U.S. patent number 3,924,631 [Application Number 05/422,315] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-09 for magnetic clamp.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Altair, Inc.. Invention is credited to Joseph J. Mancusi, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,924,631 |
Mancusi, Jr. |
December 9, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Magnetic clamp
Abstract
Two movable members, one containing a permanent magnet and the
other containing a non-magnetized but magnetically susceptable
element are positioned such that there exists a magnetic force of
attraction between the two members, thus closing a switch or valve.
A control magnet having a greater strength than the first permanent
magnet opens the switch or valve by attracting the susceptable
element and repelling the permanent magnet.
Inventors: |
Mancusi, Jr.; Joseph J.
(Bristol, CT) |
Assignee: |
Altair, Inc. (Plymouth,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
23674320 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/422,315 |
Filed: |
December 6, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
600/30;
128/DIG.25; 335/205; 251/65 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B
17/122 (20130101); A61F 2/0036 (20130101); A61B
17/30 (20130101); Y10S 128/25 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
17/12 (20060101); A61B 17/122 (20060101); A61B
17/30 (20060101); A61F 2/00 (20060101); A61B
017/00 (); F16K 031/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/1R,1.3,321-326,346,349R,DIG.25 ;3/1 ;24/21B,16R,49M,73HS
;251/65 ;335/174,179,182,205-207,285,1 ;7/1R,3R
;81/1R,4,5R,43,300,318,324 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Opitz; Rick
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Littlepage, Quaintance, Murphy
& Dobyns
Claims
I claim:
1. In combination with a clamping apparatus comprising a first jaw
having a permanent magnet enclosed therein, a second jaw having a
magnetically susceptible non-magnet enclosed therein, and a hinge
confining the non-magnet within the operable magnetic field of the
permanent magnet, the hinge and the first and second jaws being
unitarily constructed of a biochemically inert material, means
positioned adjacent to the second jaw having a magnetic field
greater than and oriented in the opposite direction of the field of
said permanent magnet for opening and closing the jaws.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said first permanent magnet has
a magnetic field sufficient to close the jaws of the apparatus on a
tube of living tissue without causing permanent physical damage to
the tube.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the jaw faces are padded.
4. A clamping apparatus comprising a first jaw having a permanent
magnet enclosed therein, a second jaw having a magnetically
susceptible non-magnet enclosed therein, a hinge confining the
non-magnet within the operable magnetic field of the permanent
magnet,
the hinge and the first and second jaws being unitarily constructed
of a biochemically inert material,
and a manually operated tool for magnetically manipulating the
jaws, comprising means adjacent to the second jaw having a magnetic
field greater than, and oriented in the opposite direction of, the
field of said permanent magnet.
5. The method of controlling the flow of fluid through a duct of
living tissue located within an animal's body comprising the steps
of positioning a first jaw having a permanent magnet enclosed
therein on one side of the duct, positioning a second jaw having a
magnetically susceptible non-magnet enclosed therein on the
opposite side of the duct, the first and second jaws being
unitarily constructed of a biochemically inert material joining the
first and second jaws in the form of a hinge, the hinge confining
the non-magnet within the operable magnetic field of the permanent
magnet, the permanent magnet having a magnetic field sufficient to
close the jaws on the duct without causing permanent physical
damage to the living tissue, and permitting the jaws to close on
the duct of living tissue.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising the steps of
positioning a second magnet on the same side of the duct as the
non-magnet has been previously positioned orienting the polarity of
the magnetic field of the second magnet opposite to that of the
first magnet, and increasing the strength of the field of the
second magnet to a value greater than that of the first magnet when
measured at the point of the non-magnet, thereby opening the jaws
and permitting the flow of fluid within the duct.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to valves and switches having a permanent
magnet actuator and having an additional magnetic control element
and particularly relates to such a valve having a U-shaped
resilient contacting element.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Numerous switches and valves to be found in the prior art have
relied upon magnetic effects to assist in or cause the particular
motions necessary for opening or closing of the valve or switch.
Generally, it has been necessary to bias one or more of the moving
elements in a particular position by means of springs to achieve
either a normally open or normally closed position for the switch
or valve. The presence of the biasing spring has required that the
magnetic actuating element not only overcome the inertia of the
particular switch or valve, but also the force of the biasing
spring which typically has a disadvantageous force-distance
relation.
The slow closing and contact bouncing in electrical switches can
cause the electrical contacts to become welded in the closed
position, thus necessitating mechanical means for over-riding the
normal switch functions and a reopening of the switch contacts.
This presents a peculiar problem when the switch is remotely
positioned, thus making mechanical override difficult, if not
impossible. Similar problems are also presented by fluid
controlling valves which are to be operated from a remote position
and particular problems are presented when the switch or valve is
located within the human body.
