U.S. patent number 3,899,821 [Application Number 05/495,631] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-19 for method of making metal piece having high density from metal powder.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Kawasaki Steel Corporation. Invention is credited to Shunji Ito, Yoshihiro Kajinaga, Yasuaki Morioka, Minoru Nitta, Ichio Sakurada.
United States Patent |
3,899,821 |
Ito , et al. |
August 19, 1975 |
Method of making metal piece having high density from metal
powder
Abstract
A method of making a metal piece having a high density is
disclosed in which metal powder is compacted into compacts and
these compacts are stacked one upon the other in a metallic
container having an upper open end and then the metallic container
together with the compacts stacked therein are heated and hot
forged in atmospheric air. A perforated carburizing protecting
plate and solid reducing agent are disposed on the compacts in the
container and the upper open end of the container is closed by a
cover plate having a degassing gap.
Inventors: |
Ito; Shunji (Chiba,
JA), Morioka; Yasuaki (Chiba, JA),
Kajinaga; Yoshihiro (Chiba, JA), Sakurada; Ichio
(Chiba, JA), Nitta; Minoru (Chiba, JA) |
Assignee: |
Kawasaki Steel Corporation
(Kobe, JA)
|
Family
ID: |
13952218 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/495,631 |
Filed: |
August 8, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Aug 9, 1973 [JA] |
|
|
48-88775 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
419/28; 75/246;
148/226; 419/56; 75/950; 419/48; 428/546 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B22F
3/17 (20130101); B22F 3/1258 (20130101); Y10S
75/95 (20130101); Y10T 428/12014 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B22F
3/12 (20060101); B22F 3/17 (20060101); B22F
3/00 (20060101); B22F 003/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/420,420.5,DIG.18,DIG.31,DIG.32,182.2,DIG.21 ;75/28R,226
;148/126 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lanham; C. W.
Assistant Examiner: Reiley, III; D. C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of making a macroscopically homogeneous metal piece
having a high density from metal powder, comprising the steps of
compacting metal powder to obtain compacts, stacking said compacts
one upon the other in a metallic container having an upper open
end, disposing a perforated carburizing protecting plate and a
solid reducing agent in succession on said stacked compacts so that
said solid reducing agent does not directly touch said metal
compacts, said solid reducing agent upon heating generates and
maintains an oxidation protecting atomosphere, closing said upper
open end of said container by means of a cover plate made of metal
and having a degassing gap so that the conainer is otherwise
sealed, heating said stacked compacts together with said container
at a temperature from 1,000.degree.C. to 1,300.degree.C in
atmospheric air, hot forging said stacked compacts together with
said container in atmospheric air to deform them, and finally
cutting off said deformed container to obtain the metal piece.
2. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein said solid reducing
agent is graphite powder.
3. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein said compact has a
density ratio of at least 70 percent of the theoretical density
thereof.
4. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 3, wherein said metal powder is
selected from iron group powder consisting of pure iron powder and
alloy steel powder.
5. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein said metallic container
is made of iron, preferably, mild steel.
6. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of
maintaining oxidation protecting atmosphere in said metallic
container comprises adjusting the amount and selecting the kind of
said solid reducing agent.
7. A method of making a metal piece having a high density from
metal powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step of
maintaining oxidation protecting atmosphere in said metallic
container comprises adjusting the degassing gap.
Description
This invention relates to a method of making a metal piece having a
high density from metal powder by heating and hot forging compacts
obtained from the metal powder and stacked in a metallic container
in atmospheric air without oxidizing the metal powder.
