U.S. patent number 3,925,035 [Application Number 05/323,244] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-09 for graphite containing metal bonded diamond abrasive wheels.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Norton Company. Invention is credited to Paul P. Keat.
United States Patent |
3,925,035 |
Keat |
December 9, 1975 |
Graphite containing metal bonded diamond abrasive wheels
Abstract
The addition of graphite or similarly acting inert fillers to
metal bonds for diamond abrasive grinding wheels improves
performance of cup-type wheels in the dry grinding of cemented
carbides. Filler contents of 15 to 50% by volume of the bond, and
particle sizes of from 1 micron to 200 microns are useful. Metal
coated diamonds show superior performance under many grinding
conditions. However under the most severe conditions when localized
grinding temperatures are high, uncoated diamonds are superior.
Friable type diamond, of the type normally employed in resin bonded
wheels must be used. Bonds melt above 300.degree.C. Hardness of
bond correlates with amount of filler required, as does bond volume
% of filler.
Inventors: |
Keat; Paul P. (Holden, MA) |
Assignee: |
Norton Company (Worcester,
MA)
|
Family
ID: |
26921835 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/323,244 |
Filed: |
January 12, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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227867 |
Feb 22, 1972 |
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124047 |
Mar 15, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
51/309 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24D
3/342 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B24D
3/34 (20060101); C04b 031/16 (); C09c 001/68 ();
C23c 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;51/295,298,309 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Nicodur, The New Diamond Abrasive, Apr. 1966, 4 pages..
|
Primary Examiner: Arnold; Donald J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Franklin; Rufus M.
Parent Case Text
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention is an improved grinding wheel and method for the dry
grinding of cemented carbide materials such as cobalt-bonded
tungsten carbide. This application is a continuation-in-part of my
copending application Ser. No. 227,867, filed Feb. 22, 1972, and
now abandoned, which in turn was a continuation-in-part of my now
abandoned application Ser. No. 124,047 filed Mar. 15, 1971.
Conventionally, resinbonded wheels have been used for dry carbide
grinding.
British Pat. No. 1,192,475, published May 20, 1970, discloses the
use of metal-bonded wheels for dry carbide grinding, wherein the
bond is modified by the incorporation of relatively large sized
particles of boron nitride, referred to as "granular" particles, in
the size range of from 63 to 1000 microns, and in amounts of from
15 to 60 volume % of the total volume of the abrasive section of
the wheel. The subject British patent refers to prior British Pat.
No. 874,250, published Aug. 2, 1961, which discloses up to 5% of
boron nitride in powder (rather than granular) form, and which
states that the use of other solid lubricants such as graphite and
molybdenum disulfide have not produced any marked improvement in
diamond grinding wheel performance. Still earlier British Pat. No.
615,731, to Knowlson, accepted Jan. 11, 1949, discloses the use of
up to 5%, but preferably 2-3%, by weight of graphite in a bronze
bond, for producing metal bonded diamond wheels for the grinding or
lapping of metals. The Knowlson patent teaches the use of graphite,
talc, soapstone, slate, or molybdenum disulfide in a fine
dispersion, and suggests, for maximum adhesion, that the diamond be
coated with a metal, by sputtering or evaporation.
Until the present invention, however, no significant application of
metal-bonded wheels in the dry grinding of hard carbides has been
known. The present invention provides a metal bonded diamond wheel
which can outperform standard resin bonded wheels by an order of
magnitude or more, in terms of the ratio of carbide removed to
wheel wear, and which can operate at lower power inputs, with less
heating of the work, in the dry grinding of carbides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Whereas the prior art suggests the use of large amounts of coarse
solid lubricant (such as British Pat. No. 1,192,475), or small
amounts of finer solid lubricant (such as British Pat. Nos. 615,731
and 874,520) the discovery of the present invention is that
relatively large amounts of fine graphite in closely controlled
sizes and amounts, result in an order of magnitude improvement in
the efficiency of metal-bonded diamond cup-wheels in the dry
grinding of cemented carbides, when weak or friable type diamond is
employed. Specifically it has been discovered that, depending upon
the particular metal bond employed, the graphite content may range
from 15% of the total bond volume to 50%, and the particle size may
range from under 10 microns to 200 microns, the coarser graphite
being employed at the higher concentrations and vice versa. The
graphite particles normally being flaky or plate like, when so
shaped, are measured in terms of the average diameter of their
face. Other fillers, specifically polytetrafluoroethylene,
hexagonal boron nitride, and molybdenum disulfide may be
substituted in whole or in part for the graphite.
