U.S. patent number 3,888,663 [Application Number 05/301,433] was granted by the patent office on 1975-06-10 for metal powder sintering process.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Federal-Mogul Corporation. Invention is credited to Steven H. Reichman.
United States Patent |
3,888,663 |
Reichman |
June 10, 1975 |
Metal powder sintering process
Abstract
A powder metallurgical process for making sintered articles and
shaped parts from nickel-base so-called superalloys of the types
characterized as normally having carbide and gamma-prime
strengthening. The superalloy in the form of a powder of controlled
particle size is loosely packed in a mold cavity or, alternatively,
is molded into a shape-retaining blank with the aid of a volatile
organic binder, whereafter it is subjected to a carefully
controlled two-stage vacuum sintering process producing an integral
porous preform having superior physical properties. The resultant
sintered preform is thereafter further densified, if desired, by
hot or cold pressing or hot forging and is subjected to a heat
treating step in order to achieve optimum physical properties
consistent with the intended end use of the sintered component.
Inventors: |
Reichman; Steven H. (Ann Arbor,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Federal-Mogul Corporation
(Southfield, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
23163336 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/301,433 |
Filed: |
October 27, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
419/2; 29/889.2;
419/28; 419/48; 419/54; 419/60 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C22C
1/0433 (20130101); Y10T 29/4932 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
C22C
1/04 (20060101); B22f 003/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;75/200,221
;148/126 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Sebastian; Leland A.
Assistant Examiner: Hunt; B.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Harness, Dickey & Pierce
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process for making sintered articles which comprises the steps
of providing a mass of nickel-base superalloy powder having an
oxygen content of less than about 300 ppm and of the type
characterized as normally having carbide and gamma-prime
strengthening, forming said mass of powder into a three-dimensional
shape of the desired configuration, heating the shaped said mass of
powder in the substantial absence of a surrounding atmosphere to a
first sintering and transformation temperature ranging from about
1600.degree. to about 2000.degree.F at which the chemical
equilibrium is conducive for effecting a conversion of primary
carbides to complex carbides, maintaining said mass at said first
sintering temperature for a period of time to effect an appreciable
conversion of said primary carbides to said complex carbides under
the prevailing equilibrium conditions and to initiate a diffusion
bonding and neck formation between the powder particles at their
points of contact, heating said mass of powder to a second
sintering temperature above said first temperature up to the
incipient melting point of said powder particles for a period of
time sufficient to effect growth of said neck and the formation of
an integral porous sintered preform, and thereafter cooling said
preform.
2. The process as defined in claim 1, including the further step of
applying pressure to said preform to effect a reduction in the
porosity thereof.
3. The process as defined in claim 1, including the further step of
heat treating said preform to improve the physical properties
thereof.
4. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein said transformation
temperature is selected at the level at which the chemical
equilibrium maximizes the conversion of primary to complex
carbides.
5. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein said superalloy
powder is of an average particle size less than about 425
microns.
6. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein said superalloy
powder is of an average particle size ranging from about 175
microns to about 10 microns.
7. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein the heating of the
shaped said mass at said first temperature is performed in a vacuum
of less than about 1,000 microns.
8. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein the heating of the
shaped said mass of powder at said first temperature is performed
in a vacuum of less than about 10 microns.
9. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein the forming of said
mass of powder into a three-dimensional shape is achieved by
loosely confining said powder in a mold cavity of said desired
configuration.
10. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein the forming of said
mass of powder into a three-dimensional shape is achieved by
admixing an organic binder with said powder and thereafter
compacting the powdered mixture in a die cavity of said desired
configuration under pressure.
11. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein said first sintering
and transformation temperature is about 1800.degree.F.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An ever-increasing number of alloys are being developed and made
available for commercial and experimental use which are uniformly
characterized as possessing excellent oxidation resistance and
excellent physical properties when subjected to elevated
temperatures of a magnitude such as encountered in the combustion
chamber and turbine section of high-performance gas turbine engines
and the like. The continuing development of such new alloys has at
least in part been stimulated by the requirements of aerospace
technology for providing still further improvements in the
durability, performance and efficiency of gas turbine engines
capable of operating at higher temperatures.
The continued improvement in the high temperature physical
properties of such so-called superalloys including improvements in
their tensile strength, creep resistance, thermal fatigue and
corrosion resistance has been achieved by a careful control of the
complex alloy chemistry which involves the use of a comparatively
large number of different alloying constituents. The use of such a
large number of alloying constituents to achieve a desired alloy
microstructure has resulted in a corresponding increased difficulty
in the working and shaping of such alloys into articles and
components which are of uniform composition and grain structure and
of excellent physical properties. When such superalloys are cast
into ingots or into castings of a prescribed configuration, the
complex chemistry of the alloys usually results in castings which
are characterized as having a non-uniform grain structure and a
lack of homogeneity which is caused primarily by the segregation of
massive carbides and intermetallic phases. A further problem arises
when cast ingots of such super-alloys must be post-worked or shaped
into final parts due to the extreme difficulty in effecting an
appreciable degree of deformation of such superalloy blanks even
when heated to comparatively high temperatures.
The aforementioned problems associated with cast ingots and cast
components comprised of superalloys has at least in part been
overcome by employing powder metallurgical techniques in which the
superalloy is first reduced to a finely-divided powder state and is
thereafter consolidated while confined within a deformable sheath
such as by hot pressing, forging and/or extrusion into a mass
approaching 100% theoretical density. Such consolidated billets of
superalloy powders are characterized as being devoid of the
conventional voids, blow-holes or pockets ordinarily associated
with billets produced by casting the same alloys and wherein the
microstructure of the densified powder billets is of a uniform and
fine-sized grain structure. Billets and components produced
employing the aforementioned powder metallurgical techniques are
further characterized as possessing a wrought grain structure and
having excellent high temperature physical properties.
Unfortunately, such densified billets of superalloy powders, as
well as shaped components thereof, are comparatively expensive due
to the large number of steps involved, as well as the care and
trained personnel required, in addition to relatively expensive
equipment employed.
Attempts to produce sintered masses of superalloy powders which in
spite of some porosity are of adequate high temperature strength
have been generally unsuccessful due to the relatively low strength
of the sintered bond or neck between powder particles. Attempts to
improve the strength of such sintered masses by special heat
treatments and further compaction or densifying processes have for
the most part failed to sufficiently improve the physical
properties to a magnitude necessary to meet the requirements for
most high temperature uses. In accordance with the present process,
a twostage vacuum sintering technique is utilized which has
provided for an unexpected increase in the strength of the sintered
bond resulting in a sintered mass which is possessed of
comparatively high physical strength properties in comparison to
cast as well as conventionally sintered masses of the same alloy
composition. The present process further enables the fabrication of
sintered parts which closely approxmate the final shape and
dimensions of the finished component, thereby eliminating or
minimizing final finishing operations. Further improvements in the
physical properties of the final components can be achieved by
effecting a further compaction of the sintered mass as well as a
heat treatment thereof in order to achieve optimum properties
consistent with the intended end use of the component.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The benefits and advantages of the present invention are achieved
by a process which comprises the steps of providing a mass of a
superalloy powder of the general type characterized as being of a
nickel base and as normally having carbide and gamma-prime
strengthening. The mass of powder is formed into a
three-dimensional shape of a desired configuration, whereafter the
shaped mass is heated in an atmosphere approaching a substantially
perfect vacuum to a first or transformation temperature at which
the chemical equilibrium is conducive toward, and preferably, which
optimizes a conversion of primary metal carbides to secondary or
complex carbides. The mass is maintained at the first temperature
for a period of time sufficient to effect an appreciable conversion
of the primary carbides to the secondary or complex carbides
accompanied by a migration of carbides from the surface to the
interior of the powder particles and an initiation of the diffusion
bonding of the powder particles to each other at their points of
contact. Thereafter, the mass, while still in an evacuated
atmosphere, is heated to a second or sintering temperature which is
above the carbide transformation temperature and may range up to a
level at which incipient melting of the superalloy powder particles
occurs. The mass is maintained at the second temperature for a
period of time sufficient to form an integral porous sintered
preform in which the powder particles are securely bonded to each
other by necks which bridge or interconnect adjoining powder
particles at their initial points of contact. In accordance with a
preferred practice of the present invention, the resultant sintered
mass is further densified to effect a reduction in the porosity
thereof and is subjected to a heat treatment, whereby a further
enhancement and optimization in the physical properties thereof are
achieved.
Additional benefits and advantages of the present invention will
become apparent upon a reading of the description of the preferred
embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing and
the specific examples provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing comprises a flow diagram illustrating the sequence of
the important steps of the process in accordance with the preferred
practice of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The compositions of the various high temperature alloys and
mixtures of metal powders are described in the specification and
subjoined claims in terms of percentages by weight, unless clearly
indicated to the contrary. It will also be understood that while
the process is herein described in terms of producing sintered
powder metal billets and components of substantially uniform
composition throughout, it is also contemplated within the scope of
the present invention that composite articles can be produced
comprising wrought or cast sections to which a layer of sintered
metal powder is tenaciously bonded, such as by brazing, diffusion
bonding, etc., over all or a portion of the surface of the solid
section.
The billets and shaped parts produced in accordance with the
process of the present invention are comprised of so-called
"nickel-based superalloys" of the types which normally have carbide
strengthening and gamma-prime strengthening in their cast and
wrought forms. Characteristically, such superalloys contain
comparatively large amounts of second-phase gamma-prime and complex
carbides in a gamma matrix which contribute appreciably to their
high temperature physical properties including tensile strength,
creep resistance, thermal fatigue and corrosion resistance at
elevated temperatures. These excellent physical properties enable
the use of components fabricated from such superalloys at elevated
temperatures generally above 1400.degree.F and frequently as high
as 1800.degree.F or higher. Temperatures of the foregoing magnitude
are usually encountered in sections of gas turbines, such as, for
example, by the turbine blades, stator vanes, combustion chambers,
etc.
Typical of superalloy compositions which can be reduced to powder
form and sintered to provide for high strength sintered billets and
shaped components are those as set forth in Table 1. It will be
appreciated that the specific compositions enumerated in Table 1
are merely illustrative of those which have been developed for
experimental and commercial applications and the list provided is
accordingly not intended as being restrictive of other superalloy
compositions falling within the general definition as hereinbefore
set forth, which also can be subjected to the two-phase sintering
process, achieving thereby unexpected improvements in their high
temperature physical properties.
TABLE 1
__________________________________________________________________________
Nominal Composition, percent Alloy C Cr Ni Co Mo W Cb Ti Al B Zr Ta
Other
__________________________________________________________________________
Inconel X-750 0.04 15.0 73.0 -- -- -- 0.85 2.5 0.8 -- -- -- 6.75 Fe
M-252 0.15 19.0 Bal. 10.0 10.0 -- -- 2.5 1.0 0.005 -- -- --
Waspaloy 0.07 19.5 Bal. 13.5 4.3 -- -- 3.0 1.4 0.006 0.09 -- --
Rene 41 0.09 19.0 Bal. 11.0 10.0 -- -- 3.1 1.5 0.008 -- -- --
Inconel 700 0.12 15.0 46.0 28.5 3.75 -- -- 2.2 3.0 -- -- -- --
Udimet 500 0.08 19.0 Bal. 19.5 4.0 -- -- 2.9 2.9 0.01 -- -- --
GMR-235 D 0.15 15.5 Bal. -- 5.0 -- -- 2.5 3.5 0.05 -- -- -- Udimet
700 0.10 15.0 Bal. 18.5 5.2 -- -- 3.5 4.25 0.02 -- -- -- Alloy 713C
0.12 12.5 Bal. -- 4.2 -- 2.0 0.8 6.1 0.012 0.10 -- -- Alloy 713LC
0.05 12.0 Bal. -- 4.5 -- 2.0 0.6 5.9 0.01 0.10 -- -- MAR-M 200 0.15
9.0 Bal. 10.0 -- 12.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 0.015 0.05 -- -- MAR-M 211 0.15
9.0 Bal. 10.0 2.5 5.5 2.75 2.0 5.0 0.015 0.05 -- -- Nimonic 80A
0.10 19.5 Bal. -- -- -- -- 2.3 1.35 .030 -- -- 0.5 Fe Nimonic 105
0.15 14.9 Bal. 20.0 5.0 -- -- 1.50 5.25 0.03 -- -- -- Nimonic 108
0.14 14.9 Bal. 20.0 5.25 -- -- 1.25 5.0 0.03 -- -- -- Nimonic 118
0.14 15.0 Bal. 15.0 4.0 -- -- 4.0 5.0 0.03 -- -- -- IN-100 0.15
10.0 Bal. 15.0 3.0 -- -- 4.75 5.5 0.015 0.05 -- 1.0 V B-1900 0.10
8.0 Bal. 10.0 6.0 -- -- 1.0 6.0 0.015 0.08 4.3 -- X-40, HS 31 0.50
25.0 10.0 Bal. -- 7.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Rene 80 0.17 14.0 Bal.
