U.S. patent number 3,893,623 [Application Number 05/427,193] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-08 for fluid jet deflection by modulation and coanda selection.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Richard A. Toupin.
United States Patent |
3,893,623 |
Toupin |
July 8, 1975 |
Fluid jet deflection by modulation and coanda selection
Abstract
An ink jet recording system emits a stream of ink which is
amplitude or frequency modulated to produce discrete droplets. A
weir is located adjacent to the trajectory of the droplets,
downstream from the jet orifice, and at a critical location near
the point of drop formation where it contacts and deflects droplets
of larger transverse diameter. Amplitude modulation yields ink
drops of basically the same volume which break off before and after
the weir, with those which break off earlier being deflected during
an initial interval while they have a large transverse diameter. In
frequency modulation the actual size of the drops and ultimate
diameter are modulated. Such deflected droplets separate from the
stream closer to the jet orifice. The deflected droplets are caught
in a gutter.
Inventors: |
Toupin; Richard A. (Briarcliff
Manor, NY) |
Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
27027322 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/427,193 |
Filed: |
December 21, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
239/102.2;
347/82; 347/90; 239/523 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B41J
2/18 (20130101); B41J 2/085 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41J
2/085 (20060101); B41J 2/075 (20060101); B41J
2/18 (20060101); B05b 001/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;346/75
;239/15,101,102,122,124,DIG.7,DIG.8,523 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Love; John J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Jones, II; Graham S.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A fluid jet switching system including jet means for producing a
high speed stream of fluid, means for modulating the diameter of
said stream of fluid to produce discrete droplets, a droplet
deflecting surface adjacent to said stream of fluid located
downstream from said jet means at a critical location adapted to
contact with an impact parameter sufficient to cause capture of a
drop by said convex surface and thereby deflect droplets separated
from said stream within a predetermined range of distances from
said jet means in response to a predetermined range of
modulation.
2. A fluid jet switching system including jet means for producing a
high speed stream of fluid, means for modulating the diameter of
said stream of fluid to produce discrete droplets, a droplet
deflecting surface adjacent to said stream of fluid located
downstream from said jet means at a critical location adapted to
contact and thereby deflect droplets separated from said stream
within a predetermined range of distances from said jet means in
response to a predetermined range of modulation, said droplet
deflecting surface comprising a curved surface having an apex
parallel to the direction of said jet adjacent to the drop
detachment point of said jet.
3. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein said means for
modulating comprises a source of varying electrical potential with
an electrode adjacent the end of said jet means nearest said
deflecting surface.
4. A fluid jet switching system including jet means for producing a
high speed stream of fluid, means for frequency modulating to vary
the size and diameter of said stream of fluid to produce discrete
droplets with varying diameters, a convex droplet deflecting
surface positioned immediately adjacent to said stream of fluid
located downstream from said jet means at a critical location
adapted to contact selected droplets with an impact parameter
sufficient to cause capture of a drop by said convex surface having
a lateral diameter greater when passing said deflecting surface
than a predetermined diameter thereby providing a transverse
deflection force to said selected droplets, said selected droplets
being generated by a predetermined amount of modulation.
5. A fluid jet switching system including jet means for producing a
high speed stream of fluid, means for modulating the diameter of
said stream of fluid to produce discrete droplets, a droplet
selection deflecting surface adjacent to said stream of fluid
located downstream from said jet means at a critical location
adapted to contact and thereby deflect droplets larger than a
predetermined diameter from hitting a target, when said droplets
are within a predetermined range of distances from said jet means
in response to a predetermined range of modulation, and said
contact of droplets being with an impact parameter sufficient to
cause capture of said larger diameter droplets by said selection
surface.
6. Apparatus in accordance with claim 5 wherein said droplet
selection deflecting surface comprises a curved surface having an
apex parallel to the direction of said jet adjacent to the drop
detachment point of said jet.
7. Apparatus in accordance with claim 5 wherein said means for
modulating comprises a source of varying electrical potential with
an electrode adjacent the end of said jet means nearest said
deflecting surface.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to ink jet recording and more particularly
to means for forming a continual stream of ink droplets from a
continuous stream of ink and then deflecting the droplets formed in
response to an input signal.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the prior art, deflection of an ink jet stream has been effected
by control of electrostatic, and electromagnetic deflection. In
addition, aerodynamic switching has been provided by variation of
stimulation energy combined with provision of a transverse air flow
as shown by Robertson U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,432 in which a fluid
stream is deflected to a catcher, but separate drops are deflected
less and reach the target.
The electromagnetic and electrostatic deflection equipment require,
in addition to excitation or drop formation means, separate
equipment for deflection downstream from the orifice such as
magnetic coils as deflection plates in addition to a power supply.
In addition magnetic deflection means provide relatively slow
changes in deflection angle.
The use of variable excitation plus a transverse air current as
shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,709,432 requires a separate source of
pneumatic pressure and shows a substantial chain of drops extending
beyond the air slot, so that no suggestion is made that individual
drops can be selected on a one for one basis. Rather, the dot
stream is shown as being either on or off.
The use of a curved surface to carry drops of ink into a catcher
after they have hit the surface 70 of the catcher is shown in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,777,307 of Duffield. The drops hitting surface 70 are
given an electrical charge during formation and then deflected by
an electrical field applied between a deflection ribbon and the
catchers. The deflection away from the stream is completed by the
time the drop intercepts the catcher, and is independent of drop
diameter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of this invention is to provide a new fluid drop
selection technique for switching trajectories of a fluid along
alternate trajectories.
A second object of this invention is to provide a fluid drop
selection technique wherein alternate drops are routed along
separate trajectories without providing any additional deflection
force to the system, other than drop formation excitation.
In accordance with this invention a fluid jet switching system is
provided in which a high speed stream of fluid is deflected by
first modulating the diameter of the stream of ink to produce
discrete droplets. The droplets are sent past a deflecting surface
adjacent to the stream and located down stream from the jet at a
critical location where it deflects droplets separated from the
stream within a predetermined range of distances from the jet in
response to a predetermined range of modulation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partially schematic sectional view of an ink jet
ejection system made in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 shows a waveform of the voltage signals applied to the
excitation electrode of the ink jet.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a side view or profile of ink drops in
response to various voltage levels of excitation applied at the ink
jet as the ink drops form and pass the ink deflecting weir.
FIG. 4 shows an elevational view of ink ejection nozzles taken
along line 4--4 in FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
An ink jet ejection system shown in FIG. 1 includes a pressure
regulated variable output pump 10 preferably made of stainless
steel supplying ink to a stainless steel manifold 11 connected to
an ink jet 12 composed of a block 13 preferably made of quartz
secured to the manifold 11. An orifice 14 with a diameter of about
0.002 inches is formed in block 13 by electron beam milling or the
like.
The orifice 14 is about 0.050 inch long, extending through block
13. Orifice 14 communicates with manifold 11 through opening 15.
Pump 10 supplies ink under pressure from reservoir 16 to manifold
11 through lines 17 at a pressure level of 25-50 psi so that a
continuous stream of ink 18 is ejected from the orifice 14. Air
under pressure in manifold 11 and pressure sensor 25 controlling
pump 10 via line 26 regulate pressure in manifold 11.
In FIG. 4, several orifices 14 are shown in parallel alignment with
printed circuit electrodes 19 formed around them connected to
control wires 20 for connection to control circuits 21, which
generate a D.C. voltage of about 180 Volts and a series of pulses
shown in FIG. 2 having an amplitude of about 10-20 volts yielding
higher A1 pulses intended to prevent printing and lower A2 pulses
intended to produce printing. The effect produced by the A1 and A2
pulses respectively upon the ink stream is to perturb the ink jet
stream by modulating the waveform envelope of the ink. Relatively
high voltages cause the ink jet stream to form relatively larger
diameter drops transversely with respect to the axis of the ink jet
orifice 14. A curved surface "weir" 22 is located to contact
slightly more than tangentially at its apex 23 the path of the
drops excited by the larger A1 pulses. But apex 23 is spaced away
from the path of the drops excited by the smaller A2 pulses. Thus
the larger drops strike the surface of weir 22 which is curved in
such a way that the drops attach to the surface in accordance with
the Coanda effect as shown in FIG. 3A. Portions of such drops
detach from the wall but their path is deflected to a lower angle
to a sufficient degree so they strike the baffle 30 and spill back
into the gutter 31 flowing through drain hole 27 to drain line 28
returning to reservoir 28. Baffle 30 prevents deflected ink from
striking the paper 29.
FIG. 2 shows a series of A1 and A2 pulses from control circuit 21
of 20 and 10 volts respectively on top of a D.C. bias of 180 volts
applied to control wire 20. The larger A1 pulses cause greater
perturbations of the ink jet 12 as shown in FIG. 3A in which case
the outer amplitude of the wave is larger and the breaking off of
drops from the integral stream occurs earlier than for the A2 jet
stream of FIG. 2. Note in FIG. 3A that the A2 drop just above weir
apex 23 is just barely clearing that surface without touching it or
grazing it and like other A2 drops, it will pass over baffle 30 to
strike a target 29. The A1 drops beyond weir apex 23 decline in
elevation along the space defined by a line at angle .theta. with
respect to the usual A2 path of drops towards the target, with
portions of the drops hugging the angle .theta. line and portions
attached to the curved surface of weir 22 as a function of
curvature, the kinetic energy contained in the drops, and the
surface tension forces within the drops.
Preferably the apex 23 is spaced within a range from 0.040 to 0.150
inch, for example, 0.080 inch away from the nozzle at the apex 23
with a radius of curvature of 0.040 inch. The angle .theta. is
selected as 7.degree. to 8.degree.. The jet velocity is 700
inches/sec. However, the location of the apex 23 is a function of
jet velocity, excitation and jet diameter which determine the
distance at which the jet separates into drops.
