U.S. patent number 3,902,869 [Application Number 05/391,467] was granted by the patent office on 1975-09-02 for fuel composition with increased octane number.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Svenska Utvecklingsaktiebolaget (SU). Invention is credited to Stig Erik Friberg, Lars Erik Gunnar Lundgren.
United States Patent |
3,902,869 |
Friberg , et al. |
September 2, 1975 |
Fuel composition with increased octane number
Abstract
The field of art to which this invention pertains is hydrocarbon
based liquid fuel compositions having increased octane number by
the use of microemulsion technique. The new composition comprises a
main part of a liquid hydrocarbon mixture, water in the form of a
microemulsion, an emusifier which makes possible the solubilization
of the water in the hydrocarbon mixture and at least one
water-soluble inorganic substance which has been dissolved in the
water solubilized in the hydrocarbon mixture.
Inventors: |
Friberg; Stig Erik
(Saltsjo-Boo, SW), Lundgren; Lars Erik Gunnar
(Jarfalla, SW) |
Assignee: |
Svenska Utvecklingsaktiebolaget
(SU) (Stockholm, SW)
|
Family
ID: |
23546726 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/391,467 |
Filed: |
August 24, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
44/301; 44/354;
44/357 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C10L
1/328 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C10L
1/32 (20060101); C10L 001/32 () |
Field of
Search: |
;44/51,67 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gantz; Delbert E.
Assistant Examiner: Vaughn; I.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Young & Thompson
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A fuel composition comprising a major proportion of liquid
hydrocarbon mixture, about 5 - 40% by weight of water in the form
of a microemulsion of water drops of a diameter less than 1 .mu.m
dispersed in the continuous hydrocarbon phase, 1 - 35% by weight of
said composition of an emulsifier for the water in the hydrocarbon
mixture, the emulsifier consisting of 2 - 98% by weight of the
emulsifier of at least one monocarboxylic acid and 98 - 2% by
weight of the emulsifier of at least one salt of said at least one
monocarboxylic acid, and 0.1 - 10.0 grams per liter of said water
of an inorganic compound dissolved in said water thereby imparting
to said composition an increased octane number.
Description
The present invention relates to a fuel composition with increased
octane number in which the combustion characteristics are regulated
by the use of microemulsion technique.
Different types of additives to hydrocarbon fuels have been used
for a long time for improving the combustion characteristics of the
fuel. By combustion characteristics it is meant here, for example,
octane number, propensity for ignition by incandescence, heat
conductivity, composition of the exhaust gases, etc.
Improvement of the combustion characteristics by increasing the
ability of a hydrocarbon fuel to resist knocking in a combustion
engine, i.e. various ways of increasing the octane number, are
known. As is known, the octane number is a measure of the
resistance to knocking of a motor fuel, where knocking means that a
spontaneous combustion of the fuel/air mixture occurs with
abnormally high speed, whereby a loud metallic sound is made at the
same time as the power of the engine decreases and the specific
fuel consumption increases.
Additives to the engine fuel of different types have been used for
a long time to increase the octane number. The most usual is
tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead (Swedish Pat. No. 61,470). During
the past few years the appropriateness of the lead additives has
been strongly questioned because of the fact that the lead
additives remain in the exhaust from combustion engines in toxic
form. In many countries this has led to legislation or demand for
legislation to limit or completely prohibit lead additives in
engine fuels.
Other metal organic compounds have also been used as additives for
the prevention of knocking in combustion engines such as
dicyclopentadienyl compounds of iron, nickel, ruthenium or osmium
(Swedish Pat. No. 155,935), organotitanium compounds (Swedish Pat.
No. 165,904), oxygen-containing organic copper compounds (Swedish
Pat. No. 83,431) et al.
A number of these additives in engine fuels also have disadvantages
of a technical nature. The increased tendency to ignition by
incandescence, especially in airplane engines, can be mentioned as
an example.
However, all of the above mentioned additives are limited to
elements which are soluble in the organic phase, i.e. the
hydrocarbon mixture.
