U.S. patent number 3,892,909 [Application Number 05/359,200] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-01 for synthetic down.
This patent grant is currently assigned to QST Industries, Inc.. Invention is credited to Samuel E. Miller.
United States Patent |
3,892,909 |
Miller |
July 1, 1975 |
Synthetic down
Abstract
A fibrous body simulating natural bird down in its physical and
functional aspects in that it is light in weight, has equivalent
insulating characteristics, will not mildew or become soggy in the
presence of water, has excellent laundering and dry cleaning
characteristics, is lower in cost and is not dependent on the
vagaries of nature which may result in periodic short supply.
Inventors: |
Miller; Samuel E. (Winnetka,
IL) |
Assignee: |
QST Industries, Inc. (Chicago,
IL)
|
Family
ID: |
23412757 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/359,200 |
Filed: |
May 10, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/371; 5/636;
428/6 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A41G
11/00 (20130101); Y10T 428/2925 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
A41G
11/00 (20060101); A41g 011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;161/19,11 ;156/61
;117/142 ;15/234 ;5/337,355 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schulz; William E.
Claims
I claim:
1. An assemblage of man-made bodies each functioning in simulation
of bird down as found in nature, each said body comprising a myriad
of fibers formed into a rounded configuration which is capable of
being repeatedly deformed in the manner of a spring by application
of a load and recovery substantially to its original form upon
release of the load.
2. The combination in accordance with claim 1 further characterized
in that some substantial proportion of the fibers are bonded
together over some predetermined length thereof.
3. The combination in accordance with claim 2 wherein the bond is
constituted by a hardenable liquid binder material.
4. The combination in accordance with claim 2 wherein the bond is a
fused joint.
5. The combination in accordance with claim 1 in which the rounded
configuration of the body is a figure of revolution.
6. The combination in accordance with claim 1 in which the rounded
configuration is substantially spherical.
7. The combination in accordance with claim 1 in which the rounded
configuration is substantially cylindrical.
8. The combination in accordance with claim 1 in which the body has
a greater density of fibers at the exterior gradually diminishing
to a least density as the center of the body is approached.
9. A man-made body functioning in simulation of bird down as found
in nature, said body comprising a relatively open, rounded, fibrous
mass of low average density comprising self-sustaining, non-woven
fibers bonded together, said mass being characterized by rapid
recovery following deformation under load.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Natural bird down finds its principal use as a filler for such
articles as pillows, sleeping bags, clothing and the like where
compressability, resiliency, lightness, breathability and
cleanability are primary desiderata. However, this material is not
plentiful and is therefore expensive, resulting in the use of
materials which leave much to be desired, for example, Kapok, which
mats readily and is therefore seriously lacking in resiliency,
herein termed, for conciseness, compression-release characteristic.
Other examples of materials heretofore used are Fortrel 7 and
Dacron 2, which are used in a flat configuration and with which
matting is a problem.
A synthetic substitute for bird down would possess all of the
attributes, e.g. fluffiness, of the material as found in nature and
perhaps even be superior, such as low cost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention utilizes fibers of synthetic materials,
crimped or uncrimped, e.g. a polyester, which is readily obtainable
as tow and may be formed into sheets, cut and fabricated into
bodies of cylindrical or spherical form, as tufts or feathers, in
bundle form and other forms whereby repeated compression-release
cycles equivalent to those obtained with natural down may be
realized to an optimum degree. For convenience, these elements are
sometimes referred to as "bodies."
Although synthetic filaments are preferred in the practice of the
invention, I do not intend to exclude natural fibers.
The myriad fibers in a typical body provide considerable
resiliency, not only in terms of the body per se, but in terms of
an assemblage of a plurality of bodies, which may be described
respectively as "individual resiliency" and "collective
resiliency." It has been found that the collective resiliency
closely approaches the same weight or volume of natural down and
the cost is substantially less. In certain preferred forms the
bodies correspond substantially to figures of revolution and are
preferably fabricated to possess least density in the neighborhood
of the axis and greatest density at the periphery. However,
substantially uniform density is within contemplation. The bodies
will respond to an applied force in the manner of a spring.
Preferably, the larger bodies which are in the form of a figure of
revolution will make up most of a mass of assembled bodies, e.g. as
the stuffing of a pillow, while those bodies which are feathery in
form will constitute the lesser proportion. The feathery bodies are
relied upon to fill the voids between the larger bodies. For
convenience, the larger bodies are sometimes referred to as
circular bodies. From a commercial aspect the circular bodies may
be pre-mixed with the feathery ones.
