U.S. patent number 3,887,790 [Application Number 05/512,238] was granted by the patent office on 1975-06-03 for wrap-around electric resistance heater.
Invention is credited to Vernon H. Ferguson.
United States Patent |
3,887,790 |
Ferguson |
June 3, 1975 |
Wrap-around electric resistance heater
Abstract
Each of a plurality of spaced parallel insulating bars has a row
of laterally spaced slots extending transversely through it and
disposed edge to edge. Each end of each bar has a transverse
passage therethrough, and a tie wire extends through all of the
passages at each end of the bars and is provided with means spacing
the bars apart. Laterally spaced parallel flexible electric
resistance ribbons extend through the slots in the bars, with
jumper means electrically connecting one end of each ribbon to the
adjacent end of the next succeeding ribbon to form a zig zag
electrical resistance element having electrical connections at its
opposite ends. Fastening means attached to the opposite ends of
each binding wire secure those ends together after the heater has
been wrapped around an object, whereby to hold the heater in
place.
Inventors: |
Ferguson; Vernon H.
(Pittsburgh, PA) |
Family
ID: |
24038264 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/512,238 |
Filed: |
October 7, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/535;
174/138J; 219/537; 338/213; 219/532; 219/550; 338/317 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05B
3/56 (20130101); H05B 3/565 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H05B
3/58 (20060101); H05B 3/54 (20060101); H05b
003/58 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/532,535,536,537,549,550,552 ;338/213,317,318,319
;174/138J |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Mayewsky; Volodymyr
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Brown, Murray, Flick &
Peckham
Claims
I claim:
1. A wrap-around electric resistance heater for heating an object
surrounded by it, comprising a plurality of spaced parallel
insulating rigid bars, each bar having a row of laterally spaced
slots extending transversely therethrough, the slots in each row
being disposed edge to edge, each end of each bar having a
transverse passage therethrough, a tie wire extending through all
of the passages at each end of the bars and provided with spacing
means holding the bars spaced apart, laterally spaced flexible
electric resistance ribbons extending through said slots in
parallel relation, low resistance metal jumper means electrically
connecting one end of each ribbon to the adjacent end of the next
succeeding ribbon to form a zig zag electrical resistance element,
electrical connections at the opposite ends of said element, and
fastening means secured to the opposite ends of each tie wire for
fastening those ends together after the heater has been wrapped
around an object, whereby to hold the heater in place with said
bars engaging said object.
2. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which
said spacing means are a plurality of spacing members strung on
each binding wire between each pair of adjacent insulating
bars.
3. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which
said tie wire fastening means includes tabs attached to the ends of
each wire and provided with registering holes, and a bolt extending
through said holes and pulling the tabs toward each other.
4. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which
each insulating bar has inner and outer longitudinal flanges
connected by a web provided with said slots.
5. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 4, including
end flanges integrally connecting said inner and outer flanges and
provided with said tie wire passages.
6. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which
each insulating bar has inner and outer longitudinal flanges
connected by a web provided with said slots, and end flanges
integrally connecting said inner and outer flanges and provided
with said tie wire passages, the inner flange of each bar being
narrower than its outer flange, and the end flanges tapering in
width from the outer flange to the inner flange.
7. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, including a
radiation-reducing coating on the outer surfaces of said
ribbons.
8. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 4, including
insulating material filling the spaces between said flanges at the
outer sides of the insulating bars at the opposite ends of the
heater, with said jumper means and the adjoining ends of the
ribbons embedded in said insulating material.
9. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 8, in which
said jumper means are metal bars of greater cross sectional area
than said ribbons to prevent overheating.
10. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which
each of said insulating bars is divided lengthwise into inner and
outer sections connected at their ends by countersunk bolts, and
the meeting edges of said sections are provided with recesses
forming said slots.
11. A wrap-around electric heater according to claim 1, in which at
least some of said insulating bars are provided with patches
extending lengthwise of the bars for receiving corners of a
rectangular object surrounded by the heater.
Description
It is among the objects of this invention to provide an electric
resistance heater which can be wrapped around the object that is to
be heated, which is of simple construction, which makes maximum use
of the heating element, which is highly efficient, and which can be
joined end to end with like heaters to increase its length.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the
accompanying drawings, in which
FIG. 1 is an end view of the heater encircling a pipe that it is
heating;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the heater;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are enlarged fragmentary sections taken on the lines
III--III and IV--IV, respectively, of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a cross section of an insulating bar of a heater wrapped
around a rectangular object; and
FIG. 6 is a reduced side view of another embodiment of an
insulating bar.
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4 of the drawings, a circular object, such
as a pipe 1, is encircled by an electric resistance heater to heat
the pipe for any desired purpose. The heater is a wrap-around
heater, which means that it is flexible and when not in use it can
be laid out more or less flat, but when in use it is wrapped around
the object that is to be heated and fastened in that position with
the heated object supporting it. Of course, this heater can be used
to heat plates and the like by laying it out flat on them.
The particular heater disclosed herein includes a plurality of
parallel insulating bars 2 disposed in laterally spaced relation,
which is also circumferentially spaced relation when the heater is
in place as shown. Preferably, each bar is a ceramic member that
has inner and outer longitudinal flanges 3 and 4 connected by a
central web 5, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. At the opposite ends of
the bar the inner and outer longitudinal flanges are integrally
connected by end flanges 6. Each end flange has a transverse
passage through it, and a tie wire 7 extends through all of the
passages at each end of the bars. These two wires are provided with
means holding the bars spaced apart from one another the desired
distances. Such means may be crimps in the wire, metal pieces
secured to the wires, or spacing members strung on the wires. Such
spacing members may be, for example, beads or short ceramic
cylinders 8.
A row of laterally spaced slots 10 (FIG. 3) extends transversely
through the web of each insulating bar, with the slots in each row
disposed edge to edge. That is, their wide side walls are parallel
to inner and outer flanges 3 and 4. Extending through these slots
in parallel relation are laterally spaced electric resistance bands
or ribbons 11 made from thin flexible strips of an alloy suitable
for an electrical resistance element. It follows that these ribbons
also are disposed edge to edge, with their inner wide sides facing
the pipe in order to radiate as much heat as possible directly to
the pipe. The ends of the ribbons are electrically connected in
such a manner as to form a continuous zig zag electrical resistance
element extending from near one end of the insulating bars to near
their opposite end. For this purpose, a short metal jumper strip 12
can be welded across the ends of each pair of ribbons, which means
that one end of each ribbon is connected by a jumper strip to the
adjacent end of the next succeeding ribbon, so that one end of a
ribbon will be electrically connected to the ribbon at its
left-hand side and the other end of the ribbon will be connected to
the ribbon at its right-hand side. Electrical connections are made
to the opposite ends of the zig zag resistance element, such as by
attaching terminals to those ends or by securing conducting wires
13 directly to them.
The jumper strips and the adjoining ends of the ribbons are
anchored in the insulating bars at the opposite ends of the heater
by insulating material 14, such as insulating cement filling the
surrounding cavities formed by the flanges of the bars. Since it is
highly desirable that the cement completely cover the jumpers and
ribbon ends, the jumpers are quite narrow, but they are much
thicker than the ribbons to give them a considerably greater cross
sectional area so that they will not overheat and burn out, due to
being enclosed in cement or the like. This resistance element has a
low mass-to-radiating-surface ratio, which is highly desirable, and
a large emissive area facing the pipe. A round resistance wire
lacks both of these qualities, and is even worse when wound into a
coil as a coil is very weak structurally.
This flexible electric heater is applied to a pipe 1 by wrapping
the heater around it with the inner flanges of the insulating bars
engaging the pipe, by which the heater is supported. This brings
the opposite ends of each tie wire 7 close together so that they
can be connected by a bolt 15 that extends through tabs 16 fastened
to the ends of the wire. By tightening the bolts the heater is
clamped onto the pipe.
Since it is highly desirable to expose as much as possible of the
area of the inner surfaces of the ribbons directly to the pipe, the
inner flanges 3 of the insulating bars are considerably narrower
than the outer flanges. The end flanges of the bars are, therefore,
tapered inwardly toward the pipe. As the webs of the insulating
bars are relatively thin, very little temperature difference exists
between the short lengths of ribbons in the web slots and the
temperature of the ribbons between the bars. When the heater is
wrapped around an object, the two end bars can be brought quite
close together to minimize the width of the space between those two
bars that does not produce heat.
Only enough bars are used to space the ribbons a uniform distance
from the pipe. This means that enough bars must be used for the
ribbons above the pipe to arch and not sag down toward the pipe. If
more bars were used, the ribbons could become overheated due to too
great an area being surrounded by the bars. Also, the efficiency of
the heater would be reduced because the bars would interfere too
much with radiation from the ribbons to the pipe. The bars
themselves are relatively poor conductors of heat. If not enough
bars are used, the ribbons will tend to extend in straight lines
from bar to bar, or even sag toward or away from the pipe, and,
therefore, would be closer to the pipe in some areas than in
others. If desired, the outer surfaces of the ribbons can be coated
with a suitable material, such as silicon or a film of glass, to
reduce radiation outwardly from the heater.
If it is intended to use the heater to heat rectangular objects,
the inner faces of the insulating bars, at least the corner bars 18
as shown in FIG. 5, can be provided notches 19 extending lengthwise
of the bars for receiving and fitting the corners of a rectangular
object 20.
In the further modified insulating bar shown in FIG. 6, the bar is
divided lengthwise into identical inner and outer sections 22 and
23 that are normally connected together rigidly by countersunk
bolts 24 in the end flanges of the bar. The meeting edges of the
two sections are provided with registering recesses that form the
slots 25 for the heater ribbons. The advantage of such a bar is
that it permits a broken bar to be replaced easily in the field
without having to remove other bars from the ribbons. By making the
bar sections identical, only one die is required for both.
According to the provisions of the patent statutes, I have
explained the principle of my invention and have illustrated and
described what I now consider to represent its best embodiment.
However, I desire to have it understood that, within the scope of
the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than
as specifically illustrated and described.
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