U.S. patent number 3,922,787 [Application Number 05/467,675] was granted by the patent office on 1975-12-02 for plastic orthodontic bracket.
Invention is credited to Kenneth J. Fischer, Jan A. Orlowski.
United States Patent |
3,922,787 |
Fischer , et al. |
December 2, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Plastic orthodontic bracket
Abstract
An all plastic orthodontic bracket is disclosed which is adapted
to be attached directly to the labial surface of a tooth. The
bracket has a quasi triangular shaped body as viewed from the
facial view to minimize forces being applied to the bracket during
mastication and occlusion. The apical section of the triangular
shaped body is adapted to be attached to the incisal section of the
tooth and the base of the triangular shaped body is adapted to be
attached to the gingival section of the tooth. All surfaces of the
bracket body extending from a ligature undercut over the front
surface of the bracket body are smooth and convex with the
exception of those surfaces defined by an archwire slot and a
second slot which is perpendicular to the archwire slot. Smooth
convex bracket body surfaces substantially lessen plastic fatigue
commonly found in prior art plastic orthodontic brackets having
sharp corners. The ligature undercut is of a depth which is
substantially filled by a small gauge archwire or an elastic ring.
The relatively shallow depth of the ligature undercut insures that
maximum bracket bulk is distributed between the archwire slot and
the ligature undercut to lessen the tendency for bracket body
fatigue between these points.
Inventors: |
Fischer; Kenneth J. (Reseda,
CA), Orlowski; Jan A. (Altadena, CA) |
Family
ID: |
23856668 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/467,675 |
Filed: |
May 7, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
433/15;
433/8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61C
7/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61C
7/12 (20060101); A61C 7/00 (20060101); A61C
007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;32/14 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Peshock; Robert
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A plastic orthodontic bracket comprising a base which is adapted
to be attached to the labial surface of a tooth between the
gingival and the incisal sections and a body which is joined to
said base, said body having a quasi-triangular shaped front
surface, an archwire slot cut in the front surface of said body, a
ligature undercut extending completely around the periphery of the
front surface of said body, and a smooth and convex surface
extending from said ligature undercut to said archwire slot.
2. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 1 wherein said
plastic is a filled polycarbonate having the following physical
properties:
shear strength ranging from 10,000 to 16,000 p.s.i. and deformation
at 70.degree.F under a 4,000 p.s.i. load being less than 0.1%.
3. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 1 wherein said
plastic is an unfilled polycarbonate having the following physical
properties:
shear strength ranging from 6,000 to 8,500 p.s.i. and deformation
at 70.degree.F under 4,000 p.s.i. load being from 0.1% to 0.3%.
4. A plastic orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 1 further
comprising means cut in the front surface of said bracket body for
use in applying mesial or dital rotational forces to a tooth to
which the bracket is attached.
5. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 4 wherein said
means comprises a slot cut in the front surface of said bracket
body, said slot being perpendicular to said archwire slot.
6. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 1 wherein said
ligature undercut is smooth and concave and has a maximum depth of
0.015mm or less.
7. A plastic orthodontic bracket comprising a base portion which is
adapted to be attached to the labial surface of a tooth between the
gingival and incisal sections and a body which is joined to said
base, said body having a front surface which is quasi-triangular
shaped for minimizing the forces exerted on said bracket during
mastication and occlusion when said bracket is attached to said
tooth so that the apex of said quasi-triangular shaped front
surface is positioned closest to the incisal section of a tooth and
the base of said quasi-triangular shaped front surface is
positioned closest to the gingival section of the tooth.
8. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 7 further
comprising an archwire slot cut in the front surface of said
bracket body and a ligature undercut extending completely around
the periphery of said front surface, said ligature undercut being
smooth and concave and having a depth of 0.015mm or less.
9. An orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 7 wherein said
bracket body further comprises an archwire slot, means cut in the
front surface of said bracket body for use in applying mesial or
distal rotational forces to a tooth to which the bracket is
attached, said slot being cut into the front surface of said
bracket body, and a ligature undercut extending completely around
the periphery of said bracket body, and a smooth and convex surface
extending from said ligature undercut to said archwire slot.
10. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 8 wherein said
means comprises a slot cut in the front surface of said bracket
body, said slot being perpendicular to said archwire slot.
11. An orthodontic bracket as defined in claim 3 wherein said base
portion of said bracket extends away from the ligature undercut a
distance sufficient to prevent adhesive used for attaching the base
of the bracket to the labial surface of the tooth from occluding
the ligature undercut.
12. An orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 5 wherein the base
is extended away from the ligature undercut at least for 0.015
inch.
13. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 7 wherein said
plastic is a filled polycarbonate having the following physical
properties:
shear strength ranging from 10,000 to 16,000 p.s.i. and deformation
at 70.degree.F under a 4,000 p.s.i. load being less than 0.1%.
