U.S. patent number 3,917,442 [Application Number 05/351,359] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-04 for heat gun.
Invention is credited to Dimiter S. Zagoroff.
United States Patent |
3,917,442 |
Zagoroff |
* November 4, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Heat gun
Abstract
Aimable hand held shrink gun for plastic film producing heated
air in 250.degree. to 1000.degree.F range employs high performance
internal combustion burner discharging exhaust gas at velocity
above 4000 feet per minute and temperature on order of
stoichiometric burning temperature, i.e. 3,450.degree.F for propane
fuel. High velocity exhaust gases enter mixing zone preferably in a
divergent manner and with perimeter of gas flow cross-section at
least 25% greater than the perimeter of a circle of equal area, to
provide an extended gas-air interface. The exhaust gas propels and
heats a large volume of ambient air, producing in a practical small
distance a useful flow of shrinking air at the desired temperature.
Preferably the burner outlet is of elongated form with decreasing
cross-section towards outlet, e.g. a multiple legged outlet
cross-section. Preferably a positioning means set a minimum
distance between work piece and outlet. Where the exhaust gas
stream is exposed to admission of increasing air along the length,
the length of the positioning means sets the working temperature.
Preferably a shield extends about the exhaust gas stream,
preferably in the form of a tube with space for ambient air. With
apertures along the tube length, the mass of air increases and
decreases rapidly in temperature therealong. With a closed wall
tube its smallest cross-section defines the amount of ambient air
entrained and thereby sets the discharge temperature. Burners
useful in this heat gun are of high capacity type with jet pump
feed, pressure recovery passage and flame holder positioned at
entry of fuel mixture into the burner chamber. By combining an
ignition chamber upstream of the burner outlet with a flameholder
having thin blades and limited bluff-body effect, an increase in
performance is achievable.
Inventors: |
Zagoroff; Dimiter S. (East
Boston, MA) |
[*] Notice: |
The portion of the term of this patent
subsequent to December 18, 1990 has been disclaimed. |
Family
ID: |
26892647 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/351,359 |
Filed: |
April 16, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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197207 |
Nov 10, 1971 |
3779694 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
431/351; 431/352;
432/222 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F23D
14/02 (20130101); F23D 14/38 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F23D
14/00 (20060101); F23D 14/38 (20060101); F23D
14/02 (20060101); F23D 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;431/347,351,158,352,344
;432/222 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Camby; John J.
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No.
197,207, filed Nov. 10, 1971, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,694.
Claims
I claim:
1. A hand held aimable shrink gun plastic film capable of providing
a shrink-producing flow of heated air in the 250.degree.F to
1000.degree.F range against plastic film lying over an object to be
covered, the shrink gun relying upon fuel along without assistance
of blowers or compressors, said shrink gun comprising a gas jet
adapted for connection to a conventional fuel gas source such as
propane having a stoichiometric burning temperature substantially
exceeding 3000.degree.F, a jet pump activated by said gas jet and
having an opening for drawing atmospheric air for combustion into a
subatmospheric pressure region produced by said jet, said jet pump
constructed to impart velocity to said combustion air by mixing, an
enlarged pressure recovery passage into which the mixture of
gaseous fuel and combustion air proceeds, said recovery passage
constructed to convert velocity head of said gases to a pressure
head exceeding atmospheric pressure, an internal combustion chamber
having an entry into which said pressure recovery passage
discharges, said internal combustion chamber having a flame holding
means at said entry and an outlet discharging into an ambient air
propelling and mixing zone preceding said work object, the
respective parts of said shrink gun constructed to introduce and
burn said fuel in substantially stoichiometric conditions and
discharge combustion gases into said propelling zone at a
temperature exceeding 3000.degree.F and a velocity in excess of
4000 feet per minute in a manner to propel relatively larger
quantities of ambient air in the same direction with attendant
heating thereof by said combustion gases, thereby to produce a flow
against said plastic film at temperature in the 250.degree.F to
1000.degree.F range, consisting in major part of ambient air
propelled and heated by said combustion gases.
2. The shrink gun of claim 1 including positioning means setting a
minimum length of said propelling and mixing zone between said work
piece and combustion chamber outlet, ensuring a flow of heated air
below a predetermined maximum temperature upon the work piece.
3. the shrink gun of claim 2 wherein the combustion gases are
exposed during their travel through said propelling and mixing zone
to admission of increasing quantities of air.