Heretofore, it has been proposed to make a metal piece having a
high density from metal powder by hot forging the metal powder by
the following three methods:
1. Method of sintering and forging metal powder.
2. Method of hot compressing metal powder by static pressure,
and
3. Method of rolling metal powder.
The first method (1) of sintering and forging metal powder has
rapidly been closed up as an interesting technique for recent
powder metallurgy. This method, however, is limited to production
of small machine parts which are required to be subjected to a
number of cutting steps and of which weight is on the order of at
most 4 to 5 Kg. In addition, this method is required to use a
forging metallic die. This method is intended to be replaced for
the conventional mechanical cutting method of making a metal piece
for the purpose of providing a material increase in yield and
saving materials and mechanical power, thereby reducing the cost of
the metal piece. This method of sintering and forging metal piece,
however, has the disadvantage that the forging must be effected in
a limited space in the metallic die, that a compact must be heated
in a reducing atmosphere, that a large compact could not be forged
owing to the presence of the metallic die, and that use must be
made of exclusively pressing machine or forging machine.
The second method (2) of hot compressing metal powder by static
pressure also has the disadvantage that provision must be made of a
special apparatus, that a special atmosphere or pressure medium
must be used for compressing the metal powder and that it is
difficult to forge a large compact. In addition, the apparatus used
is difficult in handling. The method is only applicable to a
special metal piece. Moreover, the metal piece becomes expensive
and could not be made in a mass-production scale.
The third method (3) of rolling metal powder has the disadvantage
that it is difficult to make a continuous compact by means of rolls
and that a reducing atmosphere must also be used for heating the
compact.
As stated hereinbefore, the conventional methods (1) to (3) could
not satisfy those conditions which are required in the method of
making a metal piece from metal powder, and could not satisfy such
conditions that heating and hot forging of the compacts can be
effected in atmospheric air, that all of the steps can be effected
in a less expensive and easy manner, that various types of forging
machines can easily be used, and that large machine parts can
easily be manufactured in a mass-production scale.
An object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a method by
which a large and macroscopically homogeneous metal piece can be
obtained.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method which is
capable of heating and hot forging compacts in atmospheric air in
less expensive manner without oxidizing these compacts.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method by which
large machine parts can easily be manufactured by using various
types of forging machines.
A feature of the invention is the provision of a method of making a
metal piece having a high density from metal powder, comprising the
steps of compacting metal powder to obtain compacts, stacking said
compacts one upon the other in a metallic container having an upper
open end, disposing a perforated carburizing protecting plate and
solid reducing agent in succession on said stacked compacts,
closing said upper open end of said container by means of a cover
plate made of metal and having a degassing gap, heating said
stacked compacts together with said container at a temperature from
1,000.degree.C to 1,300.degree.C in atmospheric air, hot forging
said stacked compacts together with said container in atmospheric
air to deform them, and finally cutting off said deformed container
to obtain a metal piece having a high density.
The invention makes it possible to achieve not only heating of the
compact in atmospheric air but also hot forging in atmospheric air
by using various types of forging machines while preventing the
metal powder from being oxidized. As a result, the metal piece
having a high density can be made in an extremely less expensive
manner. Thus, the method according to the invention may be applied
to various fields of powder metallurgy.
In the method according to the present invention, the compact is
subjected to a pretreatment such that the compact can be hot forged
in atmospheric air prior to its after treatment. The invention
permits of easily obtaining a large macroscopically homogeneous
metal piece. For example, the use of the same kind of metal powder
ensures production of metal piece having no segregation. If at
least two kinds of metal powders are used, these powders are fully
mixed to each other prior to packing of the compact in a metallic
container, and as a result, a homogeneous metal piece having no
macroscopic segregation can be obtained, thereby improving the
yield of the metal powder.
The invention will now be described in greater detail with
reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow sheet diagram showing successive steps of the
method according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of one embodiment of a metallic container
used in the method according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is its front elevation partly in section;
FIG. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of the metallic
container; and
FIG. 5 is its front elevation partly in section.
Referring to FIG. 1, A designates a metal powder mixing step, B a
compacting step, C a sintering step and D a step of stacking
compacts in a metallic container. As shown in FIG. 1, the sintering
step C may be omitted and carry out the successive steps A-B-D
instead of A-B-C-D.
