U.S. patent number 3,907,290 [Application Number 05/372,647] was granted by the patent office on 1975-09-23 for electronic scoring system for bowling establishments.
This patent grant is currently assigned to RCA Corporation. Invention is credited to Joseph Bernard Fischer, Roy Atsushi Ito, Walter Lee Ross, Maureen Randall Schmidt, Stanley Ward Stoddard.
United States Patent |
3,907,290 |
Fischer , et al. |
September 23, 1975 |
Electronic scoring system for bowling establishments
Abstract
An automatic scoring system for a plurality of bowling lanes is
disclosed which employs a central control unit including a general
purpose mini-computer having a read-only memory programmed to
control the processor in the computation and display of bowling
scores. The system is constructed to be easily expanded by adding a
player console and an electronic module for each added pair of
bowling lanes. Bowling score sheet information is displayed on
cathode ray tube display devices at player and proprietor
locations. Pinfall information may be introduced manually or by
automatic pinfall sensors.
Inventors: |
Fischer; Joseph Bernard
(Panorama City, CA), Ito; Roy Atsushi (Woodland Hills,
CA), Ross; Walter Lee (Simi, CA), Schmidt; Maureen
Randall (Chatsworth, CA), Stoddard; Stanley Ward (Canoga
Park, CA) |
Assignee: |
RCA Corporation (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23469074 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/372,647 |
Filed: |
June 22, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
473/70; 340/323B;
377/5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63D
5/04 (20130101); A63D 2005/048 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A63D
5/04 (20060101); G06F 19/00 (20060101); A63D
5/00 (20060101); A63D 005/00 (); A63D 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/172.5,323B
;235/92GA,151 ;273/54C |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Shaw; Gareth D.
Assistant Examiner: Thomas; James D.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Norton; Edward J. Olson; Carl
V.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A semiautomatic scoring system for a plurality of pairs of
bowling lanes comprising:
a player console for each pair of bowling lanes, including a
cathode-ray-tube display device, a keyboard and a logic unit,
an electronic module for each pair of bowling lanes, including a
lane-pair memory and a character generator,
said keyboard in each player console being connected to supply
player and pinfall information in the form of digital signals
through said logic unit in the player console to the lane-pair
memory in the respective electronic module,
said character generator in each electronic module being
constructed to translate digital information received from the
corresponding lane-pair memory into video signals and to supply the
video signals to the display device in the respective player
console, and
a central control unit for all bowling lanes including a
proprietor's control console, a proprietor's cathode-ray-tube
display device, a displayed-information printer unit, a lane-pair
video signal selector to connect the video signal from the
character generator associated with any desired one of said bowling
lane pairs to said proprietor's display device and said printer
unit, a general purpose mini-computer processor connected through a
memory interface with all of said lane-pair memories so that they
serve as the main memory for said processor, and a read-only memory
containing a computer program for controlling the operation of the
processor in the computing and display of scores in all bowling
lanes.
2. A fully automatic scoring system for a plurality of pairs of
bowling lanes, comprising:
a player console for each pair of bowling lanes, including a
cathode-ray-tube display device, a keyboard and a logic unit,
an electronic module for each pair of bowling lanes, including a
lane-pair memory and a character generator,
said keyboard in each player console being connected to supply
player and score correcting information in the form of digital
signals through said logic unit in the player console to the
lane-pair memory in the respective electronic module,
a separate, automatic pinfall sensor for each of said bowling lanes
connected to supply pinfall information in electrical form through
the logic unit of the corresponding player console to the lane-pair
memory in the electronic module associated with that player
console,
said character generator in each electronic module being
constructed to translate digital information received from the
corresponding lane-pair memory into video signals and to supply the
video signals to the display device in the respective player
console, and
a central control unit for all bowling lanes including a
proprietor's control console, a proprietor's cathode-ray-tube
display device, a displayed-information printer unit, a lane-pair
video signal selector to connect the video signal from the
character generator associated with any desired one of said bowling
lane pairs to said proprietor's display device and said printer
unit, a general purpose mini-computer processor connected through a
memory interface with all of said lane-pair memories so that they
serve as the main memory for said processor, and a read-only memory
containing a computer program for controlling the operation of said
processor in the computing and display of scores in all bowling
