U.S. patent number 3,898,187 [Application Number 05/318,072] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-05 for liquid detergent compositions.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to James H. Miller.
United States Patent |
3,898,187 |
Miller |
August 5, 1975 |
Liquid detergent compositions
Abstract
This invention pertains to homogeneous, preferably clear, liquid
detergent compositions which are particularly suitable for the
removal of food soils from hard surfaces such as dishes. Said
compositions consist essentially of a mixture of organic
detergents; organic sequestering builders; polyfunctional anionic
surfactants which serve as phase modifiers; and water. The organic
sequestering builder is preferably represented by citrates whereas
the polyfunctional anionic surfactant can be represented by
water-soluble salts of sulfonated higher fatty acids or by
water-soluble salts of a component derived from succinic acid. The
liquid medium of the instant homogeneous liquid detergent
composition is essentially water.
Inventors: |
Miller; James H. (Cincinnati,
OH) |
Assignee: |
The Procter & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
23236514 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/318,072 |
Filed: |
December 26, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
510/235; 510/476;
510/237; 510/429; 510/489; 510/496; 510/477 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C11D
1/002 (20130101); C11D 1/28 (20130101); C11D
1/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
C11D
1/02 (20060101); C11D 1/08 (20060101); C11D
1/00 (20060101); C11D 1/28 (20060101); C11D
17/00 (20060101); C11D 001/38 (); C11D 001/12 ();
C11D 003/26 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/545,546,547,550,551,553,558,559,DIG.10,DIG.14 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Padgett; Benjamin R.
Assistant Examiner: Nucker; Christine M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Witte; Richard C. Filcik; Julius P.
Collins; Forrest L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A homogeneous liquid detergent composition particularly suitable
for the removal of food soils consisting essentially of:
a. from about 3% to about 40% by weight of a water-soluble organic
detergent selected from the group consisting of sodium C.sub.8-20
alkyl glyceryl sulfonate; ammonium 2-acetoxy-tridecane-1-sulfonate;
ammonium .beta.-methoxyoctadecyl-sulfonate; the ammonium salt of
sulfated condensation product of C.sub.10-20 fatty alcohol with
from 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide; the condensation product of
nonyl phenol with about 9.5 moles of ethylene oxide; the
condensation product of coconut fatty alcohol with about 6 moles of
ethylene oxide; the condensation product of a secondary fatty
alcohol containing about 15 carbon atoms with about 9 moles of
ethylene oxide; 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate
and 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate
wherein in both compounds the alkyl group averages 14.8 carbon
atoms in length;
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-acetate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propionate;
6-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexanoate;
(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)acetate;
and mixtures thereof;
b. from about 2% to about 30% by weight of a water-soluble organic
sequestering builder;
c. from about 2% to about 25% by weight of a phase modifier
surfactant ingredient selected from the group consisting of
water-soluble salts of
i. sulfonated C.sub.8 - C.sub.22 fatty acids;
ii. compounds of the general formula ##EQU10## wherein R.sub.1
represents an alkyl group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms;
R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group, R.sub.3
stands for hydrogen,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl or -OH, whereby the total number of carbon atoms of
R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is at most 4; X represents --O--; --S--;
--SO--; --SO.sub.2 --; or --SCH.sub.2 --; M is a water-soluble
cation; and
iii. mixtures thereof;
whereby the ratio of component (b) to component
c. is from about 3:1 to about 1:3;
and
d. the balance to 100% being water.
2. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 1
wherein the component (a) water-soluble organic detergent is
present in an amount from about 5% to about 25% by weight.
3. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 2
wherein the Component (b) water-soluble organic sequestering
builder is present in an amount from about 5% to about 20% by
weight.
4. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 3
wherein the Component (c) ingredient is present in an amount from
about 4% to about 15% by weight.
5. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 4
wherein the Component (b) water-soluble organic sequestering
builder is selected from the group consisting of the water-soluble
salts of mellitic acid; polyacrylic acid; benzene pentacarboxylic
acid and nitrilotriacetic acid.
6. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 4
wherein the fatty acids of the Component (c) (i) water-soluble
salts of sulfonated fatty acids are selected from the group
consisting of coconut, kernel, babassu kernel, and tallow fatty
acids and mixtures thereof.
7. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 4
wherein the Component (c) (ii) ingredient is selected from the
general formula of claim 1 wherein R.sub.1 represents an alkyl
group having from 6 - 18 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is hydrogen; and
R.sub.3 is hydrogen or OH.
8. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 7
wherein the Component (a) water-soluble organic detergent is
selected from the group consisting of sodium C.sub.10-16 alkyl
glyceryl sulfonate; the ammonium salt of sulfated condensation
products of coconut fatty alcohol with 3 moles of ethylene oxide;
and dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
9. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 6
wherein the Component (a) water-soluble organic detergent is
selected from the group consisting of sodium C.sub.10-16 alkyl
glyceryl sulfonate; the ammonium salt of sulfated condensation
products of coconut fatty alcohol with 3 moles of ethylene oxide;
and dodecyl dimethylamine oxide.
10. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 9
wherein Component (b) is ammonium citrate.
11. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 6
wherein the Component (c) (i) is a water-soluble salt of
C.sub.14-18 .alpha.-sulfonated fatty acids.
12. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 11
wherein Component (b) is ammonium citrate.
13. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 10
whereby in Component (c) (ii) X stands for S.
14. The liquid detergent composition in accordance with claim 4
which also contains up to 15% by weight of a hydrotrope selected
from the group consisting of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol,
water-soluble alkali metal and ammonium salts of toluene sulfonic
acid, benzene sulfonic acid, xylene sulfonic acid, cumene sulfonic
acid and mixtures thereof.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Liquid detergent compositions are frequently used for multiple
cleaning purposes particularly in households. Said compositions are
especially attractive to housewives because of their easy
dispensability and, also, because of the apparent preference
consumers put, for certain type of cleaning, on homogeneous liquid
detergents. However, said liquid detergent compositions are
difficult to formulate inasmuch as the attainment of a homogeneous
liquid composition limits the quantities of the ingredients needed
for performing the cleaning job. This, in turn, results in a lower
cleaning activity on a unit weight basis. Said problems are
wellknown particularly for compositions containing water-soluble
salts of sulfonated C.sub.10 to C.sub.22 fatty acids or surface
active ingredients derived from succinic acid. The former are well
known in the art and many attempts have been made to incorporate
them in liquid detergent compositions, however, without, up to now,
leading to commercially acceptable products. Some of the succinic
acid derivatives suitable for use are disclosed in, for example.
