U.S. patent number 3,892,927 [Application Number 05/393,789] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-01 for full range electrostatic loudspeaker for audio frequencies.
Invention is credited to Theodore Lindenberg.
United States Patent |
3,892,927 |
Lindenberg |
July 1, 1975 |
Full range electrostatic loudspeaker for audio frequencies
Abstract
A single diaphragm electrostatic loudspeaker having multiple
opposing pairs of electrodes which are graded in size, the speaker
further including means for electrically controlling the high
frequency response of each electrode pair so as to achieve an
overall uniform response. The diaphragm is acoustically damped and
selectively tuned by mass loading to achieve inertia control below
a designated frequency, thus extending the loudspeaker's useful
response into the low frequency range. A typical form and
construction for the loudspeaker is disclosed which also provides
for relatively uniform sound dispersion throughout designated
horizontal and vertical angles of coverage.
Inventors: |
Lindenberg; Theodore (Maitland,
FL) |
Family
ID: |
23556255 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/393,789 |
Filed: |
September 4, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
381/116; 381/354;
381/191 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R
19/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04R
19/02 (20060101); H04R 19/00 (20060101); H04r
019/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;179/111R,111E,106,180 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Claffy; Kathleen H.
Assistant Examiner: Stellar; George G.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Duckworth, Hobby & Allen
Claims
I claim:
1. An electrostatic speaker, comprising:
an electrode assembly comprising a section of a cylinder;
a diaphragm tensioned across a curved surface of said electrode
assembly;
means for changing the area of said diaphragm energized with
changes in audio frequency, said means including a plurality of
curved parallel electrodes about said electrode assembly, said
electrodes extending parallel to each other and perpendicular to
the axis of said cylinder, and forming said cylindrical section;
and wherein
some of said electrodes comprising two segments spaced on opposite
sides of, and surrounding a substantial portion of a next adjacent
electrode.
2. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 1 further
comprising supporting ribs joined transverse to all of said
electrodes.
3. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 1 further
comprising another electrode assembly comprising a cylindrical
section adjacent to said one electrode assembly with said diaphragm
tensioned therebetween.
4. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 3 further
comprising a plurality of curved electrodes about said another
electrode assembly opposing and corresponding in shape and
dimension to said electrodes of said one electrode assembly.
5. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 4 further
comprising opposing insulated spacing strips fixed to each
electrode assembly transverse to said electrodes with said
diaphragm therebetween.
6. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 5 further
comprising weighting strips fixed to said diaphragm between said
spacing strips.
7. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 4 wherein said
electrodes comprise a central electrode of a smallest transverse
dimension and an adjacent electrode of greater transverse
dimension, said adjacent electrode including two segments each on
opposite sides of said central electrode.
8. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 7 wherein said
changing means further comprises electrical balancing means for
rolling off the high frequency response of said adjacent electrode
for those frequencies above that frequency having a half wavelength
represented by the transverse dimension of said central
electrode.
9. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 8, wherein said
changing means further comprises:
another electrode having two segments substantially surrounding
said adjacent electrode; and wherein
said balancing means includes means for rolling off the high
frequency response of said another electrode for those frequencies
above that frequency having a wavelength represented by the sum of
the transverse dimensions of said central and adjacent
electrodes.
10. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 9 wherein said
balancing means comprises:
a first impedance means coupled with both segments of said adjacent
electrode; and wherein
said first and second impedance means are balanced with the
inter-electrode capacitance of each said electrode to achieve an
overall uniform frequency response.
11. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 1 further
comprising acoustically resistive means adjacent a side of one of
said electrodes and opposite said diaphragm.
12. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 1 wherein each
said electrode comprises an acoustically transparent material.
13. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 12 wherein said
acoustically transparent material comprises a metal plate having
spaced holes therein.
14. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 13 further
comprising a dielectric layer encapsulating each said electrode,
said dielectric layer being substantially thicker around the
periphery of said holes.
