U.S. patent number 3,895,593 [Application Number 05/399,952] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-22 for light-weight, durable, water-traversing vehicle.
Invention is credited to Alvin Edward Moore.
United States Patent |
3,895,593 |
Moore |
July 22, 1975 |
Light-weight, durable, water-traversing vehicle
Abstract
A boat, aircraft or space craft, adapted for travel over water,
having buoyant wall and deck frames that include elongated,
boat-bracing beams (longitudinal stringers or optionally transverse
ribs), having holes or sockets in their faces, and sealed, buoyant
bottles or the like, each having a pair of necks (or a neck and a
bottom) that are strongly glued in opposite holes of a pair of the
boat-bracing pieces. The holes preferably are sockets, recesses or
depressions that do not extend thru the stringers or ribs. The
beams may be of metal, but preferably are of waterproofed
"Masonite" or other pressed wood, or of strong, molded or extruded
plastic containing sufficient pores or reinforcing fibers for
frictional holding of nails, or of cedar, cypress or other wood.
Preferably the beams are curved in the direction of their length.
On their outer and inner edges metal or strong-plastic mesh
(preferably expanded-metal lath, hardware cloth and/or poultry-type
fencing) is nailed and glued. And on this mesh outer and inner
layers of stucco (Portland cement, epoxy or other cement mixed with
fine aggregate or fibers) are applied in pasty condition and
allowed to set. Between these stuccoed skins, foamed plastic, from
poured-in-situ liquids, imbeds the bottles. The vehicle is curved
in fore-and-aft direction, and optionally may also be curved
vertically (i.e., barrel-curved). The bottle-holding holes may be
on each side of each beam and may be staggered, preventing
interference of the holes and bottles on the opposite beam sides.
Preferably, the boat includes a pair of side floats, each having a
flat, fore-and-aft inner surface and a curved outer surface; and
near the inner surface of each float a bilge piece or fin is
supported, retractable in shallow water to a higher position in the
float. At higher speeds the inclined-bottom floats ski upward
toward the water's surface. Propulsion is preferably by air
propeller, but optionally by waterjet.
Inventors: |
Moore; Alvin Edward (Bay St.
Louis, MS) |
Family
ID: |
23581609 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/399,952 |
Filed: |
September 24, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
114/65R |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63B
43/10 (20130101); B63B 2231/62 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B63B
43/10 (20060101); B63B 43/00 (20060101); B63b
043/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;114/.5R,56,65R,66.5R,66.5H,68,69 ;244/119,125 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Blix; Trygve M.
Assistant Examiner: Sotelo; Jesus D.
Claims
I claim:
1. A vehicle adapted to traverse water, including:
deck structure, having load-containing space above it;
sidewall framework, connected to said deck structure, comprising: a
plurality of fore-and-aft sidewall beams of
vehicle-strength-providing material, including pairs of
spaced-apart, oppositely-positioned beams, each pair having
spaced-apart, opposite surfaces of the two beams and opposite holes
that extend into said material from said surfaces, each of said
holes at one of the surfaces of the two beams opening toward and
aligned with a similar, opposite hole in the other of said two
beams;
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite beams, each of said hollow members having
flanged ends extending into and braced in an aligned pair of said
opposite holes; and securing means, holding said flanged ends in
said holes and said hollow members in vehicle-strength-providing
assembled relation;
lower water-traversing structure, fixed to said deck structure,
comprising: a plurality of lower-structure beams of
vehicle-strength-providing material, including pairs of opposite,
spaced-apart beams having a plurality of opposite holes that extend
into said material from opposite-beam surfaces of each pair of said
lower-structure beams, each of said last-named opposite holes at
one of said opposite-beam surfaces opening toward and aligned with
a hole in the other of said opposite-beam surfaces; lower-structure
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite lower-structure beams, each of said
lower-structure hollow members having ends extending into an
aligned pair of said last-named opposite holes; and securing means
holding said ends of the lower-structure hollow members in said
last-named holes and in vehicle-strength-providing assembled
relation;
waterproof, vehicle-strength-providing, exterior skin means,
connected to outer portions of said sidewall framework and said
lower structure; and
vehicle-strength-providing, interior skin means, connected to inner
portions of said sidewall framework.
2. A vehicle adapted to traverse water, including:
deck structure, having load-containing space above it;
sidewall framework, connected to said deck structure, comprising a
plurality of sidewall beams of vehicle-strength-providing material,
including pairs of spaced-apart, oppositely-positioned beams, each
pair having spaced-apart, opposite surfaces of the two beams and
opposite holes that extend into said material from said surfaces,
each of said holes at one of the surfaces of the two beams opening
toward and aligned with a similar, opposite hole in the other of
said two beams;
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite beams, each of said hollow members having
ends extending into and braced in an aligned pair of said opposite
holes; and securing means, holding said ends in said holes and said
hollow members in vehicle-strength-providing assembled
relation;
lower water-traversing structure, fixed to said deck structure,
comprising: a plurality of lower-structure beams of
vehicle-strength-providing material, including pairs of opposite,
spaced-apart beams having a plurality of opposite holes that extend
into said material from opposite beam surfaces of each pair of said
lower-structure beams, each of said last-named opposite holes at
one of said opposite beam surfaces opening toward and aligned with
a hole in the other of said opposite-beam surfaces; lower-structure
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite lower-structure beams, each of said
lower-structure hollow members having ends extending into an
aligned pair of said last-named opposite holes; and securing means
holding said ends of the lower-structure hollow members in said
last-named holes and in vehicle-strength-providing assembled
relation;
waterproof, vehicle-strength-providing, exterior skin means,
connected to outer portions of said sidewall framework and said
lower structure; and
vehicle-strength-providing, interior skin means, connected to inner
portions of said sidewall framework;
the said sidewall beams including stringers, at least some of which
extend in fore-and-aft direction; and the said hollow members
between said stringers being upright and containing gaseous
material.
3. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which said lower structure
includes a pair of separated, side floats.
4. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which: each of said hollow
members comprises a bottle, having a neck of smaller
cross-sectional area than that of its middle portion; and at least
one of each aligned pair of said opposite holes has a
cross-sectional area of a size that is in the neighborhood of that
of said smaller cross-sectional area.
5. A vehicle as set forth in claim 4, in which said securing means
comprises bonding material, set from previous shapeless
condition.
6. A vehicle as set forth in claim 5, in which said bonding
material comprises epoxy.
7. A vehicle as set forth in claim 4, in which said bottle is of
glass.
8. A vehicle as set forth in claim 7, in which said bottle is a
used bottle of the beverage-containing type.
9. A vehicle as set forth in claim 7, in which: one of each
opposite pair of said aligned holes is a socket, extending
partially thru the thickness of a beam; said bottle has a bottom
portion of larger cross-sectional area than that of said neck and
is seated in said socket; and said securing means comprises
adhesive, set from previous shapeless condition, on the bottom wall
of said bottom portion and on sides and closed end of said
hole.
10. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2 in which: each of said hollow
members is a bottle member, having a pair of necks each of which is
of smaller cross-sectional area than that of the bottle member's
middle portion; and each hole of each pair of said opposite holes
has a cross-sectional area of a size that is in the neighborhood of
the size of said smaller cross-sectional area.
11. A vehicle as set forth in claim 10, in which said bottle member
is composite and comprises two bottles having their bottoms
fastened together.
12. A vehicle as set forth in claim 10, in which said bottle member
includes: two bottles of glass, having adjoining bottoms; and
bonding material, set from previous shapeless condition, between
and strongly uniting said bottoms.
13. A vehicle as set forth in claim 10, in which said bottle member
is unitary and of integral material, set from previous plastic
condition.
14. A vehicle as set forth in claim 13, in which said integral
material is glass.
15. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which said stringers are
parallel.
16. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which the said material
of the hollow members comprises glass.
17. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which each of said
upright hollow members comprises a neck portion at each of its ends
which is smaller in cross section that its middle part.
18. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which: the said sidewall
beams are arranged in units of end-to-end-joined beams; and said
framework includes fastening means, bracingly joining ends of the
beams of each unit.
19. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which: the said material
of the sidewall and lower-structure beams is of a type which
frictionally holds nails; and the said exterior skin means
includes: mesh on outer surfaces of said beams; rod-like elements,
penetrating said beam material and fastening said mesh to the
beams; and stucco comprising cement on said mesh, set from
previously plastic stuccoing condition.
20. A vehicle as set forth in claim 19, in which the said interior
skin means includes: mesh on inner surfaces of said beams; rod-like
elements, penetrating said beam material and fastening said
last-named mesh to the beams; and stucco comprising cement on said
last-named mesh, set from previously plastic condition.
21. A vehicle as set forth in claim 19, in which: said cement
comprises Portland cement; and said stucco further comprises inert
fragments mixed with said cement.
22. A vehicle as set forth in claim 2, in which: each of said beams
has other holes, extending entirely thru the beam, in vehicle
construction adapted for passage of foaming, poured-in-situ
foamed-plastic materials; said exterior and interior skin means
comprise material capable of resisting yielding outward under the
pressure of foaming foamed-plastic materials; and the said vehicle
includes foamed plastic, set from previously fluent condition,
between each adjacent pair of said beams, in said other holes, and
between said hollow members and said exterior and interior skin
means.
23. A vehicle adapted to traverse water, including:
deck structure, having load-containing space above it;
sidewall framework, connected to said deck structure, comprising: a
plurality of sidewall beams of vehicle-strength-providing material,
including pairs of spaced-apart, oppositely-positioned ribs,
extending in planes that are transverse to the vehicle's
fore-and-aft axis, each of said pairs having spaced-apart, opposite
surfaces of the two ribs and opposite holes that extend into said
material from said surfaces, each of said holes at one of the
surfaces of the two ribs opening toward and aligned with a similar,
opposite hole in the other of the said two ribs;
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite ribs, each of said hollow members having
ends extending into and braced in an aligned pair of said opposite
holes; and securing means, holding said ends in said holes and said
hollow members in vehicle-strength-providing assembled
relation;
lower water-traversing structure, fixed to said deck structure,
comprising: a plurality of lower-structure beams of
vehicle-strength-providing material, including pairs of opposite,
spaced-apart beams having a plurality of opposite holes that extend
into said material from opposite-beam surfaces of each pair of said
lower-structure beams, each of said last-named opposite holes at
one of said opposite-beam surfaces opening toward and aligned with
a hole in the other of said opposite-beam surfaces; lower-structure
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite lower-structure beams, each of said
lower-structure hollow members having ends extending into an
aligned pair of said last-named opposite holes; and securing means
holding said ends of the lower-structure hollow members in said
last-named holes and in vehicle-strength-providing relation;
waterproof, vehicle-strength-providing, exterior skin means,
connected to outer portions of said sidewall framework and said
lower structure; and
vehicle-strength-providing, interior skin means, connected to inner
portions of said sidewall framework.
24. A vehicle as set forth in claim 12, in which each of said ribs
has a pair of planar surfaces that are wider than the maximum
cross-sectional dimension of a said hollow member along a plane
normal to its axis and has a median plane between said planar
surfaces; and the said median planes of each of a plurality of
groups of said ribs divergingly radiate from a common line of
intersection of the planes.
25. A boat framework, including:
a beam of boat-strength-providng material, having opposite surfaces
and two sets of holes, extending into said material from said
opposite surfaces, the axes of the holes of each of said sets being
spaced from the axes of the holes of the other of said sets;
hollow members of boat-strength-providing material, each having a
maximum dimension across its perimeter which is equal to at least
two-thirds of the width of said beam; each of said members having a
beamward end extending into and fastened in one of said holes and
another end free-in ambient air;
gaseous material in said hollow members; and
bonding material, set from previously shapeless condition,
fastening said beamward ends in the holes of one of said sets;
the holes in the other of said sets being empty, and in
boat-framework assembly being adapted to hold bonding material and
another group of hollow members, fastened to said beam by said
last-named bonding material.
26. A boat-framework unit as set forth in claim 25, in which said
two sets of holes are in zigzag arrangement, the axis of each hole
of one of said sets being spaced from holes of the other set.
27. A boat-framework unit as set forth in claim 25, in which said
beam has other holes, extending entirely thru the beam, adapted for
passage from one side of the beam to the other of foaming,
poured-in-situ foamed-plastic materials during boat
construction.
28. A vehicle, adapted to traverse water, including:
desk structure, having load-containing space above it, including:
numerous spaced-apart deck beams of vehicle-strength-providing
material, extending transversely to a vertical plane containing the
vehicle's fore-and-aft axis, each opposite pair of said beams
having spaced-apart, opposite surfaces of its two beams and
opposite holes that extend into said material from said surfaces,
each of said holes at one of said surfaces opening toward and
aligned with an opposite hole in the other of said two beams;
hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material, connecting
and bracing said opposite pair of beams, each of said hollow
members having ends extending into and braced in an aligned pair of
said opposite holes; and securing means, holding said ends in said
holes and said hollow members in vehicle-strength-providing
assembled relation;
sidewall framework, connected to said deck structure, including:
fore-and-aft sidewall beams of vehicle-strength-providing material,
connected to said deck beams, each pair of said sidewall beams
having spaced-apart, opposite surfaces of the two beams and
opposite holes that extend into said material from said last-named
surfaces, each of said last-named holes at one of the surfaces
opening toward an opposite hole at the other of said last-named
surfaces; hollow members of vehicle-strength-providing material,
connecting and bracing said sidewall beams, each of said hollow
members having ends extending into and braced in an aligned pair of
said last-named holes; and securing means, holding said last-named
ends in the holes and said hollow members of the sidewall framework
in vehicle-strength-providing assembled relation; waterproof,
water-traversing means, below and connected to said deck beams;
waterproof, exterior skin means, fixed to outer portions of said
sidewall framework; and interior skin means, connected to inner
portions of said framework.
Description
This invention pertains to a light-weight, strong, water-traversing
vehicle, little subject to damage in crashes, and having sufficient
buoyancy in its walls and decks to prevent its sinking in the
unlikely event of a leak. Either of the two disclosed inventive
forms may be only for water-surface travel or may be a flying boat,
seaplane or space vehicle. In some respects the present invention
comprises improvements of the inventor's prior U.S. Pat. No.
3,596,622 of Aug. 3, 1971.
This invention has, among other purposes, the following objectives:
(1) a relatively light-weight but extremely strong vehicle, adapted
to traverse water at least part of the time of its travel; (2) such
a vehicle having walls including framework that comprises: strong
beams, having holes extending at least partly thru each beam; and
glass, plastic or metal bottle members, each having opposite ends
that are glued in the holes, and skins fixed to outer and inner
edges of the beams; (3) vehicle framework as in (2) above, each of
the bottle members comprising a pair of used bottles having their
bottoms glued together and their necks in the beam holes; (4)
vehicle framework as in (2) above, each of the bottle members being
a single, mold-formed bottle having two relatively small necks, one
of which is integrally closed; and (5) a vehicle including side
floats, each comprising: beams; gas-containing, strength-providing
receptacles fixed to the beams; a hollow inner portion; and a
retractable bilge fin supported within the float's interior. Other
objects and the specific structure of the invention will be
apparent in the following specification and the accompanying
drawings.
IN THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of one form of the invention, partly
broken away at a plane a short distance above the main deck to
illustrate internal structure, showing foam plastic as so far
having been formed only around the float bottle members, and
showing a retractable bilge fin and its braced housing that extend
above the main deck (in the general manner of FIG. 11).
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view on an enlarged scale from
the line indicated by the arrows 2--2 of FIG. 1, showing two types
of the bottle members, imbedded in foam plastic.
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view on an enlarged scale from
the line 3--3 of FIG. 1, showing one form of the joints between
end-to-end-joined beams.
FIG. 4 is a longitudinally sectional view of an optional, molded,
glass or plastic form of the bottle members.
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view on a scale enlarged from
that of FIG. 1, sectional from the plane 5--5 of FIG. 1, showing
two of the staggered bottle members, having necks glued in sockets
in a beam, imbedded in foamed plastic between stuccoed skins and
flanked by boat bumper means.
FIG. 6 is an elevational view of the vehicle before installation of
the bumper - partly broken away, and mostly in section from a plane
comparable to that indicated at 6--6 in FIG. 1, but showing the
retractable bilge fin and its housing as optionally being entirely
below the main deck.
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary sectional view of a pair of beams (upright
ribs or deck beams) and two bottle members, each comprising a
single, preferably used bottle, having a neck fixed in a hole in
one beam and a bottom fixed in a hole in the other illustrated
beam.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of another form of the bottle members,
comprising staggered, sealed pipes, having ends glued to beams.
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view indicating the
foam-plastic-imbedded bottle members as having ends extending thru
holes which are apertures thru beams.
FIG. 10 is a top plan view of a second form of the invention (in
which the beams are transverse ribs), partly broken away to
illustrate internal structure, showing foamed plastic as so far
having been formed only in the floats.
FIG. 11 is a sectional view, partly broken away and on an enlarged
scale, from the plane 11--11 of FIG. 10, before application of the
foaming-plastic liquids and installation of the bumper means.
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view on an enlarged scale from
the plane 12--12 of FIG. 11, illustrating one form of the joints
between end-to-end-joined beams. FIG. 13 is a fragmentary view
similar to FIG. 12 but showing a second form of the joint between
beams.
FIG. 14 illustrating one form of the retractable bilge fin, is a
sectional view (partly broken away) from a middle plane of the
fin.
FIG. 15 is a fragmentary sectional view of the bilge fin from the
plane 15--15 of FIG. 1 or FIG. 14.
And FIG. 16 is a fragmentary sectional view, similar to FIG. 15,
showing an alternative form of the bilge fin.
One form of the invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 6 and a second,
optional form is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. Each of these forms
comprises rows of juxtaposed bottle members -- each member being
fixed to and between oppositely positioned beams and having ends
that are glued in holes in the beams. Preferably, each beam has
holes in each of its faces, these holes being staggered, the axis
of each hole in one face being spaced from axes of holes in the
opposite face; and the bottles of each row that are glued to the
holes of one of the faces are thus staggered in relation to the
bottles that are glued to the opposite face.
THE BUOYANT, STRENGTH-PROVIDING HOLLOW MEMBERS
In each of the forms the bottle members (sealed, air-containing
receptacles) may be made of glass, plastic, fiber-reinforced
plastic, or thin metal. Optionally, these gas-containing, sealed
hollow members may comprise: used or new bottles of a commonly
known shape (indicated at 1 in FIG. 2 and 2 in FIG. 7); a pair of
the bottles (shown at 4 in FIG. 2), having their bottoms glued
together with epoxy putty or silicone or other rubber cement as
indicated at 5 (or if the bottles are thermoplastic or metallic
they optionally may be welded together), thus forming a bottle
member having opposite necks that are glued with epoxy putty or
other adhesive in holes of opposite beams; a single bottle, as at 2
in FIG. 7; an integral, double-necked, molded, glass or plastic
bottle as shown at 6 in FIG. 2, or 7 in FIG. 10; or a cylindrical
element of glass, plastic or metal as illustrated at 8 in FIG. 8,
8' in FIG. 9, 9 in FIG. 13, and 10 in FIG. 14. When made of thin
metal (for example, of aluminum, aluminum alloy or very thin steel)
the receptacles optionally may be inflated with air or helium.
Glass or plastic bottle members of the double-necked type shown in
FIG. 2 at 1 or 6 or 12 in FIG. 4 are currently preferred.
The bottles 6 of FIG. 2 and 12 of FIG. 4 are preferably made in a
mold; and when they are of glass they are blown in accordance with
known glass-blowing technique. The bottle 12 (illustrated as of
plastic, but optionally of glass) has one integrally closed end
(14) and another end (16) which has a small opening 17. When made
by centrifugal molding both of these ends may be closed. Use of
this double-necked type of bottle member (4, 6, 12) has an
advantage over use of the single-necked bottle 2 of FIG. 7 because
the two relatively small necks fit into relatively small holes in
the beams. When the hollow members have open ends these ends are
preferably sealed by bits of epoxy or other adhesive 18 FIGS. 2, 5
and 7). In accordance with the preferred method of assembly of the
hollow members and beams: epoxy putty, epoxy liquid or other
adhesive is placed in each hole or socket in a beam, filling half
or more of the socket; the open neck or other open hollow-member
end is forced into the socket and adhesive; and the portion 18 of
the glue goes into the open end. Also there is peferably sufficient
clearance around the hollow-member end for adhesive to be forced
around this end.
THE BOAT-BRACING, HOLLOW-MEMBER-HOLDING BEAMS
As exampled in the drawings, these beams may be straight or curved.
They may be of extruded aluminum alloy, thin steel or other metal,
but preferably are of: waterproofed "Masonite" or other pressed
wood; strong, molded or extruded plastic (preferably containing
sufficient pores or reinforcing fibers for frictional holding of
nails); or cedar, cypress or other wood. The hollow-member-holding
holes in the boat-bracing members optionally may extend all the way
thru the beams (as exampled at 19 in FIG. 9 and 20 in FIG. 13). In
FIG. 9 the vehicle is indicated as curved in at least one
direction, but optionally it also may be curved in a direction
normal to that of the illustrated curvature (in other words, the
load-holding body may be barrel-curved). In this event, and when
standard bottles of a single length are utilized, it is necessary
to provide bottle-holding holes that extend all the way thru the
beams, because the bottle-member ends at the points of lesser bulge
of the barrel-curved body necessarily must project farther into and
thru the holes than the extent of projection at points of greater
bulge. These bottle-member ends preferably are the smaller necks of
double-necked bottle members.
THE BOAT SKIN MEANS
Exterior and interior skin means are fixed to exterior and interior
edges of the beams. Although these skins may comprise thin, solid,
sheet plastic or metal, they preferably are of stucco on mesh. This
stucco in each instance optionally may comprise: Portland cement
(preferably a mixture of Portland cement and lime) and fine
aggregate or fibers (as indicated at 22 in FIG. 5); or epoxy,
liquid rubber or other plastic cement or putty (as indicated at 24
in FIG. 9). This stucco may be troweled and/or sprayed on the mesh
26. After it is set it is sanded to form a smooth, streamlined
surface, and then coated with two or three coats of waterproofing
paint. When the cement comprises Portland cement this coating
preferably comprises one or two coats of "STA-DRI" concrete paint,
topped by epoxy enamel.
The mesh 26 preferably is expanded-metal lath (of steel or aluminum
alloy), but optionally it may be hardware cloth alone, hardware
cloth covered with a ply of poultry-fence wire, two or more plies
of metal fencing, or of strong plastic. In any event, the mesh
should be sufficiently resilient to bend in a curve between beams.
When the beams are of the type that frictionally hold nails, the
mesh is nailed or screwed to them; but when they are of extruded
metal the mesh is attached to them by screws extending into screw
holes. In any event, the mesh preferably is further secured to the
beams by bonding material (epoxy putty, other adhesive, or
optionally by welding or brazing if the beams are metallic).
THE CABIN AND FLOAT MEANS
Although the craft's bottom may be substantially flat or
deep-V-shaped, it preferably has at least side floats. In each of
the two forms a central float and a pair of lateral floats are
shown. Each of these floats is illustrated as having beams and
beam-supported hollow members which extend below the main cabin
area. Each of the lateral floats have a curved outer surface which
in effect is a continuation downward of the upper, curved, side
surface of the boat and has a flat; preferably vertical, pair of
fore-and-aft inner surfaces (28). These surfaces are those of the
skins on two parallel sets of rows of beams and hollow members.
Between these two sets there is a third, straight-surfaced,
fore-and-aft set of the beams and receptacles; and between the two
inner fore-and-aft sets of rows a retractable bilge fin or bilge
piece is rather closely housed in shallow water. This fin
preferably bears against the sides of its housing via vertical
bearing strips of bronze, smooth plastic or the like. The housing
and bilge piece are very strong, to resist wrecking tendency of
waves and grounding.
The fin may comprise steel or aluminum-alloy tubes (imbedded within
light-weight concrete 30 or strong, foamed plastic 32, within a
skin or stuccoed mesh, nailed or screwed to rectangularly arranged
beams. At least four of these orthogonally arranged beams are
necessary, the outer elements 33, 34, 35 and 36. These beams may be
made of any of the above-described beam materials. As exampled in
FIGS. 14 and 15, the forward upright beam 34 is made of molded
plastic, reinforced by fibers. But this forward beam optionally may
be a metallic or strong-plastic pipe, as shown at 34A in FIG. 16.
As illustrated in FIG. 14, the fin is further strengthened by other
beams (38 and 39).
The beam-held hollow members optionally may be any of the
above-described types of gas-containing receptacles; but as
illustrated in FIG. 14 they are pipes (10) of metal or strong
plastic -- of the type shown at 8, 8' or 9. They may have sealing
caps 41 at only one end of each tube as shown (the other end being
sealed by epoxy or other bonding material entering the pipe from
the glue in its socket), or both ends may be capped or sealed only
with the bonding material.
In FIGS. 6 and 11 the fins are shown as entirely or nearly entirely
retracted into their housings. The fins are thus retracted when in
shallow water and the three floats are then sufficiently submerged
in the water to float the craft at relatively slow speed. But on
moving out into deep water the fins are lowered and serve as
direction-stabilizing keels, while at higher speeds the floats ski
upward until their bottoms are at or very near the water surface.
This skiing is facilitated by the inclination (indicated at 42) of
the bottoms of the floats to the direction of travel, causing a
positive angle of attack of the bottoms on the water (or air if
airborne) during forward translation of the craft.
Two optional means for retracting and lowering the stabilizing
keels are disclosed. The one shown in FIGS. 6 and 11 is usable when
the fin is not buoyant. It comprises: a cable, rope or chain (44);
a drum 45 on which the cable or other flexible element may be
wound; and means for rotating the drum. As shown in FIG. 6 this
drum-driving means comprises a drum shaft and the motor and
reduction gearing 46. The two motors for the fins in the two side
floats may be simultaneously or separately operated, at the will of
the operator. As shown in FIG. 11 the drum-rotating structure
comprises a manually operable crank 48 and a handle 49, for which
the motor 46 optionally may be substituted. When the fins are used
with the cable-type of fin-operating mechanism they are provided
with sufficient weight to be heavier than water by imbedding the
hollow elements 50 in concrete 30 -- or, when foam plastic is the
matrix around the hollow elements, these elements are relatively
heavy -- for example comprising pipes 54 that are of steel
(preferably thinner than oridinary water pipes but thicker than
common tin-can material) -- or of plastic and filled with concrete,
sand or the like.
An alternative type of fin-operating mechanism, which does not
necessitate a heavier-than-water fin, comprising a rack and pinion,
is usable when there is sufficient room above the retracted fin for
the rack. A pair of racks, 56, are illustrated in FIG. 14, the
showing of their top portions being broken away. These racks are
simultaneously or separately operated by pinions and a pair of
pinion-rotating motors similar to the motor and gearing 46.
Preferably, the space between the outer curved wall of each float
and its internal, vertical partition is filled with foamed plastic
and helium ballons 57 (FIG. 1) that are imbedded in the plastic.
Also optionally, balloons of the type set forth in the inventor's
prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,622 may be provided in the top part of
the cabin, aiding in stabilizing the vehicle against rolling,
pitching and capsizing.
Hatches, doors, portholes and windows are provided at appropriate
locations. For instance: hatches exampled at 58 may be provided
thru any of the decks; doors exampled at 59 may be placed in any of
the vertical walls; and windows or portholes like 60 may be
installed to provide interior light and ventilation. A ladder is
fixed to the bulkhead or wall adjacent to and beneath each
hatch.
A somewhat resilient bumper or buffer (61) preferably extends
entirely around the craft. As indicated in FIG. 5, this may
comprise lengths of rubber hose 61A of the type used in
fire-fighting equipment, preferably imbedded in resilient foamed
plastic, within a waterproof skin. The ends of each of these
lengths are sealingly and streamlinedly joined at the stern by
epoxy or other adhesive (61B).
PROPULSION AND STEERING
Although the boat optionally may be propelled by a marine screw
propeller, driven by an outboard or inboard engine, it preferably
is propelled by known, water-jet type of propulsion means or by the
air propeller 62 driven by an engine or other motor (64) in the
forward portion of the elevated, central part of the cabin.
Each form of the vehicle may be steered and controlled in pitch
attitude by known airplane controls, indicated at 66 in FIG. 10. An
alternative or supplemental type of steering control may be
effected by separate manipulation of the retractable fins. For
example: when steering the vehicle to starboard the port or left
fin 68 is elevated and the propeller 62 (having its center of
thrust substantially in the vertical plane containing the vehicle's
longitudinal axis) pulls the craft to the right; and when steering
it to the left the starboard fin 69 is raised. Optionally, this
steering may be done by electrically connecting a steering wheel in
the top cabin part 70 with motors 46 for their controlled
operation.
THE CURRENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The form of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 6 comprises
substantially horizontal, fore-and-aft stringers and transverse
deck beams that are rigidly connected to the elongated stringers.
Each of the sets of joined stringers that are at the same level
preferably consists of a plurality of end-to-end-joined beams that
are united by epoxy putty or other adhesive and reinforced at the
joint by upper and lower splicing plates (72 and 73), bolted or
riveted to the abutted ends of the stringers. When, as is
preferred, the craft is at least 30 feet long, the curved outer
stringers at each level are four in number, 74, 74A, 75, 75A; and
four pairs of the splicing plates thus are used, two of these pairs
being located at or near the vertical plane 6--6. But when the
vehicle is less than 30 feet in length the stringer elements 74 and
74A may be integral, and likewise the elements 75 and 75A may be in
one piece.
The straight stringers 77 and 79 also may be in two abutted and
united sections. The ends of the members 77, which closely fit the
inside edges of the curved outer stringers, are epoxy bonded (or
welded) to these edges, and are reinforced by and between top
splicing plates 72A and lower plates that are bolted to the
stringer ends and these top plates. And similarly the stringers 79
are united to the curved outer stringers by bonding material, the
upper plates 72B and lower plates that are bolted to them.
The boat-bracing frame of the upper cabin portion or bridge 70 and
the lower similar framework of the bulkheads 81 and of the middle
floats 82 comprise pairs of stringers, 84 and 85. Each of these
stringers optionally may be unitary or, like 74 and 74A may be
composite, comprising two pieces, end-joined by bonding material
and plates. Each pair of the beams 84 and 85 are end-joined at 86
and 87 by bonding material and plates of the above-described types.
The stringers that are above and below transverse deck beams
preferably are beveled, as at 88, for extra strength and ease of
fastening to the deck beams.
Before the final vehicle assembly, bottle members (or other hollow
elements) preferably are bonded in sub-assembly operation in
sockets on one side of all the stringers excepting: the first set
above the main lower deck (L); the first set below this deck; and
the first set above the main upper deck (U). And preferably also in
sub-assembly the angled brackets 89 are fastened by bonding
material and bolts or screws to the ends of the transverse beams;
and these beams and hollow members are formed into units, each
comprising two parallel beams that are joined by bottle members or
the like which have their ends bonded in holes on one side of each
of the beams, for the time being leaving empty the holes on the
other sides of the beams.
THE FINAL ASSEMBLY OF THE INVENTION SPECIES OF FIGS. 1 AND 6
comprises the following steps, described with reference to the
specific form of FIG. 6 (in these steps, double-necked bottle
members are referred to, but other hollow members may be
substituted for them):
1. Two parallel, forward, main-deck beams 90 and the bottles 90A
that are glued to and between their oppositely-facing sockets are
laid in a beam-positioning fixture. The forward one of these short
beams has no sockets in its forward face, and is normal to the
longitudinal axis of the planned vehicle, and a little abaft its
eventual forwardmost bow portion.
2. Epoxy putty or other pasty adhesive is placed in the sockets at
the rearward face of the after beam of step (1), these sockets
having been left empty in the sub-assembly operation. Necks of
separate bottle members (the forward neck of each of these members)
are now placed in these after sockets and in the ahdesive, the
bottle members being held with their axes horizontal by portions of
the fixture. The rearward necks of these members are temporarily
free.
3. A second set of main-deck beams and hollow members is positioned
in the fixture substantially aft of the forward set. Pasty adhesive
is placed in the sockets at the forward face of the forward beam of
this second set and the set is moved forward until these
adhesive-packed sockets are forced around the said rearward necks
and the glue is in position to seal the necks in place.
4. Steps (2) and (3) are repeated until the last set of main-deck
beams and bottle members is installed, a little forward of the
rearmost portion of the vehicle.
5. The longitudinal stringers above the main deck these being the
curved longitudinal members 91 and the straight stringers 92 and
the curved stringers 93, 94, etc., including the curved outer
member 75 - 75A (FIG. 1) - are longitudinally arranged on the
transverse beams and fastened to these beams by epoxy, the brackets
89, and bolts, U-bolts, nails or the like. These longitudinal
stringers are also fastened to each other by epoxy putty and the
splicing plates 72, 72B. This procedure makes a very strong basic,
frame structure.
6. The first sets of stringers and bottle members above the lower
main deck are installed and glued in place. Each of these sets
comprises a string (74, 79, 84, 85, etc.) and a row of bottle
members 94A, the necks of which have been sub-assembly-glued to the
sockets at the lower face of the associated stringer. In the
frame-assembly operation the bottle members thus depend below the
associated stringer. Epoxy, silicone rubber sealant or other
adhesive is placed in the upper sockets of the stringers 91, 92,
93, 94, etc.; and into these sockets, in each stringer, the lower
free ends of the bottle members are fitted, down into the adhesive.
Then the stringers of this set of stringers and bottle members
above the main deck are securely fastened together by epoxy and the
plates 72 and 72A.
7. Steps like step (6) are now performed, building the wall
framework up to the lower line of the beams of the upper deck
U.
8. The sub-assembled pairs of transverse beams 95 and the bottles
95A that are glued to and between their oppositely facing sockets
(these upper units being similar to those of 90 and 90A) are now
installed and fastened to the adjacent stringers by epoxy, brackets
89, and bolts, U-bolts, nails or the like.
9. The partially-built framework is now turned upside down and
construction of the three floats is begun.
10. The two lateral-float curved stringers 96, the two curved
stringers 97 of the middle float and the straight stringers 98 are
positioned on and fastened to the beams 90 by brackets 89, epoxy
and bolts or nails. These stringers have no upper-face sockets; and
their bottom sockets (those at the stringer faces that are toward
the operator in the upside-down condition of the frame) are
empty.
11. The last-named sockets are nearly filled with epoxy or other
adhesive. The units that comprise the stringers 99 and 100 of the
lateral floats and the depending bottle members that are glued to
them and the units that comprise the middle-float stringers 102 and
the depending bottle members that are between them are now
installed in tiers in the above-described manner, until the level
of the transverse float beams is reached.
12. The short transverse side-float beams 104 and the bottle
members between them are now installed and glued together in the
manner of step (1), these beams being fastened to the stringers 99'
by brackets 89, adhesive and bolts or nails. And the beams 106 and
the bottle members between them of the middle-float deck are also
installed and fastened in the manner of step (1).
13. Outer skins are applied to the outer edges of the stringers 99
and 100, to the stringers 102 and to the beams 104 and 106; inner
skins are applied to inner edges of the stringers 102 and beams
106; and skins are applied to the edge surfaces 108 of the beams 90
and to the surfaces 28. These skins are preferably of mesh and
stucco of the above-described type.
14. The interior space of the lateral floats, between stringers 99
and 100, is filled with foamed plastic. (The beams 104 and 106 are
of different widths in depth, providing for the skiing incline
42.)
15. The pairs of vertical bearing strips for the retractable fins
are epoxy-glued in place -- one strip of each pair being adjacent
to the stringers 100, and the other strip of the pair being placed
(during sub-assembly) on the sub-assembled units that comprise
stringers 108 and 109, the short transverse pieces 110, and the
bottle members that are glued to these stringers and pieces. (The
pieces 110, like 106, are of varying widths in depth.)
16. The sub-assembled units of step (15), including skins around
the elements 108, 109 and 110, are fastened by brackets 89, epoxy
and bolts to the beams 90.
17. The retractable fins are installed.
18. The framework is now reversed into its normal position in use
and the beam-and-bottle-member framework of the cabin portion 70
(which is shaped like the middle float) is made in the manner of
steps (1) to (8).
19. The exterior and interior skins that are above the lower
main-deck beams are formed -- preferably of mesh and stucco, as
above described. 20. Foamed-plastic liquids are inserted thru
temporary holes in the skins and around all the bottle members
above the floats, and also around the bottle members of the middle
float and those of the lateral floats which were not previously
imbedded in foamed plastic in step (14). The foaming liquids go
thru beam holes 111 and thus to all spaces between the skins.
21. Installation of the above-described bumper, glued to outer
middle surfaces of the skin, completes the vehicle.
THE EMBODIMENT OF FIGS. 10 AND 11
The main difference between the invention form of FIGS. 10 and 11
and that of FIGS. 1 and 6 is the fact that in the species of FIGS.
10 and 11 the beams of the vehicle walls are upright ribs instead
of horizontal stringers and the bottle members 7 (or other hollow
elements) have horizontal axes and ends that are glued in holes in
the ribs. The upper ends of the upright ribs 112 and 113 are
fastened by epoxy putty or other bonding material, angled brackets
and between pairs of the splicing plates 114 and 115 to the
parallel main-deck beams 116; and the lower ends of the ribs 112
are similarly fastened to the parallel lower float beams 117.
Middle parts of the ribs 112 and 113 are fastened by strong
adhesive and the plates 114 and 118 to the short beams 119, and are
connected by the plates 120 to the lower main-deck beams 122. The
interior ends of the parallel deck beams 116 and 122 are fastened
by epoxy putty or other strong, pasty adhesive and plates 114 to
the long ribs 124. The ribs and other beams have holes 111, thru
which foaming-plastic liquids go into all spaces between the
skins.
The tops and the bottoms of these long ribs are joined by parallel,
transverse, deck beams 125 that are like beams 95, 106 and 126.
Optional middle deck beams, 127, are also shown in FIG. 11. Each
adjacent pair of the parallel deck beams 116, 117, 122, 125 and 127
and the parallel ribs 113 and 128 are connected by bottle members
or other hollow strength-providing members (129) that are strongly
glued in beam sockets in the above-described manner. The bottle
members or other receptacles 7 on the concentric, non-parallel ribs
112 and 124 optionally also may be connected by sockets containing
glue and receptacle ends; but as exampled in FIG. 10 these members
7 have their ends glued in holes extending all the way thru the
ribs.
The ribs 112 are radially positioned about five centers of
curvature. The middle planes of the bow ribs have radii 130 that
are centered at the point 131. The middle planes of the ribs on the
port or left side have radii 132 that are centered at the point
133. Middle planes of the starboard-side ribs have radii that are
centered at 135; those at the left of the stern have radii 136,
centered at 137; and those at the right of the stern have radii 138
that are centered at 139.
Straight fore-and-aft float-wall beams are exampled in FIG. 10,
shown at the numeral 28 as pipes of metal or plastic (optionally of
thin resilient steel or resilient plastic or inflated,
air-pressure-stiffened flexible tubes of the type used in
plumbing). They are fastened by epoxy putty and metallic pipe strap
or metal bars and screws, bolts or the like to inner edges of the
ribs and/or to the expanded metal or other material of the strong
inner boat skins. But preferably, and as indicated in FIG. 11, the
straight fore-and-aft float parts comprise upright ribs of the
above-described type and the hollow elements 129.
The beam joints comprising the pairs of plates 115, 118 and 120 are
like the joint of FIG. 3, comprising a similar pair of plates 72
and 73. But the joints between the concentrically-arranged ribs
(112 and 124) and the parallel beams (comprising the pairs of
plates 114) are optionally made as illustrated in FIG. 12 or FIG.
13. In FIG. 12 the transverse deck beam (116, for instance) has
abutting linear contact with and is bonded to the upright rib 112
(or 124), by epoxy putty or the like. And this joint is braced by
the parallel plates 114A and 114B, which are fastened by epoxy
putty or other adhesive and by bolts or the like to the beam and
rib. In FIG. 13 the end portions of the beam 116 and rib 112
overlap slightly and are glued together with epoxy putty or the
like, 140. Here, only one plate, 142, bolted separately to the beam
and rib, braces the joint.
Within the spirit of the invention, various changes in the specific
structure illustrated may be made. For example: the design of the
compartments in the invention form of FIGS. 10 and 11 may be like
that of FIG. 6; and the outer configuration of either of the
disclosed forms may be barrel-curved, or straight-sided, or only
slightly curved at the sides, bow and stern.
In the following claims, unless otherwise specified: the word
"boat" signifies a vehicle that traverses water only or traverses
water and flies in the air or a hovercraft or space craft adapted
to traverse water and the air; the word "holes" means an opening
into and thru an element or an opening or depression into but not
thru an element; "socket" means a hole or depression extending
partially thru an element; the term "bonding material" signifies
adhesive, welding, brazing, solder or the like; "gaseous material"
means gas, gas-cell-containing foamed plastic, or gas mixed with
insulating fibers or other particles; "gas" means any pure gas, air
or any other mixture of gases; "plastic": any type of synthetic or
natural plastic, including rubber; "stucco": aggregate or fibers
mixed with cement (Portland cement or Portland cement mixed with
lime, lime, epoxy, or other cement); and the term "rod-like
elements" means nails, bolts, screws, or the like.
* * * * *