U.S. patent number 3,893,006 [Application Number 05/433,262] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-01 for high voltage power supply with overcurrent protection.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Nordson Corporation. Invention is credited to Harvey R. Algeri, Ralph G. Bruening, Robert E. Sandorf, Fred A. Stillwell.
United States Patent |
3,893,006 |
Algeri , et al. |
July 1, 1975 |
High voltage power supply with overcurrent protection
Abstract
A high voltage electrostatic spray coating power supply which
turns-off automatically when an overvoltage and/or overcurrent is
detected, thereby reducing electrical shock and ignition hazards
when spraying in an explosive atmosphere. Included is an
unregulated DC supply, a DC voltage regulator, an inverter, and a
multiplier of the capacitor/diode type which applies high DC
voltage to an electrostatic spray gun. Ground return current from
the multiplier output to a common internal ground lead is monitored
and if it exceeds a predetermined selectable maximum is effective,
via a turn-off circuit, to a) turn-off the DC regulator and b)
short-circuit the regulator output and inverter input to the common
ground. This prevents power transfer between the unregulated DC
source and the voltage multiplier, as well as discharges electrical
energy stored in the regulator smoothing capacitors and in the
multiplier transformer. An overvoltage circuit is also included to
independently turn-off the power supply when the regulator output
voltage exceeds a predetermined maximum.
Inventors: |
Algeri; Harvey R. (North
Olmsted, OH), Bruening; Ralph G. (Amherst, OH), Sandorf;
Robert E. (West Richfield, OH), Stillwell; Fred A.
(Elyria, OH) |
Assignee: |
Nordson Corporation (Amherst,
OH)
|
Family
ID: |
23719485 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/433,262 |
Filed: |
January 14, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
361/227; 361/18;
361/91.1; 361/42; 363/56.07 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02H
7/003 (20130101); G05F 1/569 (20130101); B05B
5/10 (20130101); H02H 7/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B05B
5/10 (20060101); B05B 5/08 (20060101); H02H
7/12 (20060101); H02H 7/00 (20060101); G05F
1/569 (20060101); G05F 1/10 (20060101); B05B
005/02 (); H02H 007/122 () |
Field of
Search: |
;321/4,11,14,15
;317/3,33VR,16R,18D,31,33SC ;239/15 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Beha, Jr.; William H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wood, Herron & Evans
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A very high voltage power supply for electrostatic spray coating
application in which electrostatically charged coating material is
sprayed onto a directly electrically grounded object comprising, in
combination:
a source of DC power with a control input and an output, said
source producing a DC voltage at said output, said source including
a turnoff means responsive to an externally generated turnoff
signal applied to said control input for turning off said source
thereby removing said DC voltage from said source output;
an inverter circuit with a DC input and an AC output, said inverter
circuit input being connected to receive DC power from said DC
source output, said inverter circuit producing at its output an
intermediate AC voltage at a high frequency;
a voltage multiplier circuit with an input and an output, said
voltage multiplier input being connected to receive power from said
inverter circuit output, said voltage multiplier producing at its
output a very high DC voltage for use in electrostatically charging
coating material sprayed onto a directly electrically grounded
object in electrostatic spray coating;
an overcurrent detector with an input and an output, said
overcurrent detector input being connected to the input of said
voltage multiplier circuit to monitor ground return current from
said voltage multiplier and producing an overcurrent signal at its
output when the current flow from said voltage multiplier circuit
to said overcurrent detector exceeds a predetermined selectable
maximum value;
a power supply shutdown switch activated in response to said
overcurrent signal for simultaneously a) generating and applying
said turnoff signal to said turnoff means to thereby turnoff said
DC source and b) inhibiting power transfer from said DC source to
said inverter and thereby removing power from the input of said
voltage multiplier circuit;
a remotely controlled electronic switch connected between
electrical ground and said control input for selectably producing
said turnoff signal; and
a mechanical switch remotely located with respect to said
electronic switch, said mechanical switch being operative to
control said electronic switch to selectably produce said turnoff
signal.