4. The shrink gun of claim 2 wherein said positioning means
comprises a shield member extending at least partly about the
stream of combustion gases, said member providing air flow space
whereby ambient air can flow from surroundings into contact with
said combustion gases.
5. The shrink gun of claim 4 wherein said shield member has
openings along its length exposing the traveling gases to admission
of additional air therealong.
6. The shrink gun of claim 1 wherein said combustion chamber outlet
has a cross-section perimeter greater by at least 25% than the
perimeter of a single circle of identical cross-sectional area.
7. The shrink gun of claim 6 wherein said combustion chamber has a
constant or decreasing flow cross-section area leading to said
outlet.
8. The shrink gun of claim 7 wherein said outlet comprises an
elongated outlet aperture, said combustion chamber having walls
diverging in the direction of elongation of said aperture.
9. The shrink gun of claim 6 wherein the outlet cross-section
comprises a multiplicity of elongated slits.
10. The shrink gun of claim 1 wherein said outlet has portions
directed in divergent outward directions.
11. The shrink gun of claim 10 wherein said outlet comprises a
multiplicity of outlet apertures, axes of some of said apertures
diverging relative to other of said apertures.
12. The shrink gun of claim 1 wherein said combustion chamber has a
restricted entry connected to said recovery passage, said entry
being of substantially smaller cross-section than said passage and
than the combustion chamber downstream thereof, said entry adapted
to produce an inlet velocity to said combustion chamber greater
than the flame velocity of said gas.
13. The shrink gun of claim 12 including a tubular member
surroundinng the outlet of said combustion chamber, said tubular
member providing an air inlet flow cross-section in the vincity of
said outlet which is greater than 5 times the flow area of said
combustion chamber outlet, said tubular member having a length
longer than said combustion chamber.
14. The shrink gun of claim 13 wherein said tubular member has air
inlet openings along its length, for adding air to the stream
flowing through said tubular member.
15. The shrink gun of claim 13 constructed to produce a
predetermined outlet temperature wherein walls along the length of
said tubular member are imperforate, the inlet for ambient air to
said tubular member positioned in the vicinity of said combustion
chamber outlet, and being in the range of 5 to 50 times the volume
of combustion gases, said outlet and said tubular member
cooperating to provide a jet pump for ambient air.
16. The shrink gun of claim 1 wherein said combustion chamber has
an exhaust outlet flow cross-section of extended perimeter,
preferably the outlet formed as an elongated slit, said outlet
defining a propelling means having an extended jet-air interface
effective to propel and mix with large quantities of ambient air
over a short distance before reaching said object to be heated.
17. The shrink gun of claim 16 wherein said combustion chamber in
the region immediately preceding said outlet has walls arranged so
that the flow cross-section does not increase leading to said
outlet, said walls cooperating to achieve a high exit velocity at
said outlet for propelling said ambient air.
18. The shrink gun of claim 17 wherein said flow cross-section of
said combustion chamber decreases leading toward said outlet while
one pair of walls diverge from each other in the direction of said
outlet to produce a high velocity, divergent jet having a
progressively enlarging jet-air pumping interface, for increased
entrainment of air.
19. The shrink gun of claim 16 wherein there are a plurality of
outlet sections for said high velocity gas, preferably these outlet
sections being set at angles to one another, providing a large
jet-air pumping interface for increased entrainment of air.
20. The shrink gun according to claim 19 wherein a single
combustion chamber has angled walls defining gradually diverging
streams, the ends of the walls defining said plurality of
combustion chamber outlet sections.
21. The shrink gun of claim 19 wherein certain outlet sections are
associated with different combustion chambers, all of said
combustion chambers receiving fuel-air mixture from a common mixing
chamber comprising a primary jet pump activated only by a jet of
gaseous fuel.
22. The shrink gun of claim 1 having a bluff body flame holder
means in the path of air-fuel mixture entering said combustion
chamber, producing eddy effects for stabilizing the combustion
process, known per se, and characterized in that said combustion
chamber has an ignition recess adjacent said flame holder means and
well upstream of the outlet of said combustion chamber, said
ignition recess being out of the mainstream of gases flowing from
said flame holder means but in communication therewith and having
spark means known per se for initially igniting the air fuel
mixture, and the said flame holder having insufficient eddy effects
to produce recirculation of gas from the outlet of said combustion
chamber, but sufficient to produce recirculation of gas from said
ignition recess whereby ignition can be initated while said flame
holder introduces only a small pressure loss to gas entering said
combustion chamber.