The grinding element of the wheel is fabricated by conventional hot
pressing techniques by placing the prepared mixture of graphite,
metal powders, and diamond grit in a suitable mold and pressing
while simultaneously heating. The term cup-wheel is well understood
in the art to refer to wheels in which the grinding face is an
essentially planar radial face, as distinguished from the
cylindrical, curved grinding face of the so called "straight"
wheels. Although referred to as "planar" the grinding face, in
operation may tend to assume a conical form as more clearly
explained in connection with the drawing discussed below.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A cup-type dry grinding wheel having an abrasive section
consisting of resin bond type diamond abrasive grains bonded in a
metal matrix having a melting point above 300.degree.C, said metal
matrix including a filler selected from the group consisting of
particulate polytetrafluoroethylene, graphite, hexagonal boron
nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and mixtures thereof in the amount
of from 15 to 50%, by volume of the bond, said filler having a
particle size of between 1 micron and 200 microns, the smaller size
filler being present at the lower concentrations of filler, the
larger size filler being present at the higher filler
concentrations, said diamond abrasive grit being defined by one of
the following lists (a), and (b) of characteristics: (a) synthetic
multicrystalline diamond having an irregular surface and a
friability index F, for grit sizes of 130 and coarser equal to or
less than 0.0052s.sup.2, and equal to or less than 1.07s.sup.0.9,
for grit sizes finer than 130, wherein s is the arithmetic average
of the number designations of the U.S. Standard sieve series
screens used to obtain a sized sample of the diamond, and (b)
natural monocrystalline diamond with a friability index of less
than 11.3s.sup.0.43 and is selected from a population having a bulk
density of 1.7 or less in the 140/170 grit size and 1.6 or less in
the 200/230 grit size as measured by the American National
Standards Institute method.
2. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which a continuous film of a
metal having a melting point above 500.degree.C coats the diamond
abrasive grains.
3. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the metal matrix has a
hardness at 300.degree. to 500.degree.C equal to or greater than
that of silver at 300.degree. to 500.degree.C.
4. A grinding wheel as in claim 1, in which the matrix material
includes an intermetallic compound.
5. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the filler is graphite.
Description
THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 of the drawing shows a cross-section of a typical cup-type
grinding wheel of the present invention, having a support element
10 of suitable material such as metal or metal filled synthetic
resin, a mounting hole 11, and a grinding element 12.
FIG. 2 shows the wheel during a grinding operation, the relative
movement of the work and the wheel being indicated by the arrows. A
workpiece 20 is being ground with a downfeed, on each pass of the
wheel, 21, driven by shaft 22, equal to d, as indicated in the
drawing. For purposes of clarity the downfeed is shown exaggerated
in amount, resulting in wear on the working surface 23 of the
grinding element 24 such that the thickness of the element
decreases, by an amount d from its outside diameter to its inside
diameter. Since such wear is measured in a few thousandths of an
inch, the working face can be referred to as substantially planar,
and perpendicular to the axis of wheel rotation.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The raw materials required for the production of the grinding
elements of the invention are metal powder for the bond, finely
divided natural or synthetic graphite, as the preferred filler, and
diamond abrasive grits. The raw materials are thoroughly mixed, in
the desired proportions, placed into a mold cavity of the required
size, and hot-pressed by conventional techniques well-known in the
art of powder metallurgy.
The metal may be selected from the practically infinite number of
stable metals, metal alloys, and intermetallic compounds and
mixtures thereof known to the art and commercially available,
having melting points above 300.degree.C and a hardness equal to or
greater than silver at 300.degree. to 500.degree.C. For example,
tin is inoperative as an elemental metal bond. Particularly useful
are intermetallic or alloy compositions which can be formed at low
temperatures but which react to form higher melting metal matrices.
