U.S. patent number 3,925,775 [Application Number 05/410,166] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-09 for multiple digit display employing single digit readout.
This patent grant is currently assigned to NCR Corporation. Invention is credited to Leslie W. Gay.
United States Patent |
3,925,775 |
Gay |
December 9, 1975 |
Multiple digit display employing single digit readout
Abstract
Display of multiple digit information is carried out in a single
digit readout device by serially flashing the information digits on
the readout device in a predetermined order. Each digit is shown
for a fraction of a second, typically on the order of one-fourth
second. After each digit is displayed, the readout device is
blanked in such a manner that the duration of the blanking period
provides an indication of the relationship between successive
digits. Thus, the blanking periods between successive digits within
a group having a common range of significance may have a first
duration approximating the duration for which each digit is
displayed whereas the blanking periods between the last digit
within a group and the first digit within a succeeding group may
have a second, longer duration, typically twice the digit display
duration.
Inventors: |
Gay; Leslie W. (Escondido,
CA) |
Assignee: |
NCR Corporation (Dayton,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
23623517 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/410,166 |
Filed: |
October 26, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/34; 368/239;
968/955 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G04G
9/082 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G04G
9/00 (20060101); G04G 9/08 (20060101); G08B
023/00 (); G09B 013/00 (); H05B 039/00 (); G04B
019/30 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/172S,324,1,24,25,334,336,49,378R,324M,343,344,325,324A
;178/30,15 ;58/5R,23R ;235/92T,92EA,92ST ;328/130 ;315/169R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"Novel Clock Displays Hours and Minutes One Digit at a Time",
Electronic Design News, July 20, 1973, pp. 25-26. .
"Build the Monodigichron", Popular Electronics, Sept., 1973, by
Michael S. Robbins, pp. 35-39..
|
Primary Examiner: Shaw; Gareth D.
Assistant Examiner: Thomas; James D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cavender; J. T. Phillips; James H.
Gerlaugh; Edward A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for displaying multiple digit information comprising
the steps of:
A. arranging the digits in a predetermined order of significance
from most significant to least significant;
B. displaying the most significant previously undisplayed digit on
a single digit readout device for a period having a first
predetermined duration, said first predetermined duration being in
the range from one-eighth to one-half second;
C. blanking the readout device for a period having a second
predetermined duration, said second predetermined duration being in
the range from one-eighth second to one-half second;
D. repeating steps (B) and (C) until all digits of the information
have been displayed.
2. The method of claim 1 which includes the additional steps
of:
A. arranging the digits in a plurality of groups of one or more
successive digits, each of the digits within a given group having a
common range of significance; and
B. blanking the readout device for a period having a third
predetermined duration between the last displayed digit of a group
and the first displayed digit of a succeeding group.
3. The method of claim 2 in which the third predetermined duration
is longer than each of the first and second durations.
4. The method of claim 3 which includes the further sequential
steps of:
A. blanking the readout device for a period of longer duration than
each of the first, second, and third durations after the last digit
of the multiple digit information has been displayed: and
B. instituting another cycle of display by returning to step A of
claim 1 and repeating the foregoing steps.
5. The method of claim 3 in which the first and second durations
are equal.
6. The method of claim 5 in which the third duration is twice the
first duration.
Description
This invention relates to information display and, more
particularly, to a multiple digit display employing a single digit
alphanumeric readout.
Displays for effecting communication of multiple digit alphanumeric
information take many forms well known in the art. The prior art
displays have one common characteristic; viz.: a plurality of
digits, generally the complete information set, is displayed
simultaneously utilizing a corresponding plurality of display
digits. For example: a cash register display given a simultaneous
readout of all digits in dollars and cents or other exchange
medium, a digital clock display simultaneously presents hours and
minutes and sometimes also seconds, and a computer console display
typically includes a great deal of simultaneously presented
information.
For a multitude of uses, there is no significant drawback to
utilizing the general prior art approach of presenting multiple
digit information with a corresponding plurality of readout digits.
However, the cost of providing a multiple digit display must always
be considered. In addition, certain environments and applications
bring other factors into account. Space which can be dedicated to
the display may be limited which requires either the utilization of
undesirably small individual display elements in the display array
or some other compromise such as decreasing the number of digits
displayed. Power consumption is a critical factor in portable
apparatus, particularly in applications where battery size is
severely limited. A notable example is to be found in the field of
electronic digital watches.
Thus, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that it
would be highly desirable to provide simplified means for reliably
effecting multiple digit alphanumeric readout, which means occupies
much less space than known readouts for effecting this function and
which consumes a great deal less power.
