U.S. patent number 3,900,000 [Application Number 05/419,569] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-19 for apparatus for spray coating articles.
Invention is credited to Thomas J. Gallen.
United States Patent |
3,900,000 |
Gallen |
August 19, 1975 |
Apparatus for spray coating articles
Abstract
A sub-ionization spray coating system having a spray gun at
ground potential with an ungrounded high speed disc atomizer for
spraying ungrounded coating having an electrical potential of one
polarity upon an inductively charged workpiece having an electrical
potential of an opposite polarity, the potentials of which are
substantially lower than those of the prior art.
Inventors: |
Gallen; Thomas J.
(Feasterville, PA) |
Family
ID: |
23662814 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/419,569 |
Filed: |
November 28, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
118/630; 239/703;
118/629 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B05B
5/0418 (20130101); B05B 5/043 (20130101); B05B
5/04 (20130101); B05B 5/082 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
5/043 (20060101); B05B 5/025 (20060101); B05B
5/08 (20060101); B05B 5/04 (20060101); B05B
005/02 (); B05C 005/04 () |
Field of
Search: |
;118/621,627,629,630
;117/93.4 ;239/3,15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Stein; Mervin
Assistant Examiner: Salser; Douglas
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Krazinski; Leo C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A sub-ionization spray coating system comprising, in
combination, a grounded spray gun, a disc rotated by said spray gun
for atomizing coating material, means for insulating said disc from
said spray gun, a non-conductive hose for supplying said coating
material to said disc, means for applying inductively a voltage of
one polarity to said coating material while in said hose, whereby
said coating material voltage is imparted to said disc to create an
electrostatic field between said disc and said spray gun upon
discharge of said coating material from said spray gun, a work
piece to be coated with said coating material, and means for
applying inductively a voltage of opposite polarity to said work
piece, whereby an electrostatic field is created between said work
piece and said spray gun.
2. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
1, wherein said means for applying an inductive voltage of said one
polarity to said coating material includes a transformer having a
terminal for said one polarity, a hose coupling attached to said
hose, and a conductor having one end connected to said transformer
terminal and having its other end disposed at a predetermined
distance from said coupling to inductively impart the desired
voltage to said coupling and in turn to said coating material
within said hose.
3. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
2, wherein said inductively applied voltage to said coupling and
coating material is less than 1,000 volts.
4. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
2, wherein said means for applying inductively a voltage of
opposite polarity to said work piece includes a transformer having
a terminal for said opposite polarity, and a conductor having one
end connected to said transformer opposite polarity terminal and
its other end disposed at a predetermined distance from said work
piece to inductively impart the desired voltage to said work
piece.
5. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
4, wherein said inductively applied voltage to said work piece is
less than 15,000 volts.
6. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
5, wherein said inductively applied voltage to said coupling and
coating material is less than 1,000 volts.
7. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
6, wherein said coating material is non-conductive.
8. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
7, wherein said work piece is non-conductive.
9. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
6, wherein said coating material and said work piece are
conductive.
10. A sub-ionization spray coating system in accordance with claim
9, wherein each of said transformers has a second terminal, and a
grounded conductor interconnecting said second transformer
terminals.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for spray
coating articles of manufacture and, in particular, to an
arrangement wherein atomized coating particles of one electrical
sign are ejected from an atomizer and directed towards inductively
charged work pieces of opposite electrical sign.
2. Description of Prior Art
Heretofore, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,473,946, 3,376,156,
3,113,037, 2,893,894, 2,893,893, 2,794,417, 1,855,869 and others of
like import, the voltages employed have been rather high in order
to produce ionization of the air and spray particles. But
ionization as so produced in the prior art renders it difficult to
spray paint work pieces having sharp edges and or recesses. Such
ionizing edges pull more finely atomized particles to their
emission points than do the uniformly emitting flat or circular
surfaces and thereby provide articles with paint build-up on their
ionizing edges. In other words, the prior art practice does not
produce articles with a uniform coating on all surfaces
thereof.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide an improved
method and apparatus for spray coating material (paint or powder)
onto any shaped article (conductive or non-conductive) to form a
more uniform coating of suitable thickness thereon, and with
minimum waste.