Under severe grinding conditions when localized grinding
temperatures are high, uncoated diamonds are superior. Under less
severe grinding conditions metal clad diamonds are preferred. Other
fillers, in addition to the graphite may be incorporated into the
metal bond, such as secondary abrasives or solid lubricants.
Diamond which is useful in the present invention is that known to
the art as "resin bond type" diamond. Such diamond was introduced
to the industry subsequent to the announcement in 1955 of the
synthesis of diamond by the General Electric Company. After
commercialization of the synthetic resin bond type diamond in 1959,
together with a synthetic metal bond type in 1960, the suppliers of
natural diamond also offered diamond to wheelmakers in two basic
types, the resin bond and the metal bond types. In the synthetic
diamond classification, the resin bond types are distinguished
primarily by their multicrystallinity, irregular surfaces including
re-entrant angles, and by their irregular, weak shape, as compared
to the stronger, blockier, more perfect single crystal metal bond
type synthetic diamond grits (with smooth and regular surfaces).
The natural resin bond type diamonds are characterized, on the
other hand, as distinguished from natural metal bond types, by
their splintery shape or flat, platelike shape; the natural metal
bond type being blocky and strong shaped, but both natural diamond
types being monocrystalline in the grit sizes suitable for the
invention. All diamond now on the market for use in the production
of grinding wheels is specified by the seller as either a metal
bond type or a resin bond type; except for a synthetic type sold by
DeBeers Consolidated Mines and referred to as DXDA-MC, which is a
blocky, strong shape sold for use in resin bonded wheels designed
for grinding steel or steel and carbide combinations. This type
diamond is not considered to be a "resin type diamond" in the sense
defined above, nor is it classified in the art, except for its
special application, as a resin bond type diamond.
For the purpose of this application the resin bond type diamonds
can be divided into two classes: (1) synthetic and (2) natural. The
useful synthetic diamond can be fully characterized by the term
resin bond type diamond (synthetic) or simply by reference to it as
multicrystalline (weak) diamond grit. While there is available a
strong polycrystalline natural diamond type called ballas and
another called carbonado, both of these, although they are
polycrystalline, are very strong and not suitable for the present
invention. The individual crystals in the ballas or carbonado are
around 20 microns and finer, while the crystals in the grits of
synthetic resin bond type diamond are more coarse and instead of
producing a grit of higher strength than a comparably shaped
monocrystalline grit (as in the carbonado and ballas types) it
results in a weaker grit. There is also a rare natural diamond,
framesite, which is coarsely polycrystalline, but very strong. It
is also not intended to be included in what we refer to as "weak
multicrystalline" diamond.
Aside from the industry classification of the diamond as resin bond
type (RB) or metal bond type (MB), physical measurement of
friability, bulk density, and aspect ratio can be employed to
define the diamond type coming within the present invention. For
synthetic diamond, the friability index, F, for grit sizes of 130
and coarser is to be equal to or less than: 0.0052 x.sup.2, and
equal to or less than 1.07x.sup.0.9, for grit sizes finer than 130
mesh when x is the average of the larger and smaller nominal screen
size of the screens used to obtain the sample, in the U.S. Sieve
series; i.e. for 60/80 grit, x is 70.
For natural diamond of the RB type the friability is equal to or
less than 11.3x.sup.0.43, where x is the average of the number
designation of upper and lower U.S. sieve size screens used in
obtaining the sample. For natural RB type diamond the bulk density,
as measured by the A.N.S.I. (American National Standards Institute)
method B74.17-1971 (obtainable from American National Standards
Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10018) should be 1.7 grams
per cubic centimeter or less in the 140/170 size, and 1.6 grams per
cubic centimeter or less in the 200/230 size grit.
Another parameter which is satisfied by natural RB type diamond is
the three dimensional aspect ratio, defined as the longest particle
dimension in the horizontal plane, divided by the height of the
particle. The average value of this parameter, for RB diamond in
the 60/80 grit size, should be larger than 1.4, as measured by
conventional optical microscopy with the grains resting randomly on
a flat surface.
