U.S. patent number 3,902,178 [Application Number 05/453,917] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-26 for helical antenna with improved temperature characteristics.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. Invention is credited to Charles P. Majkrzak.
United States Patent |
3,902,178 |
Majkrzak |
August 26, 1975 |
Helical antenna with improved temperature characteristics
Abstract
The operating power range of a helical antenna is increased by
the use of a hollow tubular helix. The inner tubular wall supports
a capillary transport material saturated with a vaporable fluid and
the tubing is partially evacuated before being sealed at both ends.
Localized heat energy generated within the helix during antenna
operation is continuously distributed to the cooler helix regions
by means of the condensation cycle of the fluid. The fluid is
returned to the hotter regions by means of capillary transport
through the capillary material along the inner tubular walls.
Inventors: |
Majkrzak; Charles P. (Nutley,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
International Telephone and
Telegraph Corporation (Nutley, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
23802573 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/453,917 |
Filed: |
March 22, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/895;
333/22F |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
1/40 (20130101); H01Q 1/362 (20130101); H01Q
1/02 (20130101); H01Q 11/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
1/40 (20060101); H01Q 1/02 (20060101); H01Q
1/36 (20060101); H01Q 1/00 (20060101); H01q
001/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/895 ;333/22F |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: O'Halloran; John T. Lombardi, Jr.;
Menotti J. Menelly; Richard A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A helical antenna with improved temperature characteristics
comprising:
an antenna housing;
a capacitive cylinder within said housing;
a helix coupled with said cylinder; and
a condensable fluid enclosed within the helix whereby heat energy
is distributed uniformly along said helix by the condensation of
said fluid.
2. A helical antenna with improved temperature characteristics
comprising:
an antenna housing;
a capacitive cylinder within said housing; and
a helix coupled with said cylinder said helix consisting of
a number of turns of a length of hollow metal tubing closed at both
ends, a quantity of a condensable fluid within said tubing, and
means for transporting said fluid within said tubing
whereby heat energy is distributed by vaporization of said fluid
and whereby said fluid when condensed is returned by said fluid
transport means.
3. The helical antenna of claim 2 wherein said fluid transport
means comprises capillary action.
4. The helical antenna of claim 2 wherein said fluid transport
means comprises gravity.
5. A helix having uniform heat distribution properties for use with
high power transmitting antennas comprising:
a number of turns of a hollow metal tubing sealed at both ends;
at least one layer of porous capillary material on the inner
surface of said tubing; and
a quantity of condensable fluid within said tubing for distributing
said heat, whereby said heat is transported within said helix by
the condensation cycle of said fluid and said fluid is transported
within said helix by capillary transport within said material.
6. The helix of claim 5 wherein said tubing comprises a metal
selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, and
aluminum.
7. The helix of claim 5 wherein said tubing comprises silver coated
copper.
8. The helix of claim 5 wherein said capillary material is selected
from the group consisting of cotton, wool, felt and fiberglass.
9. The helix of claim 5 wherein said fluid comprises a liquid
selected from the group consisting of water, ketones, and
alcohols.
10. The helix of claim 5 wherein said fluid is a fluorinated
hydrocarbon.
11. The helix of claim 5 further including a braided metal sleeve
within said tubing for supporting said capillary material against
the inner walls of said tubing.
12. An improved helical antenna of the type having a capacitive
cylinder and a helix coupled within a housing wherein the
improvement comprises:
a helix having a number of turns for imparting inductance to said
antenna, said helix further comprising a length of silver coated
copper tubing partially evacuated and sealed at both ends, a woven
cotton wick continuously extending along the inner walls of said
tubing, a braided copper mesh extending concentrically within said
tubing and supporting said wick against said tubing walls, and a
sufficient quantity of water to saturate said wick, wherein heat
energy generated by the operation of the antenna is continuously
distributed from hotter to cooler regions of the helix by the
evaporation and condensation of the water, and whereby the water is
returned to the hotter regions of the helix by capillary transport
through said wick.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
High power transmitting antennas in the 2 to 30 mHz range for
submarine and shipboard use are primarily of the tunable
inductive/capacitive type; that is, an inductive helix in series
with and physically arranged end-to-end with a capacitive
cylinder.
