U.S. patent number 3,911,307 [Application Number 05/483,537] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-07 for spark plug.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. Invention is credited to Kenji Goto, Daisaku Sawada.
United States Patent |
3,911,307 |
Goto , et al. |
October 7, 1975 |
Spark plug
Abstract
A spark plug for electric ignition of the fuel-air mixture is
disclosed, which spark plug is provided with a central positive
electrode and an outer negative electrode facing the positive
electrode via a sparking gap, and further comprises an electric
insulator member for enclosing the sparking gap so that a discharge
chamber is defined by the insulator member, said positive electrode
and negative electrode, the discharge chamber being operable to
produce plasma-like gas while discharging occurs between both said
electrodes, and at least a nozzle is provided for said discharge
chamber for enabling the plasma-like gas to jet into the fuel-air
mixture. The spark plug can be adapted for use in a spark ignition
type internal combustion engine.
Inventors: |
Goto; Kenji (Susono,
JA), Sawada; Daisaku (Susono, JA) |
Assignee: |
Toyota Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki
Kaisha (JA)
|
Family
ID: |
14239317 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/483,537 |
Filed: |
June 27, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Sep 5, 1973 [JA] |
|
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48-99137 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
313/143; 313/141;
313/138; 313/142 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02P
19/02 (20130101); F02B 1/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02P
19/00 (20060101); F02P 19/02 (20060101); F02B
1/00 (20060101); F02B 1/04 (20060101); H01T
013/20 () |
Field of
Search: |
;313/138,141,142,143 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Rolinec; R. V.
Assistant Examiner: Hostetter; Darwin R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kenyon & Kenyon
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A spark plug for electric ignition of a fuel-air mixture, of the
type having an outer metal body including a cavity provided with a
restricted opening at one end, a central electrode and insulating
means for supporting the central electrode in the outer body with a
tip of the electrode positioned within the cavity, the outer metal
body serving as an outer electrode facing the central electrode via
a sparking gap defined between the central electrode and the wall
of the cavity, wherein the improvement comprises:
an electric and heat insulator member lining substantially the
entire inner wall of the cavity in the outer body from the tip of
the central electrode to at least adjacent to the restricted
opening for enclosing the sparking gap so that an insulated
discharge chamber is defined by said insulator member in
conjunction with said central electrode and said outer electrode,
said insulated discharge chamber being small enough to be capable
of maintaining a sufficiently high temperature to produce
plasma-like gas when a spark discharge occurs between both said
electrodes, and said restricted opening is at least not larger than
the cross section of said discharge chamber to provide a throttling
nozzle for enabling said plasma-like gas to jet at high velocity
into said fuel-air mixture.
2. A spark plug as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a second
chamber formed in said outer metal body, said second chamber being
connected to said discharge chamber through said nozzle and having
a through hole to connect said second chamber with fuel-air mixture
outside of said spark plug.
3. A spark plug as claimed in claim 1, wherein said discharge
chamber is elongated, one end of said chamber being defined by the
tip of said central electrode, the opposite end being defined by a
portion of said outer metal body adjacent to said nozzle, and the
side wall of said chamber being defined by said insulator member,
the wall thickness of said insulator member being less than the
length of said elongated chamber.
4. A spark plug as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional
area of the discharge chamber in a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the central electrode is no greater than the cross-sectional
area of said central electrode.
5. A spark plug as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cross-sectional
area of the discharge chamber in a plane perpendicular to the axis
of the central electrode is substantially equal to the
cross-sectional area of said central electrode.
6. A spark plug as claimed in claim 5, wherein the insulator member
lining the cavity in said outer metal body extends to the inner
edge of the restricted opening from said cavity.
7. A spark plug as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least
one additional nozzle opening from said discharge chamber to
provide additional high speed jets of plasma-like gas for
contacting a larger amount of fuel-air mixture outside the chamber.
Description
The present invention relates to a spark plug adapted for use in a
spark ignition engine in order to ignite the fuel-air mixture by
utilizing a spark discharge between the positive and negative
electrodes of the spark plug.