15. An electrostatic speaker as recited in claim 14 wherein said
diaphragm comprises an insulating sheet having a conductive layer
thereon.
16. An electrostatic transducer comprising:
a single, flexible diaphragm;
means for suspending said diaphragm as a cylindrical section having
an axis extending in a first direction;
means for energizing said diaphragm for a predetermined range of
audio frequencies;
means for sequentially reducing the area of said diaphragm
energized with increases in said audio frequencies by reducing the
dimension of said energized area only in a direction substantially
parallel with said first direction; and wherein
only a narrow belt of said diaphragm relative to the overall area
of said diaphragm is energized for the highest of said audio
frequencies.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electroacoustic devices,
and in particular, relates to electrostatic loudspeakers.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrostatic loudspeakers are generally classified as either
single-sided or push-pull. Both types employ a very thin, flexible
diaphragm in close proximity to a stationary electrode. The entire
diaphragm is at least partially conductive and has a polarizing
potential applied thereto. In the case of a push-pull device, the
diaphragm may be positioned between two stationary electrodes. In
operation, the audio signal is applied between the electrodes,
creating a charge between the electrodes which varies depending
upon the signal amplitude. When the necessary charge differential
is present between the polarized diaphragm and the electrodes, the
diaphragm, due to its low mass, will vibrate and thereby
acoustically reproduce the audio represented by the signal applied
to the electrodes.
Attempts at commercial electrostatic loudspeakers have met with
some success. However, because the half wave length of low bass
frequencies is several feet (for example, over ten feet at fifty
Hertz), full frequency electrostatic loudspeakers have necessarily
been so large as to completely dominate the surrounding decor.
There have been suggestions in the prior art to massload the
diaphragm in order to reduce the active high frequency propagation
area to achieve low frequency capability with diaphragms of
relatively modest dimensions. For example, D. T. N. Williamson, et
al. disclose, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,008,014, mass-loading buttons
spaced across the surface of the diaphragm.
Historically, electrostatic loudspeakers have also been subject to
other limitations. Professor Frederick V. Hunt, in ELECTOACOUSTICS,
No. 5 of the Harvard Monographs in Applied Science, Harvard
University Press, 1954, devotes Chapter 6, pages 108-212, to a
discussion of the history and techniques used with electrostatic
loudspeakers. Professor Hunt discusses many prior art references,
including United States and foreign patents, which teach techniques
for avoiding some of the difficulties previously experienced with
electrostatic loudspeakers. Of particular interest, Professor Hunt
suggested that the effective diaphragm area could be varied
automatically with frequency, perhaps by an electrical segmentation
of the stationary electrode.
There are also other prior art references which suggest segmented
electrodes. Vogt, in French Pat. No. 711,807, teaches a concentric
electrode arrangement in a pushpull device, in which the outer
concentric electrode pair is biased negative with the inner
electrode pair being biased with opposite polarities (one positive,
one negative). Bobb, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,403, also discloses an
arrangement employing segmented stationary electrodes. Malme, in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,014,098, teaches an electrostatic speaker employing
a tensioned-wire stationary electrode.
Professor Hunt et al. have also suggested the electrical
segmentation of the diaphragm and the use of a matching impedance
circuit to obtain uniform frequency response in an electrostatic
speaker. See, Technical Memorandum No. 17, Office of Naval Research
Contract N5 ORI-76, Project Order X, reported from the Acoustics
Research Laboratory, Harvard University.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention contemplates an electrostatic loudspeaker
comprising a diaphragm which is at least partially conductive with
polarizing means electrically coupled thereto. Two electrodes are
spaced adjacent to first and second respective portions of the
diaphragm, the speaker further comprising means for electrically
controlling the frequency response of each electrode.
THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 is an expanded perspective view, partially cut away, of an
embodiment of an electrostatic loudspeaker in accordance with the
present invention with the diaphragm omitted for purposes of
illustration.
FIG. 2 is a perspective front view of a rear electrode assembly in
accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1, with the diaphragm in
place and partially cut away.
FIG. 3(a) is a partial cross-section of the electrostatic
loudspeaker of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 as taken along the
line 3-3' of the rear electrode in FIG. 2. FIG. 3(b) is an enlarged
perspective view of a portion of the electrodes shown in FIGS. 1, 2
and 3(a).
FIG. 4 is another cross-section similar to that of FIG. 3(a).
FIG. 5 is a schematic circuit diaphragm of the electrostatic
loudspeaker according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a family of curves illustrating the middle and high
frequency response of an electrostatic loudspeaker in accordance
with the prior art.
FIG. 7 is a family of curves illustrating the middle and high
frequency response of a speaker in accordance with the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
An embodiment of an electrostatic loudspeaker in accordance with
this invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1-3.
While the push-pull electrostatic loudspeaker is specifically
described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that
the present invention may also be employed with a single-sided
arrangement.
Reference is made to FIG. 1. The electrostatic loudspeaker 10
includes a rear electrode assembly 12 and a front electrode
assembly 14. The speaker 10 further includes a diaphragm positioned
between the electrode assemblies 12, 14; however, the diaphragm is
removed in FIG. 1 to illustrate the rear electrode assembly, and
will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 2, 3(a),
4 and 5. The rear electrode assembly 12 is supported by a rigid
insulating frame 16. Suitably, the frame 16 outlines a section of a
cylinder in which the curvature thereof includes about 80.degree.
of arc.
In accordance with this invention, the rear electrode assembly 12
includes a plurality of segmented electrodes fixed to the frame 16.
In this example, the segmented electrodes include four electrodes
A, B, C and D, the outer three electrodes including two segments,
one segment being identified in FIG. 1 by the corresponding prime
letter (B', C' and D', respectively). Each of the outer three
electrodes BB', CC' and DD' surrounds a substantial portion of the
periphery of the next adjacent electrode. That is, electrode DD'
substantially surrounds electrode CC', electrode CC' substantially
surrounds electrode BB' and electrode BB' substantially surrounds
electrode A. The electrodes A-DD' may assume a variety of
configurations, such as concentric rings, ovals, rectangles, and so
forth. However, the parallel electrode arrangement of FIG. 1 is
preferred because this parallel segmented electrode arrangement
provides a uniform vertical dispersion of acoustical energy both in
terms of amplitude and frequency response. In conjunction with this
parallel segmented electrode arrangement, the cylindrical section
form of the loudspeaker 10 provides the desired uniform horizontal
dispersion. All of the electrodes A-DD' comprise acoustically
transparent material; for example, a rigid metal plate having
spaced holes therein is suitable. The electrodes A-DD' are affixed
to the sides of the frame 12 and are held in rigid, spaced
relationship by insulating ribs 18 extending transverse to all of
the electrodes.
The front electrode assembly 14 also includes a frame 20 supporting
a set of electrodes A, BB' CC' and DD' opposed to, and having
shapes and dimensions like the corresponding electrodes A, BB' CC'
and DD' of the rear electrode assembly 12. The electrodes A-DD' of
the front electrode assembly 14 are also held in rigid, spaced
relationship by transverse insulating ribs 22. The dimensions of
the front frame 20 are such as to allow that frame to fit snugly
over the frame 16 of the rear electrode assembly 12. The rear
electrode 12 includes tapped holes 24 and corresponding fasteners,
such as screws which are adapted to engage apertures 26 in the
front electrode frame 20 and thereby hold the two frames 16, 20 in
fixed relationship but allowing for adjustments to the spacing
between the two frames.
An important aspect of this invention contemplates the correlation
of the dimensions of each electrode, as related to wavelength of
certain audio frequencies, with means for electrically controlling
the high frequency roll-off of each electrode. Briefly, the
vertical dimension of each electrode A-DD' and the impedance of a
matching network described below is preselected so as to achieve an
overall uniform frequency response. Thus, while no specific
dimension is critical, the transverse vertical and the horizontal
dimensions of all of the electrodes A-DD' and the active diaphragm
area are critical relative to, and in proportion to each other
since these relationships determine the frequency response for the
speaker 10. These relationships will be more completely described
below with reference to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 2, 3(a) and 4, in which the
diaphragm is interposed between insulating spacing strips 30, 32
which are respectively fixed to the rear electrode assembly 12 and
the front electrode assembly 14 transverse across all of the
electrodes A-DD'. The diaphragm 28 preferably comprises a very
thin, flexible plastic film such as Mylar metallized for
conductivity on one or both sides thereof. The transverse strips
30, 32 thus define a series of parallel bays 34, each bay having a
portion of the diaphragm tensioned across portions of all of the
electrodes A-DD' of both electrode assemblies 12, 14. As is more
clearly shown in FIG. 4, a narrow, resilient weighting strip 36 is
affixed to one or both sides and down the middle of each portion of
the diaphragm 28 in each bay 34. During motion of the diaphragm 28
in each bay 34, the weighting strips 36 mass-load the diaphragm and
extend the low frequency characteristic thereof. By maintaining the
weighting strips 36 very narrow, the effective diaphragm area at
high frequencies may approximate the diaphragm area at low
frequencies. Further, by proper selection of the mass of each
weighting strip 36 relative to the diaphragm tension, the low
frequency limit of the speaker 10 can be controlled so as to extend
the low frequency below the acoustical roll-off of the outer
electrode DD'. In this example the diaphragm is made to resonate at
fifty Hertz. However, the resonance frequency created by such
tuning can be unpleasant to the listener, and it is therefore
desirable to employ acoustical damping means, such as the segmented
strips 37 shown in FIG. 3(a), to damp this resonant frequency. The
proper choice of resonant frequency, mass, and damping results in
the diaphragm being inertia controlled at frequencies below that
where radiation resistance starts to fall off.
Noting the inset of FIG. 3(b), there is shown a representative
fragment of all of the electrodes A-DD'. The fragment, referred to
as 40, comprises a metal such as aluminum, for example, having
holes 42 therein, which render the electrode acoustically
transparent. A dielectric layer 44 is disposed uniformaly on the
fragment 40 and around the periphery of the holes 42. As shown in
the views of FIGS. 1, 2, 3(a) and particularly in FIG. 3(b), the
corners and the holes 42 in each electrode A-DD' are rounded so as
to lessen the potential for corona arcing, since, as is well-known,
such arcing tends to occur most often at sharp corners and edges
having small cross-sectional areas. Thus, it is particularly
desirable, as shown in FIG. 3(b), to deposit the dielectric layer
44 more thickly at the edges of the holes 42 than along the flat
areas. This may be accomplished by the electrostatic deposition of
the dielectric insulating coating.
The manner in which the acoustical and electrical characteristics
of each electrode are controlled and correlated to obtain a uniform
frequency response will now be described with reference to FIGS. 5,
6 and 7.
In FIG. 5, one bay 34 between the rear and front electrode
assemblies 12, 14 respectively, is shown in cross-section with the
corresponding electrode segments A-DD'. The loudspeaker 10 further
includes a polarizing high voltage D.C. power supply 46
electrically coupled to the diaphragm 28 through a resistor 48. The
high voltage power supply 46 may be constructed by known
techniques.
The loudspeaker 10 further includes an audio transformer 50 the
primary winding of which is adapted to be coupled to the output of
a commercially available audio amplifier. The secondary windings 52
of the transformer 50 include a grounded center tap 54. Each of the
two terminals 56, 58 of the secondary windings 52 are coupled
through resistors R.sub.A, R.sub.B, R.sub.C and R.sub.D to the
corresponding electrodes A-DD' of one of the electrode assemblies
12, 14. Specifically, terminal 56 of the secondary winding 52 is
coupled to electrodes A-DD' of the rear electrode assembly 17
through the associated resistors R.sub.A - R.sub.D and terminal 58
is coupled to electrodes A-DD' through the associated resistors
R.sub.A - R.sub.D.