Another object is to provide a spray coating arrangement wherein
the voltages employed are substantially lower than in the prior art
practice with resultant savings in energy.
A further object is to provide a spray coating arrangement that is
safer to personnel operating the same.
A still further object is to accomplish the foregoing objects in a
simple, practical and economical manner.
Other and further objects will be obvious upon an understanding of
the illustrative embodiment about to be described, or will be
indicated in the appended claims, and various advantages not
referred to herein will occur to one skilled in the art upon
employment of the invention in practice.
In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing objects are
generally accomplished by performing the spray coating in a
sub-ionization field wherein the voltage is quite low as compared
to the high voltages in conventional practice. With the lower
voltage used in this invention there is insured a vast improvement
in the uniformity of coating thickness on various shaped
articles.
Important features of the present invention are:
1. The spray gun is at ground potential for operator safety.
2. The disc atomizer or coating emitting head is insulated from the
spray gun and thus not connected to ground.
3. The coating itself is insulated from ground and so introduced
into the disc atomizer or emitting head.
4. The coating ejected from the disc atomizer or emitting head has
a charge applied to it prior to its entering the atomizer or
emitting head, which charge is of an electrical sign opposite to
that of the charged work piece, the coating charge being even as
low as 1 volt.
5. The movement of air is controlled so as to be moved from the
rear of the atomizer or emitting head across the path of the work
piece, at a rate that will not overcome attraction of the coating
particles by the charged work piece.
6. A conductor having a voltage well above that of the charged
coating induces a charge of opposite sign to that of the coating
particles onto the work piece. The voltage induced on the work
piece is about 15,000 volts at a 10 to 12 inch average distance
from the atomizer or emitting head.
The advantages of the above features are many, including:
1. The atomizing disc or emitting head being insulated from ground
receives only the voltage sign deposited on its surface by the
charged coating material, which has had either a positive or
negative sign of at least 1 volt placed upon it prior to its
entrance through the insulated disc or emitting head. Therefore,
the field required to attract the atomized coating material can be
reduced from an actual 28,000 to 30,000 volts, as required in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,376,156, to a field of about 14,000 to 15,000 volts.
Thus, it is evident that 14,000 to 15,000 additional volts are
required in the above patent to do the work of pulling the opposite
voltage sign from ground (which is balanced and equally positive
and negative).
2. The same work, that is, additional voltage, is required in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 2,794,417, 2,893,893, and 2,893,894. The prior art parts
being normally grounded, this 14,000 to 15,000 volt minimum is
required for deposition of the coating material onto the part.
Since grounded parts are equally positive and negative, in the
above patents where the coating material is charged to one sign,
then the grounded part, being equally positive and negative, would
be coated with a 50% efficiency. The field must consequently be
strong enough to pull the opposite sign from that on the coating
material to a predominant position on the grounded part in order to
attract the coating material, with the almost 100% theoretical
efficiency as afforded by the above patents. In the above patents
the normal field, as described therein, is about 100,000 volts.
This high voltage is supplied because said patents require 14,000
to 15,000 volts minimum for emission or deposition, as explained
hereinbefore, plus 14,000 to 15,000 volts for attraction and
dispersion, as indicated by the invention herein, and the work of
atomization, which is performed by ionization of air at the edge of
the atomizing disc, can amount to 70,000 volts more or less
depending upon the degree of atomization needed.
3. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,156 with the field at about 28,000 to
30,000 volts there is a very slight amount of ionization that takes
place. This has no significant effect on atomization, as shown by
the other hereinbefore mentioned patents, but it is enough to cause
some difficulty with work pieces that have sharp edges and or
recesses. The ionizing edges pull more finely atomized coating
particles to their emission points than do the uniformly emitting
flat or circular surfaces. By eliminating the 14,000 to 15,000
voltage required by U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,156, it is found that there
are no ionizing edges whatsoever and the coating material is pulled
uniformly by both flat surfaces and edges of the part. This allows
a more dense coating material to be applied all over the surface of
the part without runs and or tears at the edges. More coating
material goes into corners and recesses uniformly because it is not
overly attracted to the edges on its way in.