In spark ignition engines, poor ignition and misfire often occur
during operation when using lean fuel-air mixture. In order to
attain reliable ignition of such lean fuel mixture, diverse
investigations and improvements have conventionally been carried
out. Among these investigations and improvements, a method of
increasing spark discharge energy and another method of improving
the shape of electrodes of a spark plug have been conducted with
respect to spark plugs.
However, in a conventional spark plug in which a spark is produced
in a sparking gap defined between positive and negative electrodes
by applying extreme high potential between the electrodes, and
where the produced spark ignites the fuel-air mixture by directly
heating the mixture with the energy thereof, it is known that
increasing the spark energy over a specified value (the general
specified value is thirty mili joules) cannot be effective for
increasing ignitability over a given extent. The reason for this
fact is understood in that the spark energy is not effectively
transmitted to the circumferential mixture. That is to say, as only
a limited partial mixture around the sparking gap is heated up to
an ignitable temperature by the spark energy, even if a small
spot-like flame is initially generated by ignition of the mixture,
said small spot-like flame is immediately cooled down so as to be
extinguished by the circumferential unburnt mixture, or often by
the electrodes themselves before the small spot-like flame becomes
larger flame. Thus, the flame propagation is not obtained, and
misfire occurs in the engine. In order to prevent this kind of
failure to ignite, a method for making the spark jump in the high
speed flow of the mixture has been practiced so that the spark
energy is transmitted to the widest possible extent throughout said
mixture, within a limited time. However, it is understood that this
method still deteriorates the ignition ability of a spark ignition
engine, since when the spark jumps in the mixture having large flow
rate, the discharge between electrodes is made unstable.
In the shape of positive and negative electrodes of a conventional
spark plug, investigations and improvements were made so as to
satisfy the requirements for preventing the scattering of the
initial spot-like flame generated by ignition, as well as for
preventing the initial spot-like flame from being cooled down by
the electrodes themselves. However, these two requirements are
inherently contradictory, and as a result, no electrode of any
shape in a conventional spark plug has been found which can satisfy
both requirements. Thus, the improvements in the shape of
electrodes of a spark plug still have not contributed to an
increase in the ignition ability of the spark plug.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a
spark plug which is capable of exhibiting an excellent ignition
ability.
According to the present invention, a spark plug for electric
ignition of the fuel-air mixture, which is provided with a central
positive electrode and an outer negative electrode facing said
positive electrode via a sparking gap, comprises an electric
insulator member for enclosing the sparking gap so that a discharge
chamber is defined by the electric insulator member and the
positive and negative electrodes, said discharge chamber being
operable to produce plasma-like gas while discharging is held
between said both electrodes, and at least a nozzle is provided for
said discharge chamber for enabling said plasma-like gas to jet
into said fuel-air mixture.
The present invention will readily be understood from the ensuing
description of embodiments with reference to the accompanying
drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a front elevation view of a spark plug with an electric
circuit system, in part cross section, according to an embodiment
of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the portion designated by an
arrow P in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 through FIG. 6 are partial cross sectional views of the
other embodiments of the present invention, which respectively show
only the portions corresponding to the portion P of FIG.1.
Referring to FIG. 1, a spark plug is provided with a centrally
positioned positive electrode (a central positive electrode) 10, a
tubular insulator 11 for electrically isolating the central
positive electrode 10, a threaded part 13 for enabling the mounting
of the spark plug onto an engine, a plug holder 12, with a
hexagonal head 14 for locking of the spark plug, a grounded or
earth electrode (a negative electrode) 15 formed as one part with
the plug holder 12 and disposed to be opposite to said central
electrode, and a gasket 16. It should be noted that the
construction of the spark plug shown in FIG. 1 is quite similar to
that of a conventional spark plug, except for the portion
designated by an arrow P. Therefore, the present description will
hereinafter be directed mainly to this portion designated by said
arrow P.