The bodies may be mixed together at random with full retention of
the advantages described; they may be repeatedly subjected to
compression and release substantially without "fatigue failure",
i.e. a gradual diminution of resiliency. Regarded as discrete
elements, they may be fabricated in a number of forms characterized
in common in the respects pointed out above. However, one form may
be manufactured at lower cost and, other factors being equal, is
therefore preferred. The present disclosure is not concerned with
machines for manufacturing the bodies to which the present
specification is directed.
The bodies are preferably formed from tow which is separated or
opened out into bundles of a variable number of fibers and cut into
staple fibers of a length depending on the size and configuration
of the bodies to be formed therefrom. The tow can comprise crimped
or uncrimped fibers of any suitable material, preferably a
thermoplastic resin, such as Fortrel 7 polyester. Mixtures of
fibers of different composition and/or denier are within
contemplation. Either before or after forming the same into the two
principal kinds of bodies described above the bundles are sprayed
with a compatible binder, e.g. dilute acrylic latex, nitrile latex
or like substance capable of adhering the fibers of the unit to
maintain the desired shape without adding boardiness. The binder is
preferably applied in such a way as to bind the fibers at points of
intersection -- not necessarily the deepest recesses of the body,
but at least in a stratum adjacent the boundary of the body. In
applying the spray, care should be taken to avoid closing the
interstices between fibers which otherwise might detract from
breathability. Desirably the binder is applied in such a way as to
obtain substantially uniform distribution thereof throughout the
entire extent of the body. Other methods of preserving the shape of
the unit may be employed, e.g. fusion by conventionally applied
heat, impulse heating, laser or ultrasonic energy. Chemicals such
as propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate, may be used.
The staple fibers may be cut from the treated tow, as described, or
from picker lap, card sliver, roving or other assembled plurality
of fibers.
Following treatment of the bundles of fibers with the binder, they
are fed to any suitable machine which will form the same into the
desired configuration, e.g. a figure of revolution. Following this
step the bodies are deposited on a conveyor for movement to a
drying station, e.g. an oven. Such heating, say at 410.degree. F.,
will also serve to set certain synthetic fibers, i.e. polyester,
whereby to preclude shrinkage.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIGS. 1 to 11, 13 and 14 illustrate typical configurations which
the body may assume in practice.
FIG. 12 shows an intermediate stage in realizing the configuration
of FIG. 13.
DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
All of the illustrated embodiments comprise staple fibers, e.g.
polyester fibers, preferably of from 1" to 3" in length. The denier
and staple length are not critical except to note that the body
should retain essentially the shape to which it has been initially
formed. Setting of the body may be accomplished by any suitable
means, e.g. application of heat.
Typical bodies within the scope of the present disclosure are shown
in the drawing and will now be described.
FIG. 1 represents what may be termed a substantially sperical body
which, as will be understood, is a figure of revolution. FIG. 2
shows a substantially cylindrical body, another figure of
revolution. In both examples the exterior planes will, inevitably,
have a hairy aspect. In the case of FIGS. 1 and 2 it has been found
that improved resilient behaviour may be realized if the density of
the fibers or filaments is greatest at the periphery and least at
the center or central axis, as the case may be. The embodiment of
FIG. 2, as well as those of FIGS. 3 and 4 are fabricated by rolling
or winding a batch of staple of the required length. Initially,
while in the form of bundles, and later, in the finished product,
the fibers will be oriented in generally parallel array but many
fibers will intersect, whereby to provide coherence and implement
the resilience of the body. The bodies of FIGS. 3 and 4 result from
incomplete rolling of the fibers. The stub 15 or 15a of these
embodiments tends to preclude matting when the bodies are contained
within a confining envelope, e.g. a pillow case.
The alternative body of FIG. 5 is formed by bending a bundle of
staple fibers or filaments into U-shape and fixing the same by
means of a fused or adhesive joint 17. The ends 18 will tend to
assume a fanned-out aspect, substantially as shown. When a quantity
of such bodies are assembled, the ends 17 will interlock with
adjacent bodies. In this way an assemblage of such bodies or bodies
of other shapes will exhibit synergistic behaviour. It will be
apparent that what would otherwise be voids between bodies are
substantially occupied by the brush-like ends 18.