The inductive element is by design, a metal helix imbedded in an
insulating coilform so as to expose the internal surface to the
traveling "shorting" mechanism within the helix to effect a
continuous tuning characteristic. For practical reasons, the
coilforms are usually made of epoxy-bonded or silicone-bonded
fiberglass; the choice of the resin system being controlled by the
required electrical and thermal properties of the material. In
transmitting antennas of lower power rating or of reasonably tall
radiators where the potential gradient and flow of current along
the helix is mild, the use of epoxy-bonded fiberglass is permitted.
In transmitting antennas of higher power rating or of exceptionally
short radiators where the potential gradient and flow of current
along the helix can be steep and severe, the use of silicone-bonded
fiberglass is necessary. The dielectric properties that determine
the choice of material, in addition to its dielectric strength, are
its dielectric constant and its power factor, the product of which
is its loss factor; a factor that measures power loss within the
substance when exposed to the effects of an alternating dielectric
field. This loss of power, of course, decreases the antenna's
efficiency and shows up as heat in the coilform.
By way of example, the dielectric properties at 1 mHz for coilforms
of practical materials are:
Dielectric Power Loss Material Constant Factor Factor
______________________________________ Epoxy-bonded Fiberglass 5.0
.020 .100 Silicone-bonded Fiberglass 4.0 .003 .012
______________________________________
Epoxy-bonded fiberglass will therefore absorb roughly 10 times the
electrical energy with a corresponding increase in temperature as
will silicone-bonded fiberglass under the same conditions. In high
power helical antennas, the use of silicone-bonded fiberglass is
necessary. In lower power helical antennas where the flow of
current is reduced or in those where best efficiency is not the
outstanding requirement, the use of epoxy-bonded fiberglass is
permissible.
The principal thermal property that determines the choice of
material for the coilform is, of course, its ability to withstand
high operating temperatures without detrimental change. Again,
fiberglass coilforms have proven to be most practical wherein the
chosen resin system determined the permissible upper operating
temperature. Some examples of the practical temperature limits are
shown in the following table:
Material .degree.F ______________________________________ G-10
Epoxy-bonded Fiberglass 250 - 300 Cycloaliphatic-resin E-b
Fiberglass 350 - 425 G-7 Silicone-bonded Fiberglass 450 - 500
______________________________________
However, in helical antennas, the temperature rise in the coilform
is not due only to its dielectric heating. A major contributor is
the heat conducted from the imbedded metal helix. This is
especially true and significant in regions of the helix where the
current is concentrated. Here, the ohmic resistance of the helix
material, be it silver or copper, is sufficient to produce local,
but very significant I.sup.2 R power or "copper" losses. This
locally-absorbed I.sup.2 R heat superimposed upon that of the
inherent dielectric heat can cause a destructive temperature rise
within the coilform. In ITTDCD type helical antennas, this
phenomenon has become the limiting factor in establishing the
power-handling capabilities of the antenna.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
FIG. 1 shows a typical helical antenna for shipboard use. The
tuning element 1 is a driven metal tube with one end contacting the
helix 2 internally through an assembly of graphite brushes 3, the
other end similarly contacting the cylinder 4 internally. This
tuning element is motor 5 driven by a spline 7 that not only
imparts rotation to the tuning element 1 so that the brushes 3 will
slide along the helix 2 turn but also permits an axial movement of
the tuning element 1 within the helix so as to permit the brushes 3
to follow the pitch of the helix turn. A series of grooved rollers
6 engaged onto the helix 2 and mounted upon the tuning element 1
imparts the proper axial movement to the tuning element 1. Radio
frequency 8 and control cables 9 are shown at the bottom end of the
radome 10.