4. Over the years many companies have made conductivity meters to
measure the conductivity of the coating material. These have helped
in coating formulation to conteract to some extent the coating
build-up on ioning edges. Since these ionizing edges are eliminated
under the invention herein, there is no difference in coating
quality, whether the coating is 1.5 megohms or 5.0 megohms.
5. The fact that the field under the invention herein is about
15,000 volts is a substantial improvement in safety conditions.
Since the coating material is charged with only enough voltage to
give it an opposite and uniform sign to that of the work piece, as
low as one volt, it is evident that the operator can safely handle
the atomizer and even the fluid hose itself.
6. Highly conductive paints, powders, aqueous solutions, etc., may
thus, in the instant invention, be handled by the specially
constructed atomizers with no danger whatever of voltage backing up
to the coating container. In practice, the apparatus of this
invention has been operated with about 100 volts, as well as 5,000
volts, on the coating material and showed no significant difference
in coating operation or quality. It is not how much voltage, but
how little voltage that is important in order to control the sign
of the coating material, as to positive with relation to negatively
charged part, or the reverse.
7. By inductively charging the part, as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,156,
many spray booths may be operated with slightly different field
voltages with one power supply operating all booths, and the
several fields being controlled by different induction gaps. The
high speed atomizer is the only mechanical method of getting
particle size down to minimum where the extremely low field of
15,000 volts will attract with an efficiency approaching 100%.
8. The inductively charged work piece and the extremely successful
high speed rotary atomizer with paint polarity (sign) being
controlled in this invention, as opposed to putting a high voltage
on the work piece via charging the atomizer head, is the main
difference between this invention and U.S. Pat. No. 3,113,037. The
latter patent eliminates the voltage required for deposition due to
not using a grounded electrode, but requires more voltage to aid in
atomization. This is because the rotary head squirts jets of paint
that would not atomize to the degree necessary at a 15,000 volt
field and therefore not be attracted with a high efficiency in view
of the paint's higher particle size and weight.
9. U.S. Pat. No. 1,855,869 requires that the work piece have one
charge while the atomizer places an opposite charge on the paint,
the field being variable in order to prevent arcing between the
work pieces being coated and the atomizer. Since atomization at the
time of this patent was believed to be caused by air, nevertheless
there exists an electrostatic influence on its atomization because
the paint fluid is emitted into the field from the end of the fluid
tube that acts as one electrode in the field. It will work at its
maximum efficiency if only enough air is used to lift or venturi
the liquid up the siphon tube to its forward edge and let the
electrostatic field do the work of atomization, so that the less
air involved the less forward velocity and turbulence given the
fluid particles, the more efficiency.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,698,814 teaches that non-conductive work pieces
have been semi-successfully coated with varying techniques, such as
giving the pieces conductive backing or heating or wetting the
article. On the contrary the instant invention readily coats
non-conductive work pieces. U.S. Pat. No. 2,698,814 charges the
atomizer one sign of high voltage and puts a rake shaped electrode
with high voltage of the opposite sign behind the work piece. This
is done to electrostatically atomize, disperse, and attract
particles of paint to the non-conductive work piece. A principle
fault with this patent was because of the detearing effect of the
oppositely charged grid. The instant invention paints
non-conductive work pieces perfectly and has no grids to detear and
cause poor or inadequate coverage.
As far as applicant is aware, the invention herein is the only
highly efficient system known that uses voltages below the
ionization level in the coating field between the atomizer and the
work piece. This invention has been installed and successfully
operated in a commercial plastic coating application, with odd size
and shape work pieces with a field voltage of 13,000 volts. The
invention has been tested on powder, as well, and the main feature
that happens with powder and paint, that is more easily seen with
powder than with paint is:
With paint, as the voltage in the paint is increased, the
dispersion is wider and is primarily seen as dryer paint on the
work piece, since it is dispersed over a wider area.