Another parameter, commonly measured is the two dimensional aspect
ratio, which is the ratio of the maximum projected dimension of a
grit particle to the maximum dimension of the particle
perpendicular to the first dimension in a plane, parallel to the
plane of the slide on which the particles are resting. For resin
bond type natural diamond this ratio is found to be greater than
1.4. Friatest Model 500 machine, obtainable from Boart and Hard
Metal Products S. A. Ltd., Friatest division, P.O. Box 104, Crown
Mines, Johannesburg, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa is used in
determining friability index F.
The friability index F is determined from the relation ##EQU1##
where t is the time in seconds and R is the fraction of diamond
"residue" from the Friatest, in which a sample of diamond grit of a
given grit size is placed in a capsule with a hard steel ball and
shaken for a measured amount of time. The diamond grit is then
carefully removed from the capsule. It is screened through the next
smaller screen size (smaller in linear size by a factor of 1.19)
than was used as the smaller of the two screens in making the
tested sample. The term R is then determined by weighing the amount
retained on the screen and dividing that weight by the original
weight of the sample of diamond.
Although the Friatest method is available to the industry and is a
proposed standard for the industry, the following is a detailed
description enabling a duplication of the test.
DETAIL OF FRIATEST METHOD
An accurately sized 140/170 sample of the grit to be tested is
placed in a cylindrical steel capsule (Friatest Mark IV) having an
inside diameter of 0.5 inches and a length of 0.75 inches. Covers
are provided for each end of the capsule; the cap on one end is
flat, the cap on the other end is spherically concave with a radius
of curvature of 9/32 inches and an inside diameter, measured
perpendicular to the axis of the capsule, of 0.5 inches, to exactly
cover the cylinder.
An accurately weighed 0.4 gram portion of the diamond sample is
placed in the capsule with an alloy steel ball 5/16 inches in
diameter, and weighing 2.025 to 2.4 grams. The cylinder is capped
and clamped on an oscillating holder on the Friatest machine (Model
500). The machine oscillates the capsules, in the direction of the
axis of the capsules, at a rate of 2400 cycles per minute with an
amplitude of 0.325 .+-. 0.015 inches. The machine is turned on for
a timed period of 50 seconds. The sample is removed and weighed as
described above. From the known values of t (50 seconds) and R, the
value of F can then be calculated.
The following examples illustrates preferred embodiments of the
invention:
EXAMPLE I
The following materials were mixed to form a homogeneous blend:
Graphite powder, natural, 65 micron particle size (through 400 on
500 mesh): 3.13 grams
Bronze powder: 70 Cu (15 to 20 microns), 20 Sn (2-3 microns) 10 Ag
(2-3 microns): 22.30 grams
Diamond (150 grit, copper clad, 50 wt. % of Cu) Friatest
Friability: 50 to 60: 5.66 grams
The mixture of the above powders was cold pressed at 10 tons/in
.sup.2, pressure released, heated to 500.degree.C, soaked for 5
min. at 500.degree., hot pressed at 6 tons/in.sup.2 at
500.degree.C, for 10 minutes, and removed from the mold to give a
grinding element containing 15.25% by volume of diamond. The
graphite represented 35% of the bond volume (metal plus graphite),
ignoring in this case, a pore volume of 4% by volume. The pore
volume is not critical and may typically range from 0 to 8%.
EXAMPLE II
A similar grinding element was made up of 15.5 volume % diamond, of
the same type, the same metal bond, and 40% of the total bond
volume was through 325 mesh on 400 mesh natural graphite (average
size 80 microns). The grinding element had a porosity of 2.8%.
Wheels were made by cementing the grinding element with a metal
filled epoxy resin on an aluminum filled resin wheel center to
produce a standard 6A9 straight cup-wheel having a 4 inch outside
diameter, 1.75 inches high with a 1.25 inch mounting hole.
In the dry grinding of carbide cutter material at a relatively
heavy infeed rate of 2.4 mils per pass, and a total rate of cut of
0.037 cubic inches per minute, the wheel made from the grinding
element of Example I drew the same power as a conventional standard
phenolic bonded commercial wheel containing the same kind and
amount of diamond (nickel clad diamond was employed for the
phenolic wheels) but had a volumetric ratio of material removed to
wheel wear (G ratio) of over 16 times that of the standard wheel.
