U.S. patent number 3,894,769 [Application Number 05/476,973] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-15 for recovering oil from a subterranean carbonaceous formation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Shell Oil Company. Invention is credited to Philip Joseph Closmann, Min Jack Tham.
United States Patent |
3,894,769 |
Tham , et al. |
July 15, 1975 |
Recovering oil from a subterranean carbonaceous formation
Abstract
In a process for recovering oil from oil shale which comprises
injecting a fluid A, such as steam, into contact with
finely-divided, unconsolidated, solid particles in a rubbled oil
shale chimney; withdrawing fluids from the chimney from a point
above the injection point of fluid A, and adjusting the rate of
fluid injection and withdrawal so that a circulation current is
established within the chimney sufficient to suspend at least a
portion of the particles in the fluids in the chimney, the
improvement which comprises radially extending the region of
current upflow throughout a wide region of the chimney. Preferably
the current upflow is extended radially by increasing the
permeability at the base of the chimney over a wide area.
Inventors: |
Tham; Min Jack (Houston,
TX), Closmann; Philip Joseph (Houston, TX) |
Assignee: |
Shell Oil Company (Houston,
TX)
|
Family
ID: |
23893981 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/476,973 |
Filed: |
June 6, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
299/5; 166/303;
166/305.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/281 (20130101); E21B 43/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/00 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21B
43/28 (20060101); E21B 43/16 (20060101); E21B
043/24 (); E21C 041/10 (); E21C 041/14 () |
Field of
Search: |
;299/4,5
;166/303,35R,306,307,272 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Assistant Examiner: Suckfield; George A.
Claims
We claim as our invention;
1. In a process for recovering hydrocarbons from a permeable
subterranean carbonaceous formation which comprises
injecting a disaggregating fluid into contact with a subterranean
carbonaceous formation under conditions sufficient to form at least
a minor amount of finely-divided, unconsolidated, fluid-surrounded,
solid particles, and at least some bitumen;
injecting fluid A into contact with at least some of said
particles;
withdrawing fluids containing at least a minor portion of said
bitumen from said cavity at a level higher than that where fluid A
is injected;
adjusting the rate of fluids injected and withdrawn so that a
circulation current is established within said formation sufficient
to suspend at least a minor portion of said solid particles in said
fluid; and
recovering hydrocarbon material from the fluids withdrawn;
the improvement which comprises radially extending the region of
the current upflow throughout a wider region of the subterranean
formation.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the region of current up-flow is
radially extended throughout a wider region of the subterranean
formation by increasing the permeability of the formation in the
region radially extending horizontally from the point of injection
of fluid A.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the carbonaceous formation is oil
shale and fluid A is steam which is injected at a level under at
least a portion of said particles.
4. The process of claim 3 which comprises increasing the
permeability of the lower portion of the formation which radially
extends horizontally from the point of injection of fluid A by
positioning large inert objects in the region radially extending
horizontally from the point of injection of fluid A.
5. A process for recovering hydrocarbons from a carbonaceous
formation which comprises
forming a void region extending radially under a substantial
portion of said formation;
filling said void region with inert objects to form a radially
extending region substantially permeable to fluid;
injecting a disaggregating fluid into contact with said
subterranean carbonaceous formation above said inert object-filled
cavity, under conditions sufficient to form at least a minor amount
of finely-divided, unconsolidated, solid particles, at least some
free bitumen and a fluid-filled cavity;
injecting fluid A into contact with at least some of said
particles;
withdrawing fluids containing at least a minor portion of said
bitumen from said fluid-filled cavity from a level higher than that
where fluid A is injected;
adjusting the rate of fluid injected and withdrawn so that a
circulation current is established within said formation sufficient
to suspend at least a minor portion of said particles in said
fluid; and
recovering hydrocarbon material from the fluid withdrawn.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the carbonaceous formation is
nahcolite-containing oil shale, and said void region is formed by
leaching out a region which is substantially entirely
nahcolite.