In the step A, metal powder is mixed with graphite powder, if
necessary, and then compacted at the step B into compats which are
then with or without sintering stacked in the metallic container
one upon the other in the step D. The compact is required to have a
density ratio of at least 70 percent of its theoretical density. A
compact having a density ratio not higher than 70 percent becomes
excessively contracted when it is hot forged at the step G, and as
a result, it is impossible to sufficiently achieve the hot forging
through the deformation of metallic container.
The compacts with or without subjected to the sintering step C may
be stacked in the metallic container. But, it is preferable to
stack the sintered compacts in the container for ease of handling.
In case of compacting iron powder, carbon may be added to the iron
powder for the purpose of adjusting the compositions of the metal
piece. In this case, if carbon is alloyed beforehand with the iron,
the compacting property of such iron-carbon alloy becomes
deteriorated, so that it is preferable to mix the iron powder with
graphite powder in the mixing step A and then to compact the mixed
powder. As a result, it is preferable to make use of the sintering
step C in order to fully diffuse the mixed components to each
other. But, the presence or absence of the sintering step C is not
the essential part of the present invention. In order to obtain the
homogeneous metal piece, it is important to fully mix the metal
powder prior to the compacting step B or to the stacking step D. It
is also important how to compact the mixed powder. But, such
treatments do not constitute the essential parts of the present
invention.
One of the features of the invention consists in the packing step D
in which the compacts obtained from the metal powder by the
compacting step B are stacked in the metallic container. In this
case, the metallic container may be made of any materials which do
not hinder the hot forging subjected to the stacked compacts. For
example, the metallic container may be made of mild steel in case
of hot forging stainless steel powder. In case of selecting the
materials by which the metallic container is made, materials are
selected which are less expensive in materials per se and forging
cost, which can easily be plastically deformed without being broken
and which are easy in handling. But, in general, the metallic
container may be made of mild steel. The metallic container may be
manufactured in any suitable shape by means of customary methods
such as pressing, extrusion, casting, welding, pressure bonding and
the like by taking the shape of the metal piece and the compacts to
be packed therein into consideration.
The metallic container constituting one of the essential parts of
the invention will plays the following roles.
1. The metallic container prevents the graphite powder and the
compacts from being fallen away therefrom. 2. During the heating
step F or the hot forging step G, the outer wall surface of the
metallic container becomes oxidized, thereby preventing the
compacts from being oxidized. As a result, in the case of a metal
powder having a highly oxidizing property, the hot forging step G
can be achieved without oxidizing the metal powder with the aid of
oxidation protecting agent also packed in the metallic container,
as will hereinafter be described.
3. When the hot forging step G is subjected to the compacts
together with the metallic container, the metallic container per se
is deformed while confining the compacts therein, and as a result,
the metallic container plays a role of a sort of a die, thereby
bringing the compacts into their highly densed state. At the same
time, several compacts are closely bonded to each other and made
integral into one compact.
As stated hereinbefore, the metallic container plays its special
role over all steps inclusive of the packing step D, heating step F
and forging step G.
The above described first role of the metallic container, which is
extremely important in the invention, will now be described in
greater detail.
As described above, it is preferable to stack the compacts in the
metallic container after its density has been made high. In this
case, if use is made of large compacts each of which is large in
cross section and long in length, it is impossible to make these
large compacts integral into one compact by means of die and
pressing machine. For example, pressure of about 4 tons/cm.sup.2
must be applied to iron powder having an apparent density on the
order of 2.5 grams/cm.sup.3 for the purpose of making such density
to a density on the order of 6.5 grams/cm.sup.3. The existing
pressing machine for use in powder metallurgy, however, has its
upper limit of 1,000 tons which is only capable of compacting iron
powder into a rectangular compact having a cross section of 250
cm.sup.2 or a disc-like compact having a diameter of about 18 cm.
On the other hand, it is difficult to manufacture a large die.