Previous means for controlling the liquid flow through tubes or
ducts within the body have often required placing an element within
the duct or tube, thus subjecting that element to possibly
detrimental chemical action. With the element so placed, the liquid
flow is never returned to normal due to the constriction presented
by the element even when fully opened.
Some previous means having sliding, reciprocating or otherwise
moving elements face the additional problem of being susceptable to
detrimental tissue infusion over a period of time, thereby
preventing the relative movement necessary for correct operation
and ultimately resulting in failure of the control means.
During surgery, sutures are usually used for tying off a duct or
vessel to restrict or prevent flooding of the surgical area as well
as to conserve life sustaining body fulids. The use of sutures in
this fashion is very time consuming, often requiring young resident
surgeons to spend 3 to 4 hours assisting their more experienced
colleagues by simply tying surgical knots. Alternatives such as
staples have been suggested, but have not enjoyed the favor of the
practicing physician due in part to the difficulty of removal.
while conventional hemostats and other surgical clamps are very
easy to remove, they often present substantial obstacles which must
be continually dodged during an operation.
The involuntary escape of urine due to urinary incontinence
represents a particularly discomforting, inconvenient and
unsanitary problem. Previous means attempting to solve the problem
by compressing the urethra have not met with acceptance due in part
to the size or complexity of the apparatus used. Some means have
been more successful in the male than in the female due to the
anatomical differences. Often, however, considerable postoperative
treatment and rehabilitation has been necessary and the results not
as satisfactory as one might reasonably wish.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A substantially linear arrangement of three magnetic and
magnetically responsive elements form a magnetic switching means
which is magnetically biased in either an open or closed position.
Metallurgically and chemically well defined and calibrated elements
provide reproducible operating characteristics unsusceptible to
aging or metal fatigue. Free travel is provided in some situations
to achieve the energy necessary to open or close a switch while
little or no free travel is provided in close tolerance switch
balancing situations.
The arrangement consists of three elements: a first permanent
magnet, a magnetically susceptible non-magnet, and a temporary or
permanent control magnet of opposite polarity and having upon
occasion a higher strength magnetic field than the first permanent
magnet. The magnetically susceptible non-magnet is confined within
the magnetic field of the first magnet such that if the other
magnet is not operating the magnetic forces acting on the first
magnet and the non-magnet are sufficient to move the two
together.
The control magnet is positioned on the opposite side of the
non-magnet as viewed from the first magnet and when magnetized has
a magnetic polarity opposite that of the first magnet. When
magnetized sufficiently or when magnetized and brought within a
maximum range, the control magnet induces a greater magnetic field
in the non-magnet than the first magnet, thus simultaneously
attracting the non-magnet and repelling the first magnet. The first
magnet generally moves under influence of the repelling force to a
position so as to prevent the degradation of its inherent permanent
magnetic field by the control magent. In particular situations,
however, it may be advantageous to maintain the first magnet within
the field of the control magnet to such an extent as to permanently
obliterate the first magnet's magnetic history by reducing or
eliminating its inherent magnetic field.
The slidable positioning of the magnetic elements within the cages
permits the elements when magnetically actuated to gain sufficient
kenitic energy to fracture any weld on the contact surfaces due to
electrical current arcing. This eliminates the necessity of a
mechanical override and greatly increases the reliability of the
circuit interruption. The magnetic switching means can also be
advantageously used as a valve.
An apparatus utilizing the magnetic switching means for clamping or
compressing a tube or sheet stock comprises a first permanently
magnetized element, that is, a first element having associated
therewith a substantial, macroscopic, permanent magnetic field. The
closure apparatus also comprises a second, non-magnetized yet
magnetically susceptible element. The second element has a relative
magnetic permeability much greater than the first, yet has
associated therewith no appreciable, macroscopic, permanent
magnetic field, and very little magnetic remanence. The first and
the second elements are a part of a first and a second leaf or jaw,
respectively. The leaves or jaws are hinged together in such a
manner that a tube placed between the first and second leaves would
be compressed by the force generated by the magnetic field of the
first element acting on the second element.
The first and second leaves and the means hingedly connecting the
leaves can be a unitary structure made of a plastic material which
is flaccid, bendable, deflectable, deformable, elastic, or
resilient. The first and second elements would be enclosed, encased
or encompassed by the material of the first and second leaves
respectively. Each leaf can be contiguous to and envelop the
corresponding magnetic element. As such, the leaves clamp or clasp
an intersituated tube in such a manner as to prevent material from
moving through the length of the tube.