Referring to FIG. 2, the insulator 11 extends so as to enclose the
sparking gap formed between the central plug 10 and the earth
electrode 15. That is to say, a considerably small discharging
chamber 17 enclosed by the central electrode 10, together with the
grounded electrode 15 and the insulator 11, is formed. This
discharging chamber 17 is capable of serving to prevent diffusion
of energy of the spark which is produced between both electrodes 10
and 15. Thus, the energy of the high-tension spark allows the
mixture within the chamber 17 to produce a plasma-like gas. This
plasma-like gas jets into the associated combustion chamber (not
shown) through a nozzle 18 formed in the earth electrode 15. It
should be noted that said nozzle 18, which allows said plasma-like
gas to jet into the combustion chamber, also allows the mixture or
the mixture containing residual gas to flow into the chamber 17
from the combustion chamber.
When the spark plug of the present invention is mounted onto an
engine, the spark plug operates as follows.
As is shown in FIG. 1, the electrode 15 is grounded, and the
central electrode 10 is connected to a high-tension current
generator H which is connected to a battery B. When electric
current is applied between the electrodes 10 and 15 under a high
electric voltage so as to synchronize with the ignition timing of
the engine, the breakdown of the electric current takes place
between both electrodes while producing a high-tension spark. A
part of the energy of the high-tension spark is supplied to the
mixture staying in the discharging chamber 17 so as to heat said
mixture. As the discharging chamber 17 is formed as a spatially
isolated chamber enclosed by the electrodes 10 and 15, and by the
insulator 11, the energy supplied to the mixture within the chamber
17 is completely prevented from being diffused. Therefore, the
mixture within the chamber 17 is subsequently supplied with the
thermal energy of the spark, and is heated extremely rapidly. As a
result, the heated mixture within the chamber 17 is altered into
said plasma-like gas due to the occurrence of partial ionization in
the heated mixture. It should be understood that the production of
the plasma-like gas is accompanied by thermal expansion of the
mixture within the chamber 17, which expansion increases the
pressure in the discharging chamber 17 thereby allowing said
plasma-like gas within the chamber 17 to jet into the associated
combustion chamber at a quite high speed, through the nozzle 18.
The jetted plasma-like gas designated by the reference G in FIG. 2,
includes therein a high thermal energy together with a high kinetic
energy of positive ions and electrons which are contained in said
plasma-like gas. Therefore, the plasma-like gas jetting from the
discharging chamber 17 can effectively supply the high thermal
energy to an extensive amount of the mixture staying in the
combustion chamber of an engine, so that said extensive amount of
said mixture is heated and ignited. In other words, in accordance
with the present invention, the energy of the spark is effectively
transmitted to the extensive amount of said mixture within the
combustion chamber of an engine. Also, it should be understood that
the flame propagation takes place according to the present
invention, since in the combustion chamber, the flame of the
mixture ignited by the plasma-like gas is not cooled or
extinguished by the electrodes of the spark plug or other cold
elements because the flame production occurs in places far from the
electrodes or other cold elements.
Further, in the spark plug of the present invention, as shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2, the sparking gap itself, defined between both
electrodes, is contained in the small discharge chamber 17. As a
result, the spark discharge which takes place in the sparking gap
is not affected by the flow velocity of the mixture in the
combustion chamber. Thus, a stable discharge can be maintained over
a considerably long period, and the total amount of the energy of
the spark is increased.
FIGS. 3 through 6 show the other embodiments of the present
invention, respectively. It should be understood that each of these
embodiments is provided with a structure similar to that of the
embodiment of FIG. 1 except for the portion corresponding to the
portion P of FIG. 1, and therefore FIGS. 3 through 6 show only the
respective portions corresponding to said portion P of FIG. 1.
Also, it should be noted that in FIGS. 3 through 6 like elements or
like parts are designated by the same reference numerals as in FIG.
1.
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a spark plug which is provided
with a precombustion chamber 19 formed in front of the nozzle 18 by
an extension 15a of the earth electrode 15. The precombustion
chamber 19 is connected to the associated combustion chamber (not
shown) of an engine through a through-hole 20 in the extension 15a.
