U.S. patent number 3,902,118 [Application Number 05/457,869] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-26 for body-coupled portable transmitter.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Kurt Ikrath, William Kennebeck.
United States Patent |
3,902,118 |
Ikrath , et al. |
August 26, 1975 |
Body-coupled portable transmitter
Abstract
A body-coupled portable radio transmitter to be worn
camouflaged, at about aist level, in the manner of a shoulder bag,
under a covering outer garment, and depending from a resilient
flexible open coil for coupling RF output of the transmitter to the
body to be radiated by the body, the coil diameter being small
enough for the coil to be worn under the garment and there being a
sufficient number of turns in the coil to be tunable in place on
the wearer, the combination with the transmitter being operable at
average output power on the order of 1 watt, which is low enough
not to be hazardous to the health of the wearer while having good
signal-to-noise ratio, in a frequency band high enough for good
radiation efficiency, i.e. above 3MHz, but not so high as to
introduce health hazards to the wearer, i.e. below 40MHz, and
operable with radiation efficiency greater than that of the same
transmitter equipped with a whip antenna operated at the same
average power and frequency when positioned next to the same person
where the whip antenna does not extend above the head of the wearer
so as not to be visible.
Inventors: |
Ikrath; Kurt (Elberon, NJ),
Kennebeck; William (Eatontown, NJ) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
23818393 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/457,869 |
Filed: |
April 4, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
455/100; 343/868;
343/718; 455/129 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
1/273 (20130101); H04B 1/0343 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04B
1/02 (20060101); H01Q 1/27 (20060101); H04B
1/034 (20060101); H04B 001/034 (); H01Q
001/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;325/118,178,179
;343/718,895,720,842,866,867,868,908 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Libman; George H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Edelberg; Nathan Gibson; Robert P.
Bowers; Arthur L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. In combination, a compact portable radio transmitter operable in
at least a segment of the frequency range between 3 MHz and 40 MHz
and at average power output of about 1 watt when operated
continuously for a long period of time, a stretchable resilient
open coil coupled to the output of the transmitter and physically
attached to the ends of the coil, the coil having a mean coil
diameter of about 6.5 cm and being of an unstretched length on the
order of 90 cm whereby when a person wears the coil on one shoulder
and it extends across the front and back of the person with the
transmitter depending from the ends of the coil, the coil is
stretched by the weight of the transmitter and conforms to the
front and back of the person and the transmitter is at about the
waist level at his other side, and capacitor means coupled to the
coil for tuning the coil when the coil and transmitter are worn by
the person and the transmitter is in operation in a selected
segment of the frequency range.
2. A method by which a person on foot can carry and safely operate
a compact portable transmitter that is equipped with a whip
antenna, so that it is camouflaged and has higher radiation
efficiency comprising the steps of detaching the whip antenna from
the transmitter terminals, coupling to the transmitter terminals a
stretchable resilient coil to support the transmitter from one
shoulder to the opposite side of the waist of a wearer, operating
the transmitter at maximum average output power of 1 watt when
operated continuously for a long period of time, setting the
transmitter to a frequency between 3MHz and 40MHz and tuning the
coil in place on the person for maximum RF current through the coil
at the selected frequency and 1 watt average power.
3. A method of communication comprising pendantly supporting a
compact portable radio transmitter from the ends of a loop of
stretchable resilient flexible open coil, suspending the loop of
coil from one shoulder of a person to extend across the front and
back of the person to support the transmitter pendantly from its
ends at the opposite side of the waist of the person, coupling the
RF output of the transmitter to the coil, adjusting the transmitter
for maximum average output power of one watt in a frequency band
between the limits of 3 MHz and 40 MHz, and tuning the coil in
place on the person for maximum RF current through the coil when
the transmitter is operated at one watt average power and in said
frequency band.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In military on-the-ground operations, a radio operator on foot
carrying a manpack radio equipped with a waving whip antenna is
more likely to be a target. There have been efforts directed toward
eliminating the highly visible whip without sacrificing
communication function. These efforts included rod or dipole
antenna means sewn into or worn under an outer garment, but much or
nearly all of the transmitter output was absorbed by the body of
the wearer. Not only were such efforts unsuccessful but the RF
absorption heightened awareness of potential hazard of body
coupling a radio transmitter to the radio operator. In an
inhomogeneous electromagnetic field, dissipative eddy currents that
are of vastly differing relative intensities are generated in the
various inside body tissues. Resistivities of human body tissues
and organs vary as follows: for vascular tissues it is about 100
ohm-cm, for bone tissues it is about 800 ohm-cm, for fat tissue it
is about 5000 ohm-cm, for epidermis it is about 5000 ohm-cm. If the
human body is in an electromagnetic field that induces currents in
the body, the distribution and the intensities of induced eddy
currents and electromagnetic force fields inside the body are
governed by the locations of the different kinds of tissues
relative to the applied electromagnetic field configuration and to
the frequency. As frequency is increased, particularly above about
40MHz, there is increased risk of local hot spots in one or more
sites in the body that might result in tissue damage at those hot
spots. Some degree of electrodiathermy of the radio operator is
unavoidable when his body is enlisted for antenna function.
However, electromedical therapy information indicates that 1 watt
long-time average absorption by the body will not cause tissue
deterioration, particularly below 40MHz.
