U.S. patent number 3,886,083 [Application Number 05/468,409] was granted by the patent office on 1975-05-27 for safety inks and documents.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Bank Note Company. Invention is credited to Herbert Laxer.
United States Patent |
3,886,083 |
Laxer |
May 27, 1975 |
Safety inks and documents
Abstract
This safety ink is useful for printing a background of fine
lines or dots on a document of value, such as a bank check. The
background extends over an area which is adapted to be written
upon. If the area in question is written upon and an attempt is
thereafter made to eradicate the writing, the background changes
color, thereby making it obvious upon visual inspection that an
attempt has been made to alter the writing. The ink includes a dye
which is soluble and bleachable and a fluorescent pigment whose
fluorescence is enhanced if the attempted alteration is by means of
a dissolving or bleaching technique, so that removal of part of the
dye results in a change in color and also in an enhancement of the
fluorescent intensity of the remaining printed matter. If an
attempt is made to alter the writing by erasure, rather than
eradication, some of the fluorescent pigment is removed, and its
fluorescent intensity is consequently decreased. Hence, an
attempted alteration is detectable either under ordinary light by
the change in visible color or under ultraviolet light by the
change in the fluorescent intensity.
Inventors: |
Laxer; Herbert (Franklin
Square, NY) |
Assignee: |
American Bank Note Company (New
York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23859700 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/468,409 |
Filed: |
May 9, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
252/301.16;
283/113; 106/31.58; 106/31.32; 106/31.28; 283/92; 283/95; 427/7;
428/916; 428/195.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B41M
3/144 (20130101); C09D 11/50 (20130101); Y10T
428/24802 (20150115); Y10S 428/916 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41M
3/14 (20060101); C09D 11/00 (20060101); G07D
7/00 (20060101); C09k 001/00 (); B44f 001/12 ();
B42d 015/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/31.2R,31.3R
;117/1,33.5T ;106/21,23 ;283/8R,9R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Scientific American, Aug. 1942, page 58..
|
Primary Examiner: Mack; John H.
Assistant Examiner: Weisstuch; Aaron
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Cooper, Dunham, Clark, Griffin
& Moran
Claims
I claim:
1. A printing ink consisting essentially of coloring matter and a
vehicle soluble in water and lower alcohols and lower ketones, said
vehicle consisting essentially of glycerine, sorbitol and water,
the glycerine being present in an amount in the range 10-30% by
weight based on said vehicle, the remaining percentages of sorbitol
and water having a weight ratio of about 4:1, said coloring matter
including a dye soluble in lower alcohols and lower ketones wherein
said lower alcohols and said lower ketones contain not more than 8
carbon atoms per molecule, and a fluorescent pigment which is
non-bleachable, insoluble in water and no more than very slightly
soluble in said lower alcohols and lower ketones.
2. A printed document comprising:
1. an area adapted to be writted upon and sensitive to attempted
alteration of written material thereon by either solution,
bleaching or erasure;
2. said area having a background of printed elements including a
pattern printed in an ink consisting essentially of coloring matter
and a vehicle soluble in water and lower alcohols and lower
ketones;
a. said vehicle consisting essentially of glycerine, sorbitol, and
water, the glycerine being present in an amount in the range 10-30%
by weight based on said vehicle, the remaining percentages of
sorbitol and water having a weight ratio of about 4:1;
b. said color matter including:
i. a dye soluble in lower alcohols and lower ketones, wherein said
lower alcohols and said lower ketones contain not more than eight
carbon atoms per molecule, said dye being bleachable and soluble in
water, said dye being at least partly removed by solution or
bleaching, and thereby changing the color of the background in
response to attempted alteration of written material by solution or
bleaching techniques; and
ii. a fluorescent pigment which is non-bleachable, insoluble in
water, and no more than very slightly soluble in said lower
alcohols and lower ketones, said pigment having its fluorescence
enhanced by removal of the dye during solution or bleaching, and
being at least partly removed by erasure, thereby changing the
color and flourescent intensity of the background, when viewed
under ultraviolet light, in response to attempted alteration of
written material by erasure.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The safety inks and documents disclosed herein are improvements
over those shown in the U.S. Pat. Nos. to Guertin No. 3,088,841 and
No. 3,400,003, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the
present application. Guertin U.S. Pat. No. 3,088,841 discloses a
printed document having adjacent background areas printed in
different inks of the same color. One of the inks is bleachable and
soluble in water and insoluble in the lower alcohols and lower
ketones. The other ink is soluble only in the lower alcohols and
lower ketones and is insoluble in water and unbleachable. Hence,
the two areas react differently to alteration attempts involving
either bleaching or solution in water or in the lower alcohols and
lower ketones. However, any such alteration attempt produces a
color contrast between the two areas, which makes the attempted
alteration readily detectable visually.