14. In an orthodontic bracket as recited in claim 7 wherein said
plastic is an unfilled polycarbonate having the following physical
properties:
shear strength ranging from 6,000 to 8,500 p.s.i. and deformation
at 70.degree.F under 4,000 p.s.i. load being from 0.1% to 0.3%.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to plastic orthodontic brackets of the type
which are adapted to be directly cemented to the labial surface of
a tooth. More particularly, the invention is directed to the shape
of the bracket body which lessens the tendency of plastic fatigue
found in prior art plastic brackets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior art plastic orthodontic brackets are geometrically
configurated to have the same shape as their all metal
counterparts. The history of use of plastic orthodontic brackets as
a result of this type of design has been replete with frustration
and disappointment caused by bracket distortion and breakage.
Bracket distortion and breakage manifest themselves in increased
clinical time consumption on a per patient basis. As a result of
the clinical time expended in replacing broken and distorted
plastic brackets, many orthodontists insist upon using all metal
brackets even in light of the unaesthetic appearance of the "all
metal look".
The following United States patents disclose plastic orthodontic
brackets which do not have a design which minimizes breakage and
distortion:
3,303,565 2,971,258 3,052,027 3,469,314 3,345,745 3,464,112
3,521,355 3,496,637 3,504,438 3,765,091 3,773,850
None of the aforementioned patents embodies a plastic orthodontic
bracket which is concerned with eliminating bracket breakage or
distortion by utilizing a quasi triangular shaped bracket body,
more effective material bulk distribution between the archwire slot
and a ligature undercut by lessening the depth of the ligature
undercut and the use of a smooth convex shape of the bracket body
which eliminates sharp angles except in the archwire slot and in a
vertical slot disposed perpendicular to the archwire slot which is
used for applying mesio-distal rotational forces to the tooth to
which the bracket is attached.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In light of the disadvantages of plastic bracket breakage and
distortion, the present invention represents a substantial
improvement in minimizing the aforementioned drawbacks by utilizing
a design which incorporates the inherent structural properties of
plastic as the criteria for shaping the bracket instead of the
structural properties of metal.
One aspect of the present invention is the quasi triangular shape
of the bracket body as seen from the facial view. When the bracket
base is attached to the labial surface of a tooth, the narrower
apical section is oriented closest to the incisal section while the
wider base portion of the triangular bracket body is oriented
closest to the gingival section. The quasi triangular shape of the
bracket functions to minimize the forces applied to the bracket
during mastication and occlusion by minimizing the surface area of
the bracket which contacts food or other teeth when the jaws are
about to close during mastication or occlusion.
Another aspect of the invention is the provision of a relatively
shallow ligature undercut which extends at least partially around
the periphery of the side of the bracket body. The ligature
undercut is substantially filed when a small gauge ligature wire or
elastic ring is disposed therein. The preferred depth is
approximately 0.030-0.035 inch. The use of the shallow ligature
undercut insures that the maximum amount of bulk bracket material
is located between the ligature undercut and an archwire slot cut
in the front surface of the bracket body to lessen the chance of
plastic fatigue. The base of the bracket extends away from the
ligature undercut a distance sufficient to prevent the adhesive
used for attaching the back surface of base portion of the bracket
to the labial surface of the tooth from occluding the ligature
undercut.
A final aspect of the invention is that all surfaces on the bracket
body as defined from the ligature undercut extending to the
archwire slot and to a slot disposed perpendicular to the archwire
slot which is used for rotating the teeth mesio-distally are smooth
and convex to lessen internal stress in the bracket body which is
caused by surfaces meeting in sharp corners.
The invention will be readily appreciated by reference to the
detailed description when considered in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals designate
like parts throughout the figures and wherein:
FIG. I is a perspective view of a prior art plastic orthodontic
bracket;
FIG. II is a front view of a plastic orthodontic bracket
constructed according to the invention;
FIG. III is a side view of a plastic orthodontic bracket
constructed according to the invention; and
FIG. IV is a top view of a plastic orthodontic bracket constructed
according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a typical prior art plastic orthodontic
bracket 10 is shown therein. The bracket 10 is comprised of a base
12 and a body 14. Archwire slot 16 is cut horizontally through the
center of the bracket. The upper and lower surfaces 18 and 20 are
of equal width. The bracket 10 may either be cemented to a metal
band which encircles a tooth to provide a strong bond therewith or
cemented directly to a tooth. As may be seen from inspection of
FIG. I, the top and bottom surfaces 18 and 20 of bracket 10 each
have a substantial surface area which is contacted by food or other
teeth during mastication and occlusion. This substantial surface
area causes the body of the bracket 14 to be subjected to
considerable force during mastication or occlusion with the
attendant likelihood of stress fatigue in the plastic body 14 of
the bracket. A ligature undercut 22 is provided partially around
the periphery of the bracket body 14. Ligature undercut 22 is cut
so deep that a small gauge ligature wire or adhesive band would not
substantially fill the ligature undercut 22. The deep ligature
design concept substantially lessens the material bulk distribution
between archwire slot 16 and ligature undercut 22 with the
attendant likelihood of an increase in stress fatigue between these
points. Reference numerals 24, 26 and 28 identify sharp edges
defined by the meeting of relatively flat surfaces. Each of these
sharp edges represents an internal stress point of the plastic
bracket which may fatigue under continued stress.