It is therefore a broad object of my invention to provide improved
multiple digit information display means.
It is another object of my invention to provide such display means
which occupies a minimum of space while affording improved
legibility.
In another aspect, it is an object of my invention to provide
multiple digit alphanumeric readout means which affords a manifold
decrease in power consumption.
Briefly, these and other objects of the invention are achieved by
utilizing a single digit display on which multiple digits
comprising an information set are serially flashed in a rapid burst
periodically or upon interrogation. Differing blanking periods
between sequential digits are introduced to provide order and
grouping information.
The subject matter of the invention is particularly pointed out and
distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the
specification.
The invention, however, both as to organization and method of
operation, may best be understood by reference to the following
description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing of
which:
FIGS. 1a and 1b, taken together, are a generalized flow diagram
setting forth the method of the present invention; and
FIGS. 2a and 2b, taken together, constitute a logic diagram of an
exemplary environment in which the invention may be practiced.
It will be observed from FIG. 1 that the fundamental basis of the
method of the present invention lies in the realization that
serially presented multiple digit information can be readily
assimilated if the total number of digits is not excessive, if the
type of information being conveyed is known, and if the
presentation is keyed by periods during which the display is
blanked for predetermined durations, More particularly, it has been
found that such multiple digit information can be assimilated with
accuracy similar to that achieved with parallel, simultaneous
displays when the serial display rate flashes each digit for
one-fourth second or less.
By way of example, six digit time (hours, minutes, seconds) may be
displayed on a one digit readout according to the present invention
by serially ordering the digits from most significant (tens of
hours) to least significant (units of minutes) and further
providing distinguishing pauses between the hours digits, between
the minutes digits, and between the seconds digits. A complete
display cycle is divided into 16 equal time periods of
approximately one-fourth second each. The tens of hours digit is
flashed on the display element for one time period. The display is
then blanked for one time period after which the units of hours
digit is presented for one time period. Next, the display is
blanked for two time periods to indicate the separation between
hours and minutes information. The two minutes digits are each
flashed on for one time period separated by a single time period
during which the display is blanked, and the seconds digits are
similarly presented. After the units of seconds digit has been
displayed for one time period, the readout is blanked for three
time periods to signify the beginning of another complete display
cycle.
Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the concept
to which the present invention is directed is not limited to the
readout of time or even six digits. A display for reading, for
example, Social Security numbers would be given in a burst of nine
figures in a three-digit, two-digit, four-digit pattern. Similarly,
a telephone number would be presented in a three-digit, four-digit
pattern, or if area code information were included, a three-digit,
three-digit, four-digit pattern. Other patterns meaningful in
presenting various information will occur to those skilled in the
art.
In order to illustrate an exemplary environment in which the
invention may be practiced, FIG. 2 (2a and 2b taken together), a
logic diagram of a six-digit clock utilizing a single read-out
element, will not be discussed. A time base signal is developed by
a 60 hz generator 1. The time base generator 1 may be dependent
upon power line frequency, a frequency subdivided crystal
oscillator, a low frequency relaxation oscillator, or such other
standard as may be appropriate. It will be understood, of course,
that 60 hz is simply convenient for the specific apparatus of FIG.
2, and other time base frequencies find use in appropriate
applications. Four binary frequency divider stages 2, 3, 4, and 5
reduce the 60 hz time base signal to 30, 15, 71/2 and 33/4 hz. The
71/2 hz signal is applied to the first of four additional cascaded
binary frequency dividers 6, 7, 8, and 9, each of which has a "1"
output when the corresponding stage is in a first state. The output
from the binary divider stage 6 is applied to input terminals of
logic inverters 16 and 24. Similarly, the output from binary stage
7 is applied to the input terminals of inverters 14 and 22, and the
output of binary stage 8 is coupled to the input terminals of
inverters 12 and 20. However, it wil be noted that the output from
the divider stage 9, in addition to being directly connected to the
input of inverter 18, is also connected to the input of an inverter
43 which, in turn, drives inverter 10. Assigning the mnemonic
designations A0, A1, A2, and A3 to the respective outputs of
divider stages 6, 7, 8, and 9, it will be seen that the output
signals from inverters 16 and 24 are both A0, the output signals
from inverters 14 and 22 are A1, the output signals from inverters
12 and 20 are A2, the output signals from inverter 10 is A3, and
the output signal from inverter 16 is A3. Inverters 10-24
respectively drive a second array of inverters 11-25 to provide
logically reinverted signals for combination with the inverted
signals to develop 16 sequential time periods. Inverters 11 and 19
are not used and are shown only because they are present in the
specific integrated circuits (which will be referenced below) from
which the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus has been
fabricated.