The inventor is coinventor in U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,562 wherein there
is disclosed a technique of impressing a tree into service as an
antenna to overcome obstruction by surrounding jungle vegetation to
radio communication via whip antenna. A coupling coil is supported
around a tree trunk. However, a coupling coil worn by a person
around his midsection does not work because it has been
demonstrated that the midsection functions as a lossy core
absorbing essentially all the energy coupled to the body by the
coil.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In this invention a portable transmitter conventionally equipped
with a whip antenna has its whip antenna replaced by an open,
resilient, flexible body-coupling coil of sufficiently small
diameter so that it can be worn under a loose fitting jacket and
not be noticeable and that has sufficient turns so that it is
tunable in place on a person in a desired frequency band that is
between the limits 3MHz and 40MHz when fed by the transmitter and
that is strong enough to support the transmitter near the waist, at
one side, from the opposite shoulder. Capacitor tuning means is
connected to the coil. Below 3MHz it has been determined that
radiation efficiency is too low to be practical though there is
some electromagnetic radiation down to a frequency below 2MHz;
cutoff frequency is related to the person and to other parameters.
Above 40MHz there are hazards of localized excessive current
densities and resultant hot spots in one or more sites inside the
body. In addition to limiting frequency, power is limited to 1 watt
average for continuous long-term operation for the safety of the
radio operator. Though the transmitter may be operated with average
power considerably lower than 1 watt to further limit
electrodiathermy, signal-to-noise becomes too poor and interference
becomes too pronounced as the power is reduced.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows part of a person in outline wearing an embodiment of
the invention under a loosely fitting outer garment;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are circuit diagrams to illustrate the means for coil
tuning; and
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are sketches showing three different orientations
of coupling coil equipped transmitter on representations of the
same person and including response at 4.2MHz relative to that
obtained when the same person and the same transmitter, but
equipped with a whip antenna that is vertical and does not extend
over that person's head, are contiguous.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
In FIG. 1 there is shown a person bearing a 1 watt portable
transmitter 10 and resilient, flexible body coupling coil 12
connected to the transmitter output and designed to be small enough
to be worn under a loosely fitting outer garment 14 over one
shoulder and supporting the transmitter near the waist on the other
side of the person. One end of coil 10 is secured in one terminal
16 projecting from one side of the transmitter housing. The other
end of the coil and its connection to another terminal on the
opposite side of the housing is not visible in FIG. 1. A microphone
cable is connected to terminal 18. The coil is easy to manipulate,
conforms readily to the body of the wearer when put on and when the
wearer is moving about, and also can be readily taken off. The coil
12 and the connecting terminals are strong enough to support the
pendant transmitter. When the transmitter is operating, the coil
couples electromagnetic energy to the body and some of the energy
is radiated as RF. The human body has both capacitive and inductive
impedance. The coil is designed to have sufficient inductance to be
tunable when in place as shown and when the transmitter is
operating. The coil diameter and the number of turns are in an
inverse relationship in the sense that for a selected frequency
band, smaller diameter turns calls for more coil turns and larger
diameter turns calls for fewer coil turns for the coil to have the
required inductance. A satisfactory design for about 4MHz was
determined to be 6.5cm coil diameter, 25 turns, 80cm to 90cm
overall length unextended. When worn as shown in the drawing, the
spacing between turns is irregular being influenced by the weight
of the transmitter and by the manner in which the coil conforms to
the body of the wearer.
Two arrangements for connecting the coil 12 to the transmitter and
for tuning the coil in place on the person is shown in FIGS. 2 and
3. Tuning is guided by an RF current meter 20 in series with the
oil, not shown in FIG. 1. A variable capacitor 22 is connected in
parallel with the series-connected coil 12 and RF meter 20. The
capacitor 22 is adjusted to optimize the current through the coil.
Then a variable capacitor 24 shown in FIG. 2, in series with one
terminal of the transmitter and one end of the coil is adjusted,
followed by additional fine adjustment of both capacitors to
optimize the indication on the RF meter. In the arrangement shown
in FIG. 3, the transmitter is directly coupled to a few turns of
the coil in the manner of an autotransformer.
For operation at about 8MHz, a satisfactory coil design using the
same coil diameter was determined to be 16 turns with an overall
length between 90cm and 100cm unextended. In place, the separation
between turns varies between 5cm and 7cm.
Since the resistivities of human body tissues and organs vary over
a very wide range, the interaction between the inhomogeneous human
body and an inhomogeneous primary electromagnetic field as
generated by the coil 12 produces a resultant inhomogeneous field
configuration. Therefore the radiation field pattern from the body
coupled transmitter is strongly influenced by the geometry and by
the position of the coupler on the person as well as by the
operating frequency. The roles of the coupling coil and of the body
supporting the coil is reflected by the data in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6.
The data is relative field strength levels in decibels of a coil
equipped transmitter as described in several orientations on the
same person, as referred to the same transmitter equipped with a
whip antenna, positioned in front of the person, standing, and
where the whip does not extend above the head of that person. The
field strength levels were measured at about 4.2MHz with a radio
frequency interference analyzer field strength meter equipped with
a whip antenna and mounted on the roof of a vehicle about 200 feet
away. In FIG. 4, where the coil is supported around a person's
waist, there was unacceptable signal attenuation. In FIG. 5, where
the person wore the coil around his neck with the transmitter
depending to and resting against his abdomen, signal intensity
rearwardly was high and was many times greater than in the forward
direction. With the arrangement in FIG. 6 where the coil and
transmitter were worn on the right shoulder across chest and back,
to the left waist, signal intensity forwardly and rearwardly were
equal; over at least 270.degree., variation in signal intensity was
4db. The results obtained with the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 were
so favorable that not only does it offer the advantages of
camouflage but in addition it offers ease of portability and
operating advantages over whip-equipped transmitters under some
field conditions.
To avoid energy absorption by the lower torso region of the body
which is very lossy, the coil length is limited so that in place on
a person it sees as a core, the chest region or upper torso of the
person.
* * * * *