U.S. patent number 3,914,461 [Application Number 05/439,347] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-21 for electrostatic coating method.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Electrostatic Equipment Corporation. Invention is credited to William C. Goodridge.
United States Patent |
3,914,461 |
Goodridge |
October 21, 1975 |
Electrostatic coating method
Abstract
Objects are coated by passing them along a travel path adjacent
a baffle, on the opposite side of which a cloud of
electrostatically charged particles is generated, and across an
elongated edge portion of which the charged particles may readily
pass. Generally, at the beginning of the travel path the lower
portions of the objects will be masked by the baffle so as to
promote deposition of the particles upon the upper surfaces
initially. As it proceeds along the travel path, progressive
exposure of the lower portions of the object will permit the
complete and uniform coating thereof.
Inventors: |
Goodridge; William C.
(Branford, CT) |
Assignee: |
Electrostatic Equipment
Corporation (New Haven, CT)
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Family
ID: |
26944072 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/439,347 |
Filed: |
February 4, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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254472 |
May 18, 1972 |
3828729 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
427/461; 427/185;
427/468; 427/195 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05C
19/025 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05C
19/02 (20060101); B05C 19/00 (20060101); B05b
005/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;117/DIG.6,93.4R,17,93.44,21 ;118/301,406,634,DIG.5 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sofocleous; Michael
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a division of copending application for U.S.
Letters Patent Ser. No. 254,472, filed on May 18, 1972, and now
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,828,729.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In a method for electrostatically coating an object, the steps
comprising: generating a cloud of electrostatically charged
particles adjacent one side of a generally upstanding baffle having
an elongated edge portion permitting ready passage thereacross of
said charged particles from said cloud, and passing at least an
axial portion of an object to be coated laterally adjacent the
other side of said baffle along a predetermined travel path which
traverses the imaginary, laterally-extending projection surface of
said edge portion at a nonperpendicular angle thereto, said baffle
initially blocking from contact by said particles at least said
axial portion of the object, and causing exposure of progressively
lower vertical portions thereof for contact by said particles
during passage of the object along said travel path thereby, so as
to develop a coating on said axial portion along an axis that is
angularly displaced from the axis of said travel path.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein a multiplicity of objects are
sequentially passed along said travel path for coating.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said travel path extends between
two of said baffles, and wherein a cloud of electrostatically
charged particles is generated adjacent the outer side of each of
the baffles to simultaneously effect particle contact upon opposite
sides of the object during passage therealong.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a second cloud of
electrostatically charged particles is generated at a location
spaced along said travel path from the location of said
first-mentioned cloud, the particles of said second cloud having a
charge of substantially different magnitude than the particles of
said first-mentioned cloud.
5. The method of claim 1 including the additional step of heating
the object subsequent to deposition of particles thereon, said
particles being of a heat-fusible material and said heating step
thereby producing a fused coating thereof upon the object.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the objects are suspended during
passage along said travel path.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said edge portion slopes
downwardly in the forward direction of said travel path and wherein
said object is passed thereadjacent along a travel path that is
substantially horizontal.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said edge portion is substantially
horizontal and wherein said object is passed thereadjacent along a
travel path that is disposed at an angle to said edge portion.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said object is rotated about a
vertical axis during passage along said travel path.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of generating a cloud
of electrostatically charged particles comprises passing a stream
of gas upwardly through a bed of particles to cause fluidization
thereof, and electrostatically charging said particles.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Apparatus and techniques have been disclosed in the prior art by
which a variety of objects can be coated by the electrostatic
deposition of particles thereon. One highly effective and
convenient type of apparatus that is used for such coating consists
fundamentally of a particle bed fluidizing device equipped with an
electrode for producing an electrostatic charge on the particles.
Exposure of the object to be coated to the cloud of charged
particles so produced, while the former is maintained at an
effectively opposite potential (normally grounded), will cause
electrostatic attraction and adherence of the particles thereto.
The object may then be heated or otherwise treated so as to fuse
the particles into a unified surface coating, depending of course
upon the nature of the particles and other factors.
Although such apparatus is used with a high degree of satisfaction
for the coating of many different types of objects (such as
continuous lengths of wire, tubing, and the like as well as
individual objects which may be passed into or adjacent the cloud
of particles), it is not fully satisfactory for the production of
uniform coatings upon objects having an axial length which is
greater than a certain value. This is due largely to the
characteristic of such charged particles of seeking the shortest
and most direct route to a surface for deposition. In other words,
the charged particles will deposit upon the most accessible area of
effectively opposite charge, and consequently objects which have
surfaces at substantially different distances above the bed will
acquire heavy deposits upon their lower portions while developing
progressively thinner coatings on the upper surfaces. In addition,
the absolute height to which any particle rises will have a finite
value, which will depend upon the physical characteristics of the
particle and the potential difference existing between it and the
attracting body. The voltages necessary to charge particles
sufficiently to cause them to rise to surfaces which are more than
a given distance above the bed become prohibitive, from the
standpoints of both safety and also satisfactory operation, as a
result of which miscoating of the upper portions of many objects
would frequently occur under practical operating conditions.