2. A power supply for producing a very high DC voltage for
application to a probe of an electrostatic spray gun from which
electrostatically charged coating material is sprayed onto a
directly electrically grounded object comprising, in
combination:
a source of unregulated DC power including an output power lead and
a common ground lead, said power lead having an unregulated voltage
thereat relative to said common ground lead,
a voltage regulator circuit with a two wire power input, a control
input and an output, one input wire of said regulator input being
connected to said power lead and the other input wire of said
series regulator being connected to said common ground lead, said
voltage regulator circuit producing a regulated DC voltage at its
output relative to said common ground lead when said control input
is at a voltage higher than at said ground lead, said regulator
including a turnoff means responsive to an externally generated
turnoff signal applied to said control input for turning off said
regulator thereby removing said DC voltage from said regulator
output;
an inverter circuit with a two wire input and a two wire output,
one said inverter circuit input wire is connected to said regulator
output and the other inverter circuit input wire is connected to
said common ground lead, said inverter circuit producing at its two
wire output an intermediate AC voltage at a high frequency;
a voltage multiplier circuit with a two wire input and a single
wire output, said two wire input of said voltage multiplier is
connected to said inverter circuit two wire output, said voltage
multiplier produces at its single wire output a very high DC
voltage which is electrically connected to the spray gun probe for
electrostatically charging coating material sprayed onto a directly
electrically grounded object;
an overcurrent detector connected between one said input wire of
said voltage multiplier circuit and said common ground lead to
monitor ground return current from said voltage multiplier, said
overcurrent detector producing an overcurrent signal at its output
when the current flow from the voltage multiplier circuit to said
common ground lead exceeds a predetermined selectable maximum
value;
a power supply shutdown switch activated in response to said
overcurrent signal for simultaneously a) generating and applying
said turnoff signal to said turnoff means to thereby turnoff said
regulator and b) short circuiting to said common ground lead said
regulator output and said inverter circuit input to thereby inhibit
power transfer from said DC source to said multiplier.
3. The power supply of claim 2 additionally including a mechanical
switch located at the spray gun and an electronic switch, said
electronic switch being connected between said control input and
said common ground for selectably connecting said control input
directly to said common ground, said mechanical switch being
connected in circuit with said electronic switch so that the
voltage appearing across the mechanical switch contacts is
relatively small thereby reducing the hazard of arcing at said
mechanical switch, said electronic switch being controlled by said
mechanical switch to selectably connect said control input to said
common ground.
4. The power supply of claim 3 wherein said overcurrent detector
includes means to prevent generation of said overcurrent signal in
response to a transient current flowing from said voltage
multiplier circuit to said overcurrent detector.
5. The power supply of claim 4 additionally including an
overvoltage detector connected to said regulator circuit output,
said overvoltage detector producing an overvoltage signal when the
voltage at the output of said regulator circuit exceeds a
predetermined value, said overvoltage signal being operative to
activate said power supply shutdown switch.
6. The power supply of claim 2 additionally including an
overvoltage detector connected to said regulator circuit output,
said overvoltage detector producing an overvoltage signal when the
voltage at the output of said regulator circuit exceeds a
predetermined value, said overvoltage signal being operative to
activate said power supply shutdown switch.
7. The power supply of claim 2 wherein said DC source includes a
smoothing capacitor and wherein said inverter circuit includes a
transformer, and wherein said short-circuiting of said regulator
output and said inverter input to said common ground lead
discharges electrical energy stored in said smoothing capacitor and
in said transformer.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to power supplies and particularly to high
voltage power supplies for use in electrostatic spray coating
equipment and the like.
In the field of electrostatic spray coating, a material applicator
such as a spray gun or other apparatus is provided for spraying a
material, such as powder or liquid, onto an object. The spray gun
includes a probe located at or near the nozzle which is maintained
at a very high DC voltage which is typically between 50 and 100 Kv.
The voltage at the probe charges the coating material as it passes
through the nozzle thereby increasing the coating efficiency
because the charged material is attracted to the object being
coated which is maintained at ground potential.
The voltage at the spray gun probe is developed by a power supply
which is generally located at some distance from the spray gun
itself. A coaxial cable or similar high voltage cable interconnects
the high voltage power supply with the spray gun probe.
