U.S. patent number 3,911,845 [Application Number 05/254,190] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-14 for sailing hydrofoil craft.
Invention is credited to Gerald Herbert Holtom.
United States Patent |
3,911,845 |
Holtom |
October 14, 1975 |
Sailing hydrofoil craft
Abstract
A monohull sailing hydrofoil craft having one or more foils on
either side of the craft arranged so that the heel of the craft
caused by the wind whilst sailing causes the windward foil or foils
to lift clear of the water without any action by the helmsman, the
foils being designed so that the righting force they apply by
virtue of their shape and without the action of any buoyancy in the
foils is such as to counteract the heeling forces.
Inventors: |
Holtom; Gerald Herbert (Hythe,
EN) |
Family
ID: |
10055328 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/254,190 |
Filed: |
May 17, 1972 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
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May 17, 1971 [GB] |
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15228/71 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
114/39.24;
114/274; 114/126 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63B
1/24 (20130101); B63B 2035/009 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63B
1/24 (20060101); B63B 1/16 (20060101); B63b
039/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;114/39,66.5H,126
;280/213 ;244/105,106,108 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Blix; Trygve M.
Assistant Examiner: Goldstein; Stuart M.
Claims
I claim:
1. A sailing craft comprising: a monohull with accommodation for a
helmsman, outrigger means extending in an athwartship's direction
either side of the monohull, at least one port and starboard
hydrofoil having a negative buoyancy characteristic mounted rigidly
on the outboard end of the outrigger means, the leading edge of the
port and starboard hydrofoils being shaped so as to be parallel
with the fore and aft line of the craft, the entire lower surface
of at least the trailing portion of each hydrofoil being disposed
at an angle outwardly turned with respect to a fore and aft line,
divergent in plan and downwardly convergent in an athwartships
vertical plane to exert a righting moment on the craft when
submerged during forward movement having a horizontal component
acting in opposition to the horizontal component of the force of
the wind on the sail, said hydrofoils being slightly dished between
said leading edge said trailing portion, and said hydrofoils being
mounted to position the lowermost extremities of both said
hydrofoils substantially no lower than the designed water level,
whereby the heel of the craft when sailing raises the windward
hydrofoil above the water and at least partially submerges the
leeward hydrofoil.
2. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the hydrofoils are mounted
to position the centre of pressure of the hydrofoils in
substantially the same vertical plane as the centre of effort of
the sail or sails.
3. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the port and starboard
hydrofoils are of a substantially triangular shape mounted so that
the apex of the triangle downward, the side of the triangle
opposite the apex being substantially parallel with the fore and
aft designed water line, the two remaining sides being equal and
the apex angle being between 90.degree. and 110.degree. and
preferably 100.degree..
4. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the hull has a
semi-circular cross-section at least amidships and below the water
line.
5. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the trailing edge is turned
outboard at an angle of 5.degree. to 21/2.degree. to the fore and
aft line.
6. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the outrigger means
comprise port and starboard outriggers slidably mounted in the hull
of the craft, whereby the beam of the craft can be reduced when the
craft is not sailing.
7. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein the area of the hydrofoil
or hydrofoils on each side is between 41/2% and 10% of the sails
area.
8. The sailing craft of claim 1 wherein further hydrofoils are
provided at or near the bow and stern.
Description
The present invention relates to sailing hydrofoil craft.
In a conventional sailing craft, the design is such as to attempt
to maintain the craft in as upright a condition as possible in
order to achieve the best aerodynamic conditions for the sail or
sails and to reduce the hull resistance to a minimum. Such a craft
uses a keel and/or ballast and a small craft may be assisted by the
crew `sitting out` on the windward side, in order to obtain the
best sailing condition.
Further improvements in performance have been obtained by
increasing the length of a craft in proportion to the breadth or
beam of the craft. This results in a reduction of lateral stability
which conventionally may be counteracted by providing out riggers
or floats or by making the craft as a multi-hulled craft.