It has now been shown according to the invention that a fuel
composition with increased octane number is achieved when the
composition comprises
A hydrocarbon mixture,
WATER IN THE FORM OF A MICROEMULSION,
AN EMULSIFIER WHICH MAKES POSSIBLE THE SOLUBILISATION OF THE WATER
IN THE HYDROCARBON MIXTURE, WHEREBY THE EMULSIFIER CONSISTS OF A
MIXTURE OF ONE OR MORE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND ONE OR MORE SALTS OF
THE CORRESPONDING ACID OR ACIDS,
AND THE COMPOSITION CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE WATER-SOLUBLE INORGANIC
SUBSTANCE WHICH IS DISSOLVED IN THE WATER WHICH IS SOLUBILIZED IN
THE HYDROCARBON MIXTURE.
An additional advantage with the invention is that, because of the
possibility of regulating the combustion characteristics of the
fuel, one can start with a raw material of lower quality than what
was previously feasible in the production of a fuel with special
combustion characteristics, e.g. a certain octane value.
A microemulsion is a clear emulsion in which the drops disperged in
the continuous phase are very small, preferably less than 1 .mu.m.
Stable microemulsions of water and hydrocarbon are already known
and are achieved by the addition of emulsifier compositions to the
mixture of water and hydrocarbon.
The introduction of water in the form of a microemulsion in a
hydrocarbon lubricant oil has been described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,346,494 in which a long life for the lubricant is obtained by
suspending the water, sludge and other contaminants in the
microemulsion, thereby reducing the harmful effect of these
contaminants. Further it is disclosed that macroemulsions
containing for example water and sludge which are formed in fuel
oil tanks and cause disturbances in the functioning of the burner
and in some cases even interruption of operation can be converted
to microemulsions.
In the fuel composition according to the invention, water is
solubilized in a hydrocarbon mixture by the use of an emulsifier
which is preferably made up of a combination of an anionic and a
cationic substance, namely a mixture consisting of 2 - 98% by
weight of one or more carboxylic acids and 98 - 2% of an
alkylammonium salt or a mono-, di- or triethanolammonium salt or an
ammonium salt or a metal of corresponding acids or a mixture of
such salts. In the fuel composition according to the invention the
emulsifier is used in an amount 1 - 35% by weight, preferably 1 -
25% by weight, and especially in an amount of 10 - 25% by weight,
depending on the desired amount of solubilized water. This amount
of water, which corresponds to a certain amount of emulgent, is
obtained by constructing a phase diagram for corresponding
water-hydrocarbon emulsifier systems. Thermodynamically stable
systems are obtained with these emulsifiers which are stable even
during lengthy storage under changing temperature conditions. The
micro-emulsion of water in the hydrocarbon mixture is obtained with
the help of the emulsifier by the various components in the fuel
composition being mixed with each other during agitation (see
Examples 1 - 3 below).
The enclosed FIGS. 1 - 3 show examples of phase diagrams in
which
FIG. 1 shows the ternary system naphtenic acid - ethanol ammonium
naphtenate water,
FIG. 2 shows solubilization curves for water in hydrocarbon with
different proportions of naphtenic acid and ethanol ammonium
naphtenate in the emulsifier and
FIG. 3 shows the solubilizing capacity for water in hydrocarbons
with an emulsifier consisting of equal parts octanoic acid and
ammonium octanate.
An appropriate emulsifier for solubilizing water in a hydrocarbon
mixture for obtaining a fuel composition according to the invention
is a mixture of one or more carboxylic acids which contain at least
one aromatic group and/or alicyclic group as well as long
hydrocarbon chains, and which has sufficient hydrophobicity so that
it can function as a surfactant substance in the emulsifier
according to the invention, and alkylammonium salts and/or mono-,
di- and/or triethanol ammonium salts and/or ammonium salts and/or
metal salts of the corresponding acid or acids. Appropriate alkyl
ammonium salts contain 1 -- 20 carbon atoms, preferably 6 -- 10
carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Appropriate metal salts are salts
of alkali metals, earth alkali metals, transition metals in the
groups 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b and 7b in the periodic table, iron
metals platinum metals, metals in the groups 3a, 4a5 5a and 6b in
the periodic table and semi metals in the groups 4a, 5a and 6a in
the periodic table.