The wheel of Example II, in the same test, drew 25% less power and
had a G ratio of over 14 times that of the standard. Thus the wheel
made from the element of Example I, under these conditions, could
do the work of more than 16 standard wheels, while the wheel of
Example II could do the work of 14 of the standard wheels at 25%
less power draw. The diamond was 150 grit size, before
cladding.
The peculiar effect of graphite when employed with resin bond type
diamonds in producing the order-of-magnitude, or greater,
efficiency of performance of the grinding elements of the invention
is shown by the fact that many other materials also sometimes
considered to be solid lubricants are ineffective in producing
improved grinding results. Such materials which have been tested
and found ineffective in this invention are: mica, CaF.sub.2, LiF,
WS.sub.2, WSe.sub.2, NbSe.sub.2, lamp black, and cryolite. Aluminum
oxide was also tried and found ineffective.
The following examples show a comparison of grinding results for
variations in filler content metal bond composition with a standard
resinoid bonded diamond wheel, under identical grinding conditions,
in the dry grinding of cemented carbide. The column marked
"Grinding Efficiency % of Standard" reports the G ratio of the test
wheel based on 100% as the value of G ratio for the standard resin
bonded wheel of the same diamond type and concentration; the G
ratio of a given wheel being the ratio of the volume of material
removed from the workpiece by the grinding action divided by the
volume of the grinding element worn away. The average power draw is
the average peak power drawn by the motor which rotates the wheel
during grinding measured by a watt-meter connected to a recording
instrument, during the last quarter of the run.
Four wheels were made up using the same metal bond as in Examples I
and II, but with varying amounts and particle size of graphite. The
diamond in all cases was copper clad, 150 grit, except in the case
of the resinoid standard wheel in which nickel clad diamond was
employed, such diamond being superior to copper clad diamond in the
type of standard resin wheels employed in this test. Metal clad
diamonds are known commercial items; the cladding metals, as
indicated in British Pat. No. 615,731 should melt above
500.degree.C, and should be compatible with the bond metal. The
diamond concentration, 15 volume percent of the grinding element,
was the same in all cases. The wheels were compared in the dry
grinding of cemented tungsten carbide as in Examples I and II,
under the identical grinding conditions. The results are shown in
Table I. The wheels were made as in Examples I and II.
Table I
__________________________________________________________________________
Graphite Size Grinding Efficiency Power Draw Example and Vol. % %
of Standard % of Standard
__________________________________________________________________________
III 5 micron 480% 76% 35 vol. % IV 5 micron 1100% 80% 25 vol. % V
100 micron 700% 76% 40 vol. % VI 170 micron 80% 98% (230/325) 40
vol. %
__________________________________________________________________________
From the above and other tests it has been shown that, in this
bond, optimum performance is obtained for very fine graphite with a
graphite content of 25% to 35%, and that the graphite size should
be less than 170 microns at higher graphite contents. However,
excellent performance is achieved at the 40% level with 100 micron
graphite.
EXAMPLE VII
A similar wheel was made with a copper-cadmium bond, Cu.sub.5
Cd.sub.8 containing 74% cadmium and 26% copper, by weight. The
wheel was compared, in the same test as reported above, with a
standard resinoid wheel. The diamond content in both wheels was 15
volume % and the diamond was metal clad as in the previous tests.
The copper-cadmium wheel contained 25 volume %, of the bond, of 10
micron graphite. The grinding efficiency was 650% as compared to
100% for the standard, and the power draw was only 64% of the
standard. This low power draw is characteristic of the brittle
intermetallic compounds, such as Cu.sub.5 Cd.sub.8.
EXAMPLE VIIIa
As in the previous examples, a wheel was made employing a copper
tin bond corresponding closely to the intermetallic compound
Cu.sub.3 Sn, containing 66% copper (a slight excess over the
theoretical Cu.sub.3 Sn which exists as a separate phase), and 34%
tin. The graphite content was 20% by volume of the bond, and the
graphite was 10 microns in size. In the same test method against
the standard wheel as reported above, the grinding efficiency was
770% as compared to 100% for the standard, and the power draw was
72% of the standard. The low power draw, again, being
characteristic of the intermetallics such as Cu.sub.3 Sn.