South African patent specification 71/7852, Vincent Lamberti et
al., as detergent compositions ingredients for use in solid
detergent compositions. Non-solid detergent compositions are also
disclosed in some of the examples of said patent application.
However, the like compositions suffer the disadvantage of being
insufficiently soluble in aqueous medium, and therefore, cannot
constitute basis for obtaining homogeneous liquid detergent
compositions.
It is well known that, liquid detergent compositions containing
either one, or combinations of several except one or more, of the
essential ingredients used in the compositions of the instant
invention, are not satisfactory for cleaning and particularly
dishwashing purposes. The reason for this apparently resides in the
narrow spectrum soil removal properties of these prior art liquid
detergent compositions.
Another factor for consideration is the limited solubility, with a
view to obtain homogeneous liquid detergent compositions, of
combinations of several except one or more of the essential
ingredients used in the compositions of the instant invention.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide
homogeneous, preferably clear, liquid detergent compositions which
are particularly suitable for the removal of food soils.
It is another object of this invention to provide homogeneous
liquid detergent compositions which will not separate phases,
particularly during prolonged storage.
It is still another object of the instant invention to provide a
composition with good cleaning performance without being subject to
precipitation or other separation phenomena which, when not taken
care of properly, may result in dispensing portions of the products
which are not truly representative and, hence, do not provide the
cleaning performance the consumer expects.
The above and other advantages are now provided by homogeneous,
preferably clear, liquid detergent compositions which consist
essentially of organic detergents, organic sequestering builders,
polyfunctional anionic surfactants chosen among water-soluble salts
of sulfonated higher fatty acids and water-soluble derivatives of
succinic acids in combination with water.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The instant invention provides homogeneous liquid detergent
compositions which are particularly efficient for the removal of
food soils. Such compositions consist essentially of:
a. from about 3% to about 40% by weight of a water-soluble
detergent selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic,
zwitterionic and ampholytic surfactants;
b. from about 2% to about 30% by weight of a water-soluble organic
sequestering builder;
c. from about 2% to about 25% by weight of a phase modifier
surfactant ingredient selected from the group consisting of
water-soluble salts of
i. sulfonated C.sub.8 - C.sub.22 fatty acids;
ii. compounds of the general formula ##EQU1## wherein R.sub.1
represents an alkyl group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms;
R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group,
R.sub.3 stands for hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl group or --OH, whereby
the total number of carbon atoms of R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is at most
4;
X represents --O--; --S--; --SO--; --SO.sub.2 --; or --SCH.sub.2
--; M is a water soluble cation; and
iii. mixtures thereof;
whereby the ratio of component (b) to component (c) is from about
6:1 to about 1:6; and the balance to 100% being
d. water.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to homogeneous, preferably clear,
liquid detergent compositions which are particularly capable of
cleaning hard surfaces soiled with food.
The compositions of this invention contain as essential ingredients
(1) an organic detergent; (2) an organic sequestering builder; (3)
a particular polyfunctional anionic detergent which serves as a
phase modifier in the liquid composition; and (4) water. Each of
these components is discussed in detail hereinafter.
Unless indicated to the contrary the "%" indications stand for
"percent by weight."
The instant detergent compositions comprise from about 3% to about
40%, preferably from about 5% to about 25%, of an organic detergent
selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic,
zwitterionic and ampholytic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
Examples of ingredients suitable for being used as detergent
actives in the instant compositions are as follows:
A. Anionic Soap and Non-Soap Synthetic Detergents
This class of detergents includes ordinary alkali metal soaps such
as the sodium, potassium, ammonium and alkylolammonium salts of
higher fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms
and preferably from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms. Suitable
fatty acids can be obtained from natural sources such as, for
instance, from plant or animal esters (e.g., palm oil, coconut oil,
babassu oil, soybean oil, castor oil, tallow, whale and fish oils,
grease, lard, and mixtures thereof). The fatty acids also can be
synthetically prepared (e.g., by the oxidation of petroleum, or by
hydrogenation of carbon monoxide by the Fischer-Tropsch process).
Resin acids are suitable such as rosin and those resin acids in
tall oil. Napthenic acids are also suitable. The particular soaps
can be made by direct saponification of the fats and oils or by the
neutralization of the free fatty acids which are prepared in a
separate manufacturing process. Particularly useful are the
ammonium and alkylolammonium salts of mixtures of fatty acids
derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., ammonium or
alkylolammonium tallow and coconut soap.
This class of detergents also includes water-soluble salts,
particularly the ammonium salts of organic sulfuric reaction
products having in their molecular structure an alkyl radical
containing from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and a sulfonic
acid or sulfuric acid ester radical. (Included in the term alkyl is
the alkyl portion of higher acyl radicals.) Examples of this group
of synthetic detergents which form a part of the preferred
detergent compositions of the present invention are the ammonium
alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher
C.sub.8-18 alcohols produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow
or coconut oil; alkali or ammonium alkyl benzene sulfonates, in
which the alkyl group contains from about 9 to about 15 carbon
atoms, in straight chain or branched chain configuration, e.g.
those of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,220,099 and
2,477,383 (especially valuable are linear straight chain alkyl
benzene sulfonates in which the average of the alkyl groups is
about 13 carbon atoms abbreviated hereinafter as C.sub.13 LAS);
sodium alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of
higher alcohols derived from tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut
oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfonates and sulfates; alkali or
ammonium salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfate with
about 1 to about 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and in
which the alkyl radicals contain about 8 to about 12 carbon
atoms.
Anionic phosphate surfactants are also useful in the present
invention. These are surface active materials having substantial
detergent capability in which the anionic solubilizing group
connecting hydrophobic moieties in an oxy acid of phosphorus. The
more common solubilizing groups, of course, are --SO.sub.4 H,
--SO.sub.3 H, and --CO.sub.2 H. Alkyl phosphate esters such as
(R-O).sub.2 PO.sub.2 H and ROPO.sub.3 H.sub.2 in which R represents
an alkyl chain containing from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms are
useful.
These esters can be modified by including in the molecule from one
to about 40 alkylene oxide units, e.g., ethylene oxide units.
Formulae for these modified phosphate anionic detergents are
##EQU2## or ##EQU3## in which R represents an alkyl group
containing from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkylphenyl group
in which the alkyl group contains from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms,
and M represents a soluble cation such as ammonium or substituted
ammonium; and in which n is an integer from 1 to about 40.
Another class of suitable anionic organic detergents particularly
useful in this invention includes salts of
2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids. These salts have the formula
##EQU4## where R.sub.1 is R.sub.1 = C.sub.n.sub.-1 --O--C, n being
an integer from 9 to 23, or alkyl of about 9 to about 23 carbon
atoms (forming with the two carbon atoms an alkane group); R.sub.2
is alkyl of 1 to about 8 carbon atoms; and M is a salt-forming
radical.
The salt-forming radical M in the hereinbefore described structural
formula is a water-solubilizing cation and can be, for example, an
alkali metal cation (e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium), ammonium or
substituted-ammonium cation. Specific examples of substituted
ammonium cations include methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl-
ammonium cations and quaternary ammonium cations such as
tetramethyl-ammonium and dimethyl piperdinium cations and those
derived from alkylamines such as ethylamine, diethylamine,
triethylamine, mixtures thereof, and the like.
Specific examples of beta-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, or
alternatively 2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, utilizable herein to
provide superior cleaning levels under substantially neutral
washing conditions include the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-tridecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-propionyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the lithium salt, of
2-butanoyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-pentanoyloxy-pentadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-hexadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-octanoyloxy-tetradecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-heptadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the lithium salt of
2-acetoxy-octadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the potassium salt of
2-acetoxy-nonadecane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-acetoxy-uncosane-1-sulfonic acid; the sodium salt of
2-propionyloxy-docosane-1-sulfonic acid; the isomers thereof.
Preferred beta-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonate salts therein are the
alkali metal salts of beta-acetoxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids
corresponding to the above formula wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl of
about 12 to about 16 carbon atoms, these salts being preferred from
the standpoints of their excellent cleaning properties and ready
availability.
Typical examples of the above described beta-acetoxy
alkanesulfonates are described in the literature: Belgium Pat. No.
650,323 issued July 9, 1963, discloses the preparation of certain
2-acyloxy alkanesulfonic acids. Similarly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,094,451
issued Sept. 28, 1937, to Guenther et. al. and 2,086,215 issued
July 6, 1937 to DeGroote disclose certain salts of beta-acetoxy
alkanesulfonic acids. These references are hereby incorporated by
reference.
A preferred class of anionic organic detergents are the
beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates. These compounds have the following
formula: ##EQU5## where R.sub.1 is a straight chain alkyl group
having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 is a lower alkyl group
having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and M is a salt-forming radical
hereinbefore described.
Specific examples of beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates or
alternatively 2-alkyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonates, utilizable herein to
provide superior cleaning levels under household washing conditions
include:
potassium beta-methoxydecanesulfonate,
sodium beta-methoxy-tridecanesulfonate,
potassium beta-ethoxytetradecylsulfonate,
sodium beta-isopropoxyhexadecylsulfonate,
lithium beta-tertbutoxytetradecylsulfonate,
sodium beta-methoxyoctadecylsulfonate, and
ammonium beta-n-propoxydodecylsulfonate.
Other synthetic anionic detergents useful herein are alkyl ether
sulfates. These materials have the formula RO(C.sub.2 H.sub.4
O).sub.x SO.sub.3 M wherein R is alkyl or alkenyl of about 10 to
about 20 carbon atoms, x is 1 to 30, and M is a salt-forming cation
defined hereinbefore.
The alkyl ether sulfates of the present invention are condensation
products of ethylene oxide and monohydric alcohols having about 10
to about 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, R has 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
The alcohols can be derived from fats, e.g., coconut oil or tallow,
or can be synthetic. Lauryl alcohol and straight chain alcohols
derived from coconut oil and tallow are preferred herein. Such
alcohols are reacted with 1 to 30, and especially 1 to 12 molar
proportions of ethylene oxide and the resulting mixture of
molecular species, having, for example, an average of 1 or 12 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, is sulfated and
neutralized.
Specific examples of alkyl ether sulfates of the present invention
are ammonium coconut alkyl ethylene glycol ether sulfate; ammonium
tallow alkyl triethylene glycol ether sulfate; and sodium tallow
alkyl hexaoxyethylene sulfate.
Preferred herein for reasons of excellent cleaning properties and
ready availability are the ammonium coconut- and tallow-alkyl
oxyethylene ether sulfates having an average of about 1 to about 12
oxyethylene moieties. The alkyl ether sulfates of the present
invention are known compounds and are described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,332,876 to Walker (July 25, 1967) incorporated herein by
reference.
Additional examples of anionic non-soap synthetic detergents which
come within the terms of the present invention are the reaction
product of fatty acids esterified with isethionic acid and
neutralized with sodium hydroxide where, for example, the fatty
acids are derived from coconut oil; ammonoum or substituted
ammonium salts of fatty acid amide of methyl tauride in which the
fatty acids, for example, are derived from coconut oil. Other
anionic synethetic detergents of this variety are set forth in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 2,486,921; 2,486,922; and 2,396,278.
Additional examples of anionic, non-soap, synthetic detergents,
which come within the terms of the present invention, are the
compounds which contain two anionic functional groups. These are
referred to as di-anionic detergents. Suitable di-anionic
detergents are the disulfonates, disulfates, or mixtures thereof
which may be represented by the following formulae:
R(so.sub.3).sub.2 m.sub.2,
r(so.sub.4).sub.2 m.sub.2,
r(so.sub.3)(so.sub.4)m.sub.2
where R is an acyclic aliphatic hydrocarbyl group having 15 to 20
carbon atoms and M is a water-solubilizing cation, for example, the
C.sub.15 to C.sub.20 disodium 1,2-alkyldisulfates, C.sub.15 to
C.sub.20 dipotassium-1,2-alkyldisulfonates or disulfates, disodium
1,9-hexadecyl disulfates, C.sub.15 to C.sub.20
disodium-1,2-alkyldisulfonates, disodium 1,9-stearyldisulfates and
6,10-octadecyldisulfates.
The aliphatic portion of the disulfates or disulfonates is
generally substantially linear, desirable, among other reasons,
because it imparts desirable biodegradable properties to the
detergent compound.
The water-solubilizing cations include the customary cations known
in the detergent art, i.e., the alkali metals, and the alkaline
earth metals, as well as other metals in group IIA, IIB, IIIA, IVA
and IVB of the Periodic Table except for Boron. The preferred
water-solublizing cations are ammonium or substituted ammonium.
These dianionic detergents are more fully described in British
Letters Pat. No. 1,151,392 which claims priority on an application
made in the U.S. Pat. (No. 564,566) on July 12, 1966.
Other suitable anionic detergents utilizable herein are olefin
sulfonates having about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms. The term
"olefin sulfonates" is used herein to mean compounds which can be
produced by the sulfonation of alpha-olefin by means of sulfur
trioxide, followed by neutralization of the acid reaction mixture
in conditions such that any sultones which have been formed in the
reaction are hydrolyzed to give the corresponding
hydroxy-alkanesulfonates. The sulfur trioxide may be liquid or
gaseous, and is usually, but not necessarily, diluted by inert
diluents, for example, by liquid SO.sub.2, chlorinated hydrocarbon,
etc., when used in the liquid form, or by air, nitrogen, gaseous
SO.sub.2, etc., when used in the gaseous form.
The alpha-olefins from which the olefin sulfonates are derived are
mono-olefins having 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 14 to 16
carbon atoms. Preferably, they are straight chain olefins. Examples
of suitable 1-olefins include 1-dodecene; 1-tetradecene;
1-hexadecene; 1-octadecene; 1-eicosene and 1-tetracosene.
In addition to the true alkene sulfonates and a proportion of
hydroxy-alkanesulfonates, the olefin sulfonates can contain minor
amounts of other materials, such as alkene disulfonates depending
upon the reaction conditions, proportions of reactants, the nature
of the starting olefins and impurities in the olefin stock and side
reactions during the sulfonation process.
A specific anionic detergent which has also been found excellent
for use in the present invention is described more fully in the
U.S. Pat. No. 3,332,880 of Phillip F. Pflaumer and Adriaan Kessler,
issued July 25, 1967, titled Detergent Composition, the disclosure
of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Specific preferred anionic surfactants include ammonium linear
alkyl benzene sulfonate wherein the alkyl chain averages from about
10 to 18, more preferably about 12, carbon atoms in length; the
sodium salt of alkyl glyceryl sulfonate whereby the alkyl groups
contains from about 8 to about 20, preferably from about 10 to
about 16 carbon atoms in length; ammonium
2-acetoxy-tridecane-1-sulfonic acid; ammonium
.beta.-methoxyoctadecylsulfonate; the ammonium salts of the
sulfonated condensation product of C.sub.10-20 fatty alcohols with
from 1 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide, preferably averaging from 1
to 4 moles of ethylene oxide. Highly preferred are the ammonium
salts of sulfonated condensation products of coconut fatty alcohols
with 3 moles of ethylene oxide.
B. Nonionic Synthetic Detergents
Nonionic synthetic detergents may be broadly defined as compounds
produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic
in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be
aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the
hydrophilic or polyoxyalkylene radical which is condensed with any
particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a
water-soluble compound having the desired degree of balance between
hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
For example, a well known class of nonionic synthetic detergents is
made available on the market under the trade name of "Pluronic."
These compounds are formed by condensing ethylene oxide with a
hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with
propylene glycol. The hydrophobic portion of the molecule which, of
course, exhibits water insolubility, has a molecular weight of from
about 1,500 to 1,800. The addition of polyoxyethylene radicals to
this hydrophobic portion tends to increase the water solubility of
the molecule as a whole and the liquid character of the product is
retained up to the point where polyoxyethylene content is about 50%
of the total weight of the condensation product.
Other suitable nonionic synthetic detergents include:
1. The polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, e.g., the
condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group
containing from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms in either a straight
chain or branched chain configuration, with ethylene oxide, the
said ethylene oxide being present in amounts equal to 5 to 25 moles
of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol. The alkyl substituent
in such compounds may be derived from polymerized propylene,
diisobutylene, octene, or nonene, for example.
2. Those derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the
product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylene
diamine. For example, compounds containing from about 40% to about
80% polyoxyethylene by weight and having a molecular weight of from
about 5,000 to about 11,000 resulting from the reaction of ethylene
oxide groups with a hydrophobic base constituted of the reaction
product of ethylene diamine and excess propylene oxide, said base
having a molecular weight of the order of 2,500 and 3,000, are
satisfactory.
3. The condensation product of aliphatic alcohols having from 8 to
22 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched chain
configuration, with ethylene oxide, e.g., a coconut
alcohol-ethylene oxide condensate having from 1 to 12 moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of coconut alcohol, the coconut alcohol
fraction having from 10 to 14 carbon atoms.
4. Nonionic detergents include nonyl phenol condensed with either
about 10 or about 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol and
the condensation products of coconut alcohol with an average of
either about 5.5 or about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of
alcohol and the condensation product of about 15 moles of ethylene
oxide with one mole of tridecanol.
Other examples include dodecylphenol condensed with 12 moles of
ethylene oxide per mole of phenol; dinonylphenol condensed with 15
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of phenol; dodecyl mercaptan
condensed with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of mercaptan;
bis-(N-2-hydroxyethyl) lauramide; nonyl phenol condensed with 20
moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonyl phenol; myristyl alcohol
condensed with 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of myristyl
alcohol; lauramide condensed with 15 moles of ethylene oxide per
mole of lauramide; and di-isooctylphenol condensed with 15 moles of
ethylene oxide.
5. A detergent having the formula
R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 N.fwdarw.O
oxide detergent) wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group containing from
about 10 to about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to about 2 hydroxy groups
and from 0 to about 5 ether linkages, there being at least one
moiety of R.sup.1 which is an alkyl group containing from about 10
to about 18 carbon atoms and 0 ether linkages, and each R.sup.2 and
R.sup.3 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals
and hydroxyalkyl radicals containing from 1 to about 3 carbon
atoms;
Specific examples of amine oxide detergents includes:
dimethyldodecylamine oxide, dimethyltetradecylamine oxide,
ethylmethyltetradecylamine oxide, cetyldimethylamine oxide,
dimethylstearylamine oxide, cetylethylpropylamine oxide,
diethyldodecylamine oxide, diethyltetradecylamine oxide,
dipropyldodecylamine oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecylamine oxide,
bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-dodecoxy-1-hydroxypropylamine oxide,
(2-hydroxypropyl)methyltetradecylamine oxide, dimethyloleylamine
oxide, dimethyl-(2-hydroxydodecyl)amine oxide, and the
corresponding decyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl homologs of the above
compounds.
6. A detergent having the formula R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3
P.fwdarw.O
(phosphine oxide detergent) wherein R' is an alkyl group containing
from about 10 to about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to about 2 hydroxy
groups and from 0 to about 5 ether linkages, there being at least
one moiety of R' which is an alkyl group containing from about 10
to about 18 carbon atoms and 0 ether linkages, and each of R.sup.2
and R.sup.3 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl
radicals and hydroxyalkyl radicals containing from 1 to about 3
carbon atoms.
Specific examples of the phosphine oxide detergents include:
dimethyldodecylphosphine oxide, dimethyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
ethylmethyltetradecylphosphine oxide, cetyldimethylphosphine oxide,
dimethylstearylphosphine oxide, cetylethylpropylphosphine oxide,
diethyldodecylphosphine oxide, diethyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
dipropyldodecylphosphine oxide, bis(hydroxymethyl)dodecylphosphine
oxide, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dodecylphosphine oxide,
(2-hydroxypropyl)methyltetradecylphosphine oxide,
dimethyloleylphosphine oxide, and
dimethyl-(2-hydroxydodecyl)phosphine oxide and the corresponding
decyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl homologs of the above
compounds.
7. A detergent having the formula ##EQU6## (sulfoxide detergent)
wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl radical containing from about 10 to
about 28 carbon atoms, from 0 to about 5 ether linkages and from 0
to about 2 hydroxyl substituents at least one moiety of R.sup.1
being an alkyl radical containing 0 ether linkages and containing
from about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms, and wherein R.sup.2 is an
alkyl radical containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and from one to
two hydroxyl groups; octadecyl methyl sulfoxide, dodecyl methyl
sulfoxide, tetradecyl methyl sulfoxide, 3-hydroxytridecyl methyl
sulfoxide, 3-methoxytridecyl methyl sulfoxide,
e-hydroxy-4-dodecoxybutyl methyl sulfoxide, octadecyl
2-hydroxyethyl sulfoxide, dodecylethyl sulfoxide.
Of all the above-described types of nonionic surfactants, preferred
nonionic surfactants include the condensation product of nonyl
phenol with about 9.5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonyl
phenol, the condensation product of coconut fatty alcohol with
about 6 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of coconut fatty alcohol,
and the condensation product of a secondary fatty alcohol
containing about 15 carbon atoms with about 9 moles of ethylene
oxide per mole of fatty alcohol. Particularly preferred are amine
oxide detergents containing one alkyl group with from about 10 to
about 28 carbon atoms and two alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radicals
containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms. Highly preferred is
coconut dimethyl amine oxide.
C. Ampholytic Synthetic Detergents
Ampholytic synthetic detergents can be broadly described as
derivatives of aliphatic or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic
secondary and tertiary amines, in which the aliphatic radical may
be straight chain or branched and wherein one of the aliphatic
substituents contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and at least
one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy,
sulfo, sulfato. Examples of compounds falling within this
definition are sodium 3-(dodecylamino)-propionate, sodium
3-(dodecylamino)propane-1-sulfonate, sodium 2-(dodecylamino)ethyl
sulfate, sodium 2-(dimethylamino)octadecanoate, disodium
3-(N-carboxymethyldodecylamino)-propane-1-sulfonate, disodium
octadecyl-iminodiacetate, sodium
1-carboxymethyl-2-undecylimidazole, and sodium
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-sulfato-3-dodecoxypropylamine.
D. Zwitterionic Synthetic Detergents
Zwitterionic synthetic detergents can be broadly described as
derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium and phosphonium or
tertiary sulfonium compounds, in which the cationic atom may be
part of a heterocyclic ring, and in which the aliphatic radical may
be straight chain or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic
substituents contains from about 3 to 18 carbon atoms, and at least
one aliphatic substituent contains an anionic water-solubilizing
group, e.g., carboxy, sulfo, sulfato, phosphato, or phosphono.
Examples of compounds falling within this definition are
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecyl-ammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate,
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate,
2-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonioum)acetate, 3-(N,N-dimethyl
N-dodecylammonio)propionate,
2-(N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecylammonio)-ethyl sulfate,
2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl dodecylphosphonate, ethyl
3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonio)propylphosphonate,
3-(P,P-dimethyl-P-dodecylphosphonio)-propane-1-sulfonate,
2-(S-methyl-S-tert.hexadecyl-sulfoniol)ethane-1-sulfonate,
3-(S-methyl-S-dodecylsulfonio)propionate, sodium
2-(N,N-dimethyl-S-dodecylammonio)ethyl phosphonate,
4-(S-methyl-S-tetradecylsulfonio)butyrate,
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-undecylimidazolium-1-acetate,
2-(trimethylammonio)octadecanoate, and
3-(N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-octodecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfona
te. Some of these detergents are described in the following U.S.
Pat. Nos. 2,129,264; 2,178,353; 2,774,786; 2,813,898; and
2,828,332.
Of all the above-described types of zwitterionic surfactants,
preferred compounds include
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate and
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate wherein
in both compounds the alkyl group averages 14.8 carbon atoms in
length; 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)acetate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propionate;
6-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexanoate; and
(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)acetate.
As an additional essential ingredient, the compositions of the
instant invention comprise from about 2% to about 30%, preferably
from about 5% to about 20% of an organic sequestering builder. Said
organic sequestering builders can be selected from a wide variety
of organic sequestering builders which are known to be suitable for
use in detergent compositions.
Suitable alkaline organic builder salts include the alkali metal,
ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of polyacetates and
polycarboxylates.
The polyacetate builder salts suitable for use herein include the
sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, and subsituted ammonium salts
of the following acids: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene diaminetriacetic acid,
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrilodiacetic acid,
diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,
1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid.
The alkali metal and ammonium salts of the above acids are
generally and preferably utilized herein.
The polycarboxylate builder salts suitable for use herein consist
of water-soluble salts of polymeric aliphatic polycarboxylic acids
selected from the group consisting of
a. Water-soluble salts of homopolymers of aliphatic polycarboxylic
acids having the following empirical formula: ##EQU7## wherein X,
Y, and Z are each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
methyl, carboxyl, and carboxymethyl, at least one of X, Y, and Z
being selected from the group consisting of carboxyl and
carboxymethyl, provided that X and Y can be carboxymethyl only when
Z is selected from carboxyl and carboxymethyl, wherein only one of
X, Y, and Z can be methyl, and wherein n is a whole integer having
a value within a range, the lower limit of which is three and the
upper limit of which is determined by the solubility
characteristics in an aqueous system;
b. Water-soluble salts of copolymers of at least two of the
monomeric species having the empirical formula described in (a),
and
c. Water-soluble salts of copolymers of a member selected from the
group of alkylenes and monocarboxylic acids with the aliphatic
polycarboxylic compounds described in (a), said copolymers having
the general formula: ##EQU8## wherein R is selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, methyl, carboxyl, carboxymethyl, and
carboxyethyl; wherein only one R can be methyl; wherein m is at
least 45 mole percent of the copolymer; wherein X, Y, and Z are
each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl,
carboxyl, and carboxymethyl; at least one of X, Y, and Z being
selected from the group of carboxyl and carboxymethyl provided that
X and Y can be carboxymethyl only when Z is selected from the group
of carboxyl and carboxymethyl, wherein only one of X, Y, and Z can
be methyl and wherein n is a whole integer within a range, the
lower limit of which is three and the upper limit of which is
determined primarily by the solubility characteristics in an
aqueous system; said polyelectrolyte builder material having a
minimum molecular weight of 350 calculated as the acid form and an
equivalent weight of about 50 to about 80, calculated as the acid
form, (e.g. polymers of itaconic acid; aconitic acid; maleic acid;
mesaconic acid; fumaric acid; methylene malonic acid; and
citraconic acid and copolymers with themselves and others
compatible monomers such as ethylene). These polycarboxylate
builder salts are more specifically described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,308,067, issued Mar. 7, 1967 to Francis L. Diehl entitled
"Polyelectrolyte Builders and Detergent Compositions."
Additional organic sequestering builder ingredients suitable for
being used in the compositions of this invention encompass the
water-soluble salts of oxydisuccinic acid; (ethylene
dioxide)-diacetic acid; mellitic acid; ether alone or in admixture
with nitrilotriacetic acid; benzene carboxylic acids; and
particularly pentacarboxylic acid; heterogeneously substituted
monoaryl builders such as the water-soluble salts of:
polyfunctionally substituted aromatic acid sequestering agents as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 102,159 of Dec. 28, 1970 and now
U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,044; homogeneously polyfunctionally substituted
aromatic acids as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 102,158 of Dec.
28, 1970 and now U.S. Pat. No. 3,758,420; polyfunctional
naphthalene-based sequestrants as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No.
102,236 of Dec. 28, 1970 and now abandoned; polyfunctional
anthracene based sequestrants as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No.
102,156 of Dec. 28, 1970; polyfunctional phenanthrene-based
sequestrants as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 102,169 of Dec. 28,
1970 and now abandoned; polyfunctional bi-aryl sequestrants with
separated aromatic nuclei as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No.
102,048 of Dec. 28, 1970 and now abandoned; polyfunctional tri-aryl
sequestrants with separated aromatic nuclei as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. Ser. No. 102,051 of Dec. 28, 1970 and now abandoned; and
polyfunctional monoaryl sequestrants containing at least two
carboxylic groups and one alkyl, halogen or sulfo group as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 102,050 of Dec. 28, 1970 and now
abandoned.
The preferred organic sequestering builders for use in the
compositions of the instant invention include the water-soluble
salts of mellitic acid, polyacrylic acid, benzene pentacarboxylic
acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid. Particularly preferred are the
water-soluble salts of citric acid. For the purpose of this
invention, water-soluble salts stands for neutralization product
with alkali matter, ammonium and substituted ammonium neutralizing
agents. Specific examples of the like neutralizing agents include
sodium, potassium, lithium, and ammonium and triethanolamine.
Another essential ingredient for use in the liquid detergent
compositions of the present invention is a phase modifier
surfactant ingredient selected from the group consisting of
water-soluble salts of sulfonated C.sub.8-22 fatty acids; and
polyfunctional anionic surface-active agents derived from succinic
acid. It can be noted that the phase modifier surfactant
ingredients belong to the broad class of anionic surfactants.
However, for the purpose of this invention there is a
non-equivalency between said phase modifier surfactant ingredients
and the anionic portion of said component (a) surfactants. Mixtures
of these ingredients can as well be used. This anionic phase
modifier surface-active agent is incorporated in an amount of from
2% to about 25%, preferably from about 4% to about 15%.
The higher fatty acids suitable for preparing the sulfonates can be
of any origin, i.e. natural or synthetic origin. They can be of
branched or straight chain configuration. Especially in the event
the sulfonated fatty acids are from natural origin, they constitute
a mixture of different chain lengths, although the fatty acid raw
material can conceivably be of a substantially uniform chain
length. Sulfonated fatty acids are well known in the art of
detergent technology and different techniques are available for
preparing these surface-active agents. As an example, they can be
made by sulfonation of fatty acids with sulfurtrioxide whereby the
reaction is carried out in a liquid solvent, for instance, as
described in British Patent specification No. 1,214,714. Another
well-known procedure resides in the use of gaseous, inert gas
diluted, sulfurtrioxide for the purpose of preparing said
sulfonated fatty acids. Examples of sulfonated fatty acids
compounds suitable for being used in the compositions of this
invention include the mono- and di-ammonium salts of the
sulfonation products derived from fatty acids including those with
8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 carbon atoms. Synthetic fatty
acids having an odd number of carbon atoms in the range of from 8
to 22 can obviously as well be used. Preferred for use in the
instant compositions are sulfonated fatty acids derived from
natural sources such as hydrogenated "coconut oil." The latter term
refers to a mixture of fatty acids having an approximate carbon
chain length distribution of 8% C.sub.8 ; 7% C.sub.10 ; 48%
C.sub.12 ; 17% C.sub.14 ; 9% C.sub.16 ; and 11% C.sub.18. Fatty
acids derived from the other natural sources such as kernel oil,
babassu kernel oil and tallow oil constitute additional examples of
a preferred starting material for the fatty acids. Highly preferred
for use in the compositions of the instant invention are salts of
.alpha.-sulfonated fatty acids having from 14 to 18, especially 16
carbon atoms in the fatty acid starting material.
Specific examples suitable for being used include the water-soluble
mono- and di-salts of:
.alpha.-sulfo-stearic acid,
.alpha.-sulfo-palmitic acid,
.alpha.-sulfo-myristic acid,
.alpha.-sulfo-lauric acid,
.alpha.-sulfo-decanoic acid,
.alpha.-sulfo-octanoic acid,
sulfo fatty acids derived from hydrogenated coconut fatty acid
having the following carbon chain length distribution:
stearic -- 27%
palmitic --9%
myristic --17%
lauric --48 %
decanoic --7%
octanoic --8%
sulfo fatty acids derived from tallow fatty acids.
The water-soluble mono- and di-salts can be represented by alkali
ions such as lithium, potassium, sodium, ammonium and substituted
ammonium ions. Preferred are the sodium and ammonium salts because
of ready availability.
The polyfunctional anionic surface-active agents derived from
succinic acid are used in an amount of from about 2 to about 25%,
preferably from about 4 to about 15%. They can be described by the
general formula ##EQU9## wherein R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group
having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 represents hydrogen or a
C.sub.1-4 alkyl group, R.sub.3 represents hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl
or --OH, whereby the total number of carbon atoms of R.sub.2 and
R.sub.3 is at most 4; X represents --O--; --S--; --SO--; --SO.sub.2
--; or --SCH.sub.2 --: and whereby M is a water-soluble cation.
Specific examples suitable for being used include the water-soluble
mono- or di-salts of
n-tetradecylthio succinic acid;
n-dodecylthiosuccinic acid;
.alpha.-hexadecylthio-.alpha.-methyl-.beta.-ethyl succinic
acid;
.alpha.-dodecyloxy-.beta.-hydroxy succinic acid;
.alpha.-dodecylsulfoxy-.beta.-ethyl succinic acid;
n-dodecylsulfonyl succinic acid;
.alpha.-n-hexadecylsulfoxy-.beta.-hydroxy succinic acid;
n-hexadecylthiomethyl succinic acid;
n-octyl thio succinic acid;
n-dodecyl thiomethyl succinic acid;
butyloxy-.alpha.-methyl -.beta.-propyl succinic acid;
octadecylthio-.beta.-hydroxy succinic acid;
The water-soluble mono- and di-salts can be represented by alkali
ions such as lithium, potassium, sodium, ammonium and substituted
ammonium ions. Preferred are the sodium and ammonium salts because
of ready availability.
Preferred for use in the compositions of this invention are the
succinic acid derivatives wherein R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.6
-C.sub.18 alkyl group, R.sub.2 is hydrogen, and R.sub.3 is hydrogen
or --OH. Especially preferred for use in the instant compositions
are the succinic acid derivatives specified in the preceding
sentence whereby X stands S.
The homogenous, preferably clear, liquid detergent compositions of
this invention can contain, in addition to the essential
ingredients, also minor amounts of usual liquid detergent
composition additives which may serve different well-known
purposes. Examples of the like additives include perfumes, dyes,
brightening agents, suds controlling agents such as suds boosters
and suds depressors, hydrotropes, enzymes, activators and
stabilizing agents for said enzymes, opacifiers, bleaches such as
chlorine and oxygen bleaches, and buffers. Particularly well-known
among these additives are hydrotropes. They can be used in an
amount of up to 15% by weight and can be represented by lower
alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, and
water-soluble alkaline and ammonium salts of toluene sulfonate,
xylene sulfonate, benzene sulfonate and cumene sulfonate. The
quantitative and qualitative choice of said hydrotropes for use in
the preferred compositions of this invention can easily be
determined and depends obviously on the nature of the ingredients
selected for use in a particular homogeneous liquid detergent
composition as well as their relative amounts.
For obtaining the advantages of the compositions of the instant
invention, the weight ratio of the component (b) water-soluble
organic sequestering builder to the component (c) polyanionic
ingredient shall be from about 6:1 to about 1:6 and preferably from
about 3:1 to about 1:3. The detergent compositions of the instant
invention having a weight ratio of component (b) to component (c)
outside the 6:1 to 1:6 ratio have a tendency toward phase
separation particularly during prolonged storage.
The following liquid detergent compositions were prepared by mixing
the individual ingredients.
Composition Examples Ingredients A I II
______________________________________ Ammonium salt of sul- fated
condensation product of middle- cut coconut alcohol, average chain
length C.sub.12, with 3 moles of ethylene oxide 25 25 29 Sodium
C.sub.10.sub.-14, alkyl, average chain length C.sub.12, glyceryl
ether sulfonate 4 4 -- C.sub.10.sub.-14 alkyl, average chain length
C.sub.12, di- methyl amine oxide 5 5 5 Ammonium salt of .alpha.-
sulfopalmitic acid -- -- 10 Ammonium citrate 20 10 10 Disodium
dodecylthio- succinate -- 10 -- Minor ingredients and moisture
balance to 100 ______________________________________
Upon storage, the Composition A composition representing the state
of the art was subject to phase separation whereas the compositions
of the instant invention -- Examples I and II -- remained
unchanged, i.e. homogeneous clear liquid compositions.
A composition of this invention -- Example I -- was used for
comparative testing purposes by reference to liquid prior art
detergent compositions having the following formulas:
Compositions Ingredient B C ______________________________________
Ammonium salt of sulfated condensation product of middle-cut
coconut alcohol, average chain length C.sub.12, with 3 moles of
ethoxylene oxide 29 25 Sodium, C.sub.10.sub.-14 alkyl, average
chain length C.sub.12, glyceryl ether sulfonate -- 4 Coconut,
average C.sub.12, dimethyl amine oxide 5 5 Ammonium salt of
.alpha.-sulfopalmitic acid 10 -- Disodium dodecylthio- succinate --
10 Minor ingredients and moisture balance to 100
______________________________________
Four aluminum and four stainless steel metal strips were soiled
with a mixture of whole milk and commercial gravy and sauce
mixtures containing a broad range of soils, appearing in food
soils, and allowed to dry. Subsequently said soiled metal strips
were treated with an aqueous solution containing the liquid
detergent compositions to be tested.
Testing conditions:
Water hardness:7 U.S. grains/U.S. gallon(molar ratio Ca/Mg =
3/1)
Product concentration in dishwashing solution:0.6%
Treatment:The soiled metal strips were placed in the detergent
solution at a temperature of 120.degree.F. for 11/2 minutes. At the
end of that time, the strips were three times withdrawn and
redipped in the soaking solution to eliminate loosened soil.
Thereafter the strips were allowed to dry. The soil removal was
estimated by comparing the test strips versus standards. The
grading was done by an experienced judge who used a scale from 1 to
10 whereby 1 stands for the soil removed obtained from soaking in
plain water and 10 represents the perfectly clean strip.
The results were as follows:
Composition Used Soil Removal Grade
______________________________________ B 3.9 C 4.1 Example I 5.9
______________________________________
The above confirms that the composition of the instant invention,
Example I, outperforms prior art Compositions B and C with respect
to broad spectrum soil removal. These differences are significant
and noticeable to untrained observers.
The compositions of Examples I and II, wherein the
.alpha.-sulfopalmitic acid salt and the ammonium citrate (Example
IV) and the sodium dodecyl thiosuccinate and the ammonium citrate
(Example III) have been reduced from 10% to 5% respectively, have
been compared with Composition D, which is identical to Composition
A, except that it contains but 10% of ammonium citrate. Egg yolk
was applied to twelve aluminum strips for each composition or
example which were allowed to dry over night. Two soiled strips
were then treated under six different conditions, namely with
detergent solutions containing respectively 1% and 2% of the
compositions during 1, 2 and 5 minutes.
At the end of the soaking time, the metal strips were three times
withdrawn and redipped into the solution in order to insure the
loosened soils are eliminated. The soil removal performance was
determined by paired comparison (Round Robin design) whereby the
more positive score reflects a greater soil removal. The testing
results are as follows:
Composition Used Stain Removal
______________________________________ Example III + .68 Example IV
- .01 Composition D -1.33
______________________________________
The above results confirm that the soil removal resulting from the
use of prior art Composition D is markedly inferior to what is
obtained from the use of the compositions of Examples III and IV as
representing the instant invention. These differences are
discernible to an inexperienced observer.
A liquid detergent composition representative of the instant
invention was used for soil removal test concurrently with a liquid
detergent composition belonging to the state of the art. Said
compositions had the following formula:
Composition Example Ingredient E V
______________________________________ Ammonium salt of
.alpha.-sulfo- palmitic acid 15% 15% Sodium, C.sub.10.sub.-14
alkyl, average chain length C.sub.12, glyceryl ether sulfonate 5%
5% Ammonium salt of the sulfation product of coconut alcohol with 3
moles of ethylene oxide 10% 10% C.sub.10.sub.-14 alkyl, average
chain length C.sub.12, di- methyl amine oxide 5% 5% Ammonium
citrate -- 10% ______________________________________
Three aluminum strips were dipped into a liquid soil consisting
essentially of a slurry of hamburger and water. Said metal strips
are then baked at 400.degree.F in order to have the soil adhering
more solidly. Aqueous dishwashing solutions containing 1% of the
compositions of Composition E and Example V, are used for stain
removal. To that effect, the strips are soaked for one hour at
130.degree.F. The water hardness is 7 U.S. grains/U.S. gallon. The
metal strips are then removed and rinsed under running water at
120.degree.F. The grading of the soil removed is then done with a 1
- 10 scale as referred to previously. The soil removal results are
as follows:
Composition Used Soil Removal
______________________________________ Example V 6.7 Composition E
1.0 ______________________________________
Substantially similar results can be obtained in the event the
alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate and/or the amine oxide of Example V
is wholly or partially substituted by an equivalent amount of
ammonium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate wherein the chain length
averages from about 10 - 18, more preferably about 12 carbon atoms
in length; ammonium 2-acetoxy-tridecane-1-sulfonate; ammonium
b-methoxyoctadecylsulfonate; and the ammonium salts of the
sulfonated condensation products of C.sub.10-20 fatty alcohols with
from 1 - 10 moles of ethylene oxide.
Substantially similar results are also obtained in the event the
water-soluble organic detergents are replaced with an equivalent
quantity of the condensation product of nonyl phenol with about 9.5
moles of ethylene oxide, the condensation product of coconut fatty
alcohol with about 6 moles of ethylene oxide, and the condensation
product of a secondary fatty alcohol containing 15 carbon atoms
with about 9 moles of ethylene oxide.
Substantially similar results can be also obtained by replacing,
wholly or partially, the water-soluble organic detergents with an
equivalent quantity of
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-propane-1sulfonate and
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate wherein
in both compounds the alkyl group averages 14.8 carbon atoms in
length; 3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
3(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate;
(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)acetate;
3-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)propionate;
6-(N-dodecylbenzyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexanoate; and
(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammonio)acetate.
Substantially similar results are obtained in the event ammonium
citrate is replaced with an equivalent amount of ammonium salts of
mellitic acid, polyacrylic acid; benzene pentacarboxylic acid; and
nitrilotriacetic acid.
Substantially similar results are also obtained in the event the
ammonium salts of .alpha.-sulfopalmitic acid is replaced with an
equivalent quantity of substituted ammonium salts of sulfonated
fatty acids whereby the fatty acids are represented by coconut,
kernel, babassu kernel and tallow fatty acids and mixtures
thereof.
Substantially similar results are also obtained in the event the
ammonium .alpha.-sulfopalmitic acid is replaced by a water-soluble
ammonium or substituted ammonium salt of succinic acid derivatives
of the general formula of claim 1 wherein R.sub.1 represents an
alkyl chain having from 6-18 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 is hydrogen; and
R.sub.3 is hydrogen or OH.
* * * * *