FIG. 2 a illustrates a normal voltage and current distribution
along the cylinder 4 and helix 2 of a helical antenna shown
schematically for comparison in FIG. 2 b. The voltage curve 11 and
the current curve 12 are indicated in relation to the position of
the brushes 3. The tuning point is indicated as a line 13 along the
abscissa 14 and the point of maximum current is located at 15 and
the point of minimum voltage is located at 15 for the antenna where
the ordinate 16 indicates increasing current values in arbitrary
amounts as indicated by the arrow. Since the current distribution
is not uniform along the helix, the greatest ohmic heating and, in
turn the maximum temperature rise will occur at the point of
maximum current. When the tuning "short" is near the top of the
helix, the helix current for the same power input is generally low
in any one turn compared to the helix current in the restricted few
active turns when the tuning "short" is near the bottom of the
helix. Since the helical antenna has been configured to operate in
two modes so as to cover the frequency range of 2 to 30 mHz,
one-fourth wave mode for 2 to 12 or 15 mHz and three-fourths wave
mode for 10 or 12 to 30 mHz, critically high currents will be
encountered in two regions over the range. These will, of course,
occur in frequencies when the short approaches the bottom of the
helix to obtain the higher frequencies in each mode of
operation.
FIGS. 3 a thru 3 d schematically illustrate four tuned positions
and conditions in a helical antenna; FIG. 3 a and FIG. 3 b show the
voltage 11 and current 12 distributions when the "short" is near
the top of the helix. FIG. 3 a shows the one-fourth wave mode
characteristic; FIG. 3 b shows the three-fourths wave mode. FIG. 3
c and FIG. 3 d shows the voltage and current distribution when the
"short" is near the bottom of the helix. FIG. 3 c shows the
one-fourth wave mode and FIG. 3 d shows the three-fourths wave
mode. Schematic representations of the cylinder 4 and helix 2 along
with the location of the brushes 3 are included in order to
indicate the relative location of the brushes 3 at points of
maximum current 15 and minimum voltage 15. In the lower frequency
cases a and b for each mode, the temperature of the helix due to
I.sup.2 R losses, in all cases a maximum when the current is a
maximum 15, is comparatively low and becomes fairly uniformly
distributed over the helix because of metallic conductivity.
However, in the latter high frequency cases, FIG. 3 c and FIG. 3 d
for each mode, the temperature of the helix due to I.sup.2 R loss
is quite concentrated, intense and not sufficiently diminished by
metallic conductivity. The heat of this concentrated I.sup.2 R loss
flows from the helix wire into the enclosing coilform and
supplements its inherent dielectric heating. Since the resulting
localized temperature rise in the coilform must be kept within its
operating limits, this condition establishes the power-handling
capability of the antenna at the particular frequency.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention describes a helical antenna that has heat transfer
means incorporated within the antenna helix. The helix is
manufactured from a hollow tubing having a layer of capillary
transport material on the inner surface wall. The capillary
material is saturated with a vaporable fluid and the tubing is
partially evacuated and both ends are sealed. The fluid
subsequently becomes heated and vaporized to carry the heat from
the hotter regions to the cooler condensable regions of the helix.
The fluid returns to the hotter zone by means of capillary
transport through the capillary material on the inner wall. The
continuous vapor transport and fluid return results in a lower
uniform temperature distribution throughout the entire helix.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a helical antenna of the type used with the prior
art.
FIG. 2 a is a graphical presentation of a one-fourth wave operating
mode of the helical antenna of FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 b is a schematic indicating the position of the brushes
relative to the cylinder and helix corresponding to the operational
mode of FIG. b.
FIG. 3 a is a graphic presentation of the resistive heat load of
the antenna of FIG. 1 for a 2mHz one-fourth mode operation.
FIG. 3 b is a graphical presentation of the resistive heat load of
the antenna of FIG. 1 for a 12 mHz three-fourths mode
operation.
FIG. 3 c is a graphical presentation of the resistive heat load of
antenna of FIG. 1 for a 5 mHz one-fourth mode operation.
FIG. 3 d is a graphical presentation of the resistive heat load of
the antenna of FIG. 1 for a 20 mHz three-fourths mode
operation.
FIG. 4 shows a partial section of the inventive helix tubing
illustrating the method of heat transfer.
FIG. 4 a shows an enlarged section of the tubing of FIG. 4
illustrating the structure in detail.
FIG. 4 b shows one embodiment of the helix of the instant invention
in a vertically oriented plane.
FIG. 4 c shows an embodiment of the helix of the instant invention
including a braided metal wick retaining member.
FIG. 4 d shows an embodiment of the helix of the instant invention
having a porous capillary layer integrally formed within the inner
surface of the helix tubing.