7. A process for recovering oil from oil shale which comprises
locating an underground region in a nahcolite-containing oil shale
formation wherein said region is of only moderate nahcolite
richness;
leaching said region with a nahcolite solvent to form a first
permeable zone of relatively large blocks of oil shale rubble which
zone is located under an oil shale formation;
forming a rubbled zone above said first permeable zone;
injecting a disaggregating fluid into contact with said rubbled
zone under conditions sufficient to form at least a minor amount of
finely-divided, unconsolidated, fluid-surrounded, solid particles,
and at least some bitumen;
injecting fluid A into said first permeable zone particles;
withdrawing fluids containing at least a minor portion of said
bitumen from said rubbled zone at a level higher than that where
fluid A is injected;
adjusting the rate of fluids injected and withdrawn so that a
circulation current is established within said formation sufficient
to suspend at least a minor portion of said solid particles in said
fluid; and
recovering hydrocarbon material from the fluids withdrawn.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an in situ process for obtaining
hydrocarbons from a subterranean carbonaceous formation.
2. Prior Art:
It is known, from U.S. Pat. No. 3,759,574 to Beard and U.S. Pat.
No. 3,759,328 to Ueber et al, that an oil shale formation
containing nahcolite can be treated with a nahcolite solvent
(preferably water or condensed steam at high temperatures) to leach
out the nahcolite and at the same time form a rubbled oil shale
chimney, which then can be further treated with a pyrolyzing fluid,
e.g., steam, to pyrolyze the oil shale to form hydrocarbon
products. The resulting fluids may then be pumped to the surface
and hydrocarbon recovered therefrom. Generally the known processes
involve creating a rubbled oil shale volume in the nahcolite
solvent, having a production tubing inserted into the rubbled area
near the bottom of the rubbled zone, and injecting the pyrolyzing
fluid at the top of the rubbled zone to force the pyrolyzed
products through the zone and out the production tubing.
Although the Ueber and Beard processes described above are real
advances in the in-situ recovery of hydrocarbons from oil shale,
the processes have been plagued by problems wherein the lower part
of the process zone or the production tubing has been plugged by an
accumulation of fine particles. As a result of this plugging,
injection was reduced to levels which lead to inefficient heat
distribution within the rubbled chimney.
It was proposed, in Pat. application U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 476,973
filed June 6, 1974 that the plugging and heat distribution problems
could be overcome by employing the process of that invention, which
process comprises forming at least some finely-divided,
fluid-surrounded particles and some bitumen in a rubbled oil shale
cavity, injecting a fluid into the rubbled cavity at a level under
at least a portion of the finely-divided particles, withdrawing
fluids containing at least a portion of the bitumen from the
rubbled cavity from a level higher than where a fluid A is injected
and adjusting the temperature and rate of fluids injected and
withdrawn so that a circulation current is established within the
formation sufficient to suspend at least a minor portion of the
particles then recovering hydrocarbons from the fluids which are
withdrawn.
Although the process of Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6, 1974
overcame some of the problems of the prior process, it is clear
that not all the problems have been solved. For example, it is
difficult to obtain uniform heat distribution throughout the cavity
and growth of the rubbled oil shale chimney in the underground
formation is not easily controlled. By the improvement of the
process of this invention which involves radially extending the
region of fluid up-flow farther from the ejection point of the
fluidizing fluid A, the heat distribution problem is substantially
overcome and the rubbled oil shale chimney can be expanded at a
generally more uniform rate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a process for recovering hydrocarbons from a permeable
subterranean carbonaceous formation which comprises
injecting a disaggregating fluid into contact with said permeable
carbonaceous formation under conditions sufficient to form at least
a minor amount of finely-divided, unconsolidated, fluid surrounded,
solid particles, and at least some free bitumen;
injecting fluid A into contact with at least some of said
particles;
withdrawing fluids containing at least a minor portion of the
bitumen from the permeable formation from a level higher than that
where fluid A is injected;
adjusting the rate of fluids injected and withdrawn so that a
circulation current is established within said formation sufficient
to suspend at least a minor portion of the particles within the
fluid; and
recovering hydrocarbon materials from the fluids withdrawn, the
improvement which comprises radially extending the region of
current up-flow throughout a wider region of the permeable
carbonaceous formation. The region of current up-flow is extended
radially throughout a wider region of the permeable formation by
increasing the permeability of the formation in the lower region
radially extending horizontally from the injection point of fluid
A. Generally, the carbonaceous formation is oil shale, and fluid A
is steam which is injected at a level under at least a portion of
the unconsolidated particles. Preferably, the permeability of the
formation is radially extended horizontally from the point of
injection of fluid A by positioning large inert objects in an
evacuated region radially extending horizontally from the point of
injection of fluid A. This is most effectively done by first
forming a cavity extending radially under a substantial portion of
an oil shale formation, then filling said cavity with inert objects
to make a radially-extending region substantially permeable to
fluids, and then carrying out the rest of the process steps.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Although the process of this invention is particularly useful in
the recovery of hydrocarbons from a subterranean oil shale
formation, it is applicable to any carbonaceous formation, that is,
a geological formation which has hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon-forming
substances closely associated with the inorganic matrix of the
formation. Thus the process is applicable in oil reservoirs, tar
sand reservoirs, coal deposits, and of course, oil shale. For
brevity, "carbonaceous formation" will be referred to in the
following discussion in terms of oil shale formation, but it is
understood that the process is not to be limited to such a
formation, but has broad application in any of the carbonaceous
formations aforementioned.
The process of which this invention is an improvement, is set forth
in co-pending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6,
1974 and that application is incorporated into this application by
reference. In that process, it appeared that heat was being
distributed to the formation nonuniformly and thus inefficiently.
This appeared to be affecting the rate of cavity growth and
formation of bitumen and other free hydrocarbons adversely. We
realized that inefficient distribution and poorly controlled cavity
growth was probably caused by channeling within the cavity. That
is, it was thought that the particles suspended in the circulation
current established by the process described in U.S. Pat.
application Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6, 1974 tend to circulate
in a rather narrow pattern and, after this pattern continues, some
particles tend to swell and pack around the fringes of the
circulation current. This would lead to decreased or stopped cavity
growth and inefficient heat distribution.
This invention is premised, at least in part, on the realization
that such channeling could be substantially decreased if the
current upflow of fluid and solid particles could be radially
spread out over a wider region in the cavity. One method of
assuring such radial spreading of the current upflow is to increase
the permeability of the cavity's lower region which extends
horizontally out from the point where the injection fluid A enters
so that fluid A more readily penetrates horizontally farther into
the cavity before starting its upward flow.
The invention of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 476,973 filed June
6, 1974 comprises at least in part:
injecting a disaggregating fluid into contact with a subterranean
oil shale formation under conditions sufficient to form at least a
minor amount of finely-divided, unconsolidated, solid particles,
and at least some free hydrocarbon material;
injecting fluid A into contact with at least some of said
particles;
withdrawing fluid containing at least a minor portion of said
hydrocarbon material from the permeable subterranean oil shale
formation from a higher level than that where fluid A is
injected;
adjusting the rate of fluids injected and withdrawn so that a
circulation current is established within said formation sufficient
to suspend at least a minor portion of the solid particles in the
fluid; and
recovering hydrocarbon materials from the fluids withdrawn. The
improvement which is the process of this invention involves
changing the circulation current within the formation by radially
extending the current up-flow through a wider region of the
subterranean formation. This is best accomplished by increasing the
permeability of the formation in the lower region radially
extending horizontally from the point of injection of fluid A so
that the upflow of the fluids and particles in the cavity is
properly extended over the wider region.
Fluid A is a heat carrying fluid which may be a condensable or
non-condensable gas. Preferably, fluid A will be steam, hot water
or a mixture of the two. Other fluids may be mixed with the steam,
such as air or oxygen in small quantities, methane, CO.sub.2, and
others as disclosed in Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6, 1974.
This invention can be seen by contrasting the pictorial
representation of the process of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No.
476,973 filed June 6, 1974 in FIG. 1 and the improved process of
this invention depicted in FIG. 2.
FIG. 1 shows a subterranean oil shale formation 12 in which a well
17 has been completed through the overburden 16 into communication
with the oil shale 23, and equipped with conduits 11 and 18 and
packer 19. Fluid is circulated into and out of contact with the oil
shale by an in-flow through conduit 11 and an out-flow through
conduit 18. The outflow conduit may contain a flow-resistance means
to provide a backpressure if desired. The conduits may extend into
an impermeable zone or a permeable zone which has been made so by
natural or man-made means. If the underground zone is impermeable,
disaggregation will be very slow and thus the process will require
a long time period to operate.
In order for the process to be particularly valuable, the oil shale
formation is preferably permeable so that the fluid initially
injected into the formation may contact a greater surface area of
oil shale so that the oil shale will disaggregate rapidly. The
permeability generally will be man made. Permeability can be
obtained by any means known in the art, such as exploding high
energy devices within the formation -- such as dynamite (e.g. as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,661,423 to Garret or U.S. Pat. No.
3,434,757 to Prats) or nuclear explosives; using mechanical means
to break down the formation, such as hydraulic jets, grinders or
cutters, electric or electropneumatic means such as the method
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,866; decomposing heat-sensitive
minerals such as nahcolite, trona, or dawsonite, to spall off
portions of the oil shale such as described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,759,574 to Beard; or any combination of the above-mentioned means
can be used. Generally, these means will result in a cavity or
cavern within the formation that can be visualized as substantially
filled with rubbled oil shale of various sizes. On the other hand
these methods may result in what is a cavity which is a zone of
interconnected fractures, or the like, through which fluids may
flow with minimum impedance.
It is particularly suitable to establish communication with a
nahcolite-containing oil shale formation so that a nahcolite
solvent (hot water) may be injected into contact with the nahcolite
through conduit 11 to leach out the nahcolite and form a rubbled
oil shale chimney indicated generally as within the circle 10. (See
co-pending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6,
1974.
Steam is injected through the injection tubing 11, preferably at
the bottom of the chimney, and condenses to dissolve nahcolite and
form a basic solution which then acts upon the oil shale to
disaggregate and continually rubble the oil shale to form the
finely-divided particles indicated by small dots 13. The
disaggregated particles generally will settle out in the bottom of
the chimney as an unconsolidated agglomeration of particles 14,
while fluids are withdrawn from the production conduit 18. The rate
of fluid injection and fluid withdrawal is then adjusted to set up
a circulation current indicated generally by the arrows 15, so that
at least a minor portion of the particles are suspended and
circulated, and a certain amount of the particles will be
suspended, i.e., the upward force of the circulating fluid is
sufficient to overcome the forces of gravity until the particles
reach an apex at which point they fall back towards the bottom of
the cavity to be re-circulated again. After the fluids, which
contain at least some hydrocarbon material, are withdrawn through
conduit 18, they are transferred to a separating means not shown in
FIG. 1, at which point the hydrocarbons are removed. The particles
13 are thought to be circulating up the middle of the chimney
generally around the conduit 11, and coming down around the outside
of the chimney. The particles tend to return to the lower region
toward the outside of the chimney, and may swell and pack in that
area, thus forcing the current closer in towards injection tubing
as shown by dotted arrows 20, and causing a certain amount of
channeling. This causes inefficient heat distribution in the cavity
and curtails cavity growth and formation of hydrocarbons.
According to the improved process of this invention, as shown in
FIG. 2, the region which radially extends horizontally from the
bottom of the injection tubing 11 is increased in permeability,
thus causing the current upflow to spread over a wider region. The
same numbers are used in FIG. 2 as in FIG. 1 to indicate the same
subject matter. Thus, when the lower region 21 of the cavity 10 is
increased in permeability the injected fluid spreads out through
the region of increased permeability and the upflow indicated by
the arrows 22, will be spread out over a greater region, thus
allowing more particles to be suspended and the heat to be
distributed over a wider range thus causing a faster decomposition
of the kerogen to form bitumen of shale oil, and further speeding
up the process of recovering hydrocarbons from the oil shale
formation. Cavity growth will also be improved.
The process of this invention can be carried out in several ways.
As mentioned previously, if the process of co-pending Pat.
application Ser. No. 476,973 filed June 6, 1974 is carried out
there is a great chance of channeling and thus inefficient heat
distribution in the permeable formation due to settling and
swelling of the particles. Thus, before small particles have a
chance to settle and pack in the bottom area of the permeable
formation, these small particles may be pumped out as they form by
increasing the flow in injection fluid A so that the particles are
carried up through the formation and out the outflow tube 18. This
process may be continued until there is a substantial void in the
bottom of the formation. This void region can then be filled with
inert objects (24 in FIG. 2) in order to increase the permeability
of this region as set forth in U.S. application No. 269,729, filed
Oct. 11, 1972 (now Pat. No. 3,804,172), incorporated herein by
reference. Disaggregation in the region above the zone of increased
permeability is then continued. With the increased permeability to
fluid in the lower region, the injection fluid coming through the
injection conduit will tend to spread out radially to a greater
extend as shown in FIG. 2, and thus will cause an up-flow over a
broader range in the zone to be treated. Thus, as the
disaggregation of the formation proceeds and there are more and
more small consolidated particles formed, these particles will tend
to be suspended throughout the region to a greater extend, and thus
the heat that is carried in by the injection fluid will be
distributed more evenly throughout the chimney, and will act on the
oil shale to more readily cause disaggregation and separation of
hydrocarbons from the oil shale.
Another means of extending the current upflow in this process over
a wider region in the subterranean oil shale formations is to
locate an underground region in a nahcolite-containing oil shale
formation wherein there is only a minor amount of nahcolite mixed
in with a substantial amount of oil shale, that is, a region of
moderate nahcolite richness. If this region is leached near what is
to be the base of the oil shale chimney, then relatively large
blocks of oil shale rubble will be formed at the base, thus causing
an area of permeability in the lower region of the rubbled chimney
to extend over a longer period of time. The region above the
permeable zone is then treated to form a rubbled zone which may
then be treated with an oil disaggregating fluid to form at least a
minor amount of finely-divided, unconsolidated, fluid-surrounded,
solid particles and some free bitumen. With larger rubble or
particle size at the base, injected fluid permeates a wider region,
causing the up-flow throughout a wider region of the chimney, thus
causing a more even heat distribution throughout the chimney and
better separation of hydrocarbon material from inorganics.
A preferred method of performing the process of this invention is
to first locate an oil shale formatin which is associated with a
water soluble mineral or a "heat-sensitive carbonate mineral",
i.e., a carbonate mineral that decomposes relatively rapidly at a
relatively low temperature, such as between about 250.degree.F and
700.degree.F, to yield fluid products such as carbon dioxide and
water. Examples of water-soluble mineral or sensitive carbonate
minerals include halite, nahcolite, dawsonite, trona, and the like,
which usually contain saline carbonate and/or bicarbonate compounds
or groups. Preferably the mineral associated with the oil shale is
nahcolite. It can then be determined where a layer which is
substantially entirely nahcolite is to be found in the oil shale,
and that particular layer can be leached out substantially entirely
to form a void region which is substantially free from any other
material, after the leaching has taken place. The void region would
areally extend as far as the projected chimney growth on subsequent
rubblization of the formation. This void region can then be filled
with large, insoluble, inert pieces of rock or other matter; the
pieces being of such size as to be injected through the well as
disclosed in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 296,729 filed Oct. 11,
1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,804,172, to form a permeable layer which
generally fills the cavity and extends under the region that
eventually will be treated to recover oil shale. Preferably the
void region is filled with packing granules, i.e., relatively large
balls or pieces of rock or other substantially inert, solid
material, that are small enough to be transported through well
conduits into a subterranean location but are large enough and
near-enough spherical shaped to form a mass of packed granules
within the void region that is substantially rigid and highly
permeable, but presents a large surface area and many and diverse
passageways, through the interstices between the packed
granules.
Once the permeable region is formed, a disaggregating fluid can be
injected into contact with the subterranean oil shale formation
above the permeable region to cause at least a minor amount of
finely divided, unconsolidated, solid particles and at least some
free hydrocarbon material to form. Then the injection fluid A is
injected into the permeable region so that the fluid will contact
at least some of the unconsolidated particles throughout
substantially the entire cavity area. Then fluids are withdrawn
from a point above the injection point, and the rates of fluids
injected and withdrawn are adjusted so that a circulation current
is established wherein the current upflow extends over a
substantial region above the inert object-filled permeable region
to suspend a maximum portion of the unconsolidated particles within
the fluid. As bitumen and other hydrocarbon materials are formed
they flow towards the upper regions of the formation being treated
and are withdrawn.
* * * * *