Accordingly, it is the principle object of the present invention to
provide a novel method by which articles of significant axial
length may be uniformly coated with charged particles from a cloud
thereof.
It is also an object of the invention to provide such method which
is highly efficient, safe, simple and convenient to perform.
A more specific object is to provide a novel method for the coating
of an object of significant axial length with charged particles
produced in an electrostatic fluidized bed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that the foregoing and related objects of the
invention can be readily attained in a method for electrostatically
coating an object, which comprises the steps of generating a cloud
of electrostatically charged particles adjacent one side of an
upstanding baffle, and passing the object to be coated along a
predetermined travel path adjacent the other side thereof. The
upstanding baffle is adapted to block at least an axial portion of
the object. It has an edge portion which is adapted to permit
passage thereacross of charged particles from the cloud, and which
is configured to progressively expose the axial portion of the
object for contact by the particles during its passage thereby.
In practicing the method of the invention a multiplicity of objects
may be sequentially passed along the travel path for coating; they
may be suspended in an appropriate manner during such passage, and
they may be rotated about a vertical axis if so desired. Depending
upon whether the edge portion of the baffle slopes downwardly (in
the forward direction of the travel path) or is substantially
horizontal, the object may be passed thereadjacent along a travel
path that is, respectively, either substantially horizontal or
disposed at an angle to the edge portion. Most desirably, the
travel path extends between two of such baffles, with a cloud of
electrostatically charged particles being generated adjacent the
outer side of each one thereof to simultaneously contact opposite
sides of the object during passage therealong. The method may
include the step of generating at least a second cloud of particles
possessing an electrostatic charge of substantially different
magnitude than that of the particles of the first-mentioned cloud.
It may also include the step of heating the object subsequently to
the deposition of particles thereon, in which instance the
particles will be of a heat-fusible material with the heating step
thereby producing a fused coating thereof upon the object. In the
most preferred embodiment, the cloud of charged particles is
generated by passing a stream of gas upwardly through a bed of
particles to cause fluidization thereof, and electrostatically
charging the particles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary side elevational view in partial section of
apparatus suitable for use in practicing the method of the present
invention:
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatical side elevational view of the conveyor
and the exposed one of the pair of baffles employed in the
apparatus of FIG. 1, drawn to a reduced scale and showing a number
of cans being transported for electrostatic coating;
FIG. 3 is a right end view of the parts of the apparatus
illustrated in FIG. 2 and drawn to a scale slightly enlarged
therefrom;
FIG. 4 is a right end elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 1
drawn to an enlarged scale;
FIG. 5 is a section view along line 5--5 in FIG. 1, drawn to the
scale of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary plan view in partial section of the
apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a side elevational diagrammatical view of a different
baffle and conveyor arrangement suitable for use in the practice of
the method of the invention; and
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 showing another type of baffle
suitable for use therein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
Turning now in detail to FIGS. 1 - 6 of the appended drawings,
therein illustrated is apparatus which includes an electrostatic
fluidized bed unit comprised of a fluidized bed base and a cover
therefor, generally designated by the numerals 10, 12 respectively.
The cover 12 has a peripheral flange 14 with a downwardly opening
channel 16 in which is received the upper edge of the sidewall 18
of the base 10. A number of hook locks 20 are spaced about the
opening of the base 10, and cooperate with corresponding studs 22
on the flange 14 to lock the cover 12 thereto. The tubular elements
24, which provide a frame bed for the base 10, rest upon
substructure elements 25; the fluidized bed unit is connected to
the chassis by anti-vibration members 26, and means (not shown) is
provided to vibrate the unit, with the members 26 serving to
prevent transmission of motion therefrom to the substructure.
As may best be seen in FIG. 5, the base 10 includes a pair of
parallel upstanding interior walls 28 which cooperate with a base
plate 30 to define a central trough 32 running along most of the
length of the unit. The walls 28 also cooperate with the bottom
walls 34 to define two elongated lateral plenum chambers 36, which
are coextensive with the trough 32 and lie on opposite sides
thereof. Air inlet ports 38 extend through the bottom walls 34 and
have diffusion plates 40 positioned thereover, the latter serving
to promote distribution along the length of the chambers 36 of air
injected through the ports 38.