Under the above circumstances, if it is desired to make a large
metal piece from metal powder, it is necessary to use several
compacts each of which is made from the metal powder and stack
these compacts one upon the other in the metallic container. In
this case, in order to prevent the compacts from being fallen away
from their superimposed condition and handle these compacts as one
compact, it is quite important to pack these compacts in the
metallic container.
As described above with reference to the role of the metallic
container, when the hot forging step G is subjected to the compacts
stacked in the metallic container, the metallic container serves to
confine the compacts therein, and as a result, these compacts are
closely bonded to each other and made integral into one
compact.
Microscopic examinations have yielded the surprising result that no
defect to the compact occurs, in other words, the several compacts
are firmly and uniformly bonded to each other and made integral
into one compact having a high mechanical strength. This fact will
be understood if referred to practical examples to be described
later.
The metal powder may be compacted into a compact having any desired
shape. Even when the compacts having a gap therebetween are
subjected to the hot forging step, the metal piece thus obtained
has no defect at all, which proves that the method according to the
invention is very useful for making the metal piece from the metal
powder.
It is preferable to avoid the presence of a large gap between the
container and the packed compacts and to make the inner surface of
the container clean.
It is not necessary to define the wall thickness of the container
to a given value as it is associated with the material constituting
the container. In the case of hot forging a large compact at a high
temperature, the metallic container may be made thick in thickness,
while in the case of hot forging a small compact at a low
temperature, the metallic container may be made thin in
thickness.
If use is made of a container made of mild steel and packed with a
compact composed of iron powder having a weight of 20 Kg and this
container is subjected to the hot forging, it is sufficient to make
the thickness of the wall of the container at least 5 mm. In this
case, several compacts each having a density of 6.5 g/cm.sup.3 are
packed in the container and subjected to the hot forging with a
forging ratio of 4. The density ratio of the compact thus forged
becomes 99.7 percent, the particulars of which will be described
later with reference to the practical examples.
As will be understood from the following practical examples, the
method according to the invention is capable of easily providing a
metal piece having a high density. The density ratio of the compact
to be forged is dependent upon the heating condition, forging
condition, kind of metal powder and the like so that the wall
thickness of the container must be adapted to the property of the
metal piece by taking the after heat treatment step H into
consideration. The condition of determining the wall thickness of
the container, however, does not constitute the essential part of
the invention.
The second essential part of the invention consists in a step E of
packing an oxidation protecting agent in the container in order to
prevent the packed compacts from being oxidized by atmospheric
air.
The oxidation protecting agent packed in the container plays a role
of interrupting the atmospheric air from the compacts or of
converting oxygen in the atmospheric air into a non-oxidizinng
atmosphere so as to prevent the oxygen from being made contact with
the compact. As such oxidation protecting agent, use may be made of
a suitable substance in dependence with the heating temperature and
the kind of materials for the container. It is preferable to use a
solid reducing agent such as graphite, carbon or high molecular
hydrocarbon and the like. The amount and kind of the solid reducing
agent must be selected such that when the solid reducing agent is
heated the solid reducing agent continues to generate a reducing
gas during the heating thereof. Powder-like or particle-like
reducing agent may be used for ease of handling, but use may also
be made of a plate-shaped or wire-shaped reducing agent.
It is most preferable to use as the oxidation protecting agent
graphite powder owing to the following reasons (1) to (5).
1. The graphite powder is easily available in market and is simple
in handling.
2. Iron is easily alloyed with carbon to form steel, and as a
result, even when the iron is carburized no defect occurs to the
iron.
3. When the graphite powder is heated at an elevating temperature,
the graphite powder is burnt to form a reducing atmosphere, and as
a result, not only the compact packed in the container is prevented
from being oxidized, but also less oxygen content in the steel
piece is obtainable.
4. In the case of packing the graphite powder into the container as
will be described later, the combustion of the graphite powder is
effected at a rate which is slower than the combustion of another
oxidation protecting agents so that the graphite powder can not be
exhausted even after a long heating at a high temperature, thereby
fully preventing the compact in the container from being
oxidized.