lanes.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many electro-mechanical and some electronic systems have been
proposed for accomplishing the automatic computation and display of
bowling scores. The rules by which scores are computed in bowling
contests are not simple, and demands for inexpensive and reliable
automatic scoring equipment have yet to be satisfied. The approach
that has been followed in the past has been to design a system in
which every component is a special-purpose device useful solely in
cooperation with the other special-purpose devices for computing
bowling scores. This seemingly logical approach has resulted in
scoring systems which are unnecessarily complex and unnecessarily
expensive to build and maintain.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an example of the present invention, an improved
electronic automatic scoring system for a plurality of bowling
lanes is constructed using a general-purpose mini-computer having
an alterable read-only memory containing a computer program. The
program consists of sequences of instructions written to control
the calculation and display of bowling scores. An electronic module
is provided for each pair of bowling lanes, each module includes a
lane pair memory, and all lane pair memories are connected to
operate as the main memory of the mini-computer. Electronic
modules, and player consoles, can be added to the system without
complication whenever it may be desired to expand the system to
handle additional pairs of bowling lanes.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an automatic bowling score
computing and display system constructed according to the teachings
of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of a portion of the system
shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a general-purpose mini-computer
suitable for use in the system of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a lane pair memory used as a memory by
the computer of FIG. 3 in the system of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring in greater detail to FIG. 1 of the drawing, three pairs
of bowling lanes are represented at 1A, 1B; 2A, 2B; and 3A, 3B. A
pinfall sensor PS is located at the remote end of each bowling
lane. Each pinfall sensor PS provides a clocked series of binary
units on its output conductor 11 which indicates the numbers of the
pins which have been knocked down after a ball has been rolled down
the bowling lane or alley. While any pinfall sensor equipment may
be employed, a suitable equipment is described in detail in a U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 318,550 filed by Hugo Logemann, Jr. and
Harold F. Dion on Dec. 26, 1972 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,394, issued
on Nov. 12, 1974, entitled "Bowling Pin Detector" and assigned to
the assignee of the present application. The outputs of all pinfall
sensors PS are cabled to a common pinfall sensor electronics unit
PSE from which the signals are transmitted at suitable timed
intervals to appropriate ones of player consoles PC.sub.1, PC.sub.2
and PC.sub.3.
Each player console PC is located at the player end of a pair of
bowling lanes and includes a cathode-ray-tube display device D, a
keyboard KB and a logic unit L. The display device D is preferably
a conventional television receiver which has been somewhat modified
for use as a display device for alpha-numeric scoresheet
information.
Each player console PC also includes a keyboard KB by means of
which the following transactions can be introduced into the system:
(a) Player Name Entry, (b) Handicap Entry, (c) Missing Player
Entry, (d) Score Correction Entry, (e) Score Clear, (f) Lane Clear,
and (g) Pinfall Entry. The keyboard KB consists of a push button
matrix providing an output that is applied to a coder 12 (FIG. 2)
in a logic unit L. The coder 12 has a number of output lines 13,
and the pushing of a button results in a coded energization of
appropriate ones of the output lines. The output lines are
connected to the inputs of a corresponding number of stages of a
transmit shift register TSR. The transmit shift register is
constructed so that its contents can be shifted out in serial form
through a switch 14 to a player console output line 15.
The logic unit L in player console PC also receives
serially-presented pinfall information signals on lead 16 from the
pinsensor electronics PSE. This serial signal is fed into the input
of a pinfall buffer shift register PFB. Information stored in the
buffer may be read out serially through line 17 and switch 14 to
player console output line 15.
The output lines 15 in FIG. 1 from player console PC, are connected
to a player console interface PCI in respective electronics modules
MOD. The player console interface PCI in each electronics module is
an interface between a player console PC and a lane pair memory LPM
in the electronics module. Each lane pair memory LPM is a
conventional known semiconductor random access memory consisting of
1024 words of eight bits each. The memory is made using eight
semiconductor chips each having storage locations for 1024 bits.
Each semiconductor chip includes an address decoder responsive to
10 input address bit lines ADDR (FIG. 2) and operative to select
one of the 1024 bit storage locations on the chip. The same address
is simultaneously applied to all eight chips to access 8 bit
storage locations constituting one eight-bit memory word storage
location. The eight data lines of the lane pair memory are
designated DATA.