Because the voltage at the spray gun probe is typically between 50
and 100 Kv., safety precautions are necessary to prevent accidental
electrical shock to an operator who must handle the spray gun
during spraying operations as well as to prevent arcing at the
spray gun which may cause an explosion if the spray gun is operated
in an explosive atmosphere. In the prior art, one precaution taken
has been to provide a series electrical resistance between the high
voltage power supply and the spray gun probe to thereby limit the
maximum current which can be delivered from the power supply to the
spray gun probe. Consequently, if the operator should accidently
touch the spray gun probe, the maximum current that he would
receive by such accidental contact is limited to prevent electrical
shock. The resistor also limits the current in the spray gun probe
to thereby reduce the extent of arcing should the spray gun probe
accidently touch a grounded object.
Recently, increased interest in industrial safety has pointed out
that the series resistor alone does not provide as much safety as
would be desirable for electrostatic spray guns. Particularly, the
problem of arcing between the spray gun probe and another object,
while reduced, is not eliminated by use of the series resistor.
While the resistor in series with the spray gun probe has served to
reduce the extent of arcing, if the probe should actually contact a
grounded object, a small arc will occur just before the probe
contacts the object. Additionally, an arc will also occur after the
probe is removed from contact with the object. Although the
magnitude of this arc is small because the series resistor limits
current flow, the arc itself does occur and this may cause an
explosion if the spray gun is being operated in an explosive
atmosphere, e.g. where the spray material is a solvent based
point.
Some prior art power supplies of the voltage multiplier type have
overcurrent shutoff circuits which turn off the high voltage
whenever the current flowing into the spray gun probe exceeds a
predetermined maximum value. The overcurrent condition is usually
determined by measuring the current flow into the voltage
multiplier from the inverter circuit in typical power supplies.
Because the current flow into the voltage multiplier is an AC
current, overcurrent detection by measuring current flow into the
voltage multiplier does not provide a consistently fast manner for
determining the exact time when an overcurrent condition occurs.
The reason for this is that the AC current flow into the voltage
multiplier may be zero at the instant of time when an arc occurs.
The overcurrent detector will not detect the overcurrent condition
instantaneously but requires time to elapse until the AC current
rises above the maximum value which triggers the overcurrent
detector. Then the power supply can be shut down by the overcurrent
detector. If, however, the AC current flow into the voltage
multiplier is near its maximum when an arc occurs, the overcurrent
detection will occur almost instantaneously after the arc occurs.
As such, by monitoring AC current to detect overcurrent conditions,
a time delay may occur between the time when an arc occurs and the
time when the overcurrent condition is detected. This time delay
slows the speed at which the power supply can be turned off.
Consequently, the prior art circuits cannot reliably turn off the
power supply instantaneously because the overcurrent condition
cannot be reliably detected instantaneously.
Other prior art overcurrent detectors for shutting down a power
supply respond to AC rms current and rms current detectors do not
respond as quickly to current changes as instantaneous current
detectors. Consequently, the rms current detector approach to power
supply shut down on detection of overcurrent is slow to detect the
overcurrent condition which means the power supply is shut down
slowly also.
Additionally, the prior art electrostatic spray coating systems
which employ a hand held spray gun have utilized a trigger switch
mounted on the gun to actuate the high voltage power supply and the
spraying mechanism. Typically, the voltage appearing across this
trigger switch is quite high, around 110 volts, so that when the
trigger itself is closed, a small arc occurs as the switch contacts
close. In order to prevent this arc from causing an explosion,
special precautions have been taken to isolate the trigger switch
on the spray gun from the explosive atmosphere. Typically, these
precautions have been unduly costly and add unnecessary bulk to the
spray gun.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing difficulties, it is the primary objective
of the invention to provide a high voltage power supply for
electrostatic spray coating applications which has an overcurrent
protection current that reliably and instantaneously detects
overcurrent conditions at the spray gun probe and shuts off the
supply when probe overcurrent is detected thereby reducing the
danger of electrical shock and arcing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the invention is predicated on the concept of quickly
and reliably detecting overcurrent conditions in a very high
voltage power supply of the voltage multiplier type for
electrostatic spray coating applications by detecting overcurrent
at a point in the circuit where the probe current can be measured
directly.
A further aspect of the invention is predicated on the concept of
providing a very high voltage power supply having a voltage
regulator, an inverter circuit powered by the regulator, a voltage
multiplier powered by the inverter which produces a spray gun probe
voltage and an overcurrent detector responsive only to excessive
spray gun probe current to turn off the voltage regulator, short
circuit the voltage regulator output and short circuit the inverter
circuit input to thereby reduce the danger of arcing and electrical
shock.
