U.S. patent number 3,919,559 [Application Number 05/487,990] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-11 for louvered film for unidirectional light from a point source.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. Invention is credited to Edward J. Stevens.
United States Patent |
3,919,559 |
Stevens |
November 11, 1975 |
Louvered film for unidirectional light from a point source
Abstract
A process for producing film including radiation-opaque
louver-like elements of divergent, or convergent, orientation.
Pairs of such films for example, using radio-opaque louvers, are
valuable as Bucky grids for X-rays.
Inventors: |
Stevens; Edward J. (Lake Elmo,
MN) |
Assignee: |
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
Company (St. Paul, MN)
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Family
ID: |
26962587 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/487,990 |
Filed: |
July 12, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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284403 |
Aug 28, 1972 |
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128280 |
Mar 26, 1971 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
378/154;
976/DIG.429; 428/464 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03B
42/02 (20130101); G02B 17/006 (20130101); A61B
6/06 (20130101); G21K 1/025 (20130101); Y10T
428/31703 (20150401) |
Current International
Class: |
A61B
6/06 (20060101); G21K 1/02 (20060101); G03B
42/02 (20060101); G21F 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;250/508,505 ;161/6 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lawrence; James W.
Assistant Examiner: Grigsby; T. N.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Alexander, Sell, Steldt &
DeLaHunt
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending
application, Ser. No. 284,403, filed Aug. 28, 1972, which was a
continuation-in-part of my application, Ser. No. 128,280, filed
Mar. 26, 1971, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a process for the production of thermoplastic sheet material
having diverging louver elements, the steps of
1. thermally bonding at least one thin sheet of metal to a flat
sheet of radiation-transparent thermoplastic material having
substantially parallel radiation-opaque louver elements at a
uniform angle to its surface to form a hot laminate,
2. arcuately deforming said hot laminate forming an arcuate
laminate having substantially parallel louver elements and cooling
said laminates, and
3. separating each said sheet of metal from said arcuate laminate
after cooling to provide an arcuate radiation-controlling sheet
having substantially parallel louver elements.
2. The process according to claim 1 additional employing the step
of applying flattening means for flattening said arcuate
radiation-controlling sheet to form a light diverging film wherein
the substantially parallel louver elements of steps (1), (2) and
(3) are made mutually divergent.
3. The process according to claim 2 wherein the thermoplastic
material is about 1 mm. thick or less and flattening means is
applied by mounting so as to maintain an essentially flat
configuration.
4. The process according to claim 1 wherein one sheet of metal is
bonded to both surfaces of the thermoplastic material.
5. The process according to claim 1 wherein one sheet of metal is
bonded to each surface of the thermoplastic material.
6. The process according to claim 1 wherein the hot laminate is
arcuately deformed in Step (2) against a cylindrical surface with
the lengths of louver elements parallel to the axis of the
cylinder.
7. The process according to claim 6 wherein the thermoplastic sheet
material is cellulose acetate butyrate.
8. The process according to claim 1 wherein the louver elements are
radio-opaque.
9. A radiant energy diverging film of thermoplastic material of
about 1 mm. or less in thickness, produced by the process of claim
1, and spontaneously flattened to have divergent radiation-opaque
elements.
10. A radiant energy diverging film according to claim 9 having
radio-opaque louver elements, comprised of radio-opaque substance
and compatible thermoplastic binder.
Description
This invention relates to a process for the production of film or
sheet materials having divergent or convergent radiation-opaque
louver-like elements. It further relates to the sheet materials
produced by the process and to laminates of these sheet materials
with one another with axes at different angles with or without
cover sheets and to laminates of single sheets with one or two
cover sheets.
It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,789 of Olsen that film
materials or sheet materials may be produced including louver-like
elements transverse to the plane of the sheet and substantially
normal thereto. Such films with parallel louver elements are known
to collimate incident light and to be valuable for the control of
optical aperture. In this case and elsewhere, parallel indicates
parallelism of the planes of the louver elements within .+-.