To conveniently operate the apparatus, another permanently
magnetized element is used having a magnetic field of such as
strength as to overcome the coercive magnetic force which the first
element exerts on the second element. To open the magnetic clamp or
clasp, the other permanently magnetized element is positioned near
the second jaw and in such a direction as to oppose the magnetic
field of the first element. A magnetic field will be induced in the
second element which repels the first element thereby opening the
apparatus.
One advantage of such an apparatus is the absense of any element on
the inside of the tube or duct controlled, thus obviating
unnecessary or unwanted constriction and avoiding detrimental
chemical or physical interaction with the contents of the tube or
duct.
Another advantage of such clamping apparatus is the ability to
control the opening and closing of the apparatus without direct
contact. In fact, when such an apparatus is placed appropriately
within an animal's body, or in any other inaccessible region, it
may be conveniently controlled by another permanent magnet element
or electromagnet element remotely positioned outside the animal's
body.
An advantage of such a clamp is its possible use during an
operation to quickly close vessels which might otherwise flood the
surgical area.
Other features and advantages of magnetic switching means will
become apparent from the following discussion of the appended
figures and the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective detail of a valve in an "open" position
having a magnetic switching means.
FIG. 2 is a perspective detail of the apparatus of FIG. 1 in a
"closed" position.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of operation of a magnetic switching means
according to this invention.
FIG. 4 is a plane detail of a tool for manipulating the apparatus
of FIG. 1 incorporating a magnetic control element.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The apparatus shown in FIG. 1, generally as 8, consists of two
leaves or jaws 10 and 12 coupled together by a flexible hinge 14.
The two jaws and the hinge are unitarily constructed and are
preferably composed of a biochemically inert material such as a
silicone, vinyl or polyacrylonitrile resin or .alpha.-olefin
polymer.
Encased within the first leaf 10 is a first permanently magnetized
element 16. The first magnetic element has associated therewith a
macroscopic magnetic field of sufficient strength to close the one
jaw against the other. While an acceptable first element may be
made of oriented ferrite, platinum-cobalt, or the ALNICO series,
the preferred material in some situations is the REACO-1 samarium
cobalt rare earth permanent magnet material available from Raytheon
Company of Waltham, Massachusetts, and described in their Technical
Report number PT-3666, published February, 1973. The first element
may be of any convenient shape and size consistent with the use
anticipated and the needed magnetic field.
Encased within the second leaf 12 is a second element 18 which has
substantially no permanent magnetic field but has a magnetic
permeability .mu. sufficient to be classed as either a paramagnetic
material or a ferromagnetic material. The second element is thereby
influenced by external magnetic fields and is attracted to magnetic
fields. In practice, the susceptibility and permeability of the
element 18 must be sufficient to allow the permanent magnet 16 to
close the one jaw against the other when placed in an open
position.
The apparatus 8 can be used to pinch a tube 20 as shown in FIG. 2.
In such a situation, the second element 18 is influenced by the
magnetic field of the first element 16 in such a way as to cause a
force on the two elements thereby attracting the two leaves 10 and
12 together. If the magnetic field of the first element is
correctly selected, the force will be that necessary to close the
tube without causing permanent physical damage to the tube. This is
particularly important where the tube is a vessel or duct of a body
made of living tissue and thus susceptible to injury.
Alternatively, the jaw faces can be padded to avoid the possibility
of tissue necrosis. The variables which must be considered are the
area of contact of the tube closure element and the tube, the
flexibility and susceptibility to injury of the tube, any
deformable character of the closure surface, the time duration of
clamping and so forth.
While an apparatus such as that already described may be
manipulated in numerous ways, it is most advantageous to use the
magnetic characteristics of the apparatus to effect an opening and
closing. FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the operation
of such a device as previously described or any other apparatus
having a magnetic switching means of similar magnetic
characteristics. In each of five representative situations, I, II,
III, IV and V, the first magnetic element 16 is to be found in
either position A or B, and further is constrained to move only
within the space between lines 22 and 24. The second magnetically
susceptible element 18 is likewise found in either positions C or D
and is constrained to move only within the space between lines 24
and 26.
A third element 28 has a permanent magnetic field greater than the
first element 16 and aligned in the opposite direction as indicated
by the letters N and S. The third element can be made of the same
or similar material as the first element, or may be an
electromagnet. The third element can be moved to any position to
the right of line 26 or in the case of an electromagnet can have
any magnetic field strength desired within practical limits.
In situation I, the first and second elements are as close together
as physical constraints will allow. The magnetic field of the first
element 16 indicated by the letters N and S induces a magnetic
field in the magnetically susceptible element 18 indicated by the
letters n and s. The induced magnetic field is in the same
direction as that external magnetic field having the greatest
influence over the passive element 18. The third element 28 in
position G is in such a position as to make no substantial effect
on the second element 18 in position C. The device as shown in FIG.
2 can be considered to be in the same magnetic state as indicated
in situation I of FIG. 3.