There is obtained an even greater solubilizing capability for water
in hydrocarbons with emulsifiers of this composition than with
those containing straight aliphatic acids, because of the fact that
a weak intermolecular interaction is obtained between the
.pi.-electrons of the aromatic ring and the water molecule.
Examples of such acids are naphthenic acids, resin acids and gallic
acids.
One emulsifier combination which has shown very good results when
used in a fuel composition according to the invention for
solubilizing of water in the hydrocarbon mixture is a mixture of
naphthenic acid and ethanol ammonium naphthenate. From FIG. 1,
which shows the solubilization characteristics for water in
hydrocarbon with different proportions between naphthenic acid and
ethanol ammonium naphthenate, it is evident that a combination of
this type gives rise to a great increase in solubilization when the
ratio of ethanol ammonium naphthenate to naphthenic acid exceeds
2:3. FIG. 2 shows how the solubilizing characteristics for water in
hydrocarbon vary with different ratios between ethanol ammonium
napthenate and naphthenic acid. From FIG. 2 it is evident that
higher ratios of salt to acid give good solubilization
characteristics and that the solubilization capacity assumes very
good values at a ratio of 9:1 of salt to acid.
Naphthenic acid is obtained as a by-product in the refining of
petroleum and contains cycloaliphatic and aromatic compounds and
has long hydrocarbon chains. A further advantage is achieved by the
naphthenic acid being very cheap in relation to more well-defined
pure acid but still, in combination with for example ethanolamine,
gives at least equally good solubilization characteristics as the
previously used more expensive acids.
When an emulsifier is added to a hydrocarbon mixture, which
emulsifier contains a mixture of one or more carboxylic acids which
contain at least one aromatic ring and/or alicyclic group and
ethanol ammonium salts and/or alkyl ammonium salts and/or ammonium
salts and/or metal salts of the corresponding acid or acids, e.g.
naphthenic acid, whereby the alkylammonium salts contain 1 - 20
carbon atoms, preferably 6 - 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain and
appropriate metal salts are salts of alkali metal, earth metals,
transition metals in the groups 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b and 7b in
the periodic table, iron metals, platinum metals, metals in the
groups 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic table, and semi-metals in
the groups 4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic table, a direct increase
in the octane number is obtained which is expected because of the
presence of cycloaliphatic and aromatic compounds in the acid. An
addition of water which is solubilized in the form of a
microemulsion in the hydrocarbon mixture with the help of the above
mentioned emulsifiers gives a further increase in the octane number
of the same order of magnitude as with only the emulsifier
additive.
Table I shows the connection between the octane number for an
engine fuel composition and its composition when an emulsifier,
which consists of various amount proportions of ethanol ammonium
naphthenate to naphthenic acid, is added to a hydrocarbon mixture
consisting of pure petrol with the octane number 93 and when water
is subsequently added in varying amounts.
TABLE I
__________________________________________________________________________
Trial Ethanol- Naphthenic Ratio Hydro- Water Octane No. ammonium
acid salt: carbon % by weight number naphthenate % by weight acid
mixture (research) % by weight % by weight
__________________________________________________________________________
1 -- -- -- 100 -- 93 2 9.0 1.0 9:1 90.0 -- 94.0 3 18.0 2.0 9:1 80.0
-- 94.5 4 27.0 3.0 9:1 70.0 -- 95.7 5 18.0 2.0 9:1 70.0 10.0 95.6 6
22.5 2.5 9:1 60.0 15.0 97.0 7 18.0 2.0 9:1 65.0 15.0 96.8 8 6.5 3.5
65:35 90.0 -- 93.5 9 19.5 10.5 65.35 70.0 -- 94.4 10 13.0 7.0 65:35
70.0 10.0 95.9
__________________________________________________________________________
As is evident from the table, the increase in the octane number
occurs when the water is added, both in relation to the octane
number for the pure petrol and to that octane number obtained when
various amounts of emulsifier are added. Likewise it is evident
that the highest octane number of all is obtained when the ratio
between the ethanol ammonium naphthenate and the naphthenic acid is
9:1 and the amount of water added is 15.0% by weight.