A peripheral flange 42 extends about each of the chambers 36 to
provide support for a chamber-spanning porous plate 48 which is
spaced thereon above the bottom wall 34. Interposed between the
flanges 42 and the plates 48 are thin layers 46 of gasket material,
and strut elements 44 extend across the flanges 42 to strengthen
the base 10 and to provide additional support for the plates 48.
The rectangular frames 50 secure (such as by flat-headed screws)
the porous plates 48, and also support the grid-type electrodes 52,
which are substantially equal in area to the plates 48. The
electrodes 52 are maintained in place by appropriate frames 54,
which may be welded or otherwise secured thereto, the frames 54
being fastened to the flanges 42 by round-headed screws 56.
An elongated baffle 58 is secured to each of the interior walls 28
by cooperating clamps 62, which are tightened thereagainst by the
nut and bolt fasteners 64 which pass through the walls 28 and
through the elongated slots 66 in the baffles 58. As will be
appreciated, the slots 66 enable adjustment of the height as well
as the angular attitude of the baffles 58 with respect to the
interior walls 28. Each of the baffles 58 has an upper edge 60
which slopes downwardly toward the outlet end of the unit, i.e., in
a downstream direction; the edges are in substantial horizontal
alignment, and the baffles 58 are parallel, to thereby define a
passageway 68 of uniform width along the full length of the baffles
58.
The cover 12 has a number of spaced reinforcing webs 70 and
upstanding flanges 72 which extend along its entire length on
either side of the passageway 68. The flanges 72 cooperate with an
enclosure or cowling (not illustrated) which substantially
surrounds the unit and has marginal edges abutting against the
flanges 72 to prevent the entry of powder or debris thereinto. A
feed conduit 73 is attached to the cover 12 to provide means for
furnishing powder to the unit from a reservoir or supply thereof
(not shown), and means (also not shown) may be present within the
unit for detecting the quantity of powder therein to automatically
control the feed operation on a continuous basis. The bottom of the
unit is furnished with two hoppers 74 which communicate with the
central trough 32 and have conduits 76 extending downwardly
therefrom. The conduits 76 are hooked into a vacuum system (not
shown) to enable the withdrawal of excess powder which would
otherwise tend to accumulate in the trough 32, and the butterfly
disk 78 and operating mechanism 80 therefor, which are provided on
each conduit 76, control the vacuum effect. Each hopper 74 has a
cleanout opening 82 that is normally closed by a cover assembly 84,
the principal purpose of which is to permit the ready removal of
the articles, which may fall into the trough 32 from time to time
during the coating operation.
As is most readily seen in FIGS. 1 annd 6, a narrow end wall 86
lies transversely between the interior walls 28 adjacent the outer
ends thereof and defines, in cooperation with the outer end wall 88
of the unit, a plenum chamber 90 extending across the width
thereof. As in the case of the elongated plenum chambers 36, the
plenum chamber 90 is provided with inlet ports 92 and diffusion
plates 94 for the injection and distribution of air, and the
peripheral flange 96, which projects inwardly from about the
chamber 90, supports a porous plate 96, a peripheral frame 100, a
grid 102, and a grid frame 104. Mounted through the bottom wall 36
beneath the plate 98 are cables for appropriate electrical
interconnection, the cables 106, 106' providing high voltage to the
grids 52 and 102, respectively (the grids 52 normally being
maintained at a higher voltage than grid 102), and the cables 108,
108' being connected respectively (by means not shown) to the frame
bed 24 and the flanges 72 to maintain them at ground potential.
Adjacent the outlet end of the unit and in communication with the
passageway 86 is a channel extension 110, which serves to enable
the controlled release of powder that may become trapped between
adjacent articles, vacuum means being attached to the extension 110
for that purpose if so desired. As suggested in FIGS. 2 and 3, a
conveyor 112, which is electrically grounded at 113, is disposed
above the unit and has a multiplicity of mounting hangers 114
depending therefrom, each supporting a can 116 thereon for coating.
The conveyor may be of any conventional design, and the hangers may
desirably be electrically conductive and have magnetic coupling
elements on the ends thereof to support the cans and maintain them
at ground potential; of course, when different articles are to be
coated in the unit other support means may be more suitable. As the
arrow in FIG. 2 indicates, the conveyor 112 transports the cams 116
from left to right along a horizontal path through the passageway
68. Initially, the cans 116 are substantially entirely blocked or
masked by the baffles 58; however, due to the slope of the upper
edges 60, as the cans 116 proceed downstream progressively lower
surface portions become horizontally alligned with the edges 60 and
thereby exposed for powder contact behind the baffles 58.