Each gate of an array of 16 NAND gates 26-42 inclusive is provided
with four inputs. These inputs receive the outputs of the inverters
10-25 in 16 unique combinations as shown in FIG. 2. The NAND gates
26-42 will therefor sequentially issue respective output signals
T0-T16. For example, the logic equation which will cause the NAND
gate 26 to issue the signal T0 is A0.sup.. A1.sup.. A2.sup.. A3.
Similarly, the logic combination which will cause the NAND gate 36
to issue the T10 signal is A0.sup.. A1.sup.. A2.sup.. A3.
It will be observed that the signal A0 changes logic level at a
frequency of 3.75 hz. Since A1, A2, and A3 are slower by powers of
2, A0 governs the rate at which the logic pattern issued by the
dividers 6, 7, 8, and 9 changes. The duration of each time period
for the logic configuration of FIG. 2 is therefore 1/3.75 seconds
or 266.7 milliseconds. It will be noted that the time period
duration could be doubled by driving binary divider stage 6 from
divider stage 4 or halved by driving stage 6 from stage 5. However,
experience has shown that a 133.3 millisecond time period is too
brief for best assimilation whereas 533.3 milliseconds is much
longer than necessary.
A 60 hz signal from the time base generator 1 is also applied to
the reference frequency input of clock chip 44. The logic within
the clock chip 44 is quite complex. However, only the functions
carried out by the clock chip are of direct pertinence to the
present invention, and therefore no detailed analysis of the logic
will be attempted. A commercially available clock chip will be
referenced below to permit those skilled in the art to readily
reproduce the exemplary embodiment of the invention described
herein.
The clock chip 44 accepts the 60 hz time base signal and issues a
multiplexed BCD output to logic inverters 45, 46, 47, and 48 to
provide, respectively, the signals 2.sup.3, 2.sup.2, 2.sup.1, and
2.sup.0. The digit value signals are applied to appropriate inputs
of a single digit readout device 49. The readout device 49 also
includes logic circuitry which is of no direct import to an
understanding of the present invention. It should be noted,
however, that the exemplary embodiment utilizes a readout device
which includes a 4-bit latch such that a strobe pulse is necessary
to introduce new information to the display. A commercially
available readout device incorporating this end and other functions
to be described will be referenced below.
The clock chip 44 also issues, at any given time, one of six
signals to indicate which digit of the clock presentation is
currently available at the BCD outputs. These signals, after
passing through inverters 50-55, are assigned the mnemonic
designations HT, HU, MT, MU, ST, and SU representing tens of hours
through units of seconds. The strobe pulse necessary to introduce a
new digit into the readout device 49 is developed by combining
certain of the clock pulses with the digit multiplex information
from the clock chip 44. Thus, TO and HT are applied as the two
input signals to NAND gate 56; T2 and HU signals are applied as the
two inputs to NAND gate 57; and T5 and MT are applied as the two
inputs to NAND gate 58. Similarly, NAND gates 59-61 are selectively
enabled. All outputs from the NAND gates 56-61 are connected
together and applied to the strobe input to the readout device
49.
The clock chip 44 utilized in the exemplary embodiment of the
apparatus incorporates an internal multiplexing oscillator which
can however be externally frequency controlled. The multiplexing
frequency is not critical so long as it is well above the step
frequency from time period to time period. A multiplex frequency of
approximately 1 Khz has been found to be satisfactory in the
exemplary embodiment. Thus, during T0, digit information from clock
chip 44 will be strobed into the internal 4-bit latch of the
readout device 49 only when the signal HT is present to fully
enable NAND gate 56. Similarly, as another example, during T10,
only the signal ST can cause a strobe pulse to be generated by
fully enabling the NAND gate 60. As a result, the readout device 49
can accept only tens of seconds information from the clock chip 44
during T10.
It has been found that comprehension of the displayed information
can be improved by methodically blanking the readout device 49
between the display of successive digits. Perception of the
distinction between the hours and minutes and between the minutes
and seconds is achieved by lengthening the blanking period between
the units of hours digit and the tens of minutes digit and between
the units of minutes digit and the tens of seconds digit. Further
improvement in assimilation is achieved by blanking the readout
device 49 for a somewhat longer period between the display of the
units of seconds digit and commencement of a successive complete
readout cycle starting with the tens of hours digit.
