U.S. patent number 3,921,360 [Application Number 05/414,906] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-25 for structural framework and connector therefor.
Invention is credited to Philip M. Baldwin.
United States Patent |
3,921,360 |
Baldwin |
November 25, 1975 |
Structural framework and connector therefor
Abstract
A connector having a shape defining an irregular polyhedron
having twelve surface portions of a regular hexagonal configuration
and six surface portions of square configuration coupled elongated
struts of equal length to provide a structurally stable framework
or lattice type support structure. The connector and coupled struts
provide for fluid and/or electrical distribution throughout the
framework.
Inventors: |
Baldwin; Philip M. (Dallas,
TX) |
Family
ID: |
23643517 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/414,906 |
Filed: |
November 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
52/655.2;
403/171; 403/176 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E04B
1/1906 (20130101); E04B 2001/1927 (20130101); Y10T
403/342 (20150115); E04B 2001/1957 (20130101); Y10T
403/347 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
E04B
1/19 (20060101); E04H 012/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;52/648,655,2 ;46/29
;403/176,171,172 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
|
|
|
|
|
893,969 |
|
Dec 1944 |
|
FR |
|
778,413 |
|
Jul 1957 |
|
UK |
|
498,484 |
|
Sep 1954 |
|
IT |
|
Other References
Dimensions Unlimited AlA File, 12- J, 1964. .
Space Grid Structures by T. Borrego, 1968, MIT Library of Congress,
No. 67-27342, pp. 18-21. .
Zome Primer, by Steve Baer, 1970, pp. 29-34. .
Mathematical Models, by Cundy & Rollett, 1961, Oxford
University Press, pp. 86, 87, 102-105..
|
Primary Examiner: Sutherland; Henry C.
Assistant Examiner: Raduazo; Henry
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Glaser; Kenneth R.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A structurally stable framework comprising, in combination, a
plurality of elongated struts of equal length joined to one another
adjacent their ends, and a plurality of connectors for so joining
said struts;
each of said connectors comprising a three dimensional irregular
polyhedron having a first plurality of discrete surface portions
and a second plurality of discrete surface portions adjacent said
first plurality, said first plurality of discrete surface portions
being regular hexagons formed by adjacently disposed trapezoids
inclined toward one another along a common intersection, said
second plurality of discrete surface portions being squares;
respective means at said first plurality of discrete surface
portions for retaining the said struts in a manner which disposes
the elongated axes thereof normal to the center of said first
plurality of discrete surface portions;
first axes respectively normal to the center of adjacent ones of
said first plurality of discrete surface portions being disposed at
60.degree. with respect to one another and second axes respectively
normal to the center of said second plurality of discrete surface
portions being disposed at 45.degree. with respect to the
immediately adjacent first axes.
2. The framework as defined by claim 1 wherein each square surface
portion is bounded on all sides thereof by four of said hexagonal
surface portions.
3. The framework as defined by claim 2 wherein there are twelve of
said regular hexagonal surface portions and six of said square
surface portions.
4. A supporting framework for a building structure or the like
comprising:
a. a plurality of identical length elongated struts, and
b. connector body means coupling said struts to provide said
framework, said connector body means comprising an irregular
polyhedron having a first plurality of discrete nonplanar surface
portions and a second plurality of discrete surface portions
adjacent said first plurality, said first plurality of discrete
nonplanar surface portions being hexagons formed by adjacently
disposed trapezoids inclined toward one another along a common
intersection;
c. strut receiving openings axially extending into said body at the
center of said nonplanar surface portions, the angle between
adjacent axes of said openings being 60.degree. and the angle
between an axis passing through one of said openings and an axis
normal to the center of an immediately adjacent one of said second
plurality of discrete surface portions being 45.degree..
5. The framework as defined by claim 4 wherein said respective
openings intersect an electrically conductive juncture means, and
electrically conductive means are disposed within said elongated
struts whereby the insertion of said struts into said respective
openings electrically interconnect said electrically conductive
means with one another by way of said electrically conductive
juncture means.
6. The supporting framework as defined by claim 4 wherein said
respective openings are in fluid communication with one
another.
7. The framework as defined by claim 5 wherein means are provided
at at least one of said second plurality of discrete surface
portions for electrically communicating with said electrically
conductive juncture means.
Description
The present invention pertains generally to structural frameworks,
more particularly to structurally stable lattice type frameworks
for building structures or the like, and even more particularly to
a novel connector for such frameworks.
The evergrowing demand for new housing and other buildings or
structures, as well as the continuing increases in construction
costs therefor, have presented a critical need for new and
inexpensive methods of building construction. It has generally been
recognized that, to accomplish these objectives, a minimum of
construction must be carried out at the building site itself; and
that the component parts of the final structure should be
manufactured at a central plant remote from the building site,
these component parts thereafter being transported to, and
assembled at, the site. This method or technique is conventionally
referred to as prefabricated construction.