5. If the graphite powder is heated at a high temperature, the
higher the heating temperature is the more intensely reducing
atmosphere is obtained.
A method of packing the oxidation protecting agent into the
metallic container will now be described.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, reference numeral 1 designates a
metallic container and 2 compacts each obtained by compacting metal
powder and stacked one upon the other in the container 1. on the
uppermost compact 2 is disposed a perforated carburizing protecting
plate 3 whose surface is purified and made of a suitable metal. A
proper amount of oxidation protecting agent 4 such as graphite
powder and the like is packed in a space remained above the
carburizing protecting plate 3. Reference numeral 5 designates a
cover plate secured to the upper peripheral edge of the container 1
and covering the upper surface of the graphite powder 4.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the cover plate 5 is
provided at its center with a degassing hole 6. The cover plate 5
may be secured to the upper peripheral edge 7 of the container 1,
for example, by welding.
The cover plate 5 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is of blind one whose
diameter is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the
container 1 and which is dropped onto the oxidation protecting
agent 4 so as to sandwich the oxidation protecting agent 4 between
the blind cover plate 5 and the perforated carburizing protecting
plate 3. The blind cover plate 5 may be secured at its two or three
peripheral portions 8 to the upper inner wall of the container, for
example, by spot welding.
The perforated carburizing protecting plate 3 serves to prevent the
oxidation protecting agent 4 from being directly touched with the
compacts 2.
If the oxidation protecting agent 4 such as graphite powder is
heated under such condition that its overall surface is exposed to
the atmospheric air, a sudden combustion of the oxidation
protecting agent 4 occurs and the compacts 2 become oxidized. The
cover plate 5 causes the oxidation protecting agent 4 to be slowly
burnt on the one hand and substantially closes the container 1 so
as to maintain the reducing atmosphere in the container 1 on the
other hand.
If the container 1 is completely closed, the gas generated therein
could not be escaped from the container 1. As a result, it is
essential that the cover plate 5 is provided at its center with the
degassing hole 6 or the cover plate 5 is freely dropped into the
container 1 so as to cause the gas to be escaped through gaps
formed between the periphery of the cover plate 5 and the inner
wall surface of the container 1.
The kind and amount of the oxidation protecting agent 4 must be
selected and the dimension of the degassing hole 6 and the gaps
formed between the periphery of the cover plate 5 and the inner
wall surface of the container 1 must be adjusted such that the
oxidation protecting atmosphere is maintained in the container 1
during heating of the compacts 2 packed therein.
If the compacts 2 are stacked one upon the other in the container 1
as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, the boundary portions between adjacent
compacts 2 are closely bonded to each other so that subsequent
rolling or forging elongation can be effected in the lengthwise
direction of the compacts 2 to obtain a desired metal piece.
As explained hereinbefore, the use of the measures of protecting
the compacts 2 against oxidation and of hot forging the compacts 2
together with the container 1 in the atmospheric air ensure
deformation of the container 1 and make it integral with the
compacts 2 without oxidizing them. The container 1 is made of
material which is less expensive and easily forgeable and which is
different in material from the compacts 2. As a result, it is the
common practice to finally remove the container 1 from the compacts
2. Alternatively, the container 1 may be removed from the compacts
2 after the compacts 2 have been forged into a slab-like or
billet-like piece whose inside density is high. That is, at the
intermediate step, the container 1 may be removed from such piece.
Eventually, the container 1 may be remained as it is. It is a
matter of course that the portion of the container 1 in which the
oxidation protecting agent is packed is cut off after the hot
forging step G has been completed.
In the step F, it is preferable to heat the stacked compacts
together with the metallic container at a temperature from
1,000.degree.C to 1,300.degree.C in atmospheric air. The
experimental tests have shown that if the heating temperature is
lower than 1,000.degree.C, it is difficult to deform the stacked
compacts and the metallic container, and that if the heating
temperature is higher than 1,300.degree.C, the solid reducing agent
4 becomes suddenly gassified and escaped out of the container so
that its reducing effect could not effectively and economically be
use.