3.degree. in extremes although usual deviation is much less, of the
order of .+-. 0.5.degree. to .+-. 2.degree.. It is also known to
produce film in which the louvers are uniformly canted at an angle
such that transparency is only apparent when viewed in a particular
direction. Fortuitously, at times, sheet film has been produced in
which there was a gradual change in angle of cant of successive
louverlike elements; but no control has hitherto been possible such
that desired ranges of cant or sequences were possible.
For certain purposes, it is desirable that light rays be made
divergent or convergent without the use of lenses. A particular
problem in this respect is with regard to X-rays where it is
desired to "focus" for the purpose of giving sharper pictures by
absorption of secondary rays. The focusing of X-rays by the usual
optical lense system is, of course, not feasible. Handmade devices
known as Bucky grids have been produced for such purposes. Because
these are made with considerable difficulty by manual operations,
they are exceedingly expensive, on the order of $100 or more per
square foot. Such grids are usually mounted between the film and
patient and oscillated slightly during exposure to avoid producing
a shadow of the grid in the negative.
It is an object and aim of this invention to provide film material
capable of divergent or convergent orientation of light and other
radiant energy. Other aims and objects will become apparent
hereinafter.
It had been found, in accordance with these objects and aims, that
differential distortion of film or sheets having louverlike
elements transverse and normal to the surfaces is possible under
conditions such that substantially any desired pattern of
convergent and/or divergent louvers is feasible. The procedure is
illustrated herein with particular reference to simple converging
or diverging sheet material, but it will be recognized that
variations on this procedure can be introduced quite readily using
louvers opaque to various wavelengths, variously colored or
combinations of convergence and divergence.
The essential procedure is first, to bond the radiation transparent
thermoplastic sheet containing transverse substantially parallel
radiation-opaque louver-like elements between relatively rigid or
dimensionally stable, but flexible, cover sheets, most suitably of
metal, using enough heat to promote adhesion to give a hot
laminate, second, to form the still hot laminate produced in the
first step around a curved surface so that the louver-like elements
of the original thermoplastic sheet are parallel to the axis of the
curved surface and remain substantially parallel to one another and
third, after cooling, separate the deformed thermoplastic sheet
from the cover sheets. Flattening means is then applied as a fourth
step. In many cases the step required is to press the deformed
sheet into planarity using heat. In other cases, where the sheet is
relatively very thin, of the order of about 1 mm. or less, it may
be usable directly as produced because it then flattens
spontaneously to a sufficient extent to give divergence of the
elements or it may be mounted so as to maintain an essentially flat
configuration.
Without wishing to be bound by the theory, it would appear that the
flattening step may introduce strain which must be relieved by
thermal flattening in the case of thicker materials, but is not so
great as to require relief in the case of thinner materials.
In one variation of the invention, the cover sheets are fastened to
each other along one edge so that angle of cant of the louver
elements is progressive from one edge to the other of the light
diverging sheet. It will be recognized that it is possible to start
with a thermoplastic sheet including regularly canted louver
elements, that is all canted at the same angle, and by this
procedure superpose further progressive cant. For example, starting
with a sheet having 15.degree. cant, a progressive cant of
0.degree. to 15.degree. progressive cant to give one having
0.degree.-30.degree. or two such sheets can be butted to a sheet
having +15.degree. to -15.degree. cant to give a combination of
+30.degree. to -30.degree.. Such techniques are useful for
preparing very large sheets which have a close point for
convergence of elements as will be evident.
The final flattened sheet may, in some instances, be used directly
or it may be covered with clear transparent cover sheets on one or
both surfaces of two or more may be joined together (back to face)
with their louver elements non-parallel and particularly at right
angles, either with or without the use of clear transparent cover
sheets. It will, of course, be also possible to employ louver-like
elements which are colored or which have particular properties. A
particularly useful embodiment of the invention is one in which the
louver-like elements are composed of a radio-opaque substance,
e.g., red lead, or powdered lead in a suitable compatible
thermoplastic binder and two such diverging sheets are cemented
together at right angles to give a screen which can be employed as
a Bucky grid to absorb secondary radiation, i.e., scattered or
stray rays. The range of angles of cant is readily controlled so
that convergence can be at any desired distance from the screen.