FIG. 5 shows a graphical temperature distribution profile for both
a 20 mHz three-fourths wave mode, and a 5 mgHz V.sub.4 wave mode
operation; and for helical antennas of the prior art.
FIG. 6 shows a graphical temperature distribution profile for a 20
mgHz three-fourths mode and a 5 mHz one-fourth wave mode operation
for the helical antenna of the instant invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 4 shows a partial section of one heat transfer apparatus
according to the invention. The helix tubing consists of a thin
wall copper tube 42 coated with a layer of silver 43. This
combination of metals provides the good electrical and good thermal
properties required for the helix. The wick material 44 consisted
in this embodiment of a tightly woven cotton braid. Water is chosen
as the fluid transfer material since the input power operating
range for the helix resulted in a hot spot temperature in excess of
the boiling point of water.
FIG. 4 a is an enlarged representation of the encircled part of
FIG. 4 and shows in detail the layer of silver 43, the copper tube
42, the cotton wick 44 and the passage 46 for the water vapor to
pass through.
The heat is distributed away from a hot zone 47 within the helix
tubing as shown diagramatically in FIG. 4 where the water in vapor
form is depicted as small arrows 48 moving away from the hot zone
47 in both directions along the tubing 42. At a point along the
tubing sufficiently remote from the hot zone 47, the water vapor 48
reaches a section of the tubing where the water vapor 48 can
condense for example at 49 where the heat carried by the water
vapor 48 is transmitted to the tubing 42 in the condensation
process. The water droplet designated as large arrows 49a wets the
wick 44 and commences to move along the wick back to the hot zone
47 by the mechanism of capillary action. Since the helix is exposed
on its outer surface to ambient air, the heat which is transported
to the tubing in the regions outside the hot zone 47 will be
removed from the tubing 42 outer surface by the mechanisms of
radiation and convection. This transfer of heat is depicted by the
vertical arrows 49b.
Since the tubing 42 is sealed to contain the water vapor 48 and the
wick 44 is saturated at a temperature much lower than the boiling
point of water, the system must continuously transport heat from
the hotter regions of the indicated hot zone 47 to the cooler
regions extending throughout the entire tube 42. This condensation
cycle therefore continues until the entire heat energy is
transported throughout the tubing depending on electrical input
power to the helix, the geometry of the tubing and the
thermodynamic properties of the fluid.
FIG. 5 shows in both schematic and graphic form the relative
temperature distribution for a helix according to the prior art. A
partial section of a wire wound helix 52 is depicted indicating one
hot zone 57 existing between the two contacts 53. The helix 52 is
located relative to the graph in order to make the temperature on
the graph correspond to a relative point on the helix 52. The
ordinate axis 54 depicts the measured temperature in Fahrenheit
degrees at a point along the abscissa 55 depicting a thermal point
on the exterior surface of the corresponding helix 52.
The temperature distribution curve for a 5 mHz signal (one-fourth
wave mode) 56 is shown for comparison to the temperature
distribution curve for a 20 mHz signal (three-fourths wave mode)
57. The maximum temperature limit for the particular helix
materials chosen is depicted as a straight line 58 relative to the
helix 52. The hot zone 57 for both the 5 mHz 56 and the 20 mHz 57
signals for the helix 52 of the prior art is shown to be excessive
since the operating temperatures are higher than the maximum
temperature limit 58 for the helix 52.
FIG. 6 shows the temperature distribution curve 63 for the helix of
the invention 62 employing the heat transfer properties of the
instant invention. The helix 62 depicted along the abscissa 65 of
the temperature distribution curve 63 is similar for both the 20
mHz (three-fourths wave mode) and 5 mHz (one-fourth wave mode)
signals of FIG. 5 56, 57. The ordinate 64 depicts the direction of
increasing temperature. Here the temperature 63 at any point along
the surface of the helix 62 is limited to the boiling point of the
water which is in the vicinity of 212.degree.F depending upon the
internal vapor pressure within the helix tubing. The maximum
operating temperature limit for the materials employed is depicted
as a straight line at 350.degree.F. 68.
The temperature is more uniformly distributed along the helix 62
surface and is kept to the limit of the boiling point of the liquid
used. Note that the operational range of temperature for both
frequencies 56, 57 is well below the maximum operating temperature
range (350.degree.F) for the helix 62 materials chosen.