This invention will now be described with reference to practical
examples.
EXAMPLE 1
A. powder used:
a. Chemical composition
Table 1 ______________________________________ Chemical composition
of atomized pure iron powder (%) C Si Mn P S O
______________________________________ 0.008 0.011 0.14 0.006 0.003
0.15 ______________________________________
b. Particle size distribution
Table 2 ______________________________________ Particle size
distribution of atomized pure iron powder
______________________________________ Particle 100 150 200 250
size +100 to 150 to 200 to 250 to 325 -325 (Mesh) Weight (%) 1.4
18.3 35.6 14.9 17.2 22.6 ______________________________________
B. compacting and sintering conditions:
Table 3 ______________________________________ Compacting and
sintering conditions of atomized pure iron powder (for use in
rolling) Compacting Green Dimension Sintering pressure density of
compact condition (t/cm.sup.2) (g/cm.sup.3) (mm)
______________________________________ 1,050.degree.C.times.1h 3.5
6.54 60.sup.W .times.200.sup.L .times.30.sup.T in H.sub.2
atmosphere ______________________________________ (W: Width, L:
Length, T: Thickness, Hereinafter these abbreviations are also
used).
C. shape of container and weight of sintered compact:
(a) Shape and dimension of container. Shape: Box type, Assembled by
Welding, Thickness of Carburizing Protecting Plate 5 mm. Inner
dimension: 120.times. 200.times.75 (mm) Degassing hole: 10 mm Dia.
(b) Material and wall thickness of container. Material: Mild steel
Wall thickness: 5 mm (c) Weight of sintered compact (inclusive of
weight of container) 12.8 Kg (container is packed with four
rectangular sintered compacts each having the dimension shown
D. amount of graphite powder and heating condition of compact and
graphite powder:
(a) Amount of graphite powder 80 g (b) Heating condition of compact
and graphite powder. Heating furnace: Heavy oil is used as fuel
Atmosphere: Atmospheric air Heating temperature: About
1,200.degree.C
E. hot forging condition:
(a) Forging method: Rolling (b) Dimension after rolling:
200W.times.about 400L.times.20T (mm)
F. heat treatment:
Heat treatment is not subjected to the rolled piece.
G. mechanical properties, etc.:
(a) Density ratio of metal piece: 99.8% (b) Analytical value of
oxygen: 0.11% (c) Mechanical property.
Table 4
__________________________________________________________________________
Mechanical properties of rolled metal piece composed of atomized
pure iron powder Mechanical Tensile strength test Impact test
property (JIS No. 4) (JIS No. 4) Yield Tensile Elonga- Reduction
Impact value strength strength tion of area (Room Material
(Kg/mm.sup.2) (Kg/mm.sup.2) (%) (%) temperature Kg.sup.. m/cm.sup.2
__________________________________________________________________________
Rolled metal piece made by the method 16.2 38.8 36.3 62.4 12.8
according to the invention *Sintered body ** ** *** (Density --
14.6 8.1 -- 1.1 6.5 g/cm.sup.3)
__________________________________________________________________________
*Sintering is effected at 1,050.degree.C for 1 hour in H.sub.2
atmosphere. **Standard test piece defined by JSPM (Japan Society of
Powder Metallurgy). ***No notch test piece of 10 mm.sup.2 .times.
55 L(mm).
EXAMPLE 2
A. powder used:
Atomized pure iron powder which is the same as that used in the
Example 1, but mixed with 0.44% by weight of graphite powder.
B. compacting and sintering conditions:
Table 5 ______________________________________ Compacting and
sintering conditions of atomized pure iron powder (for use in
forging) Compacting Green Dimension Sintering pressure density of
compact condition (t/cm.sup.2) (g/cm.sup.3) (mm)
______________________________________ Compact is not 3.5 6.51
120Dia.times.30T subjected to sintering
______________________________________
C. shape of container and weight of non-sintered compact:
(a) Shape and dimension of container. Shape: Cylinder Type,
Assembled by Welding, Thickness of Carburizing Protecting Plate 5
mm. Inner dimension: 120 Dia .times. 285L (mm) Degassing hole: 10
mm Dia (b) Material and wall thickness of container. Material: Mild
steel Wall thickness: 5.5 mm (c) Weight of non-sintered compact.