The point of convergence is the point at which the radiant energy
source, i.e. X-ray source, is placed.
It will be recognized that refractive indices of thermoplastic
materials used will affect various radiation differently and
visible light will focus differently from X-rays.
I am aware of the procedures proposed for producing Bucky grids
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,122,135 and 2,133,385 which rely on
the difficult step of cutting a curved sheet and subsequently
flattening it. I am also aware of the disclosures on production of
Bucky grids of U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,551,162, 2,336,926, 2,435,823 and
2,566,998. My procedure using adhered dimensionally stable sheets
is quite different from all the above.
The initial sheets having transverse radiation-opaque louver-like
elements are most conveniently made by the process of the
aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,524,789. They may therefore include
substantially any plastic base although cellulose acetate butyrate
is a particularly convenient one. Polyvinyl butyral is also
desirable, but somewhat more difficult to handle because of its
lower melting point. The rigid but flexible cover sheets employed
in the first step of the process are usually thin metal which can
be bent readily but is not so ductile that it is stretched under
the process of the invention. Suitable commonly available materials
include sheets of aluminum of the order of 0.01 to 0.04 inches
(0.25 mm.) thick. The exact thickness of these sheets is, of
course, not critical provided only that they are sufficiently
strong to withstand the subsequent operation in which they are
employed. The surfaces are preferably not glossy when very short
focal lengths are being produced or when subsequent lamination
steps are envisioned. The surfaces should never be exceedingly
rough. Ferrotype sheets as used in photography are convenient and
useful to provide highly polished surfaces. These sheets are not
deformed in the process when the radius of curvature employed is
more than about 25 cm. and they may be reused. Usually the radius
of curvature is from about 25 to 250 cm. A satiny finish is quite
satisfactory for many purposes.
Lamination of the plastic sheet between the two cover sheets is
conveniently carried out in a press at pressures of 25 to 100 psi
and above at temperatures sufficient to soften the thermoplastic
polymer involved, for example, 300.degree. F. in the case of
cellulose acetate butyrate. Suitable padding may be applied on
either side of the sandwich or laminate being made in order to
avoid possible adhesion to the platens, to provide greater
uniformity of heating and, possibly, to moderate or distribute
pressure more uniformly. The use of padding is not, however,
essential to the process of the invention.
The hot sandwich is then deformed by bending over a suitable curved
surface, for example, a section of a cylinder having a radius of
about 24 inches. Smaller radii and larger radii are also useful
from about 25 to 250 cm. Approximately the radius of curvature used
is about twice the focal distance desired. A matching platen may be
used or a sheet of fabric fastened at one edge of the curved
surface may be drawn down taut. After the polymeric material has
cooled, the arcuate thermoplastic sheet separates from the metal
cover sheets as the result of differential expansion, that is, due
to differences in expansion coefficients. The cooled sheet is
normally somewhat less curved or arcuate than the cylinder around
which it was formed to an extent depending upon a number of
factors. The result is that it is not necessary to have a cylinder
of large radius to obtain an arcuate thermoplastic sheet of that
radius. When the thermoplastic sheet is of the order of 1 mm. or
less in thickness, it may fequently be used directly because
mounting means may exert sufficient force to serve as flattening
means but not in the sense of achieving thermal flattening.
The cool arcuate sheet is thermally flattened by application of
pressure and heating to about the extent needed for the initial
lamination step and suitably while applying clear cover sheets. The
cover sheets obviously can be colored if desired. This additional
flattening step is necessary for thicker sheet materials of more
than about 1 mm. thickness and optional for thinner sheet
materials.
The invention is now further explained by the accompanying drawings
which show the process of the invention in an essentially
diagramatic manner and also products of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows the hot lamination step to give the hot laminate or
sandwich.
FIG. 2 shows placing the hot laminate or sandwich in a press to
provide curvature.
FIG. 3 shows the deformation of the laminate or sandwich of FIGS. 1
and 2.
FIG. 4 shows that after cooling, the laminate of FIG. 3 separates
so that the metallic sheets are separated. In this and the
following figures, the arcuate sheet is shown as fully formed
around the cylinder.
