U.S. patent number 3,916,366 [Application Number 05/517,880] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-28 for thick film varistor and method of making the same.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Dale Electronics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Clinton F. Jefferson.
United States Patent |
3,916,366 |
Jefferson |
October 28, 1975 |
Thick film varistor and method of making the same
Abstract
A thick film varistor comprising a substrate material having a
varistor film or material printed thereon. Terminal conductors are
electrically connected to the varistor film to terminate the
varistor. The varistor material is comprised of a reacted material
consisting of nickel oxide and lithium carbonate. The varistor
material may also comprise glass frit material, solvent material
and binder materials mixed with the reacted material. If desired,
electrically conductive metal powders may be incorporated in the
varistor material to vary the resistivity of the varistor material.
The method of making varistor is also disclosed.
Inventors: |
Jefferson; Clinton F. (Norfolk,
NB) |
Assignee: |
Dale Electronics, Inc.
(Columbus, NB)
|
Family
ID: |
24061612 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/517,880 |
Filed: |
October 25, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
338/21; 29/610.1;
338/306; 338/328; 252/516; 338/307; 338/325; 252/519.32;
252/521.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01C
7/108 (20130101); H01C 17/06533 (20130101); Y10T
29/49082 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
H01C
17/06 (20060101); H01C 7/105 (20060101); H01C
17/065 (20060101); H01C 7/108 (20060101); H01C
007/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;338/20,21,306-309,325,328 ;252/516,519 ;29/610 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
3180841 |
April 1965 |
Murphy et al. |
3429831 |
February 1969 |
Garfinkel et al. |
3682841 |
August 1972 |
Matsuoka et al. |
3689863 |
September 1972 |
Matsuoka et al. |
3760318 |
September 1973 |
Masuyama et al. |
|
Primary Examiner: Albritton; C. L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Zarley, McKee, Thomte &
Voorhees
Claims
I claim:
1. A thick film varistor, comprising,
a substrate material,
a varistor material positioned on said substrate material,
terminal conductors electrically connected to said varistor
material,
said varistor material being comprised of a reacted material
consisting of nickel oxide and lithium carbonate.
2. The varistor of claim 1 wherein said lithium carbonate comprises
1 to 6 percent by weight of the said reacted material and wherein
said nickel oxide comprises 94 to 99 percent by weight of the
reacted material.
3. The varistor of claim 1 wherein said varistor material also
comprises a glass frit material mixed with said reacted
material.
4. The varistor of claim 3 wherein said varister material also
comprises solvent and binder materials mixed with said glass frit
material and said reacted material.
5. The varistor of claim 3 wherein said varistor material also
comprises electrically conductive metal powders mixed with said
glass frit material and said reacted material.
6. The varistor of claim 5 wherein said metal powder is silver
powder.
7. The varistor of claim 5 wherein said metal powder is nickel
powder.
8. The varistor of claim 4 wherein said solvent material is butyl
carbitol acetate and wherein said binder material is ethyl
cellulose.
9. The varistor of claim 1 wherein said varistor material
approximately comprises 17.06 percent by weight nickel
oxide-lithium carbonate; 17.06 percent by weight nickel powder;
22.75 percent by weight glass frit; 7.84 percent by weight ethyl
cellulose; and 35.29 percent by weight butyl carbitol acetate.
10. The varistor of claim 1 wherein said varistor material
approximately comprises 34.12 percent by weight nickel
oxide-lithium carbonate; 22.75 percent by weight glass frit; 7.84
percent by weight ethyl cellulose; and 35.29 percent by weight
butyl carbitol acetate.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a thick film varistor and more
particularly to a thick film varistor having the varistor film or
material printed on a substrate material wherein the film is
comprised of a reacted material consisting of nickel oxide and
lithium carbonate.
The art of making thick film resistors is well known and is
described in the prior art. This invention relates to an improved
process and the formulations thereof for the preparation of thick
film symmetrical nonohmic resistors, known to the industry as
symmetrical varistors.
Therefore, is a principal object of the invention to provide an
improved thick film varistor.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method of
producing a thick film varistor having improved operating
characteristics.
A further object of the invention is to provide an economical
method of producing a thick film varistor.
A further object of the invention is to provide a thick film
varistor wherein the varistor characteristics may be modified by
the incorporation of a metal powder so as to modify the resistivity
thereof.
These and other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the
art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
This invention consists in the construction, arrangements and
combination of the various parts of the device, whereby the objects
contemplated are attained as hereinafter more fully set forth,
specifically pointed out in the claims, and illustrated in the
accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a varistor produced by the method
of this invention:
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a modified form of the
varistor:
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a still further modified form of
the varistor; and
FIG. 4 is a sectional view as seen along lines 4 -- 4 of FIG.