One approach to prefabricated construction which affords
considerable potential and advantages over conventional
construction involves the erection of a supporting lattice type
framework for a building or the like comprising elongated
structural members or struts which can be joined to one another at
end portions thereof by connectors to form the desired shaped
framework. The struts and the connectors may thus be fabricated
off-site, and transported to, and assembled at, the situs where the
framework is to be erected.
To date, however, there have been a number of disadvantages with
this approach that have prevented it from being satisfactory for
all conditions of service. For instance, while it has been
recognized that such structures, in order to afford the requisite
three-dimensional structural stability, must be built up of, and
have the elongated struts define, closely packed sets of tetrahedra
and octahedra, the configuration of the connectors themselves has
required that the struts be of varying lengths and/or bent or
distorted in some manner to achieve this design. Consequently, the
length of the struts is not subject to standardization, the time
for assembly is prolonged, and the overall objective of minimizing
manufacturing and assembly costs and time, as well as the number of
dissimilar parts, has not been realized.
It is therefore a primary object of the invention to provide a new
and improved structural framework.
It is another object of the invention to provide a new and improved
lattice type support structure for buildings and the like, which
component parts may be economically fabricated at a location remote
from the building site, and then quickly and economically
transported to and assembled at the building site.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide an
improved connector for coupling the elongated structural members or
struts forming a lattice type framework, which assures the
structural stability of the framework, enables the use of struts of
identical lengths, and avoids the necessity of bending or otherwise
distorting the struts to effect the final assembly.
It is an even still further object of the invention to have such
connector so constructed to provide for fluid and/or electrical
distribution throughout the framework.
In accordance with these and other objects, the present invention
is directed to a framework or lattice type support structure formed
of equal length elongated struts joined to one another at their
ends by a plurality of uniquely configured three-dimensional
connector bodies. Each connector, in a preferred embodiment having
a shape defining an irregular polyhedron, has a first plurality of
discrete surface portions adapted to receive the ends of respective
struts in a manner which maintains each strut normal to its
respective surface portion, the adjacent surface portions, and thus
their retained struts, being disposed at 60.degree. with respect to
one another. The resulting framework is thus composed of closely
packed groups of tetrahedra and octahedra, which establishes the
structural stability of the overall framework. If desired, the
struts and connectors can serve as fluid and/or electrical
conduits.
Additional features, objects, and advantages of the invention will
be readily understood by reference to the following detailed
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings
wherein like numerals refer to corresponding parts, and
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional view of either the top, bottom,
front, or rear of a preferred embodiment of the connector
constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
invention;
FIG. 2 is a three-dimensional view of the connector depicted in
FIG. 1, but rotated 90.degree. around the north-south axis;
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional exploded view illustrating, from the
same viewing angle as that depicted in FIG. 2, the coupling of the
struts to the connector;
FIG. 4 is a generally perspective view of a structural framework
formed by the connector and struts depicted in FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the lines 5--5 of FIG. 1,
but illustrating a modification of the connector.
Referring now to the drawings, and initially to FIGS. 1 and 2
thereof, a preferred embodiment of the connector body in accordance
with the principles of the present invention is broadly depicted by
the reference numeral 10. Accordingly, the outer surface of the
body 10 defines an irregular polyhedron having a first plurality of
discrete surface portions 11 of one configuration and a second
plurality of discrete surface portions 12 of a different
configuration.
As subsequently described in greater detail, the elongated struts
forming the framework or lattice type support structure are joined
to one another adjacent their ends by means respectively disposed
at the surface portions 11 so that the elongated axes of the struts
are normal to these surface portions. It has been determined that
in order to insure that the resulting framework is structurally
stable, the surface portions 11 and 12 should be of a number,
shape, and angular relationship which allow all of the struts to be
of equal length and the angle between the elongated axes of
adjacently disposed struts to be maintained at 60.degree. without
having to bend or otherwise distort the strut itself.
In compliance with these constraints, and in accordance with a
unique feature of the present invention, each of the surface
portions 11 is of a regular hexagonal configuration; each of the
surface portions 12 is of a regular quadrilateral (square)
configuration; and each surface portion 12 is bounded on all sides
by four such hexagonal surface areas 11, the boundaries of the
surfaces 12 being respectively congruent with the boundaries 11a of
the surfaces 11, as best depicted in FIG. 2. Thus, the sides 11a
defining the regular hexagonal surface portion 11 are not only
equal to one another, but also are equal to the sides defining the
square surface portion 12. To provide this equality, the surface
portions 11 have respective bisected segments 18 and 19
equalangularly inclined toward the center of the body 10, as
depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2.