A player console interface PCI with the lane pair memory includes a
serial-to-parallel converter SPC (FIG. 2) for the serial pinfall
and other information received over line 15 from the player
console. The parallel output lines 19 from the SPC are connected to
the respective memory data lines DATA of the lane pair memory LPM.
The player console interface also includes a word framing logic WFL
which senses the start bit of a word received on lines 15, and
transmits a write enable signal over line 21 to the memory LPM when
an 8-bit word is accumulated in converter SPC. The information
supplied from the serial-to-parallel converter SPC is read into a
storage location in memory LPM determined by the address in a
counter CTR in the timing unit T. The address is passed through
gate 22 when enabled by a memory cycle signal B.
The lane pair memories LPM in the electronic modules MOD in FIG. 1
are all connected by means of a multiconductor bus B and a memory
interface MI with a general purpose mini-computer or processor PROC
in a central control unit CC. As shown in FIG. 2, the memory
interface MI includes an address register AR, which is a
serial-to-parallel converter, and to which addresses are supplied
in serial form over line 23 from the processor. Pin address bits
are applied in parallel from register AR through gate 24 and over
pin conductors 25 to the 10 address input lines ADDR of lane pair
memory LPM. A 10-bit address from the processor PROC can address
any one of the 1024 word locations in the memory LPM. On the other
hand, the remaining 6 bits in address register AR are applied to a
decoder DEC, from which one output line 26 is applied through gate
28 to the chip enable input of one respective lane pair memory
LPM.
The memory interface MI also includes an eight-bit data register
MDR connected by eight parallel conductors 27 with the eight data
lines DATA of the lane pair memory LPM. The data register MDR is a
serial-to-parallel converter and a parallel-to-serial converter.
Eight data bits applied from memory LPM over parallel lines 27 to
data register DR are transferred serially over line 29 to the
processor PROC. And, eight serial bits applied over line 31 to
register MDR are transmitted over parallel lines 27 to the data
lines DATA of memory LPM.
Each electronics module MOD in FIG. 1 also includes a character
generator CG and a video mixer VM. Each character generator, as
shown in FIG. 2, includes a character generator read-only memory
CGM connected to receive eight-bit data words from memory LPM over
lines 33. Each such data word is applied as an address to the
read-only memory CGM. The digital information bits in the addressed
location are applied in parallel over lines 35 to a video shift
register, or parallel-to-serial converter VSR. The contents of the
converter VSR is shifted out on serial output lead 37 as a
digitally-generated video signal. That is, the signal on lead 37 is
a pattern of pulses and spaces existing in time sequence such that
it can be used to control the intensity of the electron beam in a
cathode-ray tube and thus trace one line of a black-and-white line
image (no gray scale) on the face of the tube. The signal on lead
37 is thus a video signal for tracing a part of an alpha-numeric
character corresponding to a conventional digital representation of
the character supplied from the data output DATA of lane pair
memory LPM to the address input of character generator read-only
memory CGM.
The digitally-generated video signal on line 37 is applied to a
video mixer VM, which also receives horizontal and vertical
synchronizing signals, and signals for creating a crossed line
score sheet pattern on the display, from the timing unit T over
line 39. The video signal, the synchronized pulses, and the crossed
line signal are mixed to produce an output video signal on lead 41
which is a standard television video signal suitable for
application to the video circuit of a television receiver. The
signal is applied over lead 41 to a display device D in the player
console PC (FIG. 1), the display device D being a slightly modified
television receiver. The video signal on line 37 is also applied
over line 43 to a selector SEL in the central control unit CC.
Each one of the electronics modules MOD is needed for a
corresponding bowling lane pair. The modules are constructed
exactly alike, and any reasonable number of modules can be
connected into the system, that is, an electronics module (and
player console) can be added to the system for every bowling lane
pair that is added to the bowling establishment, without requiring
any changes in, or substitution of, the central control unit
CC.
The central control unit CC (FIG. 1) includes a proprietor's
control console PCC by which the proprietor manages the operation
of the bowling establishment through its automatic scoring system.