23. The shrink gun according to claim 22 characterized in that said
bluff body flame holder comprises a series of helical blades (known
per se), the end of said blades being tapered producing only a
limited bluff body effect.
24. A hand held aimable shrink gun for plastic film capable of
providing a shrink-producing flow of heated air in the 250.degree.F
to 1000.degree.F range against plastic film lying over an object to
be covered, the shrink gun relying upon fuel alone without
assistance of blowers or compressors, said shrink gun comprising a
gas jet adapated for connection to a conventional fuel gas source
such as propane having a stoichiometric burning temperature
substantially exceeding 3000.degree.F, a jet pump activated by said
gas jet and having an opening for drawing atmospheric air for
combustion into a subatmospheric pressure region produced by said
jet, said jet pump constructed to impart velocity to said
combustion air by mixing, an enlarged pressure recovery passage
into which the mixture of gaseous fuel and combustion air proceeds,
said recovery passage coonstructed to convert velocity head of said
gases to a pressure head exceeding atmospheric pressure, a
plurality of internal combustion chambers each having an entry into
which said pressure recovery passage discharges, each of said
internal combustion chambers having a flame holding means at its
said entry and an outlet discharging into an ambient air propelling
and mixing zone preceding said work object, the respective parts of
said shrink gun constructed to introduce and burn said fuel in
substantially stoichiometric conditions and discharge combustion
gases into said propelling zone at a temperature exceeding
3000.degree.F and a velocity in excess of 4000 feet per minute in a
manner to propel relatively larger quantities of ambient air in the
same direction with attendant heating thereof by said combustion
gases, the outlets of said plurality of combustion chambers
combining to produce a flow against said plastic film at
temperature in the 250.degree.F to 1000.degree.F range, consisting
in major part of ambient air propelled and heated by said
combustion gases.
25. In a burner for gaseous fuel activated only by the ambient
pressure of a liquid gas fuel source, suitable for use in heat guns
and torches, and comprising a mixing chamber directing air fuel
mixture into a combustion chamber, the mixing chamber in the form
of a primary jet pump activated only by a jet of fuel from said
source which jet entrains air from the atmosphere and forms a
fuel-air mixture, a pressure recovery passage of increased
cross-section wherein velocity head produced by said jet pump is
converted to pressure head, said combustion chamber having a
restricted entry connected to said recovery passage, said entry
being of substantially smaller cross-section than said passage and
than the burner chamber adjacent thereto, said entry adapted to
produce an inlet velocity greater than the flame velocity of said
gas, and a bluff body flame holder means at said entry, said flame
holder means in the path of air fuel mixture entering said
combustion chamber, producing eddy effects for stabilizing the
combustion process, known per se, that improvement wherein said
combustion chamber has an ignition recess adjacent said flame
holder means and well upstream of the outlet of said combustion
chamber, said ignition recess being out of the mainstream of gases
flowing from said flame holder means but in communication therewith
and having spark means known per se for initially igniting the air
fuel mixture, and the said flame holder having insufficient eddy
effects to produce recirculation of gas from the outlet of said
combustion chamber, but sufficient to produce recirculation of gas
from said ignition recess whereby ignition can be initiated while
said flame holder introduces only a small pressure loss to gas
entering said combustion chamber.
26. The burner according to claim 25 wherein said bluff body flame
holder comprises a series of helical blades (known per se) the end
of said blades being tapered producing only a limited bluff body
effect.
27. The burner of claim 25 wherein there are a plurality of
parallel combustion chambers, said ignition recess communicating
directly or indirectly with each of said combustion chambers.
28. A hand held gun for directing a flow of heated air against a
work object, relying upon fuel alone without assistance of blowers
or compressors, said gun comprising the combination of
a gaseous fuel jet adapted for connection to a conventional fuel
gas source,
a jet pump activated by said gas jet and having an opening for
drawing atmospheric air for combustion into a subatmospheric
pressure region produced by said jet, said jet pump constructed to
impart velocity to said combustion air by mixing,
an enlarged pressure recovery passage into which the mixture of
gaseous fuel and combustion air proceeds, said recovery passage
constructed to convert velocity head of said gases to a pressure
head exceeding atmospheric pressure, and
an internal combustion chamber arranged to receive for combustion
said gases discharging from said pressure recovery passage,
said chamber having walls arranged to cooperate with said pressure
head to convery combustion-related gaseous expansion into velocity
head of the combustion products,
said chamber having an outlet constructed and arranged to discharge
said combustion products into an air entrainment zone for mixing
said products with, and transferring heat to, ambient air to
produce at the downstream end of said zone a flow of heated gases
at a selected temperature,
said outlet having an effective wetted perimeter at least 25%
longer than that of a single circle of identical cross-sectional
area, thereby providing an extended interface between combustion
products discharging from said outlet and ambient air, enhancing
said mixing, and reducing the necessary length of said entrainment
zone by comparison with a similar gun having a circular combustion
chamber outlet.