Referring to FIGS. II-IV, a plastic orthodontic bracket which is
constructed according to the present invention is shown as it would
be attached to a maxillary lateral tooth. Bracket 10 has a
horizontally disposed archwire slot 30 cut in the front surface of
the bracket body 32. The rear surface of base 34 of bracket 10 is
concavely contoured mesio-distally and gingivo-incisally to conform
to the labial contour of the tooth to which the bracket is adapted
to be attached. The base contour of brackets which are used on
different types of teeth are chosen to conform to the different
labial contours of those teeth to which the bracket is to be
attached. The preferred bracket shape is quasi triangular with top
section 36 comprising the base of a triangle while bottom section
38 forms the apical section of a triangle. However, other tapered
geometrical shapes could also be used. Vertical slot 40 is provided
to allow an archwire to be tied in utilizing a mesial or distal
rotational force. The preferred position is over the clinical crown
of the tooth. Ligature undercut 42 is purposely cut shallow enough
to be substantially filled by a small gauge ligature wire or
elastic ring. Preferably, the depth of ligature undercut 42 is
approximately 0.035 inch or less. This shallow undercut provides
maximum material bulk between the ligature undercut 42 and archwire
slot 30 to lessen the chance of plastic fatigue between these
points. The ligature undercut 42 is smooth and concave in shape.
Extending from ligature undercut 42 over the front surface of the
bracket body 32, all surfaces are smooth and convex except the
archwire and vertical slots 30 and 40 to lessen internal stress
which normally occurs in plastic brackets which have sharp corners.
The base 34 of the bracket 10 is extended, as identified by
reference numeral 44, from the ligature undercut 42 a distance
sufficient to prevent the adhesive used for attaching the back
surface of the base 34 to the labial surface of the tooth from
occluding the ligature undercut 42. The lip section 46 of the
bracket body 32 located next to the ligature undercut 42 is
relieved incisally and gingivally to the archwire to facilitate
easy placement of the ligature.
Referring specifically to FIG. III, it may be seen that archwire
slot 30 is not perpendicular to the plane of the base 34. The
archwire slot forms an acute angle which is measured between a
perpendicular line from the base of the archwire slot and the base
of the bracket which is parallel to the labial surface of the
tooth. This acute angulation produces a built in torque in the
bracket which requires less torque to be placed in the archwire.
This configuration produces less destructive wear of the plastic
material where it is in contact with the sharp corners of the metal
wire.
The following table gives the preferred bracket dimensions and
angulations which are to be used with different types of teeth.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
bracket slot base bracket base width angulation curvature height
thickness mm mm mm
__________________________________________________________________________
maxillary central 5.8 6.3 0 21.degree. 0.5 maxillary lateral 4.8
5.3 0 14.degree. 1.0 maxillary cuspid 5.8 6.3 + 7.degree. 0.5
mandibular central 4.8 5.3 0 17.degree. 1.0 mandibular lateral 4.3
6.3 0 17.degree. 1.0 mandibular cuspid 5.8 6.3 + 4.degree. 0.5
__________________________________________________________________________
To use the bracket, base 34 is cemented to the labial surface of
the tooth so that the narrow apex section 38 of the bracket body is
positioned closest to the incisal edge of a tooth to which the
bracket base is attached. This configuration minimizes the forces
applied to the bracket body during mastication and occlusion. While
many types of dental adhesives may be used to cement the bracket
directly to a tooth, the preferred type of adhesive is disclosed in
United States patent application Ser. No. 386,416 filed Aug. 7,
1973.
The preferred type of plastic used in constructing the bracket is
chosen from the polycarbonate family. It has the following physical
properties: If a filled polycarbonate is chosen, the shear strength
should range from 10,000 to 16,000 p.s.i. Deformation at
70.degree.F under a 4000 psi load is less than 0.1%. If an unfilled
polycarbonate is chosen, the shear strength should range from 6000
to 8500 psi. Deformation at 70.degree.F under a 4000 psi load is
from 0.1 to 0.3%.
It should be understood that the foregoing disclosure relates to
only a preferred embodiment of the invention and that it is
intended to cover all changes and modifications which do not
constitute departures from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *