U.S. patent number 3,898,417 [Application Number 05/264,923] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-05 for continuous strip encoding.
This patent grant is currently assigned to National Steel Corporation. Invention is credited to Edward Sherman Atkinson.
United States Patent |
3,898,417 |
Atkinson |
August 5, 1975 |
Continuous strip encoding
Abstract
Method and apparatus for selective control of laser beam energy
for encoding strip in a continuous manner resulting in positive
identification for end products cut from the strip without
inhibiting end product usage. Laser beam coding of the base metal
prior to metal plating, or of a finished surface, can be made
discernible or substantially non-discernible to unaided inspection.
Supplementary aids for discernment of coding, such as use of
magnetic flux or chemical etching, readily bring out coding
otherwise not apparent on unaided inspection.
Inventors: |
Atkinson; Edward Sherman
(Michigan City, IN) |
Assignee: |
National Steel Corporation
(Pittsburgh, PA)
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Family
ID: |
26950830 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/264,923 |
Filed: |
June 21, 1972 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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886997 |
Dec 22, 1969 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
219/121.61;
219/121.68; 219/121.78; 219/121.69; 219/121.85; 216/75; 216/65 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B23K
26/0846 (20130101); G05B 19/128 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B23K
26/08 (20060101); G05B 19/12 (20060101); G05B
19/04 (20060101); B73k 027/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/121L,121M
;209/111.5 ;204/143R ;156/18 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Reid, "Etching with a Laser," from the New Scientist,
September-1964, pp. 648-649, 156-2..
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Primary Examiner: Truhe; J. V.
Assistant Examiner: Peterson; G. R.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Shanley, O'Neil and Baker
Parent Case Text
This is a division of application Ser. No. 886,997, filed Dec. 22,
1969, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Method for encoding continuous strip metal for subsequent
identification of container end product cut from the strip
comprising the steps of
passing a continuous strip longitudinally through a
continuous-strip processing line at a predetermined line speed,
directing laser beam energy onto a surface of such strip along its
longitudinal direction as the strip passes through the continuous
processing line,
controlling the laser beam energy level in coordination with the
line speed of the continuous processing line to produce
predetermined etching of the surface of the strip to provide
perforation-free encoding of such strip, such surface encoding
being free of damage which would limit container end product usage
and extending longitudinally along the surface of the strip,
selecting such surface encoding and the lateral location of such
longitudinally extending encoding of the surface of the strip to be
less than the smallest dimension container end product to be cut
from the strip so as to encode each such end product,
measuring lateral movement of the continuous strip at a location
contiguous to such impingement of laser beam energy during passage
of such strip through the continuous strip processing line, and
coordinating control of such lateral movement and the direction of
such laser beam to provide encoding across the full width of the
strip, and
rigidly supporting such continuous strip to prevent strip flutter
during encoding.
2. The method of claim 1 in which the laser beam is controlled so
that such predetermined surface etching has a lateral dimension of
between about 0.001 inch and about 0.03 inch.
3. The method of claim 1 in which the laser beam is controlled to
produce a surface etching comprising a continuous longitudinally
extending line.
4. The method of claim 1 in which the laser beam is pulsed to
produce an intermittent surface etching in a longitudinal
direction.
Description
This invention is concerned with encoding of flat rolled product
for subsequent indentification. More particularly, the invention is
concerned with encoding strip metal in a continuous manner
permitting positive identification of end products cut from such
strip.
The invention will be described in relation to the processing and
encoding of tinplated steel. Can manufacturers ordinarily use
tinplated steel from a number of different sources during
fabrication of containers. Often, when a fault is discovered, only
a single can end will be the basis for a rejection or complaint.
Flat rolled steel producers expend enormous amounts of time and
money in attempts to identify tinplated specimens cut from their
product. However, no positive way for a steel producer to identify
its steel after fabrication has been available.
In practice, chemical and physical analysis tests are run in an
attempt to determine whether or not a returned specimen came from a
particular producer. Data from heat chemistry tests, surface
density tests, and other tests are gathered and attempts made to
match such data with records kept during production. The answer is
seldom definite. The problem is further compounded by increasing
use of basic oxygen processes. The chemistry of basic oxygen heats
from different sources are either non-distinctive or not available
in sufficient detail to permit identification.
Although the need has existed for years prior to the present
invention, no satisfactory apparatus has been advanced for
physically marking strip. Ink markings, and the like, cannot be
maintained on the end product since it is usually totally covered
with labelling. An acceptable means of identification must not mar
the finish or the coating so as to hamper end usage for beverage
containers, and the like. In brief, there has been no acceptable
way of identifying flat rolled metal product beyond the as-shipped
stage.
A primary objective of the present invention is to provide methods
and apparatus for economical encoding of flat rolled metal product
for subsequent identification in which the coding will not mar the
product or inhibit end usage and yet will provide identification of
individual end products. Further, to provide coding subject to
universal use to distinguish separate producers, mills, producing
lines, heats, and the like. In addition, to provide for discernment
of the code in a way which is simplified and economical, while
maintaining positive identification.
The accompanying drawings will be used in describing a specific
embodiment of the invention. In these drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic presentation of a continuous-strip processing
line embodying the invention,
FIG. 2 is a schematic presentation of apparatus for use in a
processing line such as that of FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 is a schematic presentation of apparatus embodying the
invention for use in discerning strip coding.
In the encoding of coated flat rolled steel, such as tinplated
steel, the encoding system must avoid damage to the protective
coating as well as impairment of the appearance of the product
which would limit end usage. The objective is to bring about
encoding which is permanent, invisible or substantially invisible
to the naked eye after coating, and yet readily discernible with
simplified supplementary apparatus or materials.
In applying the teachings of the invention to tinplated steel,
encoding is carried out prior to plating. Laser beam energy is
generated and controlled to properly encode the steel base metal.
The laser beam can be controlled to produce a surface marking which
is as small as 10.sup.-.sup.7 square centimeters in cross-section
and of a depth such as to be discernible from the remainder of the
surface finish of the product only by use of a sensitive feeler
gage.
It is known that laser beam energy can be used to cut or burn
through heavy steel plate. Therefore, selection of beam energy
level is an important concept of the invention permitting marking
without damaging the appearance of the end product. The invention
teaches control of the beam energy level, and other variables, to
produce surface etching providing encoding which is non-damaging
and non-limiting to the end product usage.
An economically important contribution of the invention is the
provision for encoding continuously without impairing production
rate of the flat rolled product. The methods and apparatus of the
invention can be used without interruption of continuous strip
processing and without significant structural modification of
existing continuous-strip processing lines.
The invention teaches control of laser light to produce a
narrow-width surface etching having a longitudinal direction by
impinging the controlled laser light onto the strip during travel
of the strip through a continuous-strip processing line. The width
of the surface etching can be narrowed so that it will not be
visible to the naked eye and will not mar the end product
regardless of whether or not the flat rolled product is coated
after marking.
The laser beam energy available from commercial units is, however,
adaptable to certain applications where the lateral width of the
coding should be increased to permit discernment without
supplementary aids. The width used will be dependent in part upon
the nature of the flat rolled product, the type of coating, if any,
and thickness of the coating to be applied, the end usage of the
product, the degree of naked eye discernment desired, and the type
of supplementary equipment, if any, to be used in making
identification.
The minimum and maximum width marking available depend on the laser
beam equipment and focusing equipment used. However, in the
manufacture of tinplate for container use, the optimum width for
practice of the invention should be one which is substantially
invisible to the naked eye after coating yet be readily discernible
with simplified supplementary equipment. Typically such a marking
would have a width of 0.00l inch.
In one embodiment taught, the narrow width coding takes the form of
a continuous line etched on the surface of the strip. Establishing
a plurality of such continuous, longitudinally directed lines
permits identification based on spacing. That is, the lateral
spacing between such lines is selected to identify a particular
producer. Optical splitting and fine focusing of the laser beam
makes a great number of identifications available within a short
lateral dimension.
Special provision is made for control of the number and location of
such continuous surface etchings applied while the strip is in its
wide, continuous-strip processing form. Where lateral spacing
between longitudinally directed continuous surface etchings is used
for identification, at least two such surface etchings must appear
on each end product. For example, can ends for frozen fruit juice
cans are approximately two inches in diameter. Therefore, the
lateral spacing between the continuous longitudinally directed
surface etchings should be less than an inch when using the
lateral-spacing type of coding for this product. The spacing
selected for this product can be any discernible value below such
maximum. In accordance with the teachings of the invention, the
longitudinal direction surface etchings are imparted, during
continuous line processing with predetermined lateral spacing,
across the full width of the strip so as to identify each end
product to be cut from the strip.
In another method of encoding taught, cyclically pulsed laser beam
energy is used. Gas lasers or laser crystals cyclically pulsed from
the build-up of electrical energy in capacitor banks can be used.
Output pulses of laser beam energy from crystal can be cycled as
low as five microsecond intervals. The output from the laser can be
further controlled as to energy level and pulse duration in a Kerr
cell, or the like, and impinged on the surface of the strip to
provide a dot-dash code extending longitudinally of the strip.
Coded pulses and/or lateral spacing between the longitudinal
direction lines of coding are selected such that sufficient coding
appears on each end product to be cut from the strip being
processed to permit positive identification.
Coordinated control of the laser and the strip speed has a number
of important aspects. For example, laser beam energy level is
coordinately controlled with the longitudinal speed of strip
through a line in order to control the degree of marking.
Considering pulsed coding, the invention teaches synchronism of the
pulsing mechanism for the laser with the speed of the line.
Interconnection of a bridle roll on the continuous-strip line and
the pulsing mechanism for the laser crystal for such
synchronization can be carried out in a number of suitable ways
which are within the skill of a mechanic in the art so that a
detailed description of synchronization means is not required for
an understanding of the invention.
Pulse coding considerably extends the amount of information which
can be carried. In addition to a dot-dash code, directional spacing
both laterally and longitudinally can be used to identify a
company, a particular mill owned by a company, a particular
processing line in a mill, any particular heat of metal being
processed, the date, and whatever further data it would be helpful
to establish on the flat rolled product.
Location and placement of the laser beam impingement can be carried
out optically or by placement of a plurality of laser beam
producing means in predetermined relationship across the width of
the strip or both. The number of laser beam producing means
required is dependent on such factors as lateral spacing between
the coding lines, the amount of optical splitting of the laser beam
used, the particular code adopted and the degree of etching
desired.
In the continuous processing line of FIG. 1, continuous-strip 10 is
fed from uncoilers through a looping tower (not shown) into a
surface preparation unit 12. Wet pickling or other surface
preparation is carried out in unit 12. Preferable the strip is
dried in surface preparation unit 12, or otherwise, before being
directed to the coding zone on the line. At the exit side of
surface preparation unit 12 a bridle roll stand 14 is provided for
control of the strip and for synchronization of coding equipment
with strip speed.
Laser beam producing means 20 are located in the coding zone for
use after surface preparation. Control of the strip during coding
is an important concept of the invention. One objective is to
prevent strip flutter and any strip movement which would interfere
with proper encoding. In the simplified apparatus shown
schematically in FIG. 1, roll means 22 prevents vertical flutter of
the strip providing a stable marking surface maintaining a
predetermined distance from the laser.
Edge sensing means 24 can be used to either control lateral
movement of the strip during its travel through the coding zone or
to measure such movement for coordinated control of the location of
the laser beam producing means 20.
After passage through the coding zone the strip passes through a
plating zone 40, finishing zone 42 for example finish brighteners,
and on to coiling means not shown.
Referring to FIG. 1, strip 10 passes in contact with guide roll
means 22 beneath the laser beam producing means 20. Laser beam
producing means are positioned to impinge laser beams across the
full width of the strip with the number of units required being
dependent upon the type of coding being established and the amount
of optical splitting of the beam or beams employed.
As shown schematically in FIG. 2, laser beam producing means are
mounted on support means 30. The lateral spacing 44 between each
laser beam is accurately controlled utilizing calibration means of
support means 30. Such lateral spacing can be effected by physical
placement or optically. Control is exercised for a number of
reasons mentioned earlier, such as to be certain that the coding
signal is established on each end product to be cut from the strip
and to accurately establish the lateral spacing between coding
marks where lateral-spacing type of encoding in employed.