29. A hand held gun for directing a flow of heated air against a
work object, relying upon fuel alone without assistance of blowers
or compressors, said gun comprising the combination of
aa gaseous fuel jet adapted for connection to a conventional fuel
gas source,
a jet pump activated by said gas jet and having an opening for
drawing atmospheric air for combustion into a subatmospheric
pressure region produced by said jet, said jet pump constructed to
impart velocity to said combustion air by mixing,
an enlarged pressure recovery passage into which the mixture of
gaseous fuel and combustion air proceeds, said recovery passage
constructed to convert velocity head of said gases to a pressure
head exceeding atmospheric pressure, and
an internal combustion chamber arranged to receive for combustion
said gases discharging from said pressure recovery passage,
said chamber having walls arranged to cooperate with said pressure
head to convert combustion-related gaseous expansion into velocity
head of the combustion products,
said chamber having an outlet constructed and arranged to discharge
said combustion products into an air entrainment zone for mixing
said products with, and transferring heat to, ambient air to
produce at the downstream end of said zone a flow of heated gases
at a selected temperature,
said outlet being constructed and arranged to cause said combustion
products to discharge into said zone in divergent outward
directions, thereby providing an extending interface between said
discharging products and ambient air, enhancing said mixing, and
reducing the necessary length of said entrainment zone by
comparison with a similar gun having a combustion chamber arranged
for straight-ahead discharge.
30. the gun of claim 29 wherein said combustion chamber has at
least one outwardly flaring wall at said outlet.
31. The gun of claim 30 wherein said outlet is an elongated slit
and said combustion chamber has outwardly flaring walls extending
along the major dimension of said slit.
32. The gun of claim 29 wherein said combustion chamber has a
constant or decreasing flow cross-sectional area leading to said
outlet.
33. A hand held gun for directing a flow of heated air against a
work object, relying upon fuel alone without assistance of blowers
or compressors, said gun comprising the combination of
a gaseous fuel jet adapted for connection to a conventional fuel
gas source,
a jet pump adtivated by said gas jet and having an opening for
drawing atmospheric air for combustion into a subatmospheric
pressure region produced by said jet, said jet pump constructed to
impart velocity to said combustion air by mixing,
an enlarged pressure recovery passage into which the mixture of
gaseous fuel and combustion air proceeds, said recovery passage
constructed to convert velocity head of said gases to a pressure
head exceeding atmospheric pressure,
an internal combustion chamber arranged to receive for combustion
said gases discharging from said pressure recovery passage,
said chamber having walls arranged to cooperate with said pressure
head to convert combustion-related gaseous expansion into velocity
head of the combustion products,
said chamber having an outlet constructed and arranged to discharge
said combustion products into an air entrainment zone for mixing
said products with, and transferring heat to, ambient air to
produce at the downstream end of said zone a flow of heated gases
at a selected temperature, and
a temperature limiting structure extending downstream from said
combustion chamber along said entrainment zone to prevent direct
access of the work object to said combustion chamber outlet.
34. The gun of claim 28 wherein said pressure recovery passage is
part of an elongated passage which is effectively closed to the
atmosphere between said jet pump and said outlet.
35. The gun of claim 33 wherein said temperature limiting structure
is a tubular member having an air inlet flow cross section in the
vicinity of said outlet which is greater than five times the flow
area of said outlet.
36. The gun of claim 35 wherein said tubular member has imperforate
walls extending along its length and has an effective flow capacity
such that the ratio of said flow capacity to that of said outlet
determines the temperature of the resultant flow at the downstream
end of said zone.
37. The gun of claim 36 wherein said tubular member has an outlet
in the form of an elongated slit.
Description
Numerous applications in industry and home require low temperature
heating, in particular heating of plastic film to shrink it about
various objects to form secure, water-proof covers about the
objects, etc. Low temperature in the range of 250.degree. about
1000.degree.F is extremely important since higher temperatures lead
to blistering, cracking and charring of inherently low temperature
materials. One tool used for this purpose is the electric heat gun.