Another appropriate emulsifier for solubilization of water in a
hydrocarbon mixture for obtaining the fuel composition according to
the invention consists of a mixture of one or more straight,
aliphatic carboxylic acids with 1 - 22 carbon atoms, preferably 6 -
10 carbon atoms, and at least one mono-, di- or triethanol ammonium
salt or ammonium salt or alkyl ammonium salt or metal salt of
corresponding acids, where appropriate alkyl ammonium salts contain
1 - 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, preferably 6 - 10 carbon
atoms, and appropriate metal salts are salts of alkali metals,
earth alkali metals, transition metals in the groups 1b, 2b, 3b,
4b, 5b, 6b and 7b in the periodic table, iron metals, platinum
metals, metals in the groups 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic
table and semimetals in the groups 4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic
table. The appropriate proportional amounts of the components
included in the emulsifier in relation to the desired amount of
solubilized water can be determined by investigation of the phase
relations in water-hydrocarbon emulsifier systems.
As examples of appropriate carboxylic acids of the above mentioned
type one can give formic acid, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, heptoic
acid, octanoic acid etc. The acids are preferably combined with
corresponding ethanol ammonium-, ammonium-, alkyl ammonium- and/or
metal salts. The sum of carbon atoms in the salts of the carboxylic
acid should preferably be between 5 and 14. Acids with short
hydrocarbon chains in combination with amines in longer chains have
produced good solubilization results, but the use of carboxylic
acids with short chains involves the possibility of corrosion
problems occurring, and therefore they are less appropriate for use
in a fuel composition according to the invention.
Another emulsifier combination, which has produced good results in
solubilization of water in hydrocarbon, is a mixture of octanoic
acid and ammonium octanate and octanoic acid in the forming of
micro-emulsions of water in hydrocarbon. In FIG. 3 C.sub.8 OOH
designates octanoic acid and C.sub.8 OONH.sub.4 designates the
ammonium salt of this acid. The ratio between the amount of acid
and the corresponding salt is critical, which is demonstrated by
the fact that the following amounts of water are solubilized in
hydrocarbon when the composition of the emulsifier is varied: Ratio
between the amount of salt % H.sub.2 O and the amount of acid +
salt: ______________________________________ 0.3 5 0.5 40 0.7 5
______________________________________
When an emulsifier is added, which consists of a mixture of one or
more straight aliphatic carboxylic acids with 1 - 22 carbon atoms,
preferably 6 - 10 carbon atoms, and at least one mono-, di- or
triethanolammonium salt or ammonium salt or alkyl ammonium salt or
metal salt of corresponding acids, where appropriate alkyl ammonium
salts contain 1 - 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, preferably 6
- 10 carbon atoms, and appropriate metal salts are salts of alkali
metals, earth alkali metals, transition metals in the groups 1b,
2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b and 7b in the periodic table, iron metals,
platinum metals, metals in the groups 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a in the
periodic table and semi-metals in the groups 4a, 5a, 6a in the
periodic table, to a hydrocarbon mixture a reduction of the octane
number is obtained and when pure water is added for formation of a
microemulsion of the water in the hydrocarbon mixture it is true
that the octane number rises, but not the octane number level for
the pure hydrocarbon mixture.
However, when an inorganic substance, which is soluble in water, or
a mixture of such substances, is dissolved in an amount of from
0.01 g/l to such an amount that the acqueous solution becomes
saturated, preferably in an amount of 0.01 - 100.0 g/l, and
especially in an amount of 0.01 - 10.0 g/l, in the water which is
thereafter solubilized in the hydrocarbon mixture, a marked
increase in the octane number is obtained.