With powder, the pattern can be raised in diameter from 4 to 16 or
20 inches by increasing voltage on the powder.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the invention has been chosen for
purposes of illustration and description and is shown in the
accompanying drawing, forming a part of the specification,
wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevational view of a preferred form of
spray painting apparatus according to the present invention.
Referring now to the drawing in detail, there is shown a spray gun
10 mounted on a supporting structure 11, both of which are
grounded. The spray gun 10 has mounted on its discharging end a
disc 12 which is insulated from ground and therefore insulated from
the spray gun, as by a plastic washer 13 separating the disc 12
from a grounded motor shaft 14, a plastic shield 16 placed around
an end portion 17 of the shaft 14, and a grounded screw 18,
insulated from the disc 12, for holding the disc onto the shaft 14.
The spray gun 10 is supplied by means of a plastic, non-conductive
fluid hose 19 with paint fluid or powder 20 from paint source (not
shown). A valve 21 is provided for controlling paint flow and this
valve is grounded, as shown. A metallic hose coupling 22,
preferably brass, is shown in the hose line and this coupling is
energized, through induction, from an electrical conductor 23, by a
voltage of negative (-) polarity, the conductor 23 being connected
to a negative (-) terminal 24 of a transformer 26, the positive
terminal (+) 27 of which is grounded by a conductor 28.
As is conventional in paint spraying systems, an overhead conveyor
29, similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,156 and shown
here diagrammatically, has suspended therefrom, in seriatim, hooks
31, insulator 32, hooks 33 and a work piece 34. The work piece in
this instance may be of plastic or non-conductive material and is
energized by induction from an electrical conductor 36 (in a manner
similar to that in U.S. Pat. No. 3,376,156) having a voltage of
positive (+) polarity and being connected to a positive (+)
terminal 37 of a transformer 38, the negative (-) terminal 39 of
which is grounded by the conductor 28, which was also used in
grounding the negative (-) terminal 27 of the transformer 26. It
has been found taht the voltage at the transformer 38 need be no
greater than 28,000 volts and that the induced voltage upon the
work piece about 15,000 volts. Also, it has been found that the
voltage at the transformer 26 need be no greater than 5,000 volts
and that the induced voltage upon the paint material 20 may be as
low as 1 volt. Further the distance between the work piece 34 and
disc 12 is about 10 inches.
In operation, the spray gun 10 being at ground potential and the
paint particles 20 being at a negative (-) potential, since the
disc 12 is insulated from the spray gun 10, the paint particles 20
are ejected from the atomizer disc 12 and across the path of the
work piece 34. It is to be noted that the electrostatic field
developed around the work piece 34 is below ionization. As a
result, regardless of the shape of the work piece 34, whether
angular with sharp corners, round and smooth, or flat, the coating
of the work piece 34 is accomplished in an even thickness and most
efficient manner, uniformly covering all surfaces including front,
back and sides. As explained hereinbefore, the reduced voltage of
about 14,000 volts at the work piece 34 is too low to cause
ionization with the unforeseen result that attraction of the paint
particles to the work piece 34 coats all surfaces thereof
evenly.
From the foregoing description, it will be seen that the present
invention provides an efficient sub-ionization spray coating system
which uniformly coats all surfaces of a work piece, especially
those work pieces having sharp edges. It is to be noted that each
of the three factors, namely, atomization, dispersion and
attraction, used in coating the work piece of this invention is
independently controlled. The atomization of the coating particles
is controlled by the speed of the disc 12, that is, the greater the
speed the greater the attraction. Dispersion of the coating
particles is controlled by the voltage applied at the field shown
as X on the drawing, that is, between the disc 12 and the spray gun
screw 18, the dispersion increasing as the voltage is increased at
the hose coupling 22 by bringing the end of wire 23 closer to the
coupling. Attraction is controlled by the voltage inductively
applied to the work piece 34 and producing the field Y shown on the
drawing, that is, between the work piece 34 and the spray gun screw
18, the attraction increasing as the voltage is increased.
As various changes may be made in the form, construction and
arrangement of the parts herein, without departing from the spirit
and scope of the invention and without sacrificing any of its
advantages, it is to be understood that all matters are to be
interpreted as illustrative and not in any limiting sense.
* * * * *