An electric blower passes cold air over a resistance heating
element, and the hot air is directed at the work piece. Two
disadvantages are that the power (hence flow-rate of heated air) is
limited to 3 kw using common electric outlets rated for 30 amp
fuses and the tool is not usable in the field where electricity is
not available.
To get around the first limitation, units have been built in which
a gas flame supplies the heat and a blower is used to mix in
tempering air. These units, incorporating two different power
systems, are relatively complicated, bulky, and expensive. A
typical 25 kw unit intended for hand held use weighs about 12
lbs.
Units that rely on fuel alone, such as hand held torches have the
problem that the flame temperature of common fuels such as natural
gas or propane are quite high, above 3000.degree.F, many more times
the desired temperature. In an attempt to avoid overheating the
product, efforts have been made to slow down the flame being
applied to the work piece by means such as spreaders, or by
employing fuel rich, so-called yellow flames, but still hot spots,
overheating, scorching and charring problems persist.
According to the present invention, it is discovered that a much
more satisfactory low temperature heating device for use as a
shrink gun can be provided. A jet of fuel gas first entrains by jet
pump action a quantity of atmospheric air for combustion, followed
by recovery of the velocity head to produce a pressure exceeding
atmospheric, followed by a combustion chamber whose outlet directs
high velocity, high temperature air into a propelling zone. In the
propelling zone the combustion gases propel relatively larger
quantities of ambient air in the same direction with attendant
moderate heating thereof. The invention employs an intentionally
high velocity, intense burning action rather than the common low
velocity, diffused burning pattern. This appears at first sight
contradictory. Commonly, higher velocity burners are employed to
achieve faster, more intense heating rates. Such behavior can be
illustrated by plotting the time needed to heat the end of e.g. a
copper piece held at the burner outlet, using the same energy input
but varying the exhaust gas velocity directed against the copper.
The higher the velocity, the sooner the copper will be heated, and
at high velocities the copper will melt. The inference here is that
when more gentle heating is sought, lower velocities should be
employed. The prior art gas torches described above attempted to
employ this principle to achieve gentle heating.
But according to the present invention, using the high velocity,
intense burning, the work piece is held some distance away from the
burner, quite beyond the flame. A jet pump effect then is employed
to entrain, propel and mix with large quantities of ambient air. A
high velocity burner according to the present invention can thus
produce a large air flow of desired low temperature (consisting
mainly of ambient air which is propelled in the same direction and
heated by the combustion gases) within a short distance.
These good results are attributable, it is believed, to a
combination of factors. The much higher velocity (for a burner of
given fuel consumption) leads to a smaller area outlet aperture,
which leads to a larger ration of cross-section perimeter to
cross-section area of the stream, which leads to a more effective
air entrainment interface, i.e. higher pumping rate and mixing rate
for a given length of the mixing zone. This can be enhanced by
flattening the burner outlet area or otherwise shaping to get an
extended perimeter of gas-to-air interface. As more and more cold
air is drawn in, the momenntum of the exhaust gas from the
combustion chamber is spread over a much greater air mass; however,
the velocity at the work piece remains sufficiently high to achieve
good heat transfer.
Furthermore the short time it takes for the exhaust gases according
to the present invention to reach desired low treating temperature
means that they are not subject to detrimental buoyancy forces.
Note that for slower burner output velocities, and slower cooling
found in prior devices, the stream of gaseous products is exposed
for a quite long time to the effects of the general surroundings as
it moves to the work piece and it thus starts curving upwards due
to buoyancy forces and becomes seriously prone to being deflected
by drafts of air, becoming uncontrollable.
According to the present invention, it is thus proposed to
construct a heat gun with a high velocity burner and to entrain air
with a jet of the high velocity exhaust gases to produce an air
blast of intermediate or low temperature. In one preferred
embodiment the air entrainment can take place as in a free jet with
a predetermined distance between burner and work piece. The pumping
or entrainment zone preferably is within an open metal cage, one
function of which is to space the burner predictably from the work
piece to assure a predetermined blast temperature delivered to the
work piece and another function is the admission of additional air
along the length. The peak gas product temperature is a predictable
function of spacing to the work piece, thus an adjustable cage or
other standoff or positioning means can be present and
precalibrated for different output temperature requirements.
