U.S. patent number 3,924,793 [Application Number 05/490,887] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-09 for forming metals.
This patent grant is currently assigned to British Aircraft Corporation Limited. Invention is credited to Leo Ewart Arthur Summers, David Sidney Underhill.
United States Patent |
3,924,793 |
Summers , et al. |
December 9, 1975 |
Forming metals
Abstract
A method of forming a stiffened panel in which an interior sheet
of a superplastic material is placed between two face sheets and
attached one to the other in alternate sequence so that, as the
face sheets are moved apart, the attached regions of the interior
sheet are drawn with them.
Inventors: |
Summers; Leo Ewart Arthur
(Bristol, EN), Underhill; David Sidney (Bristol,
EN) |
Assignee: |
British Aircraft Corporation
Limited (London, EN)
|
Family
ID: |
10376081 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/490,887 |
Filed: |
July 22, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Jul 24, 1973 [UK] |
|
|
35293/73 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
228/157; 72/364;
228/181 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B23K
20/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B23K
20/00 (20060101); B23K 031/00 (); B21D
047/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/471.1,480,497.5,497.7 ;72/364 ;228/157,181 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Backofen "Superplasticity Enchants Metallurgy" Steel Dec. 15, 1969
pp. 25-28..
|
Primary Examiner: Jones, Jr.; James L.
Assistant Examiner: Ramsey; K. J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cushman, Darby & Cushman
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of forming a stiffened panel including the steps of
positioning a metal face sheet on each side of an interior sheet of
a metallic alloy having superplastic characteristics, attaching
spaced regions of the said interior sheet alternately to the face
sheet on one side and to the face sheet on the other side of the
interior sheet, sealing the said face sheets one to the other to
form an inflatable envelope assembly, bringing the assembly to
within that temperature range at which the interior sheet exhibits
superplastic characteristics, and applying a differential pressure
between the interior and the exterior of the envelope assembly thus
causing the face sheets to move apart and draw the attached regions
of the interior sheet with them so that the said interior sheet
finally extends from one face to the other in alternate
sequence.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the spaced attachment
regions of the interior sheet are indirectly attached to the face
sheets by means of metallic spacer portions metallurgically bonded
both to a face sheet and to the interior sheet.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the spaced regions of the
interior sheet are directly attached to the face sheets by means of
a metallurgical bond.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said spaced attachment
regions are in the form of lines and the interior sheet is finally
of generally corrugated form.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said spaced attachment
regions are in the form of spots and the interior sheet is finally
of generally dimpled form.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the said face sheets are
sealed one to the other by a peripherally extending metallurgical
bond.
7. A stiffened panel formed by the method defined in claim 1.
Description
This invention relates to the forming of stiffened panels of
metallic alloys having super-plastic characteristics. Metallic
alloys having super-plastic characteristics have a composition and
microstructure such that, when heated to within an appropriate
range of temperature and when deformed within an appropriate range
of strain rate, they exhibit the flow characteristics of a viscous
fluid. Such alloys have characteristics indicated by the
formula:
Where:-
m is numerically of the order of 0.7 to 1.00,
f is applied stress (load per unit area),
h is a constant,
s is strain rate (extension per unit of original length per unit of
time), and,
m is the strain rate sensitivity.
The condition in which these characteristics are attained is known
as super-plasticity and large deformations are possible without
fracture.
The invention has for an object the ready formation of stiffened
panels with a minimum of forming operations.
According to the present invention a method of forming a stiffened
panel includes the steps of positioning a metal face sheet on each
side of an interior sheet of a metallic alloy having superplastic
characteristics, attaching spaced regions of the said interior
sheet alternately to the face sheet on one side and to the face
sheet on the other side of the interior sheet, bringing the
assembly to within that temperature range at which the interior
sheet exhibits superplastic characteristics, and causing the face
sheets to be moved apart and thus to draw the attached regions of
the interior sheet with them such that the said interior sheet
finally extends from one face sheet to the other in alternate
sequence.
Conveniently, the metal face sheets have their peripheral edges
sealingly joined together and the envelope so formed is inflated to
urge the said face sheets apart.
Some preferred embodiments of the invention are now described with
reference to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a scross-sectional view of parts of the components of a
panel before forming,
FIG. 2 is a similar view to that of FIG. 1 subsequent to
forming,
FIG. 3 is a similar view to that of FIG. 2 but illustrating an
alternative embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a similar view to that of FIG. 1 also illustrating an
alternative embodiment,
FIG. 5 is a similar view to that of FIG. 4 subsequent to
forming,
FIG. 6 is a similar view to that of FIG. 5 but showing an
alternative embodiment, and,
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a sealed peripheral edge of a panel
respectively before and after forming.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a stiffened panel is formed of three
metal sheets, two face sheets 1 and 2, respectively, and an
interior sheet 3, which is of a superplastic alloy. The interior
sheet is placed between the two face sheets 1 and 2 with spacer
portions 4 in the form of strips of metal placed between each face
sheet 1 and 2 and the interior sheet 3. The spacer portions are
placed where the sheets are to be attached one to the other in
alternate sequence, that is to say from the left hand edge of FIG.
1 the sheets 1 and 3 have a spacer portion 4 and then the sheets 2
and 3 and so on. The assembly is then subjected to heat and
pressure so that those regions of the sheets at the spacer portions
become diffusion bonded to the spacer portions 4 and thereby
indirectly one to another.
In the alternative of FIG. 3, the elongated spacer portions 4 are
replaced by spacer portions in the form of small disc-like portions
5. These are spaced in alternate sequence between the face sheet 1
and the interior sheet 3 and between the face sheet 2 and the
interior sheet 3. Again, the sheets are diffusion bonded to the
spacer portions 5 and hence indirectly to one another.
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are similar to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, respectively, but
illustrate embodiments where the face sheets 1 and 2 are attached
directly to the interior sheet 3 without the spacer portions 4 or 5
being present. In this case the sheets 1 and 2 are locally attached
to the sheet 3 by welded regions. The welded regions, which in FIG.
5 are in the form of lines 6 and in FIG. 6 are in the form of spots
7, are preferably provided by an electron beam welding process.
To bring the assembly from the condition of FIGS. 1 and 4 to that
of FIGS. 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 respectively, it is brought to within
the temperature range at which the interior sheet exhibits
superplastic characteristics, if it is not already in that range,
and the face sheets 1 and 2 are moved apart thus drawing the
attached regions of the interior sheet (that is those regions
adjacent the spacer portions 4 or 5 and adjacent the weld regions 6
or 7) with them in alternately opposite directions. The interior
sheet 3 thus becomes of corrugated form (as in FIGS. 2 and 5) or of
dimpled form (as in FIGS. 3 and 6). As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and
6, the sheet 3 becomes a series of alternate oppositely facing
dimples. In both cases the interior sheet 3 zig-zags between the
face sheets 1 and 2 bridging the void between them.
FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate how the sheets can be subjected to a
welding operation around their peripheries to form a sealed
envelope. The weld region is shown at 8. The sealed envelope so
formed is fed with an inert gas under pressure such that, when the
interior sheet 3 is superplastic, the sheets 1 and 2 are moved
apart by a predetermined amount to effect the previously described
corrugation or dimpling of the interior sheet.
To maintain flat outer surfaces, the sheets 1 and 2 may be moved
apart against oppositely facing plattens of a press (not shown). To
further aid the maintaining of flat outer surfaces, the interior
sheet may be of thinner gauge material than the face sheets.
The face sheets 1 and 2 may also be of a superplastic alloy; this
arrangement has advantage where the finished panel required to be
of other than a totally flat formation.
* * * * *