As is well known, each electrode A-DD' of the rear electrode
assembly 12 and the corresponding electrode A-DD' of the front
electrode assembly 14 defines a capacitance. By an appropriate
correlation between the values of resistors R.sub.A - R.sub.D and
the width of each electrode A-DD', the overall uniformity of the
frequency response of the loudspeaker 10 is controlled. More
specifically, the RC network defined by the combination of each
resistor R.sub.A - R.sub.D with the corresponding electrode to
electrode capacitance is balanced so as to obtain a relatively
uniform frequency response for all audio frequencies.
By way of example only, the following transverse electrode
dimensions and resistor values set forth in Table 1 below have been
employed to achieve a relatively uniform frequency response.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Transverse Electrode
Resistive Electrical Dimension Value Roll-off
______________________________________ A = 1.0 inch R.sub.A = 20
Kohm 20 KHz B, B' each = 1.5 inches R.sub.B = 100 Kohm 8 KHz C, C'
each = 2.25 inches R.sub.C = 220 Kohm 1.6 KHz D, D' each = 5.0
inches R.sub.D = 500 Kohm 0.7 KHz
______________________________________
It is understood that the effective diaphragm area for any given
frequency is equal to the sum total of the area of the electrodes
energized at that frequency. In the arrangement represented by FIG.
5 and Table 1, for example, the effective diaphragm area when
electrode CC' is energized is equal to the sum of widths of
electrodes A, BB' and CC' which represents a total of 8.5 inches (A
+ B + B' + C + C'). Thus, the balancing network represented by the
resistors R.sub.A - R.sub.D rolls off the high frequency response
for each electrode A - DD' for those frequencies above that
frequency having a half wavelength represented by the sum of the
transverse dimensions of the included electrodes.
Electrode DD', representing the total width of all electrodes, has
an acoustical low frequency roll-off starting at 350 Hertz. Because
of the mass-loading of the weighting strips 36, the low frequency
response may be substantially extended below the acoustical
roll-off of electrode DD'. When employing this mass-loading
technique, the diaphragm 28 tends to be inertia controlled at
frequencies in the range below the acoustical roll-off of electrode
DD'. The acoustical damping created by the foam strips 37 controls
excess diaphragm motion at resonance and smooths the low frequency
response.
FIGS. 6(a)-(c) illustrates a set of actual curves representative of
the middle and high frequency response of an electrostatic
loudspeaker but without segmented electrodes or the resistor
network shown in FIG. 5. Thus configured, the acoustical dispersion
characteristics represent prior art push-pull electrostatic
speakers employing a monolithic electrode on either side of the
diaphragm.
The curve 60 at FIG. 6(a) represents the acoustic energy (in db)
measured "on axis", i.e., along a line normal to the center of the
diaphragm 28. The curve 62 at FIG. 6(b) illustrates the measurement
of acoustic energy 15.degree. off-axis, and the curve 64 at FIG.
6(c) illustrates a similar measurement made 30.degree. off-axis,
each measured vertically.
Curves 66, 68 and 79 of FIGS. 7(a), (b) and (c), respectively,
illustrate an actual set of corresponding measurements of the
speaker of the present invention, employing the resistive network
shown in FIG. 5. From a comparison of FIGS. 6(a)-(c) and 7(a)-(c),
respectively, several advantages of the speaker of the present
invention can be readily ascertained. For example, at FIGS.
6(a)-(c), it is seen that on-axis response tends to accentuate the
higher frequencies, while at listening positions above or below
axis the high frequencies are severely attenuated, a phenomenon
quite unpleasant to the listener. Thus, it can be seen that the
electrostatic speaker of the present invention has a relatively
uniform frequency response and is less directional in the vertical
direction than a speaker not employing the resistive balancing
network. Furthermore, the cylindrical form of the speaker 10
provides a uniform horizontal dispersion through the included
angle.
* * * * *