9.5 4.0 4.0 -- 5.0 3.0 0.015 0.03 -- -- MAR-M-421 0.15 15.5 Bal.
10.0 1.75 3.0 1.75 1.75 4.25 0.015 0.05 -- -- AiResist 213 0.18 19
-- Bal. -- 4.7 -- -- 3.5 -- 0.15 6.5 0.1 Y AiResist 215 0.35 19 --
Bal. -- 4.5 -- -- 4.3 -- 0.13 7.5 0.17 Y B-1910 0.10 10 Bal. 10 3.0
-- -- 1.0 6.0 0.015 0.10 7.0 -- Haynes Alloy 188 0.08 22 22 Bal. --
14 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.08 La, 1.5 Fe IN-738 0.17 16 Bal. 8.5 1.75
2.6 0.9 3.4 3.4 0.01 0.10 1.75 Fe, Mn, Si, S* IN-792 0.21 12.7 Bal.
9.0 2.0 3.9 -- 4.2 3.2 0.02 0.10 3.9 -- LDA-204 0.80 25.5 10.5 Bal.
-- 7.5 -- -- -- -- -- 4.0 -- MAR-M 432 0.15 15.5 Bal. 20 -- 3.0 2.0
4.3 2.8 0.015 0.05 2.0 -- MAR-M 905 0.05 20 20 Bal. -- -- -- 0.5 --
-- 0.10 7.5 -- MP 35N -- 20 35 35 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Rene
80 0.17 14 Bal. 9.5
4.0 4.0 -- 5.0 3.0 0.015 0.03 -- -- Rene 85 0.27 9.3 Bal. 15 3.25
5.35 -- 3.3 5.3 0.015 0.03 -- -- Rene 95 0.15 14 Bal. 8.0 3.5 3.5
3.5 2.5 3.5 0.01 0.05 -- -- TAZ 8B 0.125 6 Bal. 5.0 4.0 4.0 1.5 --
6.0 0.004 1.0 8 -- TD-NiCr -- 20 Bal. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
2.0 ThO.sub.2 TD-NiMo 0.5 -- Bal. -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- 0.3 -- 3.0
ThO.sub.2 TRW VI A 0.13 6 Bal. 7.5 2.0 5.8 0.5 1.0 5.4 0.02 0.13 9
0.5 Re, 0.43 Hf Udimet 710 0.07 18 Bal. 15 3.0 1.5 -- 5.0 2.5 0.02
-- -- -- Unitemp AF2-1DA 0.35 12 Bal. 10 3.0 6.0 -- 3.0 4.6 0.015
0.10 1.5 --
__________________________________________________________________________
*Low as possible
In accordance with the process sequence as illustrated in the
drawing, the first stage comprises a conversion of the super-alloy
of the desired composition to a finely-particulated metal powder
generally having a particle size of less than about 425 microns and
preferably of a particle size ranging from about 175 microns to
about 10 microns. In accordance with a preferred practice, the
powder particles are distributed over the range of 175 microns to
10 microns, providing for a greater degree of packing of the loose
powder, achieving thereby a sintered preform of lower porosity. It
is a characteristic of superalloy powders that the particles are
generally spherical in configuration when such powders are formed
by microcasting techniques, including gas atomization, airless
spraying and centrifugal techniques for effecting a fragmentation
of a molten mass of the alloy. Typical of a gas microcasting
technique is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,253,783, which is
assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and wherein
a nozzle arrangement is disclosed for effecting an atomization of a
molten mass of the metal into particles of controlled size.