Reductions in drag have recently been achieved by the use of
hydrofoils which lift the hull of a craft out of the water.
Unfortunately the various attempts at combining the effect of a
hydrofoil with a high length to beam ratio craft has usually
resulted in a craft which though perhaps in theory in a light wind
might appear to offer a successful design. Yet, when applied to a
practical craft it has been found not to measure up to the
performance of conventional craft because either the strain on the
equipment was too much or the craft was unmanoeuvrable, the
contrivance was too delicate to stand up to being left at moorings
or difficult to beach and transport.
The problem, therefore was to provide a stable and practical craft
which used hydrofoils in such a way as to attempt to maintain a
sailing craft in a near upright condition whilst reducing immersed
surfaces, ballast and weight to a minimum. Those immersed surfaces
which existed should present as low a beam or width in proportion
to their length and the unnecessary provision of floats or bouyant
hydrofoils on outriggers which only added to the bulk weight and
drag should be avoided. Retention, meanwhile of well tried and
conventional methods of manoeuvring when sailing into the wind
would be retained and the craft tacked in a normal manner.
Accordingly the present invention consists in a monohull sailing
hydrofoil craft having hydrofoils mounted rigidly on outriggers
either side of the craft at such a height above the load water line
so that on a reach or tack the windward hydrofoil or hydrofoils is
or are lifted clear of the water.
Such a craft has the advantage that the windward hydrofoil or
hydrofoils do not counteract the effect of the leeward foils and
that when the craft is tacked or wears the non-engaged hydrofoil
hydrofoils are heeled into an active condition whilst the former
leeward hydrofoil are lifted clear of the water. The helmsman,
meanwhile can ignore the hydrofoils and concentrate on obtaining a
correct trim of the sails or sails.
In a preferred embodiment the craft may have the centre of pressure
of the hydrofoils in substantially the same plane as the centre of
effort of the sail or sails. This ensures that the craft is stable
as regards steering and it may be possible with careful triming of
the sail or sails for the craft to steer itself.
The hydrofoils may be formed with a substantially triangular shape
mounted so that the apex of the triangle is downward, the side of
the triangle opposite the apex being substantially parallel with
the fore and aft designed water line, the two remaining sides being
equal, and the apex angle being between 90.degree. and 110.degree.
and preferably 100.degree..
These triangular hydrofoils ensure that the greater the immersion,
the proportionally greater the area of area of hydrofoil is engaged
with the water and this helps to achieve a stable opposing moment
to the heeling force due to the wind pressure on the sail or
sails.
The hull may have a semi-circular cross-section below the water
line and the curve of the semi-circle may extend above the water
line to meet a deck.
This feature ensures that the immersed surface of the hull remains
substantially constant with a variation of heel.
The hydrofoils are preferably shaped so that the leading edge is
parallel with a fore and aft line of the craft, whilst the trailing
edge is turned outboard at an angle of 5.degree. to 21/2.degree. to
the fore and aft line. This feature assists stability in
steering.
The outriggers may be slidably mounted in the hull of the craft, so
that when the craft is moored or being transported the overall beam
is reduced.
The hydrofoil area may be between 41/2% and 10% of the sail
area.
In the accompanying drawings :
FIG. 1 is an elevation taken from the port side of a craft
according to the invention,
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken across the craft of FIG. 1,
and
FIG. 3 is a plan of the craft shown in FIG. 2.
In carrying into effect the invention according to one convenient
mode by way of example the drawings show a hydrofoil sailing craft
having a hull 1 of length of 52 feet and a beam of 8 feet 9 inches
being a scaled up version of a 20 feet 5 inches .times. 2 feet 11
inches prototype. On either side of the hull 1 are hydrofoils 2
mounted on outriggers 3. The hydrofoil area is about 35 square
feet. The boat has a single bermudan main sail and foresail 5 and a
conventional mast 6. At the outboard end of the outriggers 3 the
hydrofoils 2 are mounted with a dihedral of 45.degree. to
55.degree. and maintained at that angle by struts 7 and 7a. Struts
7 act from a point near the centres of area of the foils to a cross
bar 7b between the outriggers 3.