Guertin U.S. Pat. No. 3,400,003, shows a document which is printed
with two superimposed background patterns, of different colors,
each composed of fine lines or dots. One of the patterns is printed
in ink whose coloring matter contains a component which is
bleachable, and soluble in water and in the lower alcohols and
ketones. The other pattern is printed in an ink which is
nonbleachable and not soluble in water and the lower alcohols and
lower ketones. Again, any attempt to alter the document by
bleaching or solution produces a color contrast.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is an improvement on the safety inks and
documents described in the Guertin patents mentioned above.
According to the present invention, the background, which may be
either an even color or an array of elements such as lines or dots,
is printed in an ink whose coloring matter includes a dye which is
bleachable and soluble in water and the lower alcohols and ketones,
and a fluorescent pigment which is not bleachable, insoluble in
water, and no more than very slightly soluble in the lower alcohols
and ketones, but which is at least partly removed by an attempted
erasure.
A document in accordance with the present invention may include two
sets of background elements printed in adjacent areas in the same
color. Alternatively, the document may include two superimposed
sets of background elements printed in different colors.
However, the present invention does not require more than a single
set of background elements, or a single even background color,
printed in a single ink.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to safety papers, ie., printed documents,
such as negotiable instruments, which are adapted for the insertion
of names, amounts, etc., either by hand, by typewriter or other
mechanical devices and which are sensitive to attempts to alter
inserted names, amounts, etc. The invention includes both inks
designed to give the required sensitivity and having the
characteristics necessary for such documents, and the documents
printed with such inks. By sensitivity to attempted alteration is
meant that an attempt to alter the printed document results in an
observable change in the appearance of the document so as to alert
a person receiving it to the fact that the document has been
altered.
Documents of value are most commonly written upon in ink. The inks
which are commonly used to write on documents of value may be
classified either as conventional inks, ball point pen inks, or
transfer sheet inks. Conventional inks are water solutions of
either a dye, typically an aniline dye, or a ferrous salts which
oxidizes to a ferric salt after writing, or combinations of both a
salt and a dye.
The techniques of eradication of conventional inks were established
many years ago. Where the dried ink was water soluble, such
techniques simply involved the use of water as a solvent (socalled
washable ink). Where the dried ink was not water soluble, the
eradication techniques employed some type of bleaching reaction.
The bleaching solutions (ink eradicators) for such inks are
commonly sold.
A ball point pen ink is typically relatively stiff and heavy and
may consist of one of the higher glycols as a vehicle, with an
aniline dye for coloring material. Many of the ball point pen inks
cannot be eradicated either by the use of water as a solvent or by
the bleaching method.
While the details of all processes which might eradicate ball point
pen inks are unknown, it has been determined that all processes so
far known involve the use, at some stage of the process, of a
solvent selected from the lower alcohols or lower ketones. By
"lower" is meant that the number of carbon atoms in the particular
alcohol or ketone is not greater than 8.
There have been recognized in the past two general techniques of
eradication which may be classified as "line" eradication and
"sheet" eradication. Line eradication involves the application of
eradicating solution only to the particular line or lines to be
eradicated. In sheet eradication, the entire sheet or document is
immersed in the solvent or other agent used. The line eradication
technique is the one most frequently employed in connection with
conventional inks. It has been determined that the ball point pen
inks require, in all the known processes, the sheet eradication
technique.
It is also known that time is very important in the ball point ink
eradication techniques. To be successful, the eradication must be
completed within a relatively short time, of the order of 30
seconds. It the eradication has not been completed in that time,
then the solvent may start to spread the ball point ink into the
paper, thereby frustrating the attempted eradication.