EXAMPLE VIIIb
To show that metal cladding of the diamond is not essential, a
wheel identical to that of Example VIIIa was made except that the
diamond was not metal clad. In the standard test it showed a
grinding efficiency of 370% as compared to 100% for the standard
resinoid wheel containing nickel clad diamond. The power draw was
60% of the standard. Thus, although not as efficient as the
graphite filled wheel containing copper clad diamond, the wheel of
this example was almost four times as efficient as the standard
wheel in terms of volume of metal removed per unit volume of wheel
wear, and was better than the wheel of Example VIIIa in terms of
power.
EXAMPLE IX
A grinding element formed form a copper-tin bond, Cu.sub.3 Sn, as
in the previous example, but containing 25% graphite, 10 micron
particle size and employing copper clad diamond, was tested in the
same manner against the standard. The grinding efficiency of this
wheel was 1100%, as compared to 100% for the standard, and the
power draw was 56% of the standard. This example illustrates our
finding that with the brittle intermetallic bonds, the optimum
graphite content is between 20 and 28%, by volume.
EXAMPLE Xa
A grinding element using the same metal bond and graphite mix as in
Example IX was made into a flaring-cup wheel, 11V9 shape, with a
3.75 inch diameter, 1.5 inches high, and a 1.25 inch mounting hole.
The wheel was made by molding an aluminum filled resin wheel center
to the pre-formed grinding element, which element included a bronze
ring at the face opposite the grinding face of the diamond section
to aid in the dissipation of heat and to improve bonding to the
resin center. The wheel showed a grinding efficiency of 1600% and a
power of 52% in the standard test.
EXAMPLE Xb
The same bond as in Example Xa, but with 30% by volume of graphite
was used to make a grinding element. The element was cemented to an
aluminum metal wheel center to produce a straight cup as in
Examples I through IX. In the standard grinding test this wheel had
a grinding efficiency of 3600% as compared to 100% for the
standard. The power draw was 92% of the standard. Although the
wheel showed essentially no improvement in power, in terms of
volume of carbide removed by grinding under the test conditions, it
was shown to be the equivalent of 36 standard resinoid bonded
wheels, each of the same diamond content as the test wheel.
EXAMPLE XI, XII and XIII
A variety of metal bonds, filler contents, and diamond types were
employed to make various wheels with resin centers which were then
compared against the standard. The variations are shown in Table
II.
Table II
__________________________________________________________________________
Graphite Example Diamond Content Bond Wheel Type
__________________________________________________________________________
XI copper 25 silver-indium Straight cup 6A9 clad (10 micron)
(Ag.sub.3 In; 76 In 24 Ag) XII nickel 20 silver Straight cup 6A9
clad (10 micron) XIII unclad 33 bronze Straight cup 6A9 (10 micron)
(85 Cu, 15Sn)
__________________________________________________________________________
In these examples the grinding element was mounted to form a
straight cup wheel as in Examples I through IX.
The grinding results against the standard resinoid wheel were
obtained as before, except that in Examples XII and XIII, the
infeed rate was 2.0 mils instead of 2.4 mils (for both the test
wheel and the standard). The results are given in Table III.
Table III ______________________________________ Grinding
Efficiency Power % of Example % of Standard Standard
______________________________________ XI 1000% 84% XII 300% 64%
XIII 500% 48% ______________________________________
Example XI shows, again, the excellent results obtained with
brittle intermetallic bonds. This bond can be fabricated from the
elemental metals at temperatures as low as 200.degree.C which
permits the inclusion of organic or inorganic fillers having low
thermal stability, if desired. In this connection it is also
pointed out that the Cu.sub.3 Sn bond, described above, can also be
fabricated at temperatures as low as 250.degree.C when made from
mixes including the elemental metals. The intermetallic compounds
formed in the fabrication process have, of course, melting points
well in excess of 300.degree.C. In all cases the metal powder used
in fabrication preferably should be relatively fine, being
preferably about 2 to 15 microns.