As will be noted in Table 1, the superalloy compositions generally
contain a large variety of alloying constituents, many of which
have an affinity for oxygen at temperatures corresponding to those
at which the alloys are heated to effect an atomization thereof.
While oxygen contents in the metal powder of up to about 300 parts
per million (ppm) do not have any appreciable adverse effect on the
high temperature mechanical properties of the resultant sintered
components, it is usually preferred that such powders have oxygen
contents of less than about 100 ppm. The production of metal
powders containing oxygen contents of less than about 100 ppm can
readily be achieved by employing an inert gas, such as argon or
helium, for example, to effect an atomization of the molten mass,
as well as in providing an inert atmosphere in the chamber in which
the molten particles are cooled and collected.
Regardless of the particular technique employed for providing the
superalloy powder, a powder of the prescribed composition and
average particle size range is shaped into a desired
three-dimensional configuration, whereafter it is subjected to a
controlled two-stage sintering operation under a vacuum atmosphere.
As illustrated in the flow diagram comprising the drawing, the
sintering of the powder to form a preform can be achieved by
placing the powder in a mold cavity of the desired configuration
or, alternatively, mixing the powder with a volatile binder and
cold-pressing the powder in a die cavity of the desired
configuration to form a three-dimensional briquette possessing
sufficient green strength to retain its shape during the sintering
step. When employing a mold, it is usually preferred to subject the
mold to sonic or supersonic vibratory frequencies to effect optimum
packing thereof to a density usually ranging from about 60% up to
about 70% of a theoretical 100% density. Alternatively, when an
organic binder is employed, the cold compaction of the metallic
powder-binder mixture produces a green briquette of a density
similarly ranging from about 60% to about 70% of 100% theoretical
density. In this latter regard, any one of a variety of well known
organic binder materials can be employed in amounts usually ranging
from about 2% up to about 5% of the powder-binder mixture provided
that the binder is sufficiently volatile so as to substantially
completely decompose without leaving any detrimental residue during
the sintering operation. Binders suitable for this purpose include
acrylic resins, paraffin wax, phenol formaldehyde resin,
polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like, of which
paraffin wax constitutes a preferred material when employed in
amounts of from about 1% to about 3% based on the total
binder-powder blend.
The green cold-pressed briquettes are prepared in accordance with
known techniques wherein a uniform mixture of the powder and
particulated organic binder or a solution of the binder in a
volatile solvent is placed in a die cavity of the desired
configuration and the resultant powder mixture is cold compacted at
unit pressures of about 30,000 psi up to about 100,000 psi or even
higher, depending upon equipment limitations.
The refractory mold filled with the superalloy powder or the
cold-pressed green briquettes in accordance with the process
sequence illustrated in the drawing is thereafter placed in a
furnace chamber capable of being evacuated to produce a
substantially complete vacuum under which the powder is heated to a
first transformation temperature and thereafter to a second
sintering temperature in a manner and for the purposes as
hereinafter described.
It has been found important in accordance with the practice of the
process comprising the present invention to effect the two-stage
sintering operation in a substantially evacuated environment in
order to effect a degassing of the sintered part and also to
prevent any reaction and particularly oxidation of the metal alloy
at the elevated temperatures encountered. The entrapment of gases
within the enclosed pores of the resultant sintered matrix has been
found to cause pore swelling and premature failure of the
components when subsequently heated to elevated temperatures during
use. While vacuums of a magnitude as high as about 1000 microns
(microns of mercury absolute) have been found satisfactory in many
instances, it is usually preferred that vacuums of less than about
100 microns and especially less than about 10 microns assure
repetitive high strength mechanical properties of the resultant
sintered component. It is also usually preferred to initially purge
the furnace chamber of air by filling with an inert gas, such as
argon for example, and thereafter drawing a vacuum such that any
residual gases remaining comprise inert constituents which are not
reactive with the alloying constituents of the superalloy
powder.
After the appropriate vacuum has been attained, or concurrently
therewith, the refractory mold filled with metal powder or green
briquettes is progressively heated to a first temperature which may
more aptly be described as a carbide transformation temperature and
at which the chemical equilibrium favors a conversion of primary
carbides to complex carbides in accordance with the following
equation:
MC .revreaction. M.sub.23 C.sub.6 + gamma-prime
wherein:
M comprises a metal such as titanium, chromium, molybdenum, etc.,
depending upon the specific alloy employed forming a carbide;
MC comprises a primary carbide such as (Ti 0.6; Cr 0.2; Mo 0.2)C;
and
M.sub.23 C.sub.6 comprises a secondary or complex carbide.