In situation II, the physical relation between the first and second
element remains substantially unchanged, but the third element 28
is in such a position as to influence the induced magnetic field in
the second element 18. This change in induced magnetic field is
indicated by the smaller number of letters n and s within the
second element. If the third element is moved to the right, it has
less influence on the second element while if the third element is
moved to the left, it has more influence consistent with the well
known relations between permanent magnets and magnetically
susceptible materials.
If the third element 28 is sufficiently far to the left, indicated
by position E, and the permanent magnetic field of the third
element is sufficient, the induced magnetic field in the second
element will become aligneed with the third element rather than the
first element. This causes a net force of attraction between the
second and third elements and a resultant simultaneous repulsion of
the first element thereby resulting in situation III. While FIG. 3
suggests a close physical proximity between the second and third
elements in situation III, such a proximity is not necessary if the
magnetic field of the third element is great enough. An apparatus
as previously described when in a situation like situation III
would appear open or with the jaws apart, as shown in FIG. 1.
As the control element 28 is withdrawn to the right as shown in
FIG. IV and V, its influence on the second element 18 is reduced,
thus reducing the induced magnetic field as indicated by the fewer
number of letters s and n within the second element 18. Finally, if
the third control element 28 is withdrawn to a position to the
right of position G, the influence exerted by the first element on
the second element will again become greater than that of the third
element thus returning the elements to the positions of situation
I.
FIG. 4 shows a manually operated tool 30 for magnetically
manipulating an apparatus 8 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The tool 30
has two legs 32 and 34, each connected to its respective handle 36
and 38. The two legs are pivotally secured by a pivot 40 in such a
manner that as the two handles are brought together, the ends of
the two legs farthest from the handles are separated in a reverse
scissor-like motion.
The end of one leg 32 is adapted to receive an apparatus 8, as
previously described, by having affixed thereto a restraining
element 26 which functionally can be viewed to operate as line 26
in FIG. 3. The restraining element is fixed to leg 32 at a point 42
between the end of the leg farthest from the handle 36 and the
pivot 40. That portion of the leg 32 between the point 42 and the
end farthest from the handle 36 functionally operates as a
restraining means 22 analogous to line 22 in FIG. 3.
An apparatus 8 as previously described can be inserted between the
restraining elements 22 and 26 near the end of leg 32 with leaf 10
adjacent restraining means 26 and the hinge 14 directed toward
pivot 40.
The end of the other leg 34, farthest from handle 38, receives or
contains the third magnetic control element 28. When the leg 34 is
positioned close to restraining element 26, the control element has
a dominating influence over the second element 18 within the leaf
12 and attracts the leaf 12 toward the restraining element 26,
while repelling the leaf 10 to a position against the restraining
element 22. This corresponds to situation III in FIG. 3.
As the handles 36 and 38 are brought together, the control element
28 moves away from the restraining means 26 and leaf 12 and if
drawn far enough away, the magnetic influence of the first element
16 within leaf 10 becomes dominating and the jaws of the apparatus
close. This corresponds to situation I in FIG. 3. In this closed
position, the apparatus 8 is freely removable from the tool 30.
Looking at the situation another way, if the apparatus 8 is caused
to close upon a tube or duct as shown in FIG. 2, the tool 30 may
then be easily withdrawn.
A clamping apparatus 8 may be used for a quick release mechanism
for metal plates, paper or other sheet materials as well as for
"tying off" vascular elements during surgery. Such an apparatus can
also be permanently implanted within the body for controlling the
flow of liquid through a duct by external means. In the case of the
urethra, for example, the apparatus is positioned such that the
urethra passes between the two jaws and a control magnet is
topically positioned to effect the desired control using the
magnetic switching means as a valve actuating device.
Other uses for a magnetic switching means according to this
invention will become apparent to the practitioner from this
presentation. In all situations, it is intended that the apparatus
consist of a first permanently magnetized element and a second
non-magnetized but magnetically susceptible element. The second
element is constrained to exist within the region adjacent the
first element having a magnetic field, in the absence of other
magnetic fields, sufficient to attract the second element to the
first element, that is within the effective magnetic field of the
first element. The switching means also consists of a third
element, placed on an opposite side of the susceptible member from
the first element and having at least upon occasion a magnetic
field greater than and oppositely aligned to that of the first
element sufficient to attract the second element and simultaneously
repel the first element. In interpreting this specification "an
opposite side" is used in the sense that the control element can be
positioned in any position which is not on the same side of the
susceptible element as the first element yet will cause the
resulting simultaneous attraction of the second element and
repulsion of the first element. It will be apparent that to get the
optimum magnetic effect, the control magnet would be positioned on
the side directly opposite the first magnet.
* * * * *