Transfer sheet ink is used herein as a generic term to describe the
materials employed on transfer sheets to produce a mark on an
underlying sheet when the overlying sheet is written or typewritten
upon. The term transfer sheet includes typewriter ribbons, carbon
paper, "carbonless" carbon paper and any other sheet, usually
employing a coated under surface, which is sensitive to localized
pressure on the top of the overlying sheet to make a mark on the
underlying sheet. The term transfer sheet ink is intended to
include those materials which are latent in that there is no
observable color on the sheet or on the underlying sheet until
after the writing is applied.
Most transfer sheet inks may be described as either solvent types,
in which the coloring matter is dissolved in material analogous to
those used in the ball point pen inks, or wax types, in which the
coloring material is carried by a wax vehicle, whether in solution
or by simply mixing it with the wax vehicle.
Transfer sheet inks and the techniques for eradicating them, are of
many different types. Some such inks are water soluble. Some are
soluble in the lower alcohols or in the lower ketones or both. Some
are bleachable. Some can be removed only by mechanical erasure.
The inks of the present invention produce an observable indication
that an attempt has been made to alter written material on a
document, whether that attempt was made by a solution technique, by
bleaching, or by mechanical erasure.
Safety papers prepared in accordance with the invention have
printed matter thereon, which is changed in color and in its
fluorescent intensity by the techniques presently known for
eradicating ball point pen ink. Typically, the printed matter so
changed consists of a background of closely spaced fine lines,
which may appear in any suitable configuration of characters,
words, geometric figures, etc. The ink in which at least some of
the printed patterns of the background appear should be soluble in
organic solvent selected from the class having not more than 8
carbon atoms and consisting of the lower alcohols and lower
ketones. There are two principal reasons for so limiting the class
of organic solvents. One reason is that the alcohol and ketones as
defined above are the ones most available commercially, and hence
most likely to be used by a person attempting to alter a document.
Another reason is that the higher ketones and alcohols do not act
rapidly enough as solvents, and spread the ink into the paper
instead of carrying it away. Consequently, a person seeking to
alter such a document is frustrated if he attempts to use any of
the higher alcohols or ketones.
Where more than one ink is used, the two inks must be compatible if
a single impression printing process is to be employed. At least
one of the inks must include a coloring matter component soluble in
the lower alcohols and lower ketones, and a fluorescent pigment
which is insoluble in water and has only a very low solubility in
the lower ketones and lower alcohols.
The ink components may or may not be soluble in water, as desired.
Typically, it is desired that the ink components which are soluble
in the lower alcohols and lower ketones be also soluble in water.
However, in some cases, printed documents may be exposed for long
periods of time to the air in humid climates. In those cases, it is
essential that the ink components employed should not be so water
soluble that high humidity will make it start to run and destroy
the pattern.
VEHICLE
The vehicle is the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,400,003, which
is suitable from the standpoint of being miscible with the various
coloring matters employed in inks manufactured according to the
invention and which is also soluble in water and in the lower
alcohols and ketones. This vehicle consists essentially of about
20% glycerine, about 64% sorbitol and about 16% water. These
percentages are by weight. The proportion of glycerine employed in
this vehicle may vary from about 10% to about 30%. If the
proportion of glycerine is reduced below about 10%, tendencies to
crystallize are observed. If the proportion of glycerine is
increased above about 30%, the consistency of the vehicle becomes
too thin for proper operation on conventional printing presses. The
relative proportions of sorbitol and water should remain about the
same (i.e. about 80% by weight of the material other than glycerine
should be sorbitol and about 20% water).
Printing inks containing this vehicle perform satisfactorily on the
printing press and are stable during printing and after being
applied to the paper by the printing press. The resulting printed
lines support writing by all the usual writing media without
noticeable "bleed" and "feather" of the written line. Additionally,
the resulting printed material is stable to handling during use and
does not tend to change in color and effectively responds in the
intended to fraudulent manipulation of the written material to
create a noticeable change in the appearance of the document.
The documents printed with the inks and in accordance with the
techniques of the Guertin patents mentioned above depend solely
upon changes in color of the background elements to show that an
attempt has been made to alter the writting material placed on the
document. It has been discovered that in some cases, as for
example, where an alteration is carefully performed and new
writting is placed on the document in wide lines which cover the
alteration, it may be difficult to observe the attempted alteration
by observing change in color alone.