Generally the carbide transformation temperature for superalloys of
the type to which the present invention is applicable is within a
relatively narrow band located somewhere between about 1600.degree.
up to about 2000.degree.F. The specific transformation temperature
to which the powder is heated during the first stage sintering
operation will vary depending upon the chemistry of the alloy and
is selected so as to optimize the conversion of primary carbides to
complex carbides plus gamma-prime such that at the conclusion of
the first stage sintering step, the secondary or complex carbides
are in abundance, while the primary carbides are present in
substantially small quantities. The duration of the first stage
sintering step will vary depending upon the specific alloy
composition employed and is controlled so as to effect an
appreciable transformation of primary to secondary carbides and a
migration of the carbides from the surfaces of the powder particles
to their interiors. Generally sintering times of from about 10
hours up to about 100 hours will enable the attainment of a
conversion of the primary to the secondary carbides at the specific
transformation temperature employed. First stage sintering periods
greater than about 100 hours have not been found to provide for any
appreciable benefits and are usually commercially undesirable for
economic considerations.
In addition to effecting a transformation of primary to complex
carbides, an initial diffusion bonding or sintering of the
particles at their points of contact also occurs during the first
sintering stage forming a so-called "neck," which progressively
grows, particularly during the second sintering stage, forming an
integrally-bonded three-dimensional matrix of increased
density.
At the completion of the first sintering stage, the presintered
matrix is heated to a second or sintering temperature which is
conventionally selected as one slightly below or at about the
incipient melting temperature of the alloy to promote a more rapid
atomic diffusion and neck growth in order to complete the sintering
step. While temperatures at or slightly above the transformation
temperature employed in the first sintering stage can be used in
the second sintering stage, the rate of diffusion and neck growth
is generally too slow from a commercial standpoint, and it is for
this reason that temperatures at or about the incipient melting
point of the alloy are used. The incipient melting point for most
superalloys generally ranges from about 2100.degree.F up to about
2350.degree.F, at which optimum atomic mobility is achieved to
promote the diffusion reaction and neck growth.
Conventionally, the second stage sintering step is carried out for
a period of time to achieve maximum densification and pore
shrinkage of the powdered mass. For most superalloys time periods
of from about 1 hour up to about 20 hours when heated to a
temperature slightly below or at the incipient melting point of the
alloy are satisfactory for achieving optimum mechanical properties
of the resultant sintered matrix. The resultant sintered mass,
depending upon the specific powder particles employed and the
duration of the second stage sintering operation, will have
porosities usually ranging from about 20% to about 10% by
volume.
The unexpected improvements in the high temperature physical
properties of the resultant sintered matrix is not fully understood
at the present time due to the complexity of the transformation
reactions and the diffusion mechanism by which a bonding and neck
growth is effected during the first and second sintering steps. As
a possible explanation, it is theorized that during the first-stage
sintering operation, the primary carbides predominantly present on
the surfaces of the powder particles are converted to secondary or
complex carbides which migrate toward the interior of the powder
particles such that the necks formed through the atomic diffusion
mechanism are substantially devoid of deleterious primary carbide
phases, imperfections and brittle phases which apparently seriously
detract from the physical properties of the final sintered matrix.
In accordance with the present process, the conversion of primary
carbides to complex carbides and gamma-prime results in a bonding
neck formation during the first sintering stage which is
substantially "clean" and devoid of brittle carbide phases and the
rapid neck growth during the final sintering stage prevents any
appreciable reconversion of complex carbides to primary carbides.
The resultant sintered matrix is, accordingly, possessed of
unexpectedly high mechanical properties. It will be understood,
however, that the foregoing theory does not comprise any part of
the present invention and is merely offered as a possible
explanation of the unexpected results obtained.
At the conclusion of the final sintering operation, the sintered
matrix is removed from the furnace and conventionally is of a
density ranging from about 80% to about 90% of theoretical density.