The use of a trapped condensable fluid within the helix tubing of a
helical antenna has solved a very serious materials and power
limitation problem in sea-born antennas. In submarines, for
example, when the helical antenna is in its standard or upright
position, the capacitive element is above the inductive helix, and
the hotter regions of the helix are most usually at the bottom
region of the vertical helix winding. This configuration readily
lends itself to the consensable fluid thermal transfer distribution
of the instant invention. The vertical position of operation
permits the return of condensed fluid by means of gravity. When the
proper fluid is chosen and the helix tubing is evacuated to create
a condition of complete vaporization of the fluid in the region of
the hot zone, and a condition of condensation outside the hot zone,
then the heat is carried upwards by the vapor where it is deposited
at a cooler region. The condensed fluid then drops back into the
region of the hot zone under the influence of gravity.
Several other factors may influence the thermal and fluid transport
properties of the instant invention as is well known to any
thermodynamicist. The pore size of the material chosen for
capillary transport, the wetability of the liquid and viscosity
determine the ultimate rate of liquid flow.
The position of the helix relative to the horizontal plane
determines whether gravity may be an important factor in the fluid
transfer rate. FIG. 4 b shows the cross-section of a part of a
helix wound from a tubing similar to that described in FIG. 4 a
except that the wick 44 is omitted from the tubing 42. The helix is
shown relative to the vertical plane 70 and the horizontal plane
71. The tubing 42 is usually wound at a slight pitch represented in
FIG. 4 b as a pitch angle 72 existing between the tubing 42 and the
horizontal plane 71. This inclination of the tubing provides for
the return of the fluid within the tubing to the bottom of the
helix after evaporation and condensation has occurred. The
operating power requirements of the antenna will, of course,
determine the maximum temperature to be distributed throughout the
helix. Other thermal considerations include the ambient temperature
external to the helix and whether the helix transfers its heat
externally by means of normal air flow or whether forced coolant
means are to be employed. If the antenna described above for
submarine application is to be employed in arctic waters, then the
water described within the earlier embodiment would be impractical
because of its relatively high freezing point. A number of fluids
have been investigated such as ketones (acetone), alcohols
(glycerines and glycols) and water solutions thereof, and
fluorinated hydrocarbons (freon).
When the method of fluid transport is by means of capillary action,
the pore size of the capillary must be optimally determined for the
particular fluid used. Some of the capillary materials which have
been used for the fluids listed above are cotton, wool, fiberglass
and felt, both in woven and in braided form. One of the methods
employed for keeping the capillary material against the tubing wall
and for insuring that the tubing cross section remains essentially
clear of material is to use a concentric annular tubing of braided
metal wire. The porosity of the braid allows the liquid and vapor
to pass freely through to and from the capillary material captured
between the braided metal-wire tubing and the tubing wall. This
embodiment is shown in FIG. 4c where along with the silver coating
43 on the cooper tubing copper and the cotton wick 44 there is
included a braided tubing 73. The braided copper mesh 73 allows the
passage 46 in the tubing to remain clear and holds the wick 44
against the tubing wall.
Other embodiments for the instant invention comprise a combination
of the tubing wall and the capillary material where the outer
surface of the tubing is impregnable, and the inner surface of the
tubing is treated in a manner to create a series of very fine pores
for allowing capillary transport along the inner surface within the
pores. The method of making the inner tubing wall capillary-active
can be by coating a porous metal onto the surface of the tubing or
by treating the inner surface of the tubing directly to make it
porous. FIG. 4 d shows one embodiment of a copper tubing 42 having
a coating of silver 43 on the outer surface, and a series of
micro-pores 74 integrally formed into the inner surface of the
copper tubing 42. This porous layer extends into the tubing inner
surface a distance of a few millimeters and can be etched thereon
or the entire tubing 42 could be made of porous copper tubing and
the silver 43 coated on the surface to seal the outer pores.
Although the helical antenna having improved operating temperature
characteristics has been described for a mobile helical antenna,
this is done by way of example only and is, in no way, intended to
limit the scope of this invention which may find application
wherever an internally cooled helix is required.
* * * * *