Another preferred embodiment employs a closed mixing tube of bigger
(by at least 5 times) cross-sectional area than the burner outlet
area. Given a sufficient length of mixing tube, generally 3 to 7
diameters, or shorter where highly dispersive burner outlets are
used, this construction assures complete mixing of the burner
products with the entrained air resulting in high uniformity in
temperature of the resulting stream. The degree of temperature
attenuation (or mixing ratio) is here governed by the ratio of the
mixing tube and burner outlet cross-sectional area, and thus a
desired temperature can be reproduced repeatedly by the
predetermined sizing.
In preferred embodiments the outlet of the combustion chamber is
shaped such that the outlet cross-sectional area and the downstream
cross-section assumes a shape with a perimeter substantially
greater than the radius of a single circle of the same area. Such
outlets typically take the shape of slits, or multiple rounds. By
this means the mixing length to achieve a desired temperature
attentuation is reduced in direct proportion to the
ambient-to-exhaust gas (jet pump) interface, defined by the exposed
perimeter of the stream cross-section. This behaviour can be
illustrated by comparing the mixing length of two burners having
the same fuel-burning capacity and same exhaust gas velocity but
different combustion chamber outlet configurations. An outlet that
has at least 25 percent more flow perimeter than a round outlet
achieves a desired temperature such as 600.degree.F in 12 inches,
contrasted with 30 percent more length for the circular outlet.
Further reduction in mixing length can be achieved if the
combustion chamber is shaped such that the streamlines of the
exhaust gases assume a divergent pattern from the centerline, so
that the perimeter of the stream cross-section downstream of the
outlet is greater than at the outlet and to separate the exhaust
gas molecules from each other as much as possible to maximize
exposure to and mixing with ambient air. In the case of multiple
outlets such a pattern can be achieved by inclining the axes of the
flow paths away from the center line. In the case of slits, such a
pattern can be achieved by tapering the walls of the combustion
chamber away from the center line but maintaining a constantly
decreasing cross-sectional area of the chamber in the region
immediately upstream of the outlet to avoid diffusion or separation
of the flow inside the chamber.
Accordingly to another feature, different outlet sections
associated with different combustion chambers receive fuel-air
mixture from a common primary jet pump activated only by a jet of
gaseous fuel.
A further feature of the invention which enhances the velocity of
the exhaust gases from the combusion chamber--and hence the
secondary pumpting effect on ambient air--also has independent
significance in general for burners powered by liquid gas fuel
sources or other pressure-limited devices. This feature comprises
the use of bluff body flame holders of known types, and
particularly those which swirl the fuel-air mixture entering the
combustion chamber and produce eddying effects for stabilizing the
combustion process in the wakes of the blades. In such prior
constructions the trailing portions have been intentionally very
blunt, for producing a so-called "bluff body" effect, enabling
significant recirculation of portions of the gases in the
combustion chamber. While such bluff bodies have enabled successful
combustion, it is realized that they introduce a significant
pressure loss, so that much of the pressure in the upstream
recovery passage fails to be usefully converted to velocity of the
gas. According to a feature of the invention, it was hypothesized
that much of the recirculation heretofore felt necessary was really
only necessary during the initial stages of ignition, for carrying
the flame back from the outlet to the inlet of the combustion
chamber. According to the invention an igniting recess is provided
adjacent the flame holder, upstream of the combustion chamber
outlet. Also, the ignition recess is positioned out of the
mainstream of gases flowing from the flame holder means but in
communication therewith, this recess being provided with a spark
means for initially igniting the gas fuel mixture. With this
construction smaller or thinner bluff bodies with smaller pressure
drop can be employed, with reduced bluff body effect. Such flame
holders have insufficient eddy effects to produce recirculation of
gas from the outlet of the combustion chamber, but sufficient to
produce recirculation of gas from the vicinity of the ignition
recess. It is found that such a construction successfully initiates
as well as sustains combustion, while the pressure loss across the
flame holder is greatly reduced, and a corresponding increase in
gas velocity effects can be achieved.
FIG. 1 is a partially diagrammatic verical cross-sectional view of
a preferred embodiment having a shrouded propelling and mixing zone
and a flattened and diverging burner outlet. FIGS. 1a, 2 and 3 are
transverse views taken on lines 1a, 2 and 3 respectively in FIG.
1.
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of a second preferred
embodiment; FIGS. 5 and 6 are transverse views taken on lines 5 and
6 respectively of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 illustrates a pallet carrying an object about which is
shrunk a plastic film bay by use of a shrink gun according to the
invention.