In accordance with the preferred practice, as illustrated in the
flow diagram comprising the drawing, the sintered porous preform
can be further compacted or densified such as by cold or hot
coining and cold or hot pressing to provide for a more accurate
sizing and shaping of the preform and to effect a further
densification thereof from about 90% up to about 100% theoretical
density. Alternatively, the sintered preform can be subjected to
cold or hot forging in which a comparatively high deformation
thereof is effected, producing forged components or parts of a
desired shape and of densities approaching 100% theoretical
density.
The sintered preform with or without further densification is also
preferably subjected to a heat treatment to optimize and further
enhance the physical properties thereof consistent with the
intended end use of the component. Typical heat treatments include
a heating of the sintered preform to a temperature above the
gamma-prime solvus to effect dissolving of the gamma-prime
whereafter the preform is quenched. The resultant structure having
a very fine-sized and uniform gamma-prime can thereafter be aged to
grow the gamma-prime phase to a size and morphology consistent with
the properties desired at the ultimate operating temperatures. In
lieu of the foregoing, any conventional heat treatment cycle can be
employed to achieve a desired modification of the properties of the
preform consistent with its intended end use.
In order to further illustrate the benefits of the process
comprising the present invention, the following example is
provided. It will be understood that the example is provided for
illustrative purposes and is not intended to be limiting of the
scope of this invention as herein described and as set forth in the
subjoined claims.
EXAMPLE 1
A quantity of a superalloy powder having a composition
corresponding to the alloy IN-100 as set forth in Table 1 and of an
average particle size of 75 microns was mixed with 2% by weight of
paraffin wax as a binder and placed in a steel die cavity shaped as
a dog-bone tensile specimen and compacted under a pressure of
60,000 psi. The green compact was thereafter removed from the die
and placed in a vacuum furnace at 1800.degree.F for a period of 15
hours at a vacuum of about 1 micron. At the completion of the first
stage sintering operation, the furnace was increased in temperature
to 2250.degree.F and the pre-sintered matrix was sintered for an
additional 24 hour period, after which it was removed.
For comparative purposes, green compacts of the same material were
sintered in a one-stage sintering operation at 2250.degree.F for 24
hours in a vacuum atmosphere and thereafter removed. Comparative
test data of the ultimate tensile strength, the yield strength and
the percent elongation of test specimens prepared from the
two-stage sintering step (Sample A) in accordance with the practice
of the present invention, the one-stage sintering step (Sample B)
and from a cast ingot (Sample C) of the IN-100 alloy, are set forth
in Table 2.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Ultimate Tensile
0.2% Yield Percent Sample Strength (psi) Strength (psi) Elongation
______________________________________ A 157,000 125,000 13 B
119,600 108,300 7 C 147,000 125,000 7
______________________________________
It is apparent from an examination of the comparative yield
strengths, ultimate tensile strengths and percentages elongation of
the three samples that the sintered superalloy component produced
in accordance with the two-phase sintering process comprising the
present invention is substantially superior in comparison to the
single phase sintered material in all three categories and
significantly superior than the as-cast alloy with respect to both
ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation.
EXAMPLE 2
Sintered preforms corresponding to Sample A of Example 1 are
subjected to a further compaction step by cold coining the
specimens at 100,000 psi, effecting an increase in their density of
from about 90% to about 97% of 100% theoretical density. The cold
compacted preforms are thereafter annealed at 2250.degree.F for a
period of 24 hours in vacuum. The resultant test specimens have an
ultimate tensile strength of about 168,000 psi, a 0.2% yield
strength of about 140,000 psi and a percent elongation of about
17%.
EXAMPLE 3
A quantity of superalloy powder identical to that employed in
Example 1 is placed in a refractory mold cavity and sintered in a
vacuum of one micron at 1800.degree. for a period of 15 hours
followed by a second phase sintering step at 2250.degree.F for 24
hours. The resultant sintered preform is removed from the mold
cavity and has a density of about 80% of 100% theoretical density.
The preform, after a correction of cross sectional area to
compensate for density variations, has physical properties
comparable to those obtained on Sample A of Example 1.
While it will be apparent that the invention herein disclosed is
well calculated to achieve the benefits and advantages hereinabove
set forth, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible
to modification, variation and change without departing from the
spirit thereof.
* * * * *