A further aspect of the invention is predicated on the concept of
providing a power supply of type described above which includes an
overvoltage detector which turns off the power supply in the same
manner as the overcurrent detector when the spray gun probe voltage
becomes excessive.
More particularly in a preferred embodiment, the power supply
includes a DC voltage regulator for producing a regulated DC
voltage from an unregulated power source. The regulated voltage
powers an inverter circuit which produces an intermediate voltage
at a high frequency. This intermediate voltage source powers a
voltage multiplier which produces a high DC voltage that is applied
to the probe of an electrostatic spray gun. An overcurrent detector
measures the probe current directly by monitoring the ground return
current from the voltage multiplier. If the ground return current
exceeds a predetermined selectable maximum value, the overcurrent
detector is effective to short circuit the output of the voltage
regulator, to short circuit the input of the inverter circuit and
to turn the regulator off. An overvoltage detector monitors the
output of the regulator which is directly related to spray gun
probe voltage. If the regulator output voltage exceeds a
predetermined maximum, a signal is developed which is independently
effective to turn off the supply by short circuiting the regulator
output, to short circuit the input of the inverter circuit and to
turn off the regulator.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the danger of
explosion due to arcing of a spray gun trigger switch is reduced.
The trigger switch of the invention controls an electronic switch
for turning on and off the power supply so that the maximum voltage
across and current through the trigger switch of the invention is
very low. Consequently, the danger of explosion due to trigger
switch arcing is reduced.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing objects, and advantages of the invention will become
more clear from the following detailed description of a preferred
embodiment thereof taken in connection with the drawing which forms
a part of the original disclosure wherein the sole FIGURE is a
schematic circuit diagram of the power supply.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the FIGURE, a high voltage power supply for
electrostatic spray coating applications of the present invention
is shown generally at 10. The power supply 10 includes an
intermediate voltage section shown within the dotted line 11, and a
voltage multiplier circuit 12 for multiplying the AC voltage
developed by the intermediate voltage section 11 into a very high
DC voltage. The voltage multiplier circuit 12 may be a conventional
voltage multiplier circuit, however, in a preferred embodiment of
the invention, the voltage multiplier 12 is of the diode/capacitor
voltage doubler type designed according to the description
contained in the copending patent application entitled "Quick
Connect Modular Voltage Multiplier" by Robert E. Sandorf which was
filed on Dec. 13, 1973, and has a Ser. No. 424,546. The very high
DC voltage output of the voltage multiplier 12 is electrically
connected via a coaxial cable 13 to a spray gun probe 14 located on
an electrostatic spray gun 15. The spray gun probe 14 is located
near the spray gun nozzle and charges particles as they are sprayed
from the spray gun 15 in a manner well known in the art of
electrostatic spray coating.
The intermediate voltage power supply section 11 has a plug 20 or
other suitable connector for connecting an external AC power source
to the low voltage section 11. In a preferred embodiment, this AC
power source is a 60Hz source having a voltage which will produce
approximately +50 volts at the output 21 relative to the negative
output lead 23 of a bridge rectifier circuit 22. The negative
output lead 23 is connected to a common internal ground 24. The
bridge rectifier circuit 22 is any conventional bridge rectifier
circuit using diodes which will convert AC power to unregulated DC
power.
The unregulated DC power at the output 21 of the bridge rectifier
22 is filtered by a large filter capacitor 25 to thereby produce an
unregulated DC voltage on the wire 26.
The wire 26 is connected to the power input of a voltage regulator
circuit shown within the dotted line 27. The voltage regulator
circuit 27 is a conventional voltage regulator circuit preferably
of the series regulator type which produces a practically constant
DC voltage at the output point 28 which is regulated to between 0.1
and 0.3 percent regulation. The voltage at the output point 28 is
adjustable, however, according to two options available in the
circuit. According to one option, a fixed resistor 30 is
series-connected between electrical connection points 31 and 32.
The value of this resistor 30 is selected so that the adjustable
resistor 33 can be adjusted to produce the voltage desired at the
output point 28. For some applications, the resistor 30 may be
replaced by a jumper wire.