Still another modification is shown in FIG. 6. In this case a
bundle of staple fibers or filaments is fused or adhered
transversely, as at 21, and the fibers on both sides of the joint
formed to resemble the legs of a U. Bodies of this configuration
will tend to interlock, the legs of one or more of these bodies
entering the bight of one or more adjacent bodies whereby the
resiliency of the several elements is compounded.
FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 may be considered together. Each bundle of staple
fibers or filaments is joined at the center or at one end. In each
case a single bundle 23a, 23b or 23c may be unilateral or
bilateral. The bilateral alternative is indicated in phantom. FIG.
7 shows a generally flat tuft of fibers 24a. FIG. 8 shows a
generally conical tuft of fibers 24b and FIG. 9 shows a generally
pear shaped tuft of fibers 24c. In the bilateral situations, the
optional tufts are indicated at 25a, 25b and 25c.
FIGS. 10 and 11 may be considered together. In the case of FIG. 10
a bundle of fibers disposed in substantially cylindrical array has
one common end fanned out to provide a mushroom-like body. FIG. 11
is similar except that here there are ends extending at random from
a cylindrical core of the kind shown in FIGS. 2 or 10. Such
configuration may be likened to a pin cushion. The behaviour of an
assembled plurality of bodies in accordance with FIGS. 10 and 11 is
similar to that described in connection with the preceding
figures.
Bodies in accordance with FIGS. 13 and 14 are fabricated by
bringing together elongated bundles 31 and 32 which may be flat, as
shown, or of other cross section (FIG. 12). One or both of these
bundles is formed into serpentine form and joined as indicated at
34 in FIG. 13. In the case of thermoplastic fibers a heated blade
or roller (not shown) may be pressed down or passed over the bundle
to fuse the fibers. Inasmuch as the bundles are buckled
longitudinally, the result is a series of arches 35 defining voids
36. This arched construction of resilient fibers provides a body
(FIG. 14) which, when assembled as a plurality, yields a mass of
highly resilient character.
The embodiments of FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9 are adapted to be mixed with
bodies of the forms shown in FIGS. 1 to 5, 10, 11, 13 and 14, the
dimensions of this latter group are so chosen as to substantially
fill voids occurring between the bodies of the former group.
However, it will be understood that a mixture of the different
sizes and shapes of bodies is a matter of choice, taking into
consideration the characteristics desired in the finished article,
e.g. high loft and bulk in the case of a sleeping pillow and lesser
bulk in the case of a sleeping bag. Ordinary staple fibers may be
blown in with the formed bodies to fill the voids.
In FIGS. 1 to 5, 10 and 11, the density of the fibers is preferably
least at the core and greatest as the exterior is approached, and
for the reasons stated.
Those embodiments shown in FIGS. 7 to 9 may be referred to as
"feather-like" since they do closely resemble natural feathers,
e.g. goose down. One way in which the form of FIG. 7 may be
fabricated is to begin with a more or less flat bundle of fibers
and unite the same at one end 23a or at about the mid-point of the
bundle to provide either a unilateral clump of fibers 24a or
bilateral clumps 24a-25a respectively.
In the case of FIGS. 8 and 9 the initial bundle of fibers will be
in substantially cylindrical form, giving rise to substantially
conical or pear-shaped clumps 24b-25b or 24c-25c, as shown.
Subsequent processing is the same as has been described in
connection with FIGS. 3 to 6, 10 and 11.
From the foregoing it will have become clear that there have been
provided fluffy and extremely light weight resilient bodies which
may be assembled into a plurality as a filling for pillows,
garments, sleeping bags and other applications wherein heat
insulation, light weight, excellent compression-release
characteristics, ready availability and low cost are important
desiderata. Experiments have demonstrated that an assembly of the
invention bodies will deform in response to load and recover to
substantially the same degree as natural bird down, e.g. goose
feathers, is far lower in price, is proof against deterioration,
may be repeatedly laundered or dry cleaned and is hypo-allergenic.
Furthermore, the invention bodies may be readily blown into the
space intended to receive them, in the same manner as natural down.
It is pointed out that other materials presently on the market and
intended as a substitute for natural down, clog the duct through
which the material is passed and guided into the receiving
envelope. Kapok is blowable, but tends to mat under the rigors of
use.
Although no exhaustive comparison has been made, it is believed
that the rounded configuration of the bodies enables them to roll
and slide on each other with much greater ease than is the case
with other simulated versions as referred to above. Thus the
tendency to jam in the duct is relieved.
* * * * *