Since, as has previously been pointed out, the lower portions of
the cans 116 or other depending objects most readily attract the
charged particles, considerably lower voltages are necessary to
generate a cloud capable of producing a deposite thereon. The
plenum chamber 90 and the porous plate 98 and electrode 102
associated therewith (which constitute a substantially independent
cloud chamber or charged particle-generating effect) may therefore
be used for this purpose, with the electrode 102 being charged to a
substantially lower voltage to afford concomitant power economy and
convenience of operation. As will be apparent, the cans 116 proceed
on the conveyor 112 downstream through the passageway 68 between
the baffles 58, over the electrode 102, and outwardly from the unit
through the extension 110. They may then pass through sequential
excess powder removal, heating and cooling stages, and preheating
effects ahead of the fluidized bed unit may also be provided.
Although the foregoing apparatus may be preferred, it will be
evident that many variations are possible; one alternative is
depicted in FIG. 7, showing a simple modification of the
arrangement of the conveyor and baffles employed. Thus, the baffle
58' is substantially the same as baffle 58 of the preceding
figures, but has a free upper edge 60' which is substantially
horizontally disposed. The conveyor 112' is comparable to the
previously-described conveyor 112 but, rather than extending
horizontally, it is slightly inclined. As a result, objects
depending from the conveyor 112' are progressively exposed behind
the baffle 58' with virtually the same coating effect as is
produced by the apparatus of the previous figures.
However, the apparatus of FIG. 7 affords the advantage of enabling
the coating of objects of increased axial length in a direction
generally perpendicular to the fluidized bed (extended dimensions
parallel to the bed of course presenting little difficulty).
Because the edge 60' is a uniform distance above the electrodes
(not illustrated, but horizontally disposed therebelow), and the
objects pass from a position lower than the electrode location, the
axial length that can be coated is not limited by the height to
which the charged particles are capable of rising. As will be
noted, this is not true of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 - 6 due to the
parallel disposition of the travel path of the cans 116 and the
electrodes 52; in such apparatus, it will not generally be feasible
to coat objects having portions that are more than about 6-8 inches
above the electrodes.
A second modification of the apparatus is shown in FIG. 8 wherein,
rather than utilizing a free upper edge of the baffle to provide
the edge portion across which the charged particles must pass, the
baffle 58" has a complex slot 60" consisting of three rectilinear
elements a, b, c, extending therein in the general direction of the
travel path. The baffle 58" cooperates with the conveyor 112" to
progressively expose lower portions of objects depending therefrom
as they travel in the direction indicated by the arrow. It will be
noted that the central element b of the slot 60" is substantially
horizontal, as a result of which no fresh surfaces of the objects
will be exposed during passage thereby. An exposure of extended
duration will thereby be afforded, as may be desirable in coating
an object having a central portion which is somewhat inaccessible
or on which a heavier coating is desired. From this simple
illustration it will be appreciated that many variations in the
configuration of the edge portion are possible to achieve a wide
variety of coating effects, and it should be clear that, although
continuous rectilinear edge portions have been illustrated, in some
instances it may be desirable to utilize discontinuous edges or
curvilinear portions to achieve the deposits desired.
Other variations in the apparatus are of course possible, and
include the provision of different arrangements and greater or
lesser numbers of electrodes, plenum chambers, etc., to generate
different cloud chamber effects and to expose the objects to
different conditions during passage along the travel path. Although
not specifically discussed heretofore, it will be appreciated that
a single-effect fluidized bed may be employed with the objects
passing behind only one baffle interposed therebetween.
The materials of construction will be equally obvious to those
skilled in the art, and need not be discussed in detail. However,
perhaps it should be mentioned that the construction of the
fluidized bed is desirably largely of a plastic or other dielectric
material, so as to prevent interference by the elements thereof
with the efficient deposition of powder upon the objects. It might
also be important to note that, although it is most desirable to
maintain the objects at ground potential during deposition, they
may be at other potentials, as long as adequate attractive and
adhesive forces are produced; moreover, electrical connections to
the objects may be dispensed with entirely in some instances.
Virtually any powder that is conventionally used for electrostatic
powder coating may be employed to provide the charged particles in
accordance with the present invention. For example, resins such as
polyvinyl pg,11 chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, epoxides,
acrylics, polyesters, etc. may all be used successfully in
accordance herewith. Among the myriad uses for the type of
apparatus illustrated, the coating of aerosol and food and liquid
packaging cans, tanks for fire extinguishers and gas storage,
transformer housings, and boxes of various types and configurations
might be mentioned as exemplary.
Thus, it can be seen that the present invention provides a novel
method by which articles of significant axial length may be
uniformly coated with charged particles from a cloud thereof, and
more specifically with particles produced in an electrostatic
fluidized bed. The method is, in addition, highly efficient, safe,
simple and convenient to perform.
* * * * *