A water soluble inorganic substance or a mixture of such substances
which, in solution in the water solubilized in the hydrocarbon
mixture, gives the desired fuel composition with controllable
combustion characteristics, e.g. increased octane number, can be a
water soluble inorganic substance AB, where
A designates hydrogen, ammonium, metal, e.g. alkali metal, alkaline
earth metal, transition metal in the groups 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b
and 7b in the periodic table, iron metal, platinum metal, metal in
the groups 3a,4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic table, and semi-metal
in the groups 4a, 5a and 6a in the periodic table or non-metal in
the groups 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a and 7a in the periodic table, and
B designates hydride, boride, carbide, nitride, oxide, peroxide,
silicide, phosphide, sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, halogenide, e.g.
chloride, bromide, ionide, fluoride, hydroxide, cyanide, cyanate,
thiocyanate, or an oxohalogenate, e.g. hypochlorite, chlorite,
chlorate, perchlorate, periodate, perbromate, or an oxosulphate,
e.g. sulphite, sulphate, sulphoxylate, thiosulphate, or an
oxonitrate, e.g. nitrite, nitrate or an oxophosphate, e.g.
hypophosphite, phosphite, phosphate, metaphosphate, or carbonate,
silicate, borate, chromate, dichromate or acid salts of the above
mentioned ions, e.g. hydrogen sulphate, hydrogen phosphate,
hydrogen carbonate, or
where AB designates a complex compound in which
A designates a positive complex ion, e.g. amino complex of
transition metals such as Cu(NH.sub.3).sub.4.sup.+,
Ag(NH.sub.3).sub.2.sup.+, Co(NH.sub.3).sub.6.sup.3.sup.+,
Cr(NH.sub.3).sub.6.sup.3.sup.+, Ni(NH.sub.3).sub.6.sup.2.sup.+,
or
thiocyanato complex of transition metals, e.g. FeSCN.sup.2.sup.+,
Fe(SCN).sub.2.sup.+ and B has the meaning given above, or
B designates a negative complex ion, e.g. cyano complex of
transition metals such as Cd(CN).sub.4.sup.2.sup.-,
Ni(CN).sub.4.sup.2.sup.-, Ag(CN).sub.2.sup.-,
Fe(CN).sub.6.sup.4.sup.-, Fe(CN).sub.6.sup.3.sup.-, Fe.sup.II
Fe.sup.III (CN).sub.6.sup.-,
or halogen complex of transition metals, e.g.
CoCl.sub.4.sup.2.sup.-,
or hydroxy complex of transition metals or other metals such as
Cr(OH).sub.4.sup.-, Sn(OH).sub.3.sup.-, Sn(OH).sub.6.sup.2.sup.-,
Pb(OH).sub.6.sup.2.sup.-, where A has the meaning given above.
Such a substance AB can appropriately contain multivalent metal
ions, preferably of transition metals, especially in complex bound
form, and especially in a form in which the metal in the complex
assumes two different oxidation numbers. One example of such
substance, in which the metal is iron, is potassium
hexacyanoferrate (II,III) which has the chemical formula
K[Fe.sup.II Fe.sup.III (CN).sub.6 ], designated in the following by
KFe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6. K.sup.+ here can naturally be replaced by
other positive ions, e.g. Na.sup.+, NH.sub.4.sup.+ etc.
In the fuel composition according to the invention, in which the
water which is solubilized in the hydrocarbon mixture contains
dissolved KFe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6 and in which the microemulsion has
been achieved with the help of octanoic acid and ammonium octanate
as emulsifier, an appreciable increase in the octane number is
achieved.
Table II shows different mixtures of a fuel composition according
to the invention in which the hydrocarbon mixture is a petrol with
octane number 93, the emulsifier consists of a mixture of octanoic
acid and ammonium octanate, and in which the water solubilized in
the hydrocarbon mixture contains varying amounts of KFe.sub.2
(CN).sub.6. The octane number for the different mixtures, for the
pure petrol and for the petrol with water and emulsifiers but
without the addition of a salt to the water, are given for the
purpose of comparison. The additions of KCN given in the table have
only the purpose of working against the effect of the potassium
hexacyanoferrate's effect on the stability of the
microemulsion.