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of another preferred embodiment
and FIGS. 9 and 10 are transverse views taken on the respective
lines of FIG. 8.
Referring to FIGS. 1-3 and FIG. 7 pressurized gas G passes through
nozzle 1. The nozzle aims into a duct 3. The nozzle-duct
combination is commonly known as a jet pump and its function is to
entrain atmospheric air A from openings O around the nozzle,
between struts 2, see FIG. 1a. The duct comprises a first inlet
section of gradually converging form 3a, then a straight section 3b
followed by divergent section 3c and then a short length of
straight, pressure recovery section 3d. The pump formed by the
inlet, and subsequent straight, divergent and straight sections
provides a fuel-air mixture in section 3d at as high a pressure as
possible, typically 2 inches water column, up to 4 inches water
column, assuming a pumping pressure of 20 psi for gas G, as from
propane source S.
The mixture is directed into the burner. The burner consists of an
internal combustion chamber 5 and the bluff body flameholder 8. Gas
is burned in the combustion chamber. Flame is prevented from
flashing back into the jet pump because of the design of the
flameholder. Passages, dimension e, are so small that the gas
velocity therethrough is greater than the burning velocity so the
flame simply cannot travel upstream.
At cross-sectional view FIG. 2 the combustion chamber is
cylindrical, and then flattens out, FIG. 3. In this embodiment,
with a spreading flow of the exhaust gases it is important that in
the latter part of the burner, after combustion has occurred, the
passage has equal, or as shown, decreasing cross-sectional area
while, to extend the wetted perimeter, it fans out in one
direction. The flow cross-section area upstream is larger than the
outlet 5.sub.o , FIG. 3. The gases are thus accelerated as they
come out of the burner. The geometry is particularly important in
this latter half of the burner, to maintain velocity and avoid
separation of the stream from the diverging walls.
In this particular burner embodiment there is first a cylindrical
section 5a less than one diameter in length from the flameholder
and then a transition section 5b. In operation combustion initiates
at the flameholder and spreads downstream.
The air enters the inlet 3a at a slow velocity and speeds up to a
very high velocity inside pump 3 reaching, in a typical embodiment,
a maximum around 8,800 fpm in section 3b. In the diffuser 3c it
slows, the velocity energy converting to static pressure head,
reaching a velocity of 2,200 fpm in pressure recovery section 3d.
When the gas enters the burner 5 and is heated it tends to expand
and it increases in velocity again to a maximum in the outlet
5.sub.o of the burner around 14,570 fpm. From then on the gas
starts to entrain large quantities of ambient air A.sub.2 and the
mixture slows down.
In a typical embodiment according to FIG. 1, the following
conditions can be measured: distance from Output mass flow rate
outlet 5.sub.o in Temp. gas velocity pounds per inches .degree.F
feet per minute minute ______________________________________ 0
3450 14,750 1.5 4 2100 4,400 3.4 6 1450 2,800 5.3 8 1100 2,100 7.3
10 900 1,635 9.3 12 770 1,375 11.2 14 660 1,175 13.4 16 590 1,025
15.4 18 530 920 17.5 20 475 830 20 22 435 760 22.3 24 400 690 24.7
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In this embodiment the mixing process is obtained in what is called
a free jet in which air can enter the mixing stream at any point
downstream, entering through the series of apertures 19 distributed
along the length of tube or shroud 11. This mixing is very
length-dependent. As can be seen from the foregoing table the
further downstream from the burner the more air is drawn in, the
lower the temperature has dropped. This temperature attenuation
curve is very predictable for each size of outlet and velocity
through it. Due to the fact that there is an ever decreasing
temperature, one can select the temperature wanted. To assure
constant spacing, a device such as cage 11 serves to position the
burner relative to the workpiece and still admit air for
mixing.
In the embodiment of FIG. 1 for different temperatures at the end
of shroud 11 one needs only to position its end in the appropriate
location. It thus sets a maximum temperature deliverable to the
workpiece and by moving away one can obtain lower temperatures.
The embodiment of FIG. 1 has other details. At the entry to the
combustion chamber 5 the flame holder 8, as seen in FIG. 2, has a
plurality of helical blades set about a center, with thin trailing
edges t. Adjacent this flame holder is a recess 13 out of the
mainstream but in communication therewith. In this recess is spark
plug 15 which is actuated by a hammer blow upon piezo crystal 17
located in the handle, actuated by plunger 21.