According to the second option, an adjustable resistor 34 is
connected between the connection point 31 and the connection point
35. This adjustable resistor 34 is adjustable from the power supply
console (not shown) permitting the user to adjust the voltage at
the point 28 and, therefore, adjust the voltage at the spray gun
probe 14 as will become clearer later. The adjustable resistor 33
is not adjustable from the console but is preset to establish the
maximum voltage which may be set by adjustment of the resistor 34
and, thus, the maximum spray gun probe 14 voltage is also
preset.
According to the two above-mentioned options, the output voltage at
point 28 can be either fixed or adjustable. For the fixed voltage
output, the resistor 30 is installed while for the adjustable
voltage output the resistor 34 is installed. Both resistors 30 and
34 are never simultaneously installed.
The voltage at the base of the transistor 36 is operative to
control the operation of the voltage regulator 27. When the base
voltage of this transistor 36 is approximately zero volts, the
series regulator 27 is turned off and the voltage at the output
point 28 is substantially zero volts. On the other hand, when the
voltage at the base of the transistor 36, as controlled by the
biasing resistor 37 and the transistor 38 is positive, the voltage
regulator 27 is operative to produce a regulated positive DC
voltage at the output point 28.
A transistor 40 is connected between the base of the transistor 36,
which comprises the control input to the voltage regulator 27, and
the common internal ground 24. Whenever the transistor 40 is
conducting, the voltage drop thereacross is substantially zero
volts so the voltage at the base of the transistor 36 is
essentially zero volts. Therefore, when the transistor 40 conducts,
the series regulator 27 is turned off and produces zero volts at
its output point 28.
Series connected resistors 41, 42 and 43 bias the transistor 40 to
conduct thereby causing the voltage at the base of the transistor
36 to be essentially zero volts. A normally open switch 44,
preferably located at the spray gun 15, is connected in parallel
with the resistors 42 and 43. When this switch 44 is closed by
actuation of the trigger on the spray gun 15, the transistor 40 is
turned off because its base becomes grounded thereby causing the
voltage at the base of the transistor 36 to go positive permitting
the voltage regulator circuit 27 to operate and produce a positive
regulated DC voltage at its output point 28.
Since the bias circuitry for the transistor 40 comprises the series
connected resistors 41, 42 and 43, the maximum voltage appearing
across a switch 44, which is connected in parallel with the
resistors 42 and 43, is approximately 4 volts when the voltage on
the wire 26 is approximately +40 volts. Because the maximum voltage
across the switch 44 contacts is 4 volts, the extent of arcing at
this switch 44 when it is opened and closed is very small thereby
substantially reducing the danger of explosion due to arcing at the
switch 44 when the spray gun is operated in an explosive
atmosphere. Additionally, since the extent of arcing across the
switch 44 is so small, the isolation of the switch from the
enviornment need not be as extensive as has been heretofore been
required thereby reducing the cost and weight of the spray gun
15.
The output of the voltage regulator circuit 27 id filtered by a
large filter capacitor 45 connected between the output point 28 and
the common internal ground 24.
An isolation diode 46 is connected to the output point 28 of the
series regulator circuit 27. This diode 46 permits the positive
voltage at the output of the series regulator 27 to be connected to
the remainder of the power supply circuitry. The isolation diode 46
isolates the series regulator 27 from positive transient voltages
developed by the circuitry connected at point 47.
The voltage at point 47 is filtered by an additional filter
capacitor 53. This capacitor 53 has a smaller capacitance and a
higher frequency response than the capacitor 45 and is provided to
filter high frequency signals which appear at the point 47 to
thereby reduce the effects of these signals on the other
circuitry.
An inverter circuit 50 is connected to and powered by the DC
voltage at point 47. The inverter circuit 50 is a conventional
power inverter for converting DC to AC power and includes, in a
preferred embodiment, two transistors 54 and 55 wired in circuit
with a center tapped primary winding 56 and a feedback winding 57
of a cup-core transformer 58. The transistors 54 and 55 in the
inverter 50 conduct alternately through the primary winding 56 of
the transformer 58 when DC power is present at point 47. In the
preferred embodiment the frequency at which these two transistors
54 and 55 alternately conduct is approximately 10kHz which is
determined primarily by the inductance of the transformer primary
56, the inductance of the feedback winding 57 and the natural
capacitance of these windings. It is desirable, however, to have
the inverter circuit 50 oscillate at a high frequency so that the
voltage multiplier can be made with small capacitors. As such, the
stored charge in the voltage multiplier is smaller than in other
voltage multipliers thereby reducing the danger of shock and arcing
due to stored energy in the voltage multiplier.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the secondary winding
60 has a sufficient number of turns so that the intermediate
voltage appearing across this winding is approximately 8kv.