The proprietor's control console includes a thumb wheel by which
the proprietor controls the digital video selector SEL to select
the video signal from the electronics module corresponding to any
desired bowling lane pair. The selected video signal is combined
with horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses in a video mixer
VM' and is then applied over line 44 to a proprietor's display
device D', which is the same as the display device D in the player
consoles PC. The video signal from mixer VM' is also applied over
line 45 to a printer PTR. The printer PTR includes a
cathode-ray-tube display on the face of which appears the same
score sheet information as appears on the display device D'. The
printer also includes means to make a hard copy of the displayed
score sheet on a piece of paper by any suitable method such as the
xerographic method.
The proprietor's control console PCC includes a control panel and
logic by which commands are sent over lines 46 between the console
PCC and the computer processor PROC. For example, the proprietor
can designate each bowling lane as having a status of "off",
"league", "open", or "practice". The proprietor's console has
switches to accomplish "score clear", "lane clear", and "print
score" functions. And player's names for any desired lanes can be
entered. All of these controls and others are accomplished by
signals over lines 46 to the processor PROC.
A central timing unit T controls the timing of the entire system by
supplying various timing signals, designated t, to all units of the
system.
The central control unit CC includes a general purpose
mini-computer PROC and read-only memory ROM, as shown in more
detail in FIG. 3. The read-only memory ROM is a semiconductor
memory containing computer instruction words 16-bits long.
Instructions are read out of the memory under control of addressing
circuits including a program counter PCTR, an extended program
counter PCE and a program counter control CC. The instructions are
read out in sequence, except when a jump to an out-of-sequence
instruction is effected by conventional logic in the computer
processor. Instructions are read out to a 16-bit instruction
register IR. There are eight types of instructions: Unconditional
jump, Jump and save, Logic function, Arithmetic function, Control
and test, Load immediate, Add immediate, and And immediate.
Portions of an instruction in the instruction register IR are
applied to an operation decoder OP, a destination decoder DD, and a
source decoder SD, which provide output signals to control
transfers from one place to another in the systems. Another
"function" portion of an instruction in register IR is applied to
an arithmetic unit AU together with the operation code, to control
all functions performed on data present on busses A and B. The
functions include: Add with carry, Subtract with carry, Left shift
with carry, Gray to Binary with carry, Add, Subtract, Left shift,
and Gray to binary, Logical AND, Exclusive OR, Inclusive OR.
Complement, Rotate right, Transfer and Compare. The result is
supplied to bus C. Eight-bit-word general registers GR-0 to GR-7
are connected with the busses and can be used by the computer
programmer for the temporary storage of any type of information as
needed in the execution of the computer program by which bowling
scores are automatically computed and displayed. Data words handled
by the processor contain eight bits and are transferred on busses
A, B, C in bit serial form. Timing signals are provided by an
oscillator OSC and clock CLK which provide two-phase clock signals
TBA and TBB used for the basic timing of the processor. A bit time
generator BTG produces 12 timing pulses to control status level
functions during execution of each instruction.
FIG. 4 shows one of the lane pair memories LPM included in the
system of FIG. 1, and the memory interface MI included in the
central control unit CC. The memory address register consists of an
X address register XAR and a Y address register YAR. Eight address
bits from register XAR and two address bits from register YAR are
applied through an address gating unit G to a decoder in the memory
LPM to select one eight-bit word location from the 1024 word
locations in the memory LPM. Six bits from register YAR are applied
to an address decoder AD to select one lane pair memory LPM from
the plurality of up to 64 similar lane pair memories in the system.
Eight-bit memory words are read to and from the memory via a memory
data register MDR. Data words are transferred in bit serial form
between the memory register MDR and the data busses connected to
the computer processor PROC.
The memory control unit MC in FIG. 4 controls the cyclic operation
of the lane pair memory LPM in synchronism with timing and control
signals supplied thereto over leads 47. There are two alternating
memory access cycles A and B during each bit time pulse from the
bit timing generator BTG in FIG. 3. Memory cycles A can be used by
the processor PROC shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. During memory cycles
B a digital word is read out from the memory to the respective
character generator CG, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, where it is
converted into a video signal to refresh the score sheet display on
the respective cathode ray tube display device D. During field
retrace in the display device D, memory cycles B can be used to
store information in the lane pair memory from the corresponding
player console.