In the case of this embodiment of FIG. 3, plasma-like gas produced
in the chamber 17, jets into the precombustion chamber 19 through
the nozzle 18 in the same manner as described with reference to
FIG. 2. As a result, the mixture staying in the precombustion
chamber 19 simultaneously ignites and burns. Subsequently, in
response to an increase in the internal pressure of the
precombustion chamber 19, which increase takes place by a
temperature raise within the chamber 19, the combustion gas within
the precombustion chamber 19 together with the plasma-like gas from
the nozzle 18 jet into the associated combustion chamber of an
engine at a high speed through the through-hole 20 in the extension
15a. Thus, the mixture within the combustion chamber is then
ignited by the combustion and plasma-like gases jetting from the
through-hole 20. It should be noted that in the case of the
embodiment of FIG. 3, a considerable amount of the mixture
occupying the entire volume of the precombustion chamber 19 is
burned and then is heated, and thus the amount of gases which jet
from the through-hole 20 is naturally increased compared to the
amount of only the plasma-like gas jetting from the nozzle 18.
Consequently, the velocity of the flame propagation within the
combustion chamber of an engine is increased further than in the
case of the embodiment of FIG. 1, and a rise in the efficiency of
the engine is also attained.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment, in which the distance designated
as B between the central electrode 10 and the earth electrode 15,
is rendered smaller than the length A of a longitudinally extended
discharge chamber 17. It should be appreciated that if the distance
B is kept small, the gradient of the potential between the
electrodes 10 and 15 can be large and thus, at the beginning of the
discharge between both electrodes, a corona discharge is easily
produced without affecting the provision of insulator member 11
between both electrodes. Therefore, dielectric breakdown between
both electrodes occurs at a relatively low potential. This fact
enables the high-tension current generator H to employ its
remaining output energy other than that used for the
above-mentioned dielectric breakdown, as ignition energy, even if
the current generator H can exert only a limited constant energy on
its output. Thus, the ignition energy of this embodiment can be
larger than that of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment in which a discharge space 17a has
a larger volume compared to the discharge space 17 of the
embodiment of FIG. 1. In the case of the embodiment of FIG. 5, the
amount of the mixture occupying the discharge chamber 17a will be
increased. Therefore, if the size of the nozzle 18 is kept equal to
that of the nozzle 18 of the embodiment of FIG. 1, the plasma-like
gas jetting from the nozzle 18 will be increased in its jetting
velocity due to the increase in the amount of the mixture occupying
the discharge chamber 17, so that the flame propagation within the
combustion chamber of an engine will also be increased.
Finally, FIG. 6 shows another embodiment in which plural nozzles
18, 18a and 18b are provided with respect to a discharge chamber 17
having a considerably large volume. In accordance with the
provision of said plural nozzles 18, 18a and 18b, the plasma-like
gas jetting out of the discharge chamber 17 can contact a larger
amount of the mixture within the combustion chamber than in the
case of a single nozzle and as a result, uniform heating of the
mixture within the combustion chamber is obtained so that a stable
ignition can be attained with certainty.
It will now be understood from the foregoing description with
reference to various embodiments that according to the spark plug
of the present invention, the energy of the spark produced by the
discharge between the electrodes of the spark plug can be
effectively supplied to the mixture and therefore the ignition
ability of the spark plug can easily and advantageously be raised
in response to a raise in the spark energy.
It should also be noted that as the extensive amount of the mixture
is heated by the plasma-like gas according to the present
invention, misfire due to the conventional cooling of the flame is
prevented, and as a result, the ignition always occurs even in the
range of the lean mixture, which has poor ignitability.
It should also be appreciated that the structure of the spark plug
is not complex compared with that of the conventional spark plug,
and as a result, an increase in the manufacturing cost will not be
envolved.
Further, it should be noted that the application of the spark plug
according to the present invention is not limited to an internal
combustion engine.
* * * * *