peak-to-peak. This 8kv. peak-to-peak voltage is applied to the
input of the voltage multiplier 12. As indicated earlier, the
voltage multiplier 12 multiplies the input voltage to develop at
its output a DC voltage having a very high magnitude which, in the
preferred embodiment, is in the order of 100kv. As such, whenever a
positive voltage is applied to the point 47, the inverter circuit
50 will produce across the secondary winding 60 of the cup-core
transformer 58 an 8kv. peak-to-peak voltage which is converted by
the voltage multiplier 12 into a high DC voltage that is
transmitted via a coaxial cable 13 to the probe 14 at the spray gun
15.
The positive voltage at point 47 directly controls the magnitude of
the voltage multiplier output. When the voltage at point 47 goes
up, the probe voltage goes up and vice versa.
A high voltage indicator driver circuit 51 is provided to power an
indicator lamp 61, located on the system console (not shown),
whenever high voltage is present at the spray gun probe 14. Ths
indicator driver circuit 51 includes a transistor 62 whose emitter
is connected to the common internal ground 24 and whose collector
is connected in series with the lamp 61 and a current limiting
resistor 63 to the positive voltage output 21 of the bridge
rectifier 22. Series connected biasing resistors 64 and 65 for
controlling the transistor 62 are connected between the point 47
and the common internal ground 24 and cause the transistor 62 to
conduct whenever a positive voltage is present at point 47. As
such, the lamp 61 is ignited whenever a positive voltage is present
at the input to the inverter circuit 50 thereby providing the
operator with a visible indication when high voltage is present at
the spray gun probe 14.
The power supply of the invention includes an overcurrent detector
shown within the dotted line 70. This overcurrent detector is
designed to generate a signal to shut down the power supply when
the ground return current through the wire 71 from the voltage
multiplier 12 exceeds a predetermined maximum value. The current
passing through the ground return wire 71 is equal to the probe
current but does have many high frequency noise components which
must be filtered out to prevent triggering the overcurrent detector
70 and cause the power supply to shut down unnecessarily. This
filtering is provided by a high frequency filter shown generally at
72 which comprises a capacitor and a resistor connected in parallel
between the wire 71 and the common internal ground 24. Because the
overcurrent detector 70 measures the return current from the
voltage multiplier 12, overcurrent conditions at the spray gun
probe 14 are detected directly and are not masked, as in prior art
approaches, by the AC current in the power inverter circuit. In
fact, the overcurrent detector of the invention will generate the
overcurrent signal and shut down the series regulator 27 in less
than 10 microseconds after the ground return current exceeds the
predetermined maximum.
The ground return current flows through the wire 71 and the
isolation diode 73 to a resistor 74 and develops a voltage
thereacross which has a magnitude directly proportional to the
ground return current. A zener diode 75 is parallel connected
across the resistor 74 to prevent the maximum voltage appearing at
the point 76 due to high ground return currents from exceeding a
value which might cause circuit damage to the connected integrated
curcuit 77. The integrated circuit 77 is preferably an operational
amplifier manufactured by the Fairchild Camera and Instrument
Company type number U9T7741393 which has been wired, as indicated
in the FIGURE as a differential amplifier. Whenever the voltage at
the input pin 3 which is connected to the point 76 exceeds the
voltage at the input pin 2, the voltage at the output pin 6 goes
positive. On the other hand, when the voltage at the input pin 3 is
less than the voltage at the input pin 2, the voltage at the output
pin 6 is approximately zero volts. As such, by adjusting the
voltage at the input pin 2, the operation of the integrated circuit
77 can be adjusted to produce at its output pin 6 a signal
indicating when the ground return current exceeds a predetermined
maximum value.
The input pin 2 to the integrated circuit 77 has an adjustable
biasing circuit connected thereto which permits the voltage thereat
to be preset so that the predetermined maximum ground return
current necessary to cause the output voltage at pin 6 to go
positive can be selected. This biasing circuit includes a resistor
80, an isolation diode 81, an adjustable resistor 82 and two fixed
resistors 83 and 84 connected in series with the adjustable
resistor 82. The resistor 83 is connected to the point 79 which has
a constant positive DC voltage as controlled by the zener diode 85.