TABLE II
__________________________________________________________________________
Trial Ammonium Octanoic Hydro- Water, Addition of Addition Octane
No. octanate, acid, carbon, % by weight K[Fe.sub.2 -(CN).sub.6 ] of
KCN number % by weight % by weight % by weight g/l g/1 (Research)
__________________________________________________________________________
1 -- -- 100 -- -- -- 93 2 12.1 14.9 63.0 10.0 -- -- 91.2 3 12.1
14.9 63.0 10.0 1.0 -- .apprxeq.96 4 12.1 14.9 63.0 10.0 0.1 0.5
96.0 5 12.1 14.9 63.0 10.0 0.5 2.5 95.5 6 12.1 14.9 63.0 10.0 1.0
5.0 96.4
__________________________________________________________________________
From the above table it can be seen that the addition of the water
soluble inorganic substance, in this case the iron complex, causes
a marked increase in the octane number.
The octane number was measured in all cases according to the
Research method, i.e. the characteristics of the fuel were
investigated and compared with a reference fuel, composed of
n-heptane and isooctane, in a so-called CFR method, whose
compression ratio can vary.
The hydrocarbon mixture can be any liquid fuel at all which
consists of hydrocarbons, e.g. motor fuel, kerosene (paraffin oil),
aviation fuel, petrol, cracked petrol, polymer petrol, diesel fuel,
fuel oil etc. The hydrocarbon mixture used in the invention
corresponds to a lead-free petrol which does not contain any other
commonly used additives.
Some examples of how one obtained the fuel compositions which were
subjected to testing, are given below.
EXAMPLE 1
12.1 g ammonium octanate was weighed in a flask, 14.9 g octanoic
acid was then added and finally 63.0 g petrol. To the mixture in
the flask there was then added 10.0 g water and after light shaking
a clear yellowish solution was formed (Trial 2, Table II).
EXAMPLE 2
To a solution with the same composition as in Example 1 there was
added 0.1 g potassium ferrocyanate, which after agitation produced
a strong blue-coloured solution. 0.5 g potassium cyanide was then
added during additional agitation. After the addition of the
potassium cyanide the solution become very strongly blue-coloured
(Trail 4, Table II).
EXAMPLE 3
2.5 g ethanol amine was weighed in a flask, and 15.0 g water and
60.0 g petrol was then added. Thereafter 22.5 g naphthenic acid was
added in small portions during agitation, which produced a clear
brown-coloured solution (Trial 6, Table I).
The other mixtures disclosed in Tables I and II were obtained by
corresponding methods by varying only the amounts of the components
included.
EXAMPLE 4
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a base fuel having the following composition
(percent by weight)
85.5 % 91 octane lead-free petrol
8.55 % NS 130.sup.x
0.95 % mixed ethanol amine
5.0 % H.sub.2 O
Various metal salts have been dissolved in the water in such
proportions that the salt concentration in the petrol solution was
50 ppm.
.sup.x NS 130 and NS 160, respectively, are references for
different maphthenic acid qualities.
______________________________________ Metal salts .DELTA. RO =
RO.sub.fuel - RO.sub.base fuel
______________________________________ NaCl 0.3 CsCl 0.7 RbCl 0.8
SrCl.sub.2 . 6H.sub.2 O 0.9 LiCl 1.1 CrCl.sub.3 . 6H.sub.2 O 0.8
PbCl.sub.2 0.8 CuCl.sub.2 . 2H.sub.2 O 0.8 NiCl.sub.2 . 6H.sub.2 O
0.8 CeCl.sub.3 . 7H.sub.2 O 0.8 LaCl.sub.3 . 7H.sub.2 O 0.9
MgCl.sub.2 . 6H.sub.2 O 0.9 Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 . 18H.sub.2 O
0.8 Fe.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 . 9H.sub.2 O 0.8 Fe(SO.sub.4) .
7H.sub.2 O 0.8 CuSO.sub.4 . SH.sub.2 O 1.0 MgSO.sub.4 0.8
Cd(NO.sub.3).sub.2 2.6 Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 2.1 Ni(NO.sub.3).sub.2
2.3 Cr.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 2.2 Cr(NO.sub.3).sub.3 2.0 CoSO.sub.4
2.1 Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 1.8
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
Octane number measurement according to the Reserach method was
carried out on a base fuel having the composition (percent by
weight)
85.5 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
8.55 % NS 160
0.95 % mixed ethanol amine
5.2 % H.sub.2 =
Various metal salts have been dissolved in the water in such
proportions that the concentration of metal in the fuel solutions
was 0.5 g/l.