A blanking input to the readout device 49 is provided such that it
is only necessary to determine during which time periods the
readout device 49 is to be blanked and to suitably combine the time
period signals. This function is carried out by NOR gate 62 which
accepts T1, T3, T4, T6, T8, T9, T11, T13, T14, and T15 as input
signals with its output coupled to the blanking input of the
readout device 49.
Thus, a full 6-digit display cycle takes place as follows. During
T0, the tens of hours digit is displayed. During T1, the readout
device 49 is blanked to separate the tens of hours digit from the
units of hours digit. During T2, the units of hours digit is
displayed. During T3 and T4, the readout device is blanked to
separate the units of hours and the tens of minutes digits and
also, as a result of the extended blanking duration, provide an
indication of the separation between the hours digit pair and the
minutes digit pair. Similarly, the tens of minutes and units of
minutes digits are displayed during T5 and T7, respectively, with
the readout device being blanked during T6 and also during T8 and
T9 to separate the minutes digit pair from the second digit pair.
The seconds are read out during T10 and T12 separated by T11. Then,
the display is blanked for the whole of T13, T14, and T15 to
provide an indication that the entire display cycle has been
completed and that a new display cycle follows.
The relationship of the time durations of the various blanking
phases to the time durations during which digits are displayed has
been found to be readily implemented with binary logic. That is,
equal blanking duration is provided between successive digits
having the same order of significance (such as the hour digits,
dollar digits, etc.) while the extended duration between successive
digits which constitute the last digit of a group of digits in one
range of significance and the first digit in the next digit group
(hours to minutes, dollars to cents, etc.) may usefully be twice as
long. The duration of blanking between the end of a complete
display and the institution of a succeeding display may be
accommodated to a particular application. One time period increment
in excess of the maximum blanking period used during a display has
been found to give entirely sufficient psychological warning of the
beginning of a display event.
In order to permit those skilled in the art to readily practice the
invention, the following component information is provided to
permit fabrication of a replica of the FIG. 2 apparatus. As
previously noted, the 60 hz generator 1 may take any one of many
forms well known to all skilled in the art. For high accuracy, a
superior crystal oscillator and appropriate countdown logic may be
utilized. Alternatively, a useful signal may be developed from a 60
hz power line of suitable frequency integrity. For simplicity, a 60
hz relaxation oscillator may be used.
The binary divider stages 2-9 are two 4-bit integrated circuit
binary counters, designated 9316, manufactured by Fairchild
Semiconductor. Inverters 10-25 and NAND gates 26-42 comprise two
integrated circuit one-of-10 decoders utilized as one-of-8 decoders
and manufactured under the disignation 9301 by Fairchild. The
inverters 43, 45-55, and 63-58 available on three integrated
circuits designated 9016 by Fairchild. The NAND gates 56-61 are
contained on two Fairchild 9002 integrated circuits. The NOR gate
62 is contained on two Fairchild type 9007 integrated circuits. The
single digit readout device 49 is a Texas Instruments type T1L311
light emitting diode unit. The clock chip 44 is a type MM5313,
manufactured by The National Semiconductor Corporation. One may
refer to Fairchild TTL Data Book (June, 1972), National
Semiconductor Specification Sheet for MM4311/MM5311, MM4312/MM5312,
MM4313/MM5313, MM4314/MM5314 Digital Clock Chip (June, 1972), and
Texas Instruments Bulletin DL-S 7211653 for Type TIL311 Hexadecimal
Display with Logic (March, 1972) for detail of the internal logic
and circuitry of the elements employed in the exemplary apparatus.
Those skilled in the art will understand that the selection of
logic type and readout device type is strictly a matter of design
choice and that many different choices are available to the
practitioner.
In order to set the clock, switches 69, 70, and 71 are provided to
provide fast slew, slow slew, and hold functions, respectively, by
momentarily applying a V.sub.do signal to appropriate inputs of the
clock chip 44. When switch 69 is closed, the internal logic of the
clock chip 44 responds by advancing the internal time by 1 hour per
second. Similarly, actuating switch 70 advances the internal time
by one minute per second. Actuation of the switch 71 inhibits
incrementing the internal time to effect a hold feature.
While the principles of the invention have now been made clear in
an illustrative embodiment, there will be immediately obvious to
those skilled in the art many modifications of structure
arrangements, proportions, the elements, materials, and components
used in the practice of the invention which are particularly
adapted for specific environments and operating requirements
without departing from those principles.
* * * * *