(inclusive of weight of container) 23.7 kg (container is packed
with nine disc-like non-sintered compacts each having the dimension
shown in Table 5).
D. amount of graphite powder and heating condition:
(a) Amount of graphite powder: 55 g (b) Heating condition of
compact and graphite powder. Heating furnace: Heavy oil is used as
fuel. Atmosphere: Atmospheric air Heating temperature: About
1,200.degree.C
E. hot forging condition:
(a) Forging method: Forging (b) Upsetting ratio: 1.2 (c) Forging
ratio: 4 (d) Dimension after forging: 60 Dia .times. about 1,000L
(mm)
F. heat treatment:
880.degree.C .times. 2 hours Air cooling (Normalizing
treatment)
G. mechanical properties, etc.:
(a) Density ratio of metal piece: 99.7% (b) Analytical value of
oxygen: 0.05% (c) Analytical value of carbon: 0.28% (d) Mechanical
properties.
Table 6
__________________________________________________________________________
Mechanical properties of forged metal piece composed of Fe-C powder
Mechanical Tensile strength test Impact test property (JIS No. 4)
(JIS No. 4) Yield Tensile Elonga- Reduction Impact value strength
strength tion of area (Room Material (Kg/mm.sup.2) (Kg/mm.sup.2)
(%) (%) temperature Kg.sup.. m/cm.sup.2
__________________________________________________________________________
Forged metal piece made by the method 23.3 44.2 26.1 48.6 6.3
according to the invention *Sintered body ** ** *** (Density --
21.5 8.3 -- 0.7 6.5 g/cm.sup.3)
__________________________________________________________________________
*Sintering is effected at 1,050.degree.C for 1 hour in RX gas.
Analytica value of C 0.26%. **Standard test piece defined by JSPM
(Japan Society of Powder Metallurgy). ***No notch test piece of
10mm.sup.2 .times. 55L (mm).
EXAMPLE 3
A. powder used:
a. Chemical composition.
Table 7 ______________________________________ Chemical composition
of atomized low alloy steel powder (%) C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo O
______________________________________ 0.08 0.036 1.47 0.008 0.005
0.51 0.54 0.53 0.14 ______________________________________
Use was made of a compact mainly consisting of the powder whose
chemical composition shown in the above Table 7 and mixed with 0.35
percent by weight of graphite powder.
b. Particle size distribution
Table 8 ______________________________________ Particle size
distribution of atomized low alloy steel powder
______________________________________ Particle 100 150 200 250
size +100 to 150 to 200 to 250 to 325 -325 (Mesh) Weight (%) 0.3
16.8 27.9 14.4 15.2 25.4 ______________________________________
B. compacting and sintering conditions:
Table 9 ______________________________________ Compacting and
sintering conditions of atomized low alloy steel powder Compacting
Green Dimension Sintering pressure density of compact condition
(t/cm.sup.2) (g/cm.sup.3) (mm)
______________________________________ 1,050.degree.C.times.1h in 4
6.32 60 Dia .times. 30T RX gas atmosphere
______________________________________
C. shape of container and weight of sintered compact:
(a) Shape and dimension of container. Shape: Cylinder type,
Assembled by Welding, Thickness of Carburizing Protecting Plate 5
mm. Inner dimension: 60 Dia .times. 135L (mm) Degassing hole: 5 mm
Dia. (b) Material and wall thickness of container. Material: Mild
steel Wall thickness: 5 mm. (c) Weight of sintered compact
(inclusive of weight of container) 3.4 Kg (container is packed with
four disc-like sintered compacts each having the dimension shown in
Table 9).