This unit can readily be made to have for instance a rating of 30
kw (100,000 BTU per hour) with outlet velocities for instance of
1500 ft/min, at output temperatures of 1000.degree.F, or with
suitable shortening or lengthening of member 11, respectively
higher and lower velocities and temperatures.
The uniit is light-weight and can be readily aimed at a plastic
film bag 20 of 5 feet dimension on each side, see FIG. 7 pulled
over an article on a pallet. By holding the unit of FIG. 1 one or
two feet away from the film, and progressively sweeping the output
across, up and down and around the object, the plastic film (e.g.
plyethylene of 0.006 inch thickness) rapidly shrinks until it
tightly hugs the article, providing a weather proof covering
therefor.
The embodiment of FIGS. 4-6 is identical to that of FIG. 1 up to
line L. From there the gas passage branches to a number of small
combustion chambers 30 each of which has its own helically bladed
flame holder 35 having thin trailing edges. One of the combustion
chambers has an ignition recess as described for FIG. 1, and
another has a passageway 37 communicating with the first, to be
ignited thereby.
The outlet sections of each combustion chamber diverge as described
above, terminating in an elongated outlet slit, these slits being
in an array with axes X and Y of the long dimensions intersecting
at the center of the array. These individual outlets and the array
are effective to produce a very large jet-to-air interface for
effective pumping and entrainment of air, as in duct 7.
The duct 7a is open at its ends and has imperforate walls along its
length.
In effect the hot gases from the burners 30 drive a second jet
pump, mix and heat ambient air A. Duct 7 of this second jet pump
has a cross section area, shown in FIG. 6, which is substantially
larger than the outlet area of the burner, with an order of
magnitude from 5 to 50. The air inlet 7a to duct 7 is of
corresponding size, due to its flare form, positioned by struts 6
concentrically about the burner. The velocity of the hot gases
entrains cold air, and this stream mixes in the duct, the function
of the duct being to equalize the velocities and the temperature of
the mixture. If the duct were cut too short a hot core and a cold
outside would be found. Complete mixing occurs so that after a
length of more than about 3 diameters up to 7 depending upon
design, equal temperature and equal velocity come out. The amount
of air entrained is governed primarily by the area ration of duct 7
to the burner outlet area. Typically, to achieve the same low
temperature with same burner design, the length of shroud 11 of
FIG. 1 beyond the burner will be less than the length of tube 7 of
FIG. 14, and hence FIG. 1 may be more convenient for certain
applications. Where the uniformity of the temperature of all air
emitted from the outlet is important, one may choose however the
embodiment of FIG. 4 over that of FIG. 1. Another advantage of FIG.
4 is that it is windproof in high cross winds, useful for instance
around airports and railroads.
Referring to the embodiment of FIGS. 8-10, it is identical in
principle to FIG. 4 up to flameholders 35, the exception being that
the end of the single pressure recovery passage discharges into
twin branches passages and combustion chambers instead of into four
of them. In this particular embodiment the slit-form outlets of the
combustion chambers are spaced apart with their long dimensions
parallel, and side by side. The pair of outlets discharge into a
perforated shroud 11b, similar in its apertures to the shroud of
FIG. 1, but being of generally square cross-section, see FIG. 10.
In a preferred embodiment the shroud is 6 inches long measured from
the outlet of the combustion chamber and 8 inches wide and high. In
an embodiment identical to FIG. 1 up to line L, at its outlet T
there is observable a temperature of 750.degree.F, peak velocity of
1340 fpm and a mass flow rate of 11.6 pounds per minute. This
compares most closely to the 12 inch distance for the embodiment of
FIG. 1 and thus demonstrates that the same output can be got over
much shorter propelling and mixing distances using multiple outlet
arrangements.
In typical use, in shrinking plastic pallet wrap about objects on
pallets, the operator will take into account how fast he moves the
gun and the thickness and nature of the plastic film when
determining the particular distance he employs between the gun and
the thermoplastic film. For instance using a 0.006 thick
polyethylene film and a shrink gun according to FIG. 1 rated at
120,000 BTU per hour a film section of 1 foot height can be shrunk
at a speed of travel of the gun of 32 feet per minute, at a spacing
of 1 foot away, measured from the combustor outlet. Also, where
tears in the film occur, he may patch them simply by moving the gun
closer, softening the area of the tear and then applying a patching
piece of similar thermoplastic film.
It will be understood that numerous variations in the specific
construction are possible within the spirit and scope of the
following claims.
* * * * *