COLORING MATTER
It is therefore now proposed to use a fluorescent pigment in the
ink, in such a manner that a document which has been subject to an
attempted alteration will show a change in intensity of the
fluorescence, in addition to the change in color under normal
light. The change may be either an increase or decrease in
fluorescent intensity in those areas where the alteration technique
has been applied. In either event, when the document is viewed in
ultraviolet light, the generally even tone of the pattern of
background elements will be interrupted, in each location where an
alteration has been attempted, by either intensified fluorescence
or lessened fluorescence, depending upon the particular type of
alteration technique which has been employed. The pigment selected
should be non-bleachable, insoluble in water, and no more than very
slightly soluble in the lower alcohols and lower ketones. A
substance is defined as "very slightly soluble" by Hackh's Chemical
Dictionary, if it requires from 1,000 to 10,000 parts of solvent to
dissolve one part of the substance. A substance is defined by the
same authority as "insoluble" if it requires more than 10,000 parts
of solvent to dissolve one part of the substance.
If the technique employed has been one involving a solution or
bleaching, then a part of the solution sensitive dye or bleaching
sensitive dye will have been removed, but the fluorescent pigment
will not have been removed. Since the dye tends to mask the
pigment, there will be a resulting increase in fluorescent
intensity in any area where a solution or bleaching technique has
been applied. This intensified fluorescence will be readily visible
if the document in question is viewed under an ultraviolet
light.
If a line eradication technique has been employed, then the areas
which were subjected to the eradicating solution will present a
contrast to the other areas of the background. This contrast will
be observable in visible light as a color contrast and will also be
observable in ultraviolet light as a contrast between two areas of
different fluorescent intensity, i.e., the eradicated areas will be
brighter than the areas where no eradicating solution has been
used.
If a sheet eradicating technique has been employed, then there will
be no areas of contrast in the background visible on the face of
the document, either in natural light or ultraviolet light. On the
other hand, the entire background of the document will be changed
in color. This color change should be readily noticeable under
natural light. Under ultraviolet light, the entire document will
fluoresce more intensely than would be the case if no eradication
had been attempted.
The foregoing statements about the appearance of documents
subjected to sheet eradication techniques are applicable to
documents where backgrounds are printed in a single ink. Where the
background is printed in different ink on different areas, as in
the Guertin U.S. Pat. No. 3,088,841, the sheet eradication
technique will bring out the color differences in those areas and
will readily appear as an observable color contrast under natural
light.
If an attempt is made to alter the writing on a document by
erasure, i.e., by mechanically removing the deposit of ink left by
the writing, then some of the fluorescent pigment is also
necessarily removed ty the same operation, so that the fluorescence
in the altered area is reduced.
Ultraviolet viewers are in common use by bank tellers, cashiers,
and the like, so that a person accepting such a document can
readily make a check of its validity by placing it under an
ultraviolet light. This test can confirm a suspicion that a
particular document has been altered, in those instances where a
visual inspection gives only borderline results. Furthermore, it
can detect some alterations which are not observable by a visual
test.
EXAMPLE
The ink may consist essentially of the vehicle described above and
coloring matter including a fluorescent pigment such as Resoform
Fluorescent Yellow (Pigment Yellow No. 101, C.I. No. 48052, GAF
Corp.) which may be 70.6 by weight of the coloring matter and a
mixture of dyes including:
% of coloring matter by weight Acid Blue, C.I. No. 42755 6.0
Croceine Acid Red, E.I. No. 27290, 9.3 Tartrazine C Acid Yellow No.
23, C.I. No. 19140 12.0 Fuschine S.B.P. Basic Violet No. 14, C.I.
No. 42510 2.1
All of these dyes are soluble in water and soluble in lower
alcohols and ketones.
The C.I. numbers above are Color Index numbers of the American
Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12,2215,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27,709, The Colour Index containing
these numbers is published by Society of Dyeists and Colourists,
P.O. Box 244, 82 Grattan Road, Bradford, Yorkshire, England.
The particular pigment described above is not bleachable and is
insoluble in water and in the lower alcohols and ketones.
* * * * *