It is also possible to follow the separation stage beyond baffle 30
with a raster scanning electrostatic or magnetic deflection
unit.
The ink can include an electrolyte such as HCl although it is
preferred that the excitation be achieved by electrostatic forces
without current flow between electrodes 19 and the ink jet 18.
The curved surface can be composed of quartz as shown or brass,
aluminum, TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene) or a porous material
pumped down by pumping means into line 28 to provide
filtration.
Physical Concepts Applied in Embodiment
A periodic perturbation of a cylindrical jet of fluid causes it to
disintegrate into droplets of uniform size and spacing as shown in
FIG. 3A. The frequency of the perturbation f, the velocity v of the
jet, and the drop spacing .lambda. are in the relation
v =
The drop separation distance L depends on the amplitude a of the
perturbation. From the simple theory of the drop formation process
it is inferred that the perturbation grows exponentially in time
with a growth rate g which depends on the surface tension of the
fluid. Thus the drop separation distance is given approximately by
##EQU1## where D/2 is about one jet radius. The most unstable mode
of the jet corresponds to a drop spacing .lambda. of about 4 1/2
jet diameters, or, using (1), to a frequency of perturbation
##EQU2## At this frequency, one easily infers that the ratio of the
diameter of the unperturbed jet and to the diameter of the drops d
is about 1/2, ##EQU3##
At a fixed amplitude of perturbation, there is a portion of the
convex curve of tangency to the modulated jet which is
exponentially increasing in amplitude to distance L and by varying
the amplitude of the modulation the drop separation point can be
shifted between the boundaries of this exponential rise. The above
properties of capilliary jets are well known and easily
demonstrated.
Less familiar but equally demonstrable is the fact that if a
capilliary jet or drop strikes a convex solid surface 22 as
depicted in FIG. 1, with an impact parameter b of less than one
drop radius, then it flattens and adheres to the surface provided
the radius of curvature of the target, the drop diameter, and the
velocity of the drop or jet are suitably chosen. In general, an
impact parameter b of about 1/6 of a drop diameter is sufficient to
cause capture of a drop by a suitable convex target surface.
The phenomenon of adherence and capture of a capilliary drop or jet
described above can be used to capture selectively deflected drops
from a jet subjected to a perturbation of fixed frequency and
amplitude as depicted in FIG. 1.
The amount of deflection necessary to capture a drop by this means
is about 1/10 the amount required by usual means such as
electrostatic deflection. In those cases, what corresponds to the
impact parameter b must be one drop diameter plus a margin of
clearance.
There are two means in accordance with this invention of capturing
capilliary drops which do not require any selective deflection
whatever. The first is by "frequency modulation" and the second is
by "amplitude modulation" of the perturbation a.
A. frequency Modulation
If the frequency of the perturbation is changed by a factor of 2
and the velocity is held constant, the diameters of the resulting
drops are in the ratio ##EQU4##
Thus, if the target is disposed relative to the nozzle at some
distance larger than the drop separation length L, and such that
the smaller (high freq.) drops graze the target and are not
captured, the larger (low freq.) drops will have an impact
parameter b of about .125d.sub.1. By this method, two or more drops
in sequence may be abstracted from a uniform stream of drops of the
smaller size. Printing in this scheme is achieved by blanks
corresponding to removal of an even number of drops.
B. amplitude Modulation
The preferred method of capturing an arbitrary subsequence of a
uniform drop stream is by modulation of the amplitude of the
perturbation of the jet. This scheme of capturing drops without any
selective deflection is as follows. Two levels of the amplitude of
the perturbation are chosen. To each level there corresponds a drop
separation distance, say L.sub.1 and L.sub.2. At a distance L.sub.1
< L < L.sub.2 from the nozzle a convex target is placed such
that, at the smaller amplitude, the continuous portion of the jet
just grazes the target, or has a slightly negative impact
parameter, as in FIG. 3B. At the larger amplitude of perturbation
the drop detachment point lies between the nozzle and the target as
in FIG. 3A. Since the ratio of drop to jet diameters is about 2 at
the optimal frequency, a difference in impact parameters of about
one drop radius can be achieved by suitable location of the
target.
Advantages of this method of drop shuttering are
a. No electrostatic fields, electrodes or other deflecting means
are necessary.
b. The throw distance from nozzle to paper can be as small as 1/4
inch, thus practically eliminating aerodynamic errors in placement
accuracy.
c. The only electronic circuits needed are for the drop formation
generator.
d. The only material property of the fluid relevant to the process
is its surface tension and even this does not have to be controlled
too closely.
A multiple nozzle printing element operating under this principle
must have separately addressable drop generators so that the
amplitude of each perturbation can be separately controlled.
Several schemes for achieving this seem possible.
* * * * *