Laser beam control means 46 can be mounted above the line as shown
or more remotely. The speed-of-line signal is obtained from roll
bridle 14 and delivered over line 48 (shown in dot-dash) to laser
beam control means 46. A representative value of the laser beam
energy required for an individual marking is 1/100 to 1/1000 joule
at line speeds between about 1500 and about 2000 feet per minute.
Such values will establish a coding line which is not readily
discernible with the unaided eye after electrotinplating. The laser
beam energy requirement increases with increasing line speeds.
In practice, any lateral movement of strip 10 during passage
through the coding zone is relatively small and is considered
chiefly in order to assure marking across the full width of the
strip. Roll means can help control such lateral movement on some
lines but, preferably, on strip steel finishing lines, the edge
sensing means 24 is utilized to measure such movement. Where
lateral spacing between center lines of the laser beam producing
means 20 has been preset slight lateral movement of the strip will
not affect proper coding. However with certain types of coding, it
is important that the individual laser beam producing means be kept
in proper alignment with the strip. For this purpose a signal from
edge sensing means 24 is directed over line 50 (shown in dot-dash)
to support 30. Lateral movement of support 30 can effectively be
controlled and coordinated with any lateral movement of the strip
by conventional equipment such as that provided by General
Precision Systems Control, Inc. of Morton Grove, Ill. Such controls
are customarily used in the strip steel art for sensing lateral
movement of the strip and control coiling of continuous strip.
Using air for edge sensing, these systems are commonly known as
Askania controls; photocell systems based on the same principles of
operation are highly suitable for the present use.
With the apparatus described the proper coding of the strip can be
carried out utilizing synchronization of strip speed with beam
energy, and strip placement with placement of the laser beam
producing means. As shown the strip is encoded before plating.
However identical coding means and synchronization means can be
utilized to code strip material which is not subsequently plated or
can be utilized to effect coding of plated strip by location of the
coding means on the line subsequent to the plating zone.
With most commercially available laser beam producing units optical
beam splitting is utilized in order to obtain desired energy levels
at conventional strip processing line speeds. Beam energy levels in
the range of 1/100 to 1/1000 joule are satisfactory for producing
markings of 0.001 to 0.03 at the various line speeds used in the
steel industry. Markings of a width of less than 0.001 inch can
readily be made and are discernible, but this figure is
representative for a marking which is not discernible by the naked
eye. Markings of a width greater than 0.03 inch may also be used,
but such width is readily seen by the naked eye and wider widths
would only be called for in special applications. Beam energy
requirements increase with increasing width markings.
FIG. 3 shows, schematically, supplementary equipment which can be
utilized to detect coding lines which are invisible or
substantially invisible to the naked eye. End product sample 52 is
positioned in the gap 54 of flux producing core 56. Electrical
power to coil windings (not shown) on core 56 is provided and
controlled from source 58.
Prior to inspection, iron powder in dry form or in a liquid carrier
is spread on end product 52. With placement of the end product 52
in the concentrated field in gap 54, magnetic flux lines will
concentrate along the surface discontinuities present from the
surface etch codings. With the concentration of magnetic flux lines
along the surface discontinuities, the iron powder will concentrate
along these lines making coding line 60 and 62 visible to the naked
eye. Flux producing means for use in the present invention are
available commercially, for example from the Magnaflux Company,
Chicago, Ill.
Another supplementary way for making coding lines more visible
involves chemical etching. In this process the plating, if any, on
the end product is removed. The end product is chemically etched,
for example in nitric acid. The narrow-width surface etching caused
by the laser beam, while invisible or substantially invisible to
the naked eye prior to etching, in effect constitute surface
imperfections which will be etched more readily by the chemical
etchant than the remainder of the end product surface. With this
etching technique the coding lines therefore become more readily
visible.
While encoding of electrotinplated steel strip has been
specifically described, it is understood that the invention may be
utilized for encoding galvanized steel, blackplate, uncoated
aluminum, and other continuous strip material. Also, other strip
processing lines, strip guiding and control means than those
specifically set forth may be utilized without departing from the
invention so that the scope of the invention is to be determined
from the appended claims.
* * * * *