Consequently, the series-connected resistors 82, 83 and 84 are a
voltage divider between the constant voltage appearing at the point
79 and the common internal ground 24. By adjusting the setting of
the adjustable resistor 82, the positive voltage appearing at the
variable tap 86 can be adjusted to any desirable value. As such,
the predetermined maximum ground return current which causes the
output pin 6 to go positive can be adjusted.
The biasing network for the input pin 2 to the integrated circuit
77 also includes additional biasing circuitry for preventing the
output of the integrated circuit 77 from going positive during the
time when power supply transients occur, such as during turnon of
the power supply. The transient surge current associated with power
supply turnon does not cause the output of the integrated circuit
77 to go positive because the voltage at the input pin 2 is raised
by a surge-protect circuit. The surge protect circuit includes a
resistor 90, a capacitor 91, a zener diode 92, a resistor 93, and
two diodes 94 and 95 wired as shown in the FIGURE. When the voltage
at point 47 changes suddenly, a signal will pass through the
capacitor 91. The positive magnitude of this signal is limited by
the zener diode 92. Positive signals passing through the capacitor
91 also pass through the diode 94 and through the resistor 80 to
the pin 2 input of the integrated circuit 77, if the magnitude of
the positive surge is greater than the voltage at pin 2. As such,
the magnitude of the ground return current which would cause the
output at pin 6 to go positive is increased during the time when
the power supply voltage is turning on thereby preventing turnon
transients from producing a positive signal at pin 6 of the
integrated circuit 77.
The output pin 6 of the integrated circuit 77 is connected via a
wire 100 to the overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52. This
shutoff switch 52 includes a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) 101
connected in series with a diode 102 between the point 47 and the
common internal ground 24. Whenever this SCR 101 is fired, current
will conduct from the point 47 through the diode 102, through the
SCR 101 to the common internal ground 24 thereby substantially
short circuiting the point 47 to the common internal ground 24. As
such, the output of the series regulator circuit 27 and the input
of the inverter 50 are shorted to ground so that additional power
is not supplied to the voltage multiplier 12. Additionally, the
stored energy in capacitors 45 and 53 and the stored energy in the
field of the transformer 58 is quickly dissipated. Consequently,
the only source of high voltage energy at the spray gun probe 14
after the overvoltage/overcurrent shutoff switch 52 is fired is
from the stored energy in the capacitors of the voltage multiplier.
Since a high frequency inverter is used, the capacitors of the
voltage multiplier are small and the high voltage stored energy is
low thereby decreasing the hazard of electrical shock and arcing
due to stored energy in the voltage multiplier.
The overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52 also turns off the
voltage regulator circuit 27. A diode 110 is connected between the
base of the transistor 36 and the point 108. When the SCR 101
conducts, the voltage at the point 108 goes substantially to zero
volts which draws the voltage at the base of the transistor 36 down
to near zero volts also. By doing so, the series regulator circuit
27 is turned off which will reduce the current flow through the SCR
101 to prevent overheating thereof.
The SCR 101 is fired, i.e., made conductive, whenever the voltage
at the gate 103 becomes positive. This condition will exist when an
overcurrent condition or overvoltage condition exists. Whenever the
output voltage from pin 6 of the integrated circuit 77 goes
positive, indicating that the ground return current on wire 71 has
exceeded a predetermined maximum value, this positive voltage
exceeds the breakdown voltage of the zener diode 104 by
approximately 3 volts thereby causing the current to flow through
the resistors 105 and 106 to the common internal ground 24. The
voltage developed across the resistor 106 is sufficiently positive
to cause the SCR 101 to fire thereby short circuiting point 47 to
ground. As such, whenever an overcurrent condition is detected by
the overcurrent detector 70, power is quickly removed from the
input to the voltage multiplier 12.
The overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52 also turns off the
power supply when an overvoltage condition is detected so that the
voltage at the spray gun probe 14 cannot go substantially above the
desired maximum voltage without the power supply turning off. The
cause for increased voltage at the spray gun probe 14 is due to an
overvoltage condition appearing at the point 47, the power input to
the inverter circuit 50. A zener diode 112 is connected between the
point 47 and the gate 103 of the SCR 101. Whenever the voltage at
the point 47 exceeds a predetermined maximum value, the zener diode
112 will conduct and a voltage is developed across the resistor
106. This voltage across the resistor 106 is positive enough so
that the SCR 101 will conduct. In this manner, the SCR 101 will
short circuit the output of the voltage regulator 27, short circuit
the power input to the inverter circuit 50 and turn off the voltage
regulator 27 in the same manner as occurs when an overcurrent
condition is detected by the overcurrent detector 70.