As a consequence of the just described shapes and relationships,
the outer surface of the body 10 has twelve surface portions 11 of
such regular hexagonal configuration and six surface portions 12 of
such square configuration. Centrally located at the surface
portions 11, and extending radially inward toward the center of the
body 10, are respective openings 14 having axes 15. In accordance
with a unique feature hereof, the axes 15 (which bisect the angle
between the intersecting segments 18 and 19) of those openings
which are located in immediately adjacent surface portions 11 are
angularly disposed at 60.degree. with respect to one another; and
each axis 16 (which is normal to its surface portion 12) is at a
45.degree. angle with respect to the axes 15 associated with the
immediately adjacent surface portions 11. Thus, struts axially
inserted into the openings 14 have potential angular
interrelationships of 60.degree., 120.degree., 180.degree., etc.,
and 90.degree..
Referring now to FIG. 3, a preferred method for coupling the struts
to the connector 10 is depicted. Thus, each of the openings at the
surface portions 11 may be internally threaded to receive
intermediate coupling members 20 (illustrated in the drawings as
hexagonal nuts) having openings 21 mutually aligned with the
openings 14 and into which the end portions 25a of the elongated
struts 25, preferably of cylindrical configuration, may be joined.
As a consequence, the elongated axes of the struts 25 are normal to
the plane of the openings 21 in which the end portions 25a are
received; and the struts can be selectively coupled at 60.degree.
or any multiple thereof, as well as at 90.degree., with respect to
one another, with up to twelve struts capable of being so coupled
by each connector. For example, a strut A extends from the
connector body at a 60.degree. angle from the strut B, at
90.degree. from the strut C, and at 120.degree. from the strut D.
It is to be understood that while the previous description
contemplates that the coupler at each surface portion 11 provides a
female type receptacle for receipt of the extension 25a of the
strut, it may be desirable to dispose a male type plug or coupler
at each surface portion 11 with the end of each strut so
constructed to receive the male coupler.
As a consequence of the uniquely configured connector 10, as
previously described, an infinite variety of structurally stable
frameworks can be constructed having elongated struts 25 of
identical lengths, and having defined therein closely packed sets
of tetrahedra and octahedra. One such framework or lattice type
support structure is depicted in FIG. 4 by the reference numeral
30, one tetrahedron and one octahedron being outlined by heavy
lines for easy viewing thereof. Panels 40 (one such panel being
depicted in FIG. 4) can then be mounted in any suitable manner
against the surface portions 11 to provide an enclosure having the
shape of, and defined by, the framework 30.
The connectors 10 not only enable the construction of a
structurally stable framework, as previously described, but can be
adapted to provide for fluid and/or electrical distribution to and
from the various spatial enclosures or zones defined by the
framework. Specifically, and with reference now to FIG. 5, each
connector may be internally modified so that the openings 14 at the
surfaces 11 extend through the body of the connector to intersect
with juncture means 45. In addition, a passageway 50 is provided
from at least one of the surface portions 12 which also intersects
the juncture 45.
In order to provide for the distribution of fluids (gas, water,
sewage, etc.) throughout, or between specific zones within, the
framework, the juncture 45 in that instance would be a channel or
open passageway in flow communication with the openings 14; and the
elongated struts 25 inserted within these openings would be hollow
or have elongated channels defined therein in flow communication
with the openings 14, the passageway 45, as well as the passageway
or channel opening 50. The passageway 50 could then serve as an
inlet, for example, for the fluid to be distributed. Hot water, for
example, flowing into the passageway 50 would flow through the
juncture channel 45, and thereafter be distributed to locations
around the framework by way of the radially projecting struts.
Alternatively, the passageway 50 could serve as an outlet for fluid
passing through the struts and connectors.
On the other hand, when electrical distribution is desired, the
juncture means 45 would be of electrically conductive material; and
a conductive insert disposed within the passageway 50 would
electrically interconnect with electrically conductive extensions
in the struts 25 by way of the conductive juncture 45. Power could
then be applied to, or taken off, at the surface 12; the struts
thus serving as an electrical distribution network, as well as
defining the structural framework.
From the above description of the invention, it will be appreciated
that a structurally stable framework composed of closely packed
sets of tetrahedra and octahedra can be constructed using only one
form of connector and struts of identical length. The connectors
and struts can be fabricated from any desired material. For
example, the connector can be formed of a molded glass reinforced
polyester; and the struts can be formed of metal tubing, or when
employed for electrical distribution as previously described, can
be of an appropriate insulating material to provide the requisite
electrical isolation.
Various other modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well
as other embodiments of the invention, may become apparent to
persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
* * * * *