As may be seen in FIG. 1 the shape of the foils is triangular with
the apex A downward and the side opposite the apex, being the upper
side, mounted so as to be substantially parallel with the designed
water line W.sub.f W.sub.a. The triangular shape of the foil has a
leading edge 10 and trailing edge 11 of approximately equal length
and the angle at the apex A is preferably about 100.degree. but
optionally between 90.degree. and 110.degree.. The shape of the
foil can be changed from a triangular shape which from experiment
would seem to be necessarily isosceles in shape, to a right curved
shape such as a semicircle.
As may be seen in FIG. 3 the foils are slightly dished so that the
leading edge 10 cuts the water at an angle parallel to the fore and
aft line FA, whilst the trailing edge 11 trails at an angle of
approximately 21/2.degree. away from the fore and aft line FA, the
prototype using an angle of about 5.degree..
It will be seen in FIG. 1 that the centre of effort C.sub.s of the
sail 5 is in the same substantially vertical plane as the centre of
pressure C.sub.h of the port or leeward hydrofoil. In FIG. 2 it can
be seen that the starboard or windward foil is out of the water so
that it has no effect apart from its weight on the transverse
stability of the craft. An angle of heel of 121/2.degree. is
obtained before the windward foil enters the designed water line.
It will also be seen from FIG. 2 that the transverse stability is
in the main due to a balance of the horizontal component P.sub.h,
of the hydrofoil righting force P.sub.h acting in opposition to the
horizontal transverse component F.sub.w of the pressure acting on
the sail through the centre of effect C.sub.a, the components
P.sub.h, and F.sub.w acting about the axis of rotation X. The
triangular shape of the foils ensures that with a greater value of
F.sub.w, a greater area of immersion of the foil is caused which
proportionally increases the value of P.sub.h, until equilibrium is
again achieved. The effect of the foils is such that listing angle
.phi. is small and the mast of the craft is maintained in a fairly
upright condition, thus ensuring a good performance from the
sail.
By increasing the performance of the sail, the weight and drag of
the craft can be reduced and assisted by the low drag of the thin
and light bow and stern foils 15 and 16, a very high speed craft
may be obtained. In trials such a craft has reached speeds of over
twice wind speed.
It is clear from the previous description of the forces involved
that by increasing the transverse distance from the hydrofoil to
the centre line of the craft, a greater sail area can be
carried.
In FIG. 1 can be seen that the bow foil 15 is arranged to be
retractable for stowage and use in shallow water. The rudder 17 and
stern foil 16 is mounted on a horizontal pivot 18 so as to ensure
that it may also be retracted or rather lifted clear of the water.
A snap pin 19 is provided so that if an obstruction is hit the
rudder 17 and foil 16 may lift and not be damaged. The rudder 17 is
stearable about a vertical pivot 20 in a conventional way by means
of a tiller 21 and wires 22 connected is a steering wheel 23 in the
cockpit 24. A forward steering position 25 is provided.
In FIG. 2, there can be seen the arrangement for slidably mounting
the outriggers 3 in the hull. The hull is provided with glass
reinforced plastic tubes 30 laid up into the hull and a bulkhead so
that the outriggers 3 can slide 10 feet right through the hull so
as to project 5 feet 9 inches on the opposite side, thereby
reducing the overall beam from 40 feet to approximately 20 feet. A
bracing wire 31 and stainless steel strip 32 are provided to
strengthen the outriggers.
Sails for the 52 feet craft are anticipated as being approximately
380 square feet for the mainsail, 110 square feet for the foresail
with the addition of a further foresail area 90 square feet if
required.
The hull is manufactured from glass fibre reinforced plastics
material with P.V.C. rigid foam bulkheads.
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