 is in an
area of reduced static pressure because of the convergence of the
wall and the rotation of the air admitted through the swirler 14.
This area is at a lower pressure than the reaction chamber 23. The
pressure differential is used to energize the recirculation of
combustion products from the reaction chamber into the centerbody
from which they are discharged into the throat 28 and continue into
the reaction chamber along the axis of the liner. Recirculation is
effected from the manifold 32 through a number, preferably six, of
conduits 51 each extending from the manifold 32 into the upstream
end of the centerbody 46. As illustrated more particularly in FIG.
2, the recirculation conduits 51 may enter the centerbody
tangentially so that the recirculating combustion products swirl
around the axis of the centerbody.
As indicated by FIGS. 2 and 3, it is intended that the directions
of swirl in the prechamber 19 and centerbody 46 be the same to
promote smooth transition of flow from the interior of the
centerbody into the passage 20.
It is not contemplated that the fuel burn in the prechamber, since
this would have an adverse effect on emissions. The vaporized or
premixed fuel is ignited by a suitably located igniter (not
illustrated) to burn within the reaction zone 23 after passing
through the throat 28.
If the installation and the nature of the combustion process are
such that the gas recirculating through the conduits 51 might cause
auto-ignition within the prechamber, the conduits may be cooled by
heat exchange to dilution air proceeding through space 7 to the
ports 35. Alternatively, a structure as illustrated in FIG. 4 may
be employed to dilute and reduce the temperature of the
recirculated combustion products. The structure of FIG. 4 is
identical to that of FIG. 1 except for the provision of mixing jet
pumps 52, one for each recirculating conduit 54. Each conduit 54
corresponds to a conduit 51 as already described, but terminates in
a nozzle 55 disposed within a flare 56 which is the entrance to a
conduit 58 continuing into the prechamber 46 in the same manner as
conduit 51 of FIGS. 1 and 2. With this structure, the pressure drop
from the space 7 outside the liner causes air to flow into the
annular gap between the nozzle 55 and flare 56. This additionally
tends to drive the recirculating combustion products, and also
mixes some of the combustion air at lower temperature with the
recirculating combustion products to reduce the temperature. The
proportioning of the air and recirculating combustion products may
be varied to suit the desired operating characteristics in a
particular installation.
With the fuel nozzle 10 in the centerbody, the centerbody may act
as a parallel prechamber and the nozzle 10 may perform the function
of a prevaporizing pilot fuel nozzle as far as the main combustion
zone 23 is concerned, with the spray from the nozzle evaporating
directly or off the prechamber wall.
In operation of the device, the cooled outer wall of the reaction
zone tends to quench the fuel-air reaction before all the carbon
monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Therefore, the boundary
layer in contact with the liner in the reaction zone tends to have
a concentration of carbon monoxide that is higher than the core
flow. The manifold 32 is located to draw off this carbon monoxide
rich layer moving along the reaction zone wall and return it to the
reaction zone through the prechamber and the passage 20. In
operation of a combustion apparatus as illustrated, there is
recirculation towards the entrance to the reaction zone along the
axis as indicated by the arrows 60. The gas mixture emerging from
the centerbody is flowing in opposition to this recirculating flow
and thus acts to move the reversal point of the recirculation
indicated by arrow 60 further downstream in the reaction zone. This
is true because the externally recirculated combustion products
have a lower resistance path in reaching the centerbody than the
products which are recirculated forwardly along the axis of the
reaction chamber.
With the apparatus in normal operation, the hot recirculating
combustion products act to vaporize the spray from nozzle 10 either
directly or after it has been sprayed onto the interior of the wall
of the centerbody. With a very considerable length of the
centerbody, the fuel from nozzle 10 should be vaporized before it
leaves through the outlet 50.
It may be advantageous to use the fuel nozzle 10 for starting only
and, after combustion has been initiated, to deliver fuel only
through the manifold 39 into the prechamber.
It should be apparent that the prechamber and centerbody structure
and the recirculation arrangement of the invention are effective in
recirculating partially reacted substances, such as CO, and thus in
reducing the emission of undesired combustion products.
The detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the
invention for the purpose of explaining the principles thereof is
not to be considered as limiting or restricting the invention,
since many modifications may be made by the exercise of skill in
the art.
* * * * *