FIG. 5 shows placing the deformed sheet of FIG. 4 in a heated flat
press, and
FIG. 6 shows the distortion of the louvers after again pressing
flat.
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the flat sheet of FIG. 6 and
FIG. 8 shows a top view thereof.
FIG. 9 shows a laminate of two sheets as in FIG. 7 with axes at
right angles and FIG. 10 shows the effect when that laminate is
viewed from above.
Referring again to the Figures, thermoplastic lightcontrolling
sheet 10 (suitably about 0.3 to 5 mm. thick) in FIG. 1 having
louver elements 18 is laminated between 0.50 mm. thick sheets of
aluminum 12 by applying pressure (means not shown) to heated plates
16 having non-adhering pads 14. Although some of the desired effect
can be obtained by adhering only one cover sheet, it is preferred
to use two as here described.
The laminate formed may be designated 12-10-12 and in FIG. 2 the
still hot laminate 12-10-12 is placed between arcuate forming means
20,22 using adhesion preventing pad (not shown) if desired and
pressure is applied as in FIG. 3 to deform the laminate. Because
the angular arcs of the upper and lower aluminum sheets 12 are
different although the widths as shown are the same, the apparent
effect of this step is the vertical displacement of the louver
elements 18 although a slight lateral motion of the upper edges may
also occur in this step. At the same time as the laminate is
deformed (FIG. 3), it is cooling because no heat is applied and
adhesion of aluminum sheets 12 relaxes and they are freed as shown
in FIG. 4 having the arcuate light-controlling sheet 30. It is
within the scope of the invention to provide heat during the step
and subsequently cool after deformation. As noted above, if the
arcuate light-controlling sheet is sufficiently thin, of the order
of 1 mm. or less, it may be used at this point relying on mounting
means to provide sufficient flattening means to produce substantial
divergence of the louvers.
The arcuate light-controlling sheet 30 is now placed between heated
platens 16 and non-adhering pads 14 as shown in FIG. 5. The same
apparatus as used in FIG. 1 is shown but, obviously, the exact
piece of equipment is not necessary. Pressure and heat are applied
as indicated in FIG. 6. Because of the way pressure is applied,
there are forces which deform the arcuate sheet 30 into an
optically flat sheet 40 having the louver elements variously and
progressively inclined as shown. Approximately, the maximum angle
of inclination will be a function of the angle in FIG. 5 between
the lower platen 16 and the tangent to the lower surface of sheet
30 at the outermost edge. Clearly, also the smaller the radius of
curvature of sheet 30, the greater will be the maximum inclination
of louver elements 18 in sheet 40. The radius of curvature may be
controlled by the bending means 20, 22 used for deformation in
FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 7 shows a single sheet 40 having convergent (from bottom to
top) louver elements 18. The axis of the sheet is parallel to these
elements. The top view in FIG. 8 shows top edges 50 of louver
elements 18 as full lines and lower edges 52 as broken lines.
Because the elements are opaque, it will be recognized that from
above the sheet 40 will appear more opaque near the edges and more
nearly transparent near the center when viewed at a distance. This
view corresponds to any distance other than what may be designated
the focal length which is the distance above the plane of the sheet
at which extensions of all louver elements would meet. Only at this
focal point will the eye see through the entire sheet; at all other
positions there will be greater or less obscuring along the
edges.
FIG. 9 shows a laminate (which may be further laminated with cover
sheets, not shown, as may also sheet 40 of FIG. 7) of two sheets 42
and 44 at right angles. FIG. 10 shows a top view but because they
would be confusing, only upper edges 50 and 60 of louver elements
are indicated. The effect is to give a rather square hole in the
middle and a focal point from which almost complete transparency is
attained except for some distortion along diagonals. A laminate
such as shown in FIG. 10 in which the louver elements comprise
sufficient radio-opaque material such as red lead, serves to focus
X-rays as a Bucky grid. Other uses will also be evident in signals,
windows, and other articles depending on optical properties or
effects. Thus, a grid of the type shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 may be
used for viewing a television or cathode ray screen from one
specific position which would not be visible or only limitedly so,
from other positions.
* * * * *