The SCR 101, once fired by a sufficiently positive voltage on the
gate 103 continues to conduct current through a latching resistor
107 until such time as the SCR 101 is made nonconductive by a reset
circuit. This reset circuit includes a normally open pushbutton
switch 111, located on the system console (not shown). This switch
111 is connected between the point 108 and the common internal
ground 24. This normally open switch 111 is the reset switch which,
when closed, provides a short circuit across the SCR 101. When this
short circuit occurs, the SCR 101 ceases to conduct so that, when
the switch 111 is opened again, the power supply is reset to permit
further actuation of the trigger switch 44 at the spray gun 15 to
turn on the high voltage at the spray gun probe 14.
TABLE OF PARTS NOT IDENTIFIED IN THE FIGURE
Cr1-cr7 diode -- g.e. in5059 -- motorola in4002
cr8-cr11 diode -- motorola mr811
cr12-cr16 diode, in4148 -- g.e. -- fairchild
cr19 zener diode -- dickson 1n4746 -- motorola mz1000-19
cr20 zener diode, dickson in4744 -- motorola mz1000-17
cr21 zener diode, dickson 1n4734 -- motorola mz1000-7
cr23 zener diode, 1n5241a, motorola -- dickson
cr24 zener diode, dickson 1n4756 -- motorola mz1000-29
cr25, cr26 zener diode, dickson 1n4764 -- motorola mz1000-37
q1, q3, q4, q6, q7 transistor 2n3440 -- rca -- motorola
q2, q8, q9 transistor, rca 410 -- delco dts 410
q5 silicon control rectifier -- g.e. c106b41 -- rca 106b2
1c-1 integrated circuit, 741, op.amp. -- fairchild
u9t7741393-nat.semi.cond NS 307N
The foregoing is a description of a preferred form of the invention
wherein an AC power source is converted via a bridge rectifier 22
to a DC voltage. This DC voltage is regulated by a voltage
regulator circuit 27 of the series regulator type to produce at its
output 28 a regulated voltage. The regulator circuit 27 itself,
however, is switched on and off by a transistorized switch 40 in
combination with a mechanical switch 44 located on an electrostatic
spray gun 45. Because a transistor switch is utilized, arcing at
the mechanical switch 44 located on the electrostatic spray gun is
effectively reduced to zero. When the spray gun switch is closed,
the regulator circuit 27 produces at its output 28 a regulated
voltage which is applied to the power input of an inverter circuit
50. This inverter circuit 50 develops across a secondary
transformer winding 60 a high frequency intermediate voltage which
is approximately 8Kv. peak-to-peak. This intermediate voltage is
connected to the input to a voltage multiplier circuit 12. The
output of the voltage multiplier circuit 12 is a very high DC
voltage which is connected via a coaxial cable 13 to the probe 14
at the spray gun 15. This high DC voltage is operative to charge
the particles sprayed by the spray gun.
An overcurrent detector 70 is provided to detect overcurrent
conditions at the spray gun probe 14. Whenever the ground return
current from the voltage multiplier 12 to the overcurrent detector
70, which is the probe current, exceeds a predetermined value, the
overcurrent detector 70 generates a signal at its output 100 which
is operative to cause an overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52
to shut down the power supply by short circuiting the voltage
regulator output 28, short circuiting the input to the inverter
circuit 50 and also turning off the regulator 27 itself thereby
removing power from the input of the voltage multiplier 12. This
overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52 is also operative to turn
off the power supply if the voltage at the power input to the
inverter 50 exceeds a predetermined maximum value. The
overcurrent/overvoltage shutoff switch 52 also keeps the power
supply turned off until such time as the operator has an
opportunity to manually reset the power supply by depressing a
reset switch 111.
While the foregoing description has been made with particular
emphasis on a preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be
readily recognized by those of skill in the art that numerous
modifications in form only may be made without departing from the
spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following
claims.
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