To show the effect of friability of the diamond on its performance
in graphite filled metal bonds a series of wheels were made
employing a bronze bond containing 25% by volume of graphite. The
diamond, 140/170 grit size was present at a concentration of 18.7
volume %. Several different diamond types were used having
friability values (F) of from 50 to 159. The grinding test was
performed dry on a 1/4 by 1/2 inch cemented tungsten carbide
surface, Carboloy 370, with a 2 mil infeed; the wheels were 3 3/4
inch diameter 11V9 (flaring cup) wheels. The results are as
follows:
Table IV
__________________________________________________________________________
Wheel Diamond Friability Wear Grinding Power Example Type Cladding
Index (mils) Ratio (Watts)
__________________________________________________________________________
XIV General Copper 51 0.5 220 760 Electric 50% by Wt. RVG-D
Synthetic XVa " " 51 0.7 160 760 XVb " Same as 51 1.7 59 720 above
but surface of coating acid etched XVI " Unclad 51 3.8 23 320 XVII
" Nickel 51 4.4 21 840 55% by Wt. XVIII DeBeers Copper 58 5.1 20
800 Synthetic 50% by Wt. XIX DeBeers Unclad 125 13.0 5.8 440
Natural XX DeBeers Unclad 159 15.0 4.5 400 Natural MB-Saw XXI
General Unclad 143 18.1 3.5 360 Electric MD
__________________________________________________________________________
In all of Examples I through XIII, the diamond was synthetic
polycrystalline resin bond type diamond. Characteristic of such
diamond type, it had a friability index, F, for the 150 grit size
of less than 97 when tested by the method described above, in its
uncoated condition, and had an irregular surface including
reentrant angles and an irregular weak shape.
The following results further show the influence of diamond type in
a test in which the resinoid standard control wheel, which gave a G
ratio of 8, was compared against a group of wheels having the same
bronze bond as used in Examples XIV through XXI, containing 25
volume % graphite, and 140/170 diamond (not metal clad). The work
was a 1/4 inch by 1/2 inch surface of 370 Carbolay; the unit infeed
was 2 mils; the traverse rate was 72 inches per minute; the wheel
speed was 3600 revolutions per minute; and the wheels were 3 3/4
inch cup wheels in the standard 11V9 shape, with the grinding
section mounted on an epoxy resin core. The results were as
follows:
Diamond Friability Power Example Type Index G Ratio (Watts)
______________________________________ XXII Synthetic Diamond 53
112 667 Resin bond type XXIII Natural Diamond 95 93 820 Resin bond
type 2 dimensional aspect ratio 1.47 XXIV Natural Diamond 76 43 620
Resin bond type 2 dimensional aspect ratio 1.56 XXV Monocrystalline
159 14 500 Synthetic Diamond Metal bond type 2 dimensional aspect
ratio 1.38 XXVI Same as XXV but 60 15 500 thermally weakened
______________________________________
The above results show that monocrystalline metal bond type diamond
is not useful in this invention even if it is thermally weakened to
give it a low F value. Thus in order to properly characterize
monocrystalline diamond in this invention, other than by type
classification (i.e. metal bond or resin bond), it is necessary to
specify bulk density or aspect ratio in addition to the friability
index. Since natural diamond is essentially monocrystalline,
definition of operable diamond by the physical characteristic of
strength in terms of friability alone, is thus not sufficient.
Although only about one half as effective as graphite when used as
the sole filler, hexagonal boron nitride may be used in the present
invention at the same volume % levels as graphite. The boron
nitride is preferably used in admixture with graphite.
Molybdenum disulfide, while not as good, by itself, as boron
nitride is also effective within the same volume % levels as
graphite. By combining MoS.sub.2 with 20% graphite, as a % of the
total filler content, the combined filler achieves performance
levels in terms of G value of as much as 75% of the value achieved
by the use of graphite alone, in a volume % equal to the total
MoS.sub.2 and graphite. Thus the addition of MoS.sub.2 to graphite
results in a kind of synergistic effect.
BN and MoS.sub.2 may be combined with each other and with graphite
according to the present invention, to produce significantly
improved grinding performance.
Polytetrafluoroethylene, although not as effective as graphite, may
be employed when the hot pressing temperature required to
manufacture the wheel is not excessive. Good results, for example,
have been achieved at the 40 and 50% filler levels when employing a
low temperature bond such as a Cu.sub.3 Sn bond with 10% added tin
to allow hot pressing at 200.degree.C to 350.degree.C such that
degradation of the PTFE is avoided.
* * * * *