In the operation of the automatic scoring system, the proprietor
acting through the proprietor's control console PCC energizes a
particular lane pair for bowlers in a league, open, or practice
mode. The player's names are then entered, from the keyboard KB at
the player's console PC, to the lane pair memory LPM during memory
cycles B of the memory. Each lane pair memory has storage space
reserved for the names of players using the corresponding pair of
lanes, and their scores for bowling "frames" 1 through 10. Once the
lane pair is put in operation, the display D in the player console
PC is automatically and periodically refreshed with the
information, such as players' names, contained in the lane pair
memory during the memory cycles B of the memory.
As pinfall information is introduced, automatically by the pinfall
sensors PS or manually from the player's console PC, this
information for a given player is supplied to a nondisplayed
storage location reserved for information from a respective player
console in the lane pair memory during a memory cycle B of the
memory. During memory cycles A, the processor continuously scans
these non-displayed memory locations, and when new pinfall
information of a given player is found in one of these memory
locations, the processor uses the information, together with the
information located in displayed memory locations for the given
player, to compute the score that should be displayed for that
frame for the particular player. The score for the frame is then
transferred to a prescribed location in the displayed portion of
the lane pair memory LPM. All these memory accesses by the
processor are done during memory cycles A of the memory. During
memory cycles B of the memory, the entire score sheet information
stored in the displayed portion of the memory, including the score
for the frame just computed, is read out of the memory to the
character generator CG where the digital information is translated
to a video signal suitable for tracing the score sheet information
on the face of a cathode-ray-tube display D.
In this way, the scores of a player in each successive frame of a
game are computed and displayed. At the same time, the scores of
all other players on the two lanes are computed and displayed as
the balls are rolled. And, at the same time, the scores of all the
players on all the other lane pairs are computed and displayed at
the respective player consoles. The single, general-purpose
computer processor PROC handles the computations for the many
players and many frames in a time division multiplex fashion. The
processor PROC accomplishes the computation of each frame score so
rapidly that it has time to handle the scores for up to 12 bowlers
bowling on each of up to 64 pairs of bowling lanes.
Provision is made for correcting an error in a player's score. An
error may occur as the result of a human error when operating in
the semi-automatic mode, and as the result of unusual pin action
when operating in the automatic mode. For example, a pin may be
shifted sideways by the ball to such an extent that it cannot be
recognized as a standing pin by the pinfall sensor. An erroneous
score in any frame is corrected by transferring the correct score
for the frame from the player console to the message receiving area
in the lane pair memory. The processor recognizes the error
correcting message, and requests a hard copy print of the existing
score sheet information. While the print is being made, new pinfall
information resulting from continued bowling is accummulated in a
queue in the lane pair memory. When the print is finished, the
processor recomputes the correct scores in the frame in which the
correction was inserted, and preceeding frames if they are
affected, and in succeeding frames. The corrected scores are stored
by the processor in the appropriate displayed information storage
region of the respective lane pair memory. Then the queued pinfall
information is processed to compute scores for frames bowled after
the error was corrected. Then the score sheet information displayed
contains the fully-corrected up-to-date scores, the correction
having been accomplished without any delay to the bowlers.
Provision is made for a "pacer" player to even up the number of
players on two competing teams. The pacer's name is entered with a
+ sign in front of the name. The pacers' scores are displayed, but
not included in the team score total. Provision is also made for a
missing player. The player's average score is inserted in the tenth
frame. These features of the system are accomplished by appropriate
program routines stored in the read-only-memory ROM.
When a game on a lane pair is finished, a team captain pushes a
score clear button on the player console. This causes the score
clear information to be transferred from the player console to the
lane pair memory. The processor recognizes the order, and checks to
make sure the game is finished, and then causes a hard copy of the
score sheet information to be made by the printer PTR. Then the
scores for frames 1 through 10 are erased from the lane pair
memory, and consequently from the displayed score sheet
information. The pressing of a lane clear button on the player
console causes a clearing of the player's names from the displayed
score sheet.
When the players are relieved of the onerous score-keeping task,
the bowling games proceed much more rapidly, and the increased
revenue for the bowling establishment more than pays for the
automatic scoring system.
* * * * *