______________________________________ Metal salts .DELTA. RO =
RO.sub.fuel -RO.sub.base fuel
______________________________________ MnI.sub.2 1.0 MnBr.sub.2 1.2
Ni(HCOO).sub.2 0.6 Na(CH.sub.3 COO) 0.9 K(C.sub.2 O.sub.4 H) 0.1 KI
0.3 NaCO.sub.3 0.2 KHCO.sub.3 0.1 K[Fe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6 ] 0.6
______________________________________ EXAMPLE 6
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a base fuel having the composition (percent by
weight)
80.75 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
14.25 % Non-ion emulsifier EMU 267.sup.x
5.0 % H.sub.2 O
Various metal salts have been dissolved in the water in such
proportions that the concentration of metal in the fuel solutions
was 0.5 g/l.
Metal salts RO = RO.sub.fuel -RO.sub.base fuel
______________________________________ MnI.sub.2 1.3 MnBr.sub.2 0.1
NiI.sub.2 0.9 Ni(HCOO).sub.2 0.2 Mn-lactate 0.6 Ni(CH.sub.3
COO).sub.2 0.6 Mn(CH.sub.3 COO).sub.2 0.6 KI 1.0 KHPO.sub.4 0.6
Na(CH.sub.3 COO) 0.6 K.sub.2 C.sub.2 O.sub.4 0.7 KC.sub.5 H.sub.7
O.sub.2 0.7 K[Fe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6 ] 0.1
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 7
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a fuel having the composition (percent by
weight):
85.09 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
8.50 % NS 160
1.41 % Monoethanol amine
5.0 % H.sub.2 O
K.sub.4 [Fe(CN).sub.6] . 3H.sub.2 O and K.sub.3 [FE(CN).sub.6]
(mole ratio 1:1) were dissolved in water in such proportions that
the concentration of Fe in the fuel was 0.5 g/l.
RO for said fuel was 93.7.
EXAMPLE 8
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a fuel having the composition (percent by
weight):
85.25 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
8.53 % NS 160
0.27 % Monoethanol amine
0.95 % Calcium cyanide
5.00 % H.sub.2 O K[Fe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6 ] was dissolved in water in
such proportions that the Fe concentration in the fuel was 0.5
g/l.
RO for said fuel was 95.0.
EXAMPLE 9
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a fuel having the composition (percent by
weight):
85.09 % 91octane, lead-free petrol
8.51 % NS 160
0.47 % Monoethanol amine
0.93 % Calcium cyanide
5.00 % H.sub.2 O
RO for said fuel was 94.8.
EXAMPLE 10
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a fuel having the composition (percent by
weight):
63.0 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
14.9 % HOOC.sub.8
12.1 % NH.sub.4 OOC.sub.8
10.0 % H.sub.2 O
1.0 g K[Fe.sub.2 (CN).sub.6 ] and 5.0 g KCN were added to 1 litre
of the above mentioned fuel, whereby RO was 96.4.
EXAMPLE 11
Octane number measurement according to the Research method was
carried out on a fuel having the composition (percent by
weight):
63.0 % 91-octane, lead-free petrol
14.9 % HOOC.sub.8
12.1 % NH.sub.4 OOC.sub.8
10.0 % H.sub.2 =
0.3 g Na-laurylsulphonate and 0.28 g FeCl.sub.2 . 4H.sub.2 O were
added to 1 litre of the above mentioned fuel, whereby
RO was 93.1.
* * * * *