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1, the numeral 10 refers to one form of the varistor while
the numerals 12 and 14 refer to other forms of the varistors in
FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively. Varistor 10 comprises a pair of
terminal conductors 20 and 22 having the varistor material 18
sandwiched therebetween. Conductors 20 and 22 and material 18 are
positioned on a ceramic substrate body or material 16.
Varistor 12 comprises electrical conductors 26 and 28 having the
varistor material 19 electrically connected thereto and extending
therebetween. Conductors 26,28 and material 19 are positioned on
the ceramic substrate body or material 24.
With respect to FIG. 3, the numerals 30 refer to terminal
conductors which are electrically connected by the varistor
material. Conductors 30 and varistor material 32 are positioned on
substrate body or material 34.
The varistor is prepared by the following process. Conductive
nickel oxide powder is prepared by ball milling nickel oxide powder
with lithium carbonate powder in an acetone solution to obtain a
homogeneous mixture which is then dried. The dried powders are then
reacted at elevated temperatures between 1050.degree.-1200.degree.C
to obtain a conductive nickel oxide. The amount of lithium
carbonate in the mixture influences the conductivity of the
resultant oxide powders, and percentages of 1 to 6 percent of
lithium carbonate by weight have been found to be preferred. The
reacted material nickel oxide and lithium carbonate is then ball
milled in acetone until a desired particle size is obtained. The
powders are then dried and screened through a 325 mesh sieve.
The nickel oxide-lithium carbonate mixture is then formulated into
a thick film paste using procedures well known to those skilled in
the art of formulating thick film resistor materials. Glass frit in
the lead borosilicate system may be used if desired, as can other
glass systems, with the choice of the glass system depending on the
subsequent firing temperatures at which the thick film varistor is
to be fired. Solvents and thixotropic binders may be used, such as
butyl carbitol acetate, and ethyl cellulose, but the solvents and
binders may be selected from other materials.
The resistivity of the material may be modified by the addition of
conductive metal powder such as silver powder or nickel powder. The
conductive metal powders control the value of k in the formula I =
kV.sup.n where I = Current in amperes, k = constant, V = Voltage
and N = an exponent. The metal powders may be used in various
amounts depending upon the value of k required. Silver powders are
found to be the most effective in controlling the low-current value
of the resistivity and weight ratios of Ni.sub.1 -xLi.sub.x O:Ag of
100:0.0 to 50:50 have been found to produce excellent thick film
varistor pastes.
The thick film varistor paste prepared according to the method
described above is then printed on the substrate bodies 16, 24 or
34 (and conductors) in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 respectively (such as
Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) in a manner familiar to the thick film industry.
It should be understood that other suitable substrate materials
known to the industry may also be used. The terminal conductors
illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are used to terminate the varistor
and may be comprised of such materials as Pt-Au, Pd-Au, Pd-Ag or
Pt-Ag. It has been found that silver bearing conductors result in
the best terminations and are the preferred embodiment. The thick
film varistors are then dried and fired at temperatures of
600.degree. to 950.degree.C peak temperatures. The total furnace
profile may vary from 20 minutes to 1 hour depending on the peak
furnace temperature and the composition of the glass frit selected
in the formulation.
The pattern used to print the thick film varistor may be varied and
any conventional pattern currently used to print thick film
varistors may be used. The selection of the pattern is based on the
desired varistor characteristics. It has been found that for high
current, low voltage applications, the pattern or embodiment shown
in FIG. 1 is preferred while the design illustrated in FIG. 2 is
preferred for low current applications. The parallel combination of
varistors shown in FIG. 3 may be used when the current voltage
characteristics of the parallel varistors are closely matched.
Depending on the configuration used for the varistor pattern,
different varistor formulations are found to be desirable. The
varistor configuration of FIG. 1 requires less conductive varistor
paste than do the configurations of FIGS. 2 and 3. Varistor
formulations which have been found to be useful for the different
varistor designs are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 ______________________________________ Compositions, % For
design of For design of Ingredients FIG. 1 FIGS. 2 and 3
______________________________________ Ni.sub.1.sub.-x LiO.sub.x
powder 34.12 17.06 Ag or Ni powders -- 17.06 Glass Frit 22.75 22.75
Ethyl Cellulose 7.84 7.84 Butyl Carbitol 35.29 35.29 Acetate 100.0
100.0 ______________________________________
Thus it can be seen that a method has been provided for making a
thick film varistor having improved operating characteristics. Thus
it can be seen that the varistor and method of making the same
accomplishes all of its stated objectives.
* * * * *