D. amount of graphite powder and heating condition of compact and
graphite powder:
(a) Amount of graphite powder: 20 g (b) Heating condition of
compact and graphite powder. Heating furnace: Heavy oil is used as
fuel. Atmosphere: Atmospheric air. Heating temperature: About
1,100.degree.C.
E. hot forging condition:
(a) Forging method: Forging. (b) Upsetting ratio: 1.2 (c) Forging
ratio: 4 (d) Dimension after forging: 30 Dia .times. about 600L
(mm)
F. heat treatment:
880.degree.C .times. 1h Air cooling (Normalizing treatment)
640.degree.C .times. 11/2h Water cooling tempering.
G. mechanical properties, etc.:
(a) Density ratio of metal piece: 99.8% (b) Analytical value of
oxygen: 0.08% (c) Analytical value of carbon: 0.26% (d) Mechanical
properties.
Table 10
__________________________________________________________________________
Mechanical properties of forged metal piece composed of atomized
low alloy steel powder Mechanical Tensile strength test Impact test
property (JIS No. 4) (JIS No. 4) 0.2% Tensile Elonga- Reduction
Impact yield strength tion of area value Material strength
(Kg/mm.sup.2) (%) (%) (Kg.sup.. m/cm.sup.2) (Kg/mm.sup.2)
__________________________________________________________________________
Forged metal piece made by the method 63.3 88.7 19.8 46.3 7.8
according to the invention *Sintered body ** *** (Density -- 46.1
-- -- 0.3 6.28 g/cm.sup.3)
__________________________________________________________________________
*Sintering is effected at 1,050.degree.C for 1 hour in RX gas.
**Standard test piece defined by JSPM (Japan Society of Powder
Metallurgy). ***No notch test piece of 10 mm.sup.2 .times. 55L
(mm).
In the above Example 1, use was made of pure iron powder obtained
by customary water atomizing method and the pure iron powder was
compacted and sintered. The sintered compact was packed into a
container made of mild steel into which was also packed graphite
powder as the oxidation protecting agent. The container was then
heated in atmospheric air and finally hot rolled in atmospheric
air.
In the Example 2, use was made of the same iron powder as that used
in the Example 1 and the iron powder was mixed with 0.44 percent by
weight of graphite powder. This mixed iorn powder was compacted and
directly packed into a container made iron mild steel. Thus, in the
present Example 2 the compact was not sintered. Into the container
was packed graphite powder and then heated in atmospheric air and
finally hot forged into a round bar in atmospheric air and finally
hot forged into a round bar in atmospheric air.
In the Example 3, use was made of low alloy steel powder obtained
by customary water atomizing method and the low alloy steel powder
was compacted and sintered. The sintered compact was packed into a
container made of mild steel into which was packed graphite powder.
The container was then heated in atmospheric air and finally hot
forged into a round bar in atmospheric air. The inventors have
found out that substantially the same results as those obtained by
the low alloy steel by using high allow steel having the following
chemical composition.
__________________________________________________________________________
C Si Mn P S Cr Mo W V O
__________________________________________________________________________
0.73 0.18 0.21 0.020 0.022 4.16 4.90 6.08 1.74 0.21
__________________________________________________________________________
As seen from the Tables 4, 6 and 10, the mechanical propoerties of
the metal piece obtained by the method according to the inventions
are compared with those of the sintered body without subjected to
the packing and hot forging steps according to the invention. These
Tables concretely show that the metal piece made by the method
according to the invention is far superior in mechanical properties
to the sintered body and that the compact in the container is fully
prevented from being oxidized.
As stated hereinbefore, the method according to the invention is
capable of heating and hot forging metal powder is atmospheric air
without oxidizing it and without necessitating any specially
complex device. Thus, the method according to the invention has the
advantage that a metal piece having a high density can be obtained
in an extremely less expensive and easy manner if compared with the
conventional method, that a large machine part can be manufactured,
